31295007099293.Pdf (1.120Mb)

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

31295007099293.Pdf (1.120Mb) THE LONG-TERM EFFECTS FROM HERBICIDE USE DURING THE VIETNAM WAR by JEFFREY R. CRAIG A SENIOR THESIS in GENERAL STUDIES Submitted to the General Studies Council in the College of Arts and Sciences at Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of BACHELOR OF GENERAL STUDIES Approved DR. PAUL iiiPPINS 7 Department of Health, Physical Educatio and Recreation Chairperson of the Thesis C 'ttee _........ DR. JAMES RECKNER Department of History 7 / DR. dl(Ry ELBOW //Department of Geography Accepted DR. DALE DAVIS Director of General Studies May 1992 f) no ' ^' ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS JAZ^ HP< 111f- w I would like to thank the members of my Thesis Committee: Dr. Gary Elbow, Dr. Paul Knipping, and Dr. James Reckner for giving me their help and valuable time during this project. I would also like to thank Dr. Dale Davis, Director of General Studies, and Kay Caddel, advisor for General Studies, for their contributions. 11 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES iv CHAPTER I. OPERATION RANCH HAND 1 The Ranch Hand organization 2 Military success 4 Herbicide information 5 Dioxin 11 II. THE ECOLOGY AND HERBICIDE USE 13 Inland forests 13 Mangrove forests 16 Wildlife 17 Government attitudes 18 NAS study 20 III. HUMANKIND AND HERBICIDE USE 22 NAS study 22 CDC studies 23 Ranch Hand study 25 International symposium 27 Legal Battle 28 IV. FINAL OBSERVATIONS 30 BIBLIOGRAPHY 33 111 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES 1. Military Herbicides 6 2. Herbicide Composition 7 3. Herbicide Expenditures 9 4. Areas Treated With Herbicides 10 5. Dioxin Applications 12 6. Vegetation Types of South Vietnam 14 7. Map of South Vietnam 32 IV I. OPERATION RANCH HAND In January 1961, the United States implemented one of the most controversial operations in the Vietnam War: large-scale defoliation. The key question is, did this operation cause any long-term ill-effects to the countryside of Vietnam or to the humans who were exposed? The most recent reports suggest there was damage done to specific areas of Vietnam's environment; however, no concrete proof has shown a link between human health problems and the use of herbicides in the Vietnam War. Ranch Hand was the code name given to the U. S. program used to defoliate jungles and forests and to destroy food crops in Vietnam. This operation began as a counter-measure to the Viet Cong guerilla warfare tactics. In January 1961, the United States gained approval from the South Vietneimese government for the use of herbicides to destroy crops that were being used by the National Liberation Front. Shortly thereafter, herbicides were used to defoliate jungles and forests that served as cover for Viet Cong activities. According to John Vandermeer (1983), the U. S. also used defoliation in Vietnam to destroy the resource base of the South Vietncimese people so that they would be forced to relocate in areas of U. S. control. There was much debate within the U. S. government over implementation of this policy. Defense Secretary Robert McNamara believed that the herbicide missions should be kept covert in order not to erode public opinion for the war (Pfeiffer, 1982). Ambassador Frederick Nolting recommended that Ranch Hand aircraft bear civilian markings during the initial missions. E. W. Pfeiffer (1982) reported that thousands of gallons of herbicide arrived in Saigon via aircraft without the knowledge of the often-ignored International Control Commission (ICC). The ICC was set up in the Geneva Accords of 1954 to inspect military equipment that was sent to South Vietnam. One reason the government attempted to conceal early herbicide operations was the fear of international repercussions. The United States was the only major country not to sign the Geneva Protocol of 1925, which banned the use of biological or chemical weapons during war. The Ranch Hand Organization In 1961, the Ranch Hand Organization was put under the responsibility of the United States Air Force. The detachment was known as the 12th Air Commando Squadron and, later, the 12th Special Operations Squadron. From the beginning of the operation, field commanders' request for herbicide use exceeded the Ranch Hand organization capacity, even despite repeated expansion of the unit (Cecil, 1986). The crews, who were all handpicked volunteers, totalled 1209 members. The projects' motto, which was often printed under a picture 2 of Smokey the Bear, was "Only we can prevent forests" (Schell, 1971). The herbicides were sprayed by converted C-123 cargo planes. These planes were fitted with internal 1,000 gallon chemical tanks and removable spray bars under each wing. They flew at slow speeds and at tree top levels. According to Major General William Augerson (Senate Hearing, 1980), the typical spraying mission was flown at an altitude of 150 feet with a speed of 130 knots. Fighter cover was frequently scheduled to accompany defoliation missions, because the Ranch Hand flight profile made the aircraft particularly susceptible. Despite such efforts to protect them, the C-123s, which were unarmored as a necessary trade off for increased herbicide carrying capacity, were hit by more enemy ground fire than any other Air Force unit in the Vietnam War (Cecil, 1986). Given these inherent vulnerabilities of the Ranch Hand missions. Air Force officials kept flight schedules confidential to avoid a buildup of enemy ground fire (Futrell, 1981). During a typical spraying mission, three to five C-123 aircraft flew in a lateral formation (Westing, 1984). Each aircraft sprayed a strip 260 to 280 feet wide and 8.7 miles long. After each mission, reports were submitted to Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV) Headquarters. These reports included: target number, number of targets accomplished, reasons for unsuccessful targets, number of gallons used, hits from ground fire, 3 and map coordinates of the spray mission (Senate Hearing, 1980). Military Success Operation Ranch Hand was militarily successful. In 1972, the Army's Engineer Strategic Study Group surveyed U. S. military officers in Vietnam. The study group concluded that combat operations would have been more difficult without the use of herbicides (Buckingham, 1983). The main impact of herbicide use was the increased visibility from the air and the perimeters that were established around fixed bases. Ambassador Ellsworth Bunker in Saigon, 1968, concluded his detailed study of Operation Ranch Hand by stating that the operation had been militarily successful (Buckingham, 1983). One of the most successful defoliation operations occurred in the Rung Sat Special Zone. This area was a dense mangrove-covered swamp along the vital shipping channels into Saigon (South Vietnam's main port). Sheltering in this swamp, the enemy harassed allied shipping that went into and out of Saigon. After 42 defoliation missions were completed, U. S. forces swept through the area and secured the shipping channels (McConnell, 1970). Retired Brigader General William Stone, the former director of chemical and nuclear operations for the U. S. Army in South Vietnam, acknowledged the success of 4 Operation Ranch Hand. Stone stated that the Viet Cong's ability to live off the land had been weakened. He also credited the lower number of ambushes along highways and canals to the removal of vegetation (McDaniel, 1971). Paul Frederick Cecil (1986) stated that American ground forces suffered fewer casualities because of better visibility due to herbicide operations. However, due to adverse publicity concerning the ecological effects of herbicide, in December 1970 President Nixon called for an end to herbicide warfare in Vietnam, and in April 1975, President Ford banned the use of herbicides in war. Herbicide Information Three herbicides (Table 1 and Table 2) were most commonly used by Operation Ranch Hand: agent orange, agent blue, and agent white. These herbicides were identified by the color of the stripe painted on the barrel during the shipping process in the U. S. The herbicide agent orange has been the focal point of scientists' concern since 1970. Agent orange is a mixture of two herbicides: 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. These two herbicides were developed in the U. S. in 1944. Agent orange was used in more than 50% of the Ranch Hand missions. Approximately 43 million litres (11,359,396 gallons) of agent orange were sprayed on Vietnam ("Vietnam Herbicide Controversy," 1974). Agent orange was used exclusively as a defoliant. It has caused the 5 TABLE 1: Military Herbicides (Senate Hearing, 1971). 1. Agent Orange: 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T Active Ingredients: A 1:1 mixture of the n-butyl esters of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Concentrations: 4.1 and 4.4 lb./gallon. Application: Undiluted at 3 gallon/acre. 2. Agent White; 2,4-D and Picloram Active Ingredients: A 4:1 mixture of the tri- isopropanolamine salts of 2,4-D and 4-amino- 3,5,6- trichloro-picolinic acid in water. Concentrations: 2.0 and 0.54 lb./gallon. Application: Undiluted at 3 gallon/acre. 3. Agent Blue: Cacodylic Acid Active Ingredients: A 6:1 mixture of sodium dimethyl arsenate and dimethyl arsenic acid in water. Concentration: 3:1 lb./gallon. Application: Undiluted at 3 gallon/acre. TABLE 2 Chemical composition, rates of application, and uses of military herbicides. One lb. per gallon, acid equivalent (AE) = 114 grams per liter. One lb. per acre = 1.12 kilograms per hectare (Orians, 1970). Composition Concentration Agent (%) (lb/acre) Orange n-Butyl ester 2,4-D 50 4.2 n-Butyl ester 2,4,5-T 50 3.7 White Triisopropanolamine salt 2,4-D 2.0 Triisopropanolamine salt picloram 0.54 Blue Sodium cacodylate 27.7 Free cacodylic acid 4.8 Water, sodium chloride balance 3.1 Rate of application (lb/acre) Agent Vietncun U.S.
Recommended publications
  • PLANT SCIENCE BULLETIN a Publication of the Botanical Society of America, Inc
    PLANT SCIENCE BULLETIN A Publication of the Botanical Society of America, Inc. Plant ldioblasts: Remarkable Examplesof Cell Specialization ADRIANCEs. FOSTER University of California (~~TE: Th!s paper,slightly a,bbreviat~d,is the ad~ress.of the chyma tissues, the remarkable cystolith-containing cells retiring president of the Botan,lcal SOCIety of. A?,enca gIVen ~t of the epidermis of Fiscus and Urtic d th ft - the annual banquet of the SOCIety, held at MIChIgan State Um- .,. a an e 0 en gro versity on September8, 1955. Dr. Foster'saddress was illus- tesque ramIfied sclerelds found In the leaves of many trated with a seriesof excellentslides of mixed botanicaland plants. Unicellular trichomes are epidermal idioblasts psycho-entomologicalnature.) and the guard cells of stomata might be regarded from One of the privileges-and certainly one of the pen- ~~ ontogenetic point of view as "paired" or "twin" alties--of having 'served as President of the Botanical IdlOblasts. Society is the delivery of a retiring addressat the culmi- My own interest in this motley assemblageof idio- nation of our annual meeting. In your present well-fed blastic cells arose during my early years as a teacher of and relaxed state, some of you may be resigned to listen- plant anatomy. It seemedto me then-as it does now ing to a historical and soporific resume of some special- -that any decision as to the suitable criteria to be used ized area of modern botanical research. A number of in classifying and discussing cell types and tissues in you perhaps may anticipate-probably with dismay- plants must consider the disturbing frequency of oc- a much broader non-technical type of discourse in- currence of idioblasts.
    [Show full text]
  • GSBS News, Summer 2009
    GSBS NEWS Summer 2009 Coming Soon... Two Specialized Masters Programs— TABLE OF CONTENTS Evoluti on, Progress, and Philanthropy 2 SPECIALIZED MASTERS PROGRAMS Geneti c Counseling Celebrates 20th Anniversary A celebrati on will be held October 3, 2009 marking the 20th anniversary of the start 3 DEAN’S NOTES of the UT Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Geneti c Counseling Program. Founded by Jacqueline T. Hecht, Ph.D., and medical director Hope Northrup, M.D., 4 COMMENCEMENT ADDRESS (both are GSBS faculty at UT-Medical School)—the program is rich in its collabora- MICHAEL J. ZIGMOND, PH.D. ti ve structure with faculty at several Health Science Center Schools, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center and Baylor College of Medicine. The initi al graduati ng class in 1991 COMMENCEMENT PHOTOS included a single person. Today the Program, lead by Director, Claire Singletary, 6 MS, graduates 6 annually; it is the only accredited program of its kind in the state of Texas and only one of 31 in the country. Its dedicated purpose is to train health 8 COMMENCEMENT care professionals who provide supporti ve and educati onal counseling to families with geneti c condi- GREETINGS ti ons, birth defects, and geneti c predishpositi ons such as Achondroplasia, Down syndrome, cleft lip GIGI LOZANO, PH.D. and palate, spina bifi da, and hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. FACULTY PRESIDENT Geneti c Counseling graduate students do not receive tuiti on or sti pend support because it is a ter- minal Masters degree program; however, winning a competi ti ve scholarship provides a modest sum 9 GRADUATING CLASS and triggers in-state rather than out-of-state tuiti on for the student (about four ti mes as much).
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction the Age of Biology
    INTRODUCTION THE AGE OF BIOLOGY An organism is the product of its genetic constitution and its en- vironment . no matter how uniform plants are genotypically, they cannot be phenotypically uniform or reproducible, unless they have developed under strictly uniform conditions. — Frits Went, 1957 A LITERARY and cinematic sensation, Andy Weir’s The Martian is engi- neering erotica. The novel thrills with minute technical details of com- munications, rocket fuel, transplanetary orbital calculations, and botany. The action concerns a lone astronaut left on Mars struggling to survive for 1,425 days using only the materials that equipped a 6-person, 30-day mission. Food is an early crisis: the astronaut has only 400 days of meals plus 12 whole potatoes. Combining his expertise in botany and engineer- ing, the astronaut first works to create in his Mars habitat the perfect Earth conditions for his particular potatoes, namely, a temperature of 25.5°C, plenty of light, and 250 liters of water. Consequently, his potatoes grow at a predicted rate to maturity in 40 days, thus successfully conjur- ing sufficient food to last until his ultimate rescue at the end of the novel. Unlike so many of the technical details deployed throughout the novel, the ideal conditions for growing potatoes are just a factoid. Whereas readers of the novel get to discover how to make water in a process oc- cupying twenty pages, the discovery of the ideal growing conditions of the particular potatoes brought to Mars is given one line.1 Undoubtedly, making water from rocket fuel is tough, but getting a potato’s maximum 3 © 2017 University of Pittsburgh Press.
    [Show full text]
  • Agent Orange News Clips, May 6 - June 29, 1982
    4943 item n Number ° D N0t scanned Author CorOOratB Author Veterans Administration, Office of Public and Consumer RflDOrt/ArtiClB TltlB VA in tne News: Agent Orange News Clips, May 6 - June 29, 1982 Journal/Book Title Year °000 Month/Day Color n Number of Images ° DBSCrlOtOn NOtBS Photocopies of newspaper clippings. Also included are a VA bumper sticker, and a VA brochure entitled "Agent Orange: Meeting Veterans' Concerns" from November 1985. Friday, February 22, 2002 Page 4943 of 5115 Veterans Administration November 1985 AGENT ORANGE Meeting Veterans' Concerns SOUTH A COMMITMENT TO SERVING VIETNAM VETERANS CONCERNED ABOUT AGENT ORANGE AGENT ORANGE The Veterans Administration (VA) has been directly involved in the conduct and monitor- ing of a wide variety of research and other ac- tivities related to the many and complex pieces of the Agent Orange puzzle. A number of these major efforts are discussed on the following pages. Additional information is available from the Agent Orange Projects Of- fice (10X2), Veterans Administration Central Office, Washington, DC, and the environmen- tal physician at the nearest VA Medical Center or Outpatient Clinic, MEETING VETERANS1 CONCERNS RESEARCH mm JSP*! Vietnam Veterans Mortality Study This effort is designed to assess mortality pat- terns among U.S. Army and Marine Corps veterans who served during the Vietnam era. A sample of 75,000 veteran deaths has been ran- domly selected from VA files. For each of these veterans, military service and cause of death in- formation is being collected and coded. The two types of data will be merged and analyzed to compare the mortality experience of veterans who served in Vietnam with veterans who served elsewhere during the Vietnam era.
    [Show full text]
  • The Amounts Used Are Varying for Several
    This is an "Agent Orange" page I formatted for Paul Sutton, who was then President of the New Jersey State Council of the Vietnam Veterans of America, and Chairman of the VVA's national Agent Orange and Dioxin Committee. This information has never, to my knowledge, appeared in any VVA publication, nor has it been publicly published elsewhere. Mr. Sutton has since resigned his positions in the New Jersey VVA. This document is not an official publication of the Vietnam Veterans of America, but was formatted by me to appear as if it was -- in the hopes that we could push the VVA to publish the data. Seems this info is still a political hot potato. Andrew Wilson UtVet.com editor and publisher Former Director, Utah VVA Chapter 924 The amounts used are varying for several reasons-- some only include air spraying-- others do not include repeated spray over the same area-- and some include the other locations that were not in Nam--see attached-- when you add all the variables it does total over 22 mil gallons ===================================== EXECUTIVE SUMMARY THE HERBICIDAL WARFARE PROGRAM IN VIETNAM, 1961 - 1971 Operations Trail Dust/Ranch Hand H. Lindsey Arison III [email protected] Prefatory Notes: The military use of herbicides in Vietnam began in 1961, was expanded during 1965 and 1966, and reached a peak from 1967 to 1969. Herbicides were used extensively in Vietnam by the U.S. Air Force's Operation RANCH HAND to defoliate inland hardwood forests, coastal mangrove forests, and cultivated land, by aerial spraying from C-123 cargo/transport aircraft and helicopters.
    [Show full text]
  • Haverford College Calendar 1976-1977
    Haverford College Calendar 1976-1977 FIRST SEMESTER Sept. Freshmen and Transfer Students arrive (Customs \Veek) ................. Sat. 4 Returning students arrive ............................................. Wed. 8 Freshmen and Transfer academic course registration to be completed by ............................................ 5:00p.m. Wed. 8 Upperclassmen register for Physical Education courses .................. Wed. 8 Opening Collection ........................................ 8:00 p.m. Wed. 8 First semester classes begin ................................ .. 8:30 a.m. Thu. 9 First faculty meeting ....................................... .4:15 p.m. Thu. 9 Readmitted student academic course registration to be completed by .... 4:00 p.m. Fri. 10 Final academic course registration ;verification ...... Thu. 23, Fri. 24 and Mon. 27 Oct. Last day for dropping a course without penalty ............... 5:00p.m. Thu. 7 Last day to request no-numerical-grade option ............... 5:00 p.m. Thu. 7 End of one-half semester courses ...................................... Fri. 22 Fall Vacation .............. Begins 4:00 p.m. Fri. 22 and ends 8:30a.m. Wed. 27 Nov. Fall term Physical Education courses end ............................... Fri. 5 Registration for Winter Term Physical Education courses Mon. 8 through Thu. 11 Registration for Spring Semester Academic courses ...... Mon. 15 through Fri. 19 Thanksgiving Vacation .... Begins 4:00p.m. Wed. 24 and ends 8:30a.m. Mon. 29 Dec. Midyear self-scheduled exam sign-up in Recorder's Office .. Wed. 1 through Fri. 3 Last day of classes ................................................... Tue. 14 Reading period (self-scheduled examinations may be taken) Wed. 15 and Thu. 16 All papers (except those in lieu of examinations) due by ... .4:00p.m. Thu. 16 Papers in lieu of examinations (and laboratory notebooks) due as scheduled by instructor, but not later than ..............
    [Show full text]
  • A Chemical War Without End: Agent Orange in Vietnam
    A Chemical War without End: Agent Orange in Vietnam Marie-Hélène Lavallard* The Vietnam War (1961-1975) is known for the massive bombings of North Vietnam. More insidious, however, yet less well-known to the general public, was the chemical war waged from 1961 to 1971against South Vietnam. An immense environmental disaster and a human catastrophe taking numerous forms: health, economic, socio-cultural …, it had dramatic consequences which are still felt today. The American government and the chemical companies involved have eluded their responsibilities. For years, a conspiracy of silence has obscured the toxicity of the defoliants used. Those responsible have the effrontery to continue denying it today. Humanitarian aid is incommensurate with the needs. It is at the government level that support for Vietnam must be organized and the demand for just reparations must be made. During the Vietnam War, from 1961 to 1971, American aviation sprayed defoliants over Southern Vietnam to chase from the jungle the combatants taking shelter there, to cut the Ho Chi Minh trail by which weapons, supplies and medication came down from the North, to facilitate surveillance of roads, coastlines and waterways and to destroy the rice paddies, forcing villagers into "strategic hamlets" and thus depriving the guerillas of food and aid1. More than 77 million2 liters of defoliants were released by plane (95%), by helicopter, by boat, by tanker truck, and by men with backpack sprayers. More than 2,500,000 hectares were contaminated by these defoliants, the best known of which is Agent Orange. It contains dioxin, one of the most violent and most indestructible poisons known.
    [Show full text]
  • The United States' Chemical Defoliant Use During the Vietnam War and Its
    ABSTRACT OATSVALL, NEIL SHAFER. War on Nature, War on Bodies: The United States’ Chemical Defoliant Use During the Vietnam War and Its Consequences. (Under the direction of Matthew Morse Booker.) During most of the Vietnam War, from 1961-1971, the United States military sprayed chemical defoliants on a significant part of the Vietnamese environment in order to gain a military advantage. US forces used these chemicals in an attempt to substitute technology and financial resources for manpower to triumph over a relatively technologically deficient enemy. This effort, dubbed “Operation Ranch Hand,” wrought incredible destruction not only on Vietnam’s natural setting, but also on everyone involved; Vietnamese and American, civilian and soldier. This work examines the consequences of defoliation, and aims to show that those outcomes proved more severe in both scale and efficacy than any anticipated results. It differs from previous studies by combining environmental, military, medical, and cultural factors and considering them as interrelated. Whenever possible this study also tries to bring in a Vietnamese perspective, though that is often impossible due to a lack of available evidence in English. In this war, the United States treated not only the Vietnamese Communists as enemies but also assaulted the natural environment as foe. The interconnections forged during this complicated interpretation of nature and enemy are essential to the study of Operation Ranch Hand and chemical defoliation operations. Nature mattered to both sides, and an
    [Show full text]
  • Fact Sheet 8: the Use of Defoliants – Agent Orange
    Fact Sheet 8: The use of defoliants – Agent Orange A highly controversial aspect of the Vietnam War was the widespread use of herbicides by the United States military. These chemicals caused the leaves of trees in the jungle to die. This made it easier to detect enemy positions and activities, especially from the air. Crops were also sprayed to deprive the enemy of food. These chemicals included the ‘Rainbow Herbicides’ – Agent Pink, Agent Green, Agent Purple, Agent Blue, Agent White and, most famously, Agent Orange. The US Air Force sprayed approximately 75 million litres (of which Agent Orange accounted for about 45 million litres) of concentrated herbicides, affecting an estimated 13% of South Vietnam's land. Humans exposed to Agent Orange were at risk of poisoning. Some estimates suggest that there were as many as 4 million victims of dioxin poisoning in Vietnam. Veterans of the war observed an increased risk of various types of cancer, while birth defects among their children were cited as evidence of the long-term harm caused by Agent Orange. The US government denied any conclusive scientific links between Agent Orange and health problems experienced by those exposed. In 1984 US veterans obtained a $180 million settlement from companies which produced Agent Orange. A small trust fund for New Zealanders who had been exposed was established as part of this settlement, but the fund was exhausted before the health problems of many veterans became apparent. The New Zealand government initially stated that no New Zealanders were deployed in areas where defoliants were used. A 2001 report found no evidence that exposure to defoliants had affected the health of veterans' children, although it did bring new evidence of exposure.
    [Show full text]
  • July/August 2002
    ASPB News THE NEWSLETTER OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF PLANT BIOLOGISTS Volume 29, Number 4 July/August 2002 The 2002 Get-A- Mark Your Inside This Issue Member Campaign! Calendars! Vicki Chandler Your participation in the 2002 ASPB Get-A-Mem- ASPB’s New Specialist Conference Elected to NAS ber campaign is critical in helping us expand our Puts Total Focus on Plant Genetics membership ranks and in maintaining ASPB as a Using the New dynamic scientific membership organization. This Get ready to immerse yourself in the gene pool! HighWire Portal year’s Get-A-Member campaign goal is to recruit ASPB’s first specialist conference, Plant Genetics 1,500 new members to our Society. At this time, 2003: Mechanisms of Genetic Variation, is set for ASBP Welcomes New October 22–26, 2003, at the magnificent Snowbird Postdocs and Students we’re halfway there, but we still need your help! The entire process of referring a new member is Resort & Conference Center in Snowbird, Utah. The event is expected to attract top plant geneticists from ASPB Exhibits at Minorities in totally automated. It takes only a few minutes! We around the world. Science and Technology do the work for you! The bonus for your participa- Network Career Fair tion is that every time you refer someone, your name Scientific symposia will focus on the effects of ge- will be entered into a drawing to win terrific prizes, netic variations on the evolution of plant form and including a grand prize of free airfare to Plant Biol- function, plant speciation, and crop domestication.
    [Show full text]
  • International Criminal Law and Climate Change
    ARTICLE_KEENAN_FORMATTED (1) (DO NOT DELETE) 4/12/2019 4:50 PM INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW AND CLIMATE CHANGE Patrick J. Keenan I. INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................89 II. HARNESSING THE POWER OF EXPRESSIVISM ..................................99 A. A Theory of Behavioral Change ...................................... 101 B. The Conditions Under Which Expressivism Works Best.. 103 III. CLIMATE CHANGE AND INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW ................. 106 A. Causes, Consequences, and Attribution ......................... 108 B. Expressivism and the Problem of Climate Change .......... 110 IV. COMPLICATIONS AND OBJECTIONS ............................................. 119 A. Political Plausibility .......................................................... 120 B. Poor Fit with International Criminal Law Institutions ........ 122 I. INTRODUCTION The problem of climate change has captured the attention of scholars and advocates from diverse academic disciplines that would ordinarily have little in common.1 Part of the reason for this is the sheer magnitude of the problem.2 According to the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, there is evidence that current climate change patterns will produce “irreversible changes in major ecosystems and the planetary climate system.”3 Among many Professor of Law, University of Illinois College of Law. For helpful comments and conversations, I am grateful to Charlotte Ku, Shirley Scott, and Verity Winship. 1 The scholarly literature on climate change is enormous and growing, and a thorough review is beyond the scope of this Article. For a useful assemblage of the ways that scholars have studied climate change, see generally OXFORD HANDBOOK OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND SOCIETY 3 (John S. Dryzek et al. eds., 2011) [hereinafter OXFORD HANDBOOK OF CLIMATE CHANGE] (attempting to draw on “a representation of the best scholars” from diverse disciplines to “represent and engage with their literatures” to understand the many diverse causes and consequences of climate change).
    [Show full text]
  • Agent Orange Review
    Agent Orange Review Vol. 9, N0. 3 Information for Veterans Who Served in Vietnam September 1992 National Academy of Sciences Project Secretary Edward J. Derwinski Advances on the Agent Orange Issue: VA was cast as the enemy of the veteran. VA had absolutely no credibility on this issue. The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) is making Finally, in recent months, substantial progress on the Agent Orange project undertaken on we began to defuse much of the behalf of VA early this year. NAS officials have been gathering criticism and suspicion by herbicide literature from VA (including VA's 18-volume granting service connection for literature review) and other sources, making contact with conditions science tells us may scientists and other interested parties throughout the country, have been caused by exposure to and assembling a committee of experts to complete the project Agent Orange--such as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and soft envisaged by Congress in Public Law 102-4, the "Agent tissue sarcomas. Orange Act of 1991." We're still being criticized by some who think we haven't gone far enough, and by some who feel there's not sufficient scientific proof for the decisions we have made. The public reaction~and the general lessening of Initial Committee Meeting tensions~seems to indicate we're right. This may be an important lesson for VA... The NAS Institute of Medicine's Committee to Review Committee Membership the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides held its first meeting on June 26, in Washington, DC. The Committee is chaired by Harold Fallon, M.D., Chair The morning session, which was opened to invited guests and of the Department of Medicine of the Medical College of speakers, was devoted to providing Committee members with Virginia in Richmond, Virginia.
    [Show full text]