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Home , British West Florida, East Florida, West Florida

The British Period in , 1763-1783

Florida and were now abandoned by Britain, Moultrie lamented: "What shall become of these poor unfortunate but virtuous people I cannot divine." Moultrie himself felt betrayed, charging that he and his family had been "turned adrift" to "again seek a resting place." The formal change of flags took place at the Plaza in St. Augustine on July 12, 1784. Spanish Vizente Manuel de Zéspedes took charge of the government buildings and Fort St. Mark, restoring its former name, the . British governor Tonyn was among the last to leave , after remaining in the province to supervise the departure of thousands of disillusioned Loyalists. On November 10, 1785, Tonyn boarded Artist rendering of the British sloop Industry, which wrecked on a sandbar off St. Augustine in a troop transport bound for England, 1764 while carrying supplies for the British army garrison at the city. symbolizing the end of British (Image courtesy of the St. Augustine Lighthouse and Museum) rule in Florida. The flag of Cornwallis and his 8,000-man army residence" and praised their would fly above the Castillo de San to General . participation in the surging economy Marcos for the next 36 years, when British delegates sent to Paris began based on exports of timber and naval it would be replaced in 1821 by the negotiating peace terms and the stores to Britain's Caribbean colonies. Stars and Stripes of the war in North America was ended. Tonyn's hopes for a "happy era" of America. It was eventually decided that East were ended in January 1783, when he Florida would become a sanctuary received news that peace negotiators for Loyalists from other British in Paris had agreed to end the provinces. Thousands of refugees War of American Independence. were transported from Savannah Twenty years after one war had and Charleston to St. Augustine and ended with ceded provided emergency rations, tools to Great Britain, representatives of and seeds to plant provisions at the United States of America met unoccupied rural tracts. By the end with negotiators from Britain at the of December 1782, more than 6,000 Paris hotel rooms of Richard Oswald, refugees had arrived in East Florida, the London merchant and absentee and eventually the population owner of Mount Oswald Plantation increased to between 17,000 and in East Florida. Terms of the 1783 18,000 residents. Governor Patrick granted sovereignty Tonyn was elated by the rapid of East and to Spain. population increase, and predicted it Lieutenant Governor John would result in a "happy era for this Moultrie was devastated by the Ship’s bell from the “Storm Wreck,” a province." He was convinced that the news. Concerning the thousands British ship that wrecked off St. Augustine while carrying Loyalist refugees there from new settlers regarded East Florida of loyal subjects who had only Charleston, in 1782. as a "safe asylum and permanent recently built settlements in East (Image courtesy of the St. Augustine Lighthouse and Museum) 6

North Central Region the Indian village of Cuscowilla days he had killed or driven off all “Inhabited by the Upper Creeks, located near this spot. His book, Indians and escaped slaves. Near Oldtown, often called Suwanee "TRAVELS...", provided the this spot, in April 1818, while on a Oldtown, was one of the largest earliest reliable account of North "seek and find" mission, Jackson and Indian villages in northern Florida. Florida landscape, flora, fauna and his army captured Indian traders In 's punitive Indian life and his vivid images of Robert Armbrister and Alexander expedition into Florida in April, local scenes inspired Coleridge, Arbuthnot. They were British subjects 1818, Oldtown was captured. Wordsworth and Emerson.” who were supposed to be protected Most of the renegade Indians by a truce between England and the escaped, but Jackson caught Robert DIXIE COUNTY United States. Jackson had Arbuthnot Armbrister, a British subject, who hanged and Armbrister shot, which was tried and executed for aiding almost caused a war between the the Creeks in border raids into two countries. The Jackson Trail ran . This produced tension Horseshoe Beach alongside Highway 19, branching between the United States and Jackson Water Hole Park south to the coast on the west side Great Britain.” County Road 351 of what is now the Horseshoe Beach This small park, about 3 Road (Highway 351).” Although the miles from Horseshoe Beach, was marker indicates that Arbuthnot LEON COUNTY dedicated by the Dixie County was also captured in this area, he Historical Society in 1997 to was actually captured at St. Marks. commemorate the invasion of Tallahassee Spanish Florida in 1818, during the Goodwood Museum First War, by an American Old Town and Gardens force commanded by General “Oldtown” State Andrew Jackson. It is said to be the 1600 Miccosukee Road site of two wells dug by Jackson’s Historical Marker 850.877.4202 goodwoodmuseum.org troops. After seizing the fort at St. US 19 and County Road 349 Marks, Jackson’s force proceeded A second State Historical Marker Goodwood was established in through this area to attack Indian in Dixie County also relates to the the 1830s by the Croom family of villages near the . capture of British subject Robert who moved to the It was also in this area that Robert Armbrister in this area by an Territory of Florida to start several Armbrister, a British adventurer American force during the First plantations in the region. By the living among the Indians, was Seminole War. The text reads: mid-, the large and ornate main captured. Armbrister was taken house at Goodwood with its frescoed to St. Marks and executed by the Americans, along with another British subject, Alexander Arbuthnot. A State Historical Marker for “The Jackson Trail” is located in the park. The text reads: “On December 26, 1817, U.S. Secretary of War John C. Calhoun directed General Andrew Jackson to protect citizens trying to settle in Florida. Jackson arrived in Florida with the largest army ever to invade the state to date -- 2,000 Creek Warriors and 1,000 Georgia and Tennessee militiamen. After leaving Nashville, Tennessee, they traveled through Georgia and on to Florida, winding up in Suwannee-Old Town (now Dixie County). Jackson's goal was to remove the Indians, destroy their homes and confiscate their horses, cattle and food and slaves. In four The main house at Goodwood. (Image courtesy of Goodwood Museum and Gardens) 17

Northeast Region “Historic King’s Road by this name for many years. This British East Florida” crossing was used by the English Historical Marker when they made an old Timucuan Indian Trail into King's Road." Friendship Fountain, Museum Drive This location was used as a river The text of this marker reads: “The crossing site by Native Americans King's Road, built by the British prior and the Spanish prior to the to the , began at British Period, and around 1740 the St. Mary's River, passed through the Spanish constructed a small Cowford (Jacksonville), crossed the St. fortification, Fort St. Nicholas, John's River, it is believed, at present on the south side of the river to day Liberty Street, approximately one protect the crossing. During the mile east of this marker, and continued British Period, this location was south to New Smyrna. During the an important connecting point Revolution, American troops used this on the King's Road where flatboat route to make attacks on British forces. British Period exhibit at the Museum of Science ferries carried travelers across the The most notable of these engagements and History, Jacksonville. St. Johns River. Too deep to ford was at Alligator Creek Bridge, 30 (Image courtesy of the Museum of Science and History) by wading, cattle crossed the river June 1778. Following this battle the Museum of Science by swimming or were transported invasion of Florida by American and History by ferry at this point, leading to the troops ceased.” This marker was 1025 Museum Circle designation of the area as Cowford erected in 1996 by the Florida State 904.396.6674 (sometimes referred to as Cow Society of the Daughters of the themosh.org Ford). Cowford was the site of a American Revolution. The mission of the Museum of conference held in 1775 between Science and History is to increase the British and Florida Native knowledge and understanding Americans to solidify their alliance. of the natural environment During the American Revolution, and history of Jacksonville and the British erected a redoubt at northeast Florida. A permanent Cowford which was garrisoned by exhibit, titled "Currents of Time," a small detachment of British army presents 12,000 years of regional regulars. In 1822, the area was history, including the British renamed Jacksonville in honor of King's Road Monument, Jacksonville. Period. It includes displays with Andrew Jackson, the first American (Image courtesy of Vale Fillmon, dioramas and period artifacts Florida State Historical Marker Program) military governor of Florida. relating to British East and West King’s Road Monument Florida, British plantations, and the Northeast corner of Hemming Plaza American Revolution. In 1928, the Jacksonville Chapter of the Daughters of the American “Site of Cow Ford” Revolution (DAR) erected a small State Historical Marker monument commemorating the King’s Corner of East Bay Street Road in . The and South Liberty Street monument consists of a coquina slab with The text of this marker reads: an attached bronze plaque decorated with “This narrow part of the St. Johns an outline map of Florida, two palm trees, River, near a clear freshwater and the DAR symbol. The plaque reads spring, was a crossing point for “At this spot the Kings Road met the Indians and early travelers. The Apalache Trail, so connecting the English Indian name Wacca Pilatka, colonies and the Spanish settlements of meaning "Cow's Crossing," was State Historical Marker for Cow Ford. the West with St. Augustine and shortened by the English to Cow (Image courtesy of Vale Fillmon, New Smyrna." Ford, and Jacksonville was known Florida State Historical Marker Program) 22

Northeast Region addition of the second story and other improvements were made. Like Fish, Peavett remained in St. Augustine after the Spanish reacquired Florida and died in 1786. House owners began promoting it as the city’s “Oldest House” and a tourist attraction in the late 1800s and, in 1918, it was purchased by the St. Augustine Historical Society for use as a house museum. Also located in the museum complex is the Manucy Museum in the 1924 Webb Building. Pena-Peck House, St. Augustine. This museum contains exhibits on (Image courtesy of photographer Hookey Hamilton, St. Augustine) local and regional history, including a governor of East Florida from 1767 organization. The visitor's orientation British Period exhibit with artifacts. until he left for England in 1784. room contains panels on the building's Pena-Peck House Moultrie also served as the Acting history including one on "Life During the British Period." An exhibit case 143 St. George Street Governor of the province from 1771 904.829.5064 to 1774. Moultrie was granted large in the room contains British Period penapeckhouse.com tracts of land in the St. Augustine artifacts recovered during excavations The Pena-Peck House was vicinity, including the 2,000-acre at the house. constructed in ca. 1750 of native Rosetta Plantation on the Tomoka “Prisoners Of War in coquina stone as the residence of River and the 2,500-acre Bella Vista Juan Estaban de Pena, the Spanish Plantation on the Matanzas River St. Augustine During the Royal Treasurer in St. Augustine where he spent much of his time. At American Revolution” from 1742 to 1763. During the British Bella Vista, Moultrie constructed a Historical Marker Period, glazed sash widows and brick grandiose Georgian-Palladian style King Street and St. George Street chimneys were added and it was mansion, considered by many as the The text of this marker reads: “From enlarged with a third wing to form a grandest country estate in East Florida. the onset of the American Revolution U-shaped building around a garden. The Spanish regained control of in 1775, the British in From 1772 to 1778, it was the in-town Florida in 1783, but the British did not East Florida was a Loyalist bastion. In its home of John Moultrie, the lieutenant complete their evacuation until 1785. capital, St. Augustine, the British lodged In the period between the arrival of the as prisoners many American Patriots new Spanish governor in 1784 and the and their French allies. Most of these British departure, the British Governor prisoners were given the liberty of the of East Florida, , moved town, but some were held in Castillo his offices from the Government de San Marcos. A few captives rented House to the Pena-Peck House, in quarters, but most of the men were essence making it the last seat of housed in the unfinished State House British government in East Florida. which stood near this spot. By the After a series of owners and renters, end of 1780, these prisoners included the house was purchased in 1837 by three signers of the Declaration of Dr. Seth Peck, who added a second Independence--Thomas Heyward, story made of wood. The house was Jr., Arthur Middleton, and Edward donated to the City of St. Augustine in Rutledge. On July 4, 1781, the Patriot 1931 by Peck's granddaughter, Anna captives celebrated Independence Day.” Gardner Burt. Since 1932, it has been This marker was erected in 1996 by the managed and exhibited as a house Florida State Society of the Daughters of East Florida Lieutenant Governor John Moultrie. museum by the Woman’s Exchange the American Revolution. (Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida) of St. Augustine, a non-profit service 40 Northeast Region

“Wrath of the Privateers” Sir Francis Drake’s raid on St. Augustine, 1586. (Artist: Jackson Walker, Image courtesy of the Legendary Florida Collection)

St. Augustine Augustine City Archaeologist prior to microfilm, maps, photographs, Art Association the construction of a new wing on the newspapers, manuscripts, and other 22 Marine Street Art Association building. A burn layer records. Among the items in the 904.824.2310 from a building destroyed in the 1586 microfilm collection are the records staaa.org raid was uncovered and the associated of the British Colonial Office, the In 1585-1586, an English fleet of artifacts include Spanish and Native governmental department responsible 29 ships with over 2,000 men, under American pottery, a stitching needle, for administering colonial possessions, the command of Sir Francis Drake, and a building spike. A living history for British East Florida. The library conducted an expedition against reenactment of "Drake's Raid" is held also contains an extensive collection Spanish colonies in the West Indies. annually in St. Augustine in June. of genealogical data, particularly for After attacking Spanish cities in the descendants of the Minorcans who first Caribbean and capturing numerous St. Augustine came to Florida during the British Period. ships, the now expanded fleet of 42 Historical Society ships headed north along the coast Research Library St. Augustine of Spanish Florida and raided St. Lighthouse and Museum Augustine. The greatly outnumbered 12 Aviles Street 904.825.2333 81 Lighthouse Avenue Spanish were forced to flee inland until staugustinehistoricalsociety.org/ 904.825.2333 after the raid. Drake's men set fire to library.html staugustinelighthouse.org the city's buildings, wrecked crops, In addition to the Oldest House The existing brick St. Augustine and seized or destroyed anything of Museum Complex, the St. Augustine Lighthouse was constructed in value. A permanent exhibit in the St. Historical Society maintains a research 1874 to replace an earlier coquina Augustine Art Association building library in the Segui-Kirby Smith lighthouse threatened by erosion, displays items dating to Drake's House which was constructed in the becoming the latest in a series of 1586 attack on St. Augustine. The late 1700s. Focusing primarily on St. watchtowers and lighthouses at this artifacts were uncovered during a Augustine and St. Johns County, the site dating back to the First Spanish 1998 excavation conducted by the St. extensive resources include books, Period. During the British Period, 41

Central Region where they held regattas. The Polo the Railroad arrived story was occupied shortly after its Club was conceived originally by in Orlando in 1880, he became the construction through at least the first retired army officer General J.S. city's first passenger and freight agent. decade of the 20th century by the Swindler who arrived in 1886 and In 1886, he constructed a building English Club, a social organization bought a large grove and acreage west for his new hardware business, one formed in 1886 by English immigrants of Orlando. Game play was started of the earliest brick structures in to Orlando and the surrounding area. in 1888 with the team playing at a Orlando. The Bumby Hardware The Club sponsored a variety of social field in Conway, now covered by the Store continued in family operation events and activities for the large Dover Shores Shopping Center. In at this location until 1966 when English community, including dances, 1890, the Englishmen organized the the store was closed. The Bumby theatrical productions, card playing, 100-member Orlando Polo Club, Building is now in use as part of the and billiards. In subsequent years, the bringing teams from other states to Church Street Station dining and building housed newspaper offices, play on a field in Conway. Florida entertainment complex. dance studios, a hotel, restaurants, cow ponies were used in the games. and other business ventures. Today, In Orlando, they built the Rogers Rogers Building the Rogers Building is in use primarily Building where they established the 37 South Magnolia Avenue as an art gallery. English Club House that was devoted Known locally as the English Club, to indoor games. Dudley G. Cary- the Rogers Building was constructed OSCEOLA COUNTY Elwes, a retired army officer, built in 1886 by Gordon Rogers in the a home on Lake Fredericka in 1886 Queen Anne style. Born in England, and was instrumental in holding the Rogers came to Florida in 1883 Narcoossee colony together and in building the with the wave of British settlers Narcoossee Schoolhouse who emigrated to Protestant Episcopal Church. After North Narcoossee Road and Yukon Street the devastating 1894-1895 freezes in the late 19th century to establish narcoosseehistory.org that killed most of the orange groves citrus groves. After trying for three In 1883, a company headed by British in Orange County, approximately 200 years to cultivate oranges in Marion entrepreneur Arthur Fell purchased Englishmen abandoned their homes County, he relocated to Orlando 12,000 acres in present-day Osceola and returned to England or made new where he erected the building which County. Two thousand acres were set homes in , New Zealand, and bears his name and established a aside for the townsite of Narcoossee South Africa." major wholesale company and retail while the remainder was sold as grocery in its first floor. Reportedly, small farmsteads and orange groves. the pressed metal siding, which is Among those put in charge of the Orlando very rare in Florida, was shipped enterprise was Fell's younger brother Bumby Building from England. The building's second E. Nelson Fell. The new community 102-110 West Church Street Among the earliest immigrants to arrive with the influx of British settlers to Central Florida during the late 19th century was Joseph Bumby, Sr. who came from England in 1873 and acquired 160 acres for citrus production near present-day Orlando. While waiting for the trees to mature, Bumby became involved in a series of business enterprises including carrying mail between Orlando and Mellonville, operating a stagecoach and freight line between Orlando and Sanford, and establishing an Narcoossee Schoolhouse, Osceola County. agricultural supply business. When (Image courtesy of the Narcoossee Area Chapter of the Osceola County Historical Society) 50

South Region

DeSoto County Arcadia British Royal Air Force Training Fields Carlstrom Field, 5847 SE Highway 31 and Dorr Field, 13617 SE Highway 70 In 1917, Carlstrom Field and a satellite airfield at Dorr Field were established near Arcadia to train pilots for service in World War I. Both fields were closed in the post-war period but reopened in 1941 under contract with the Riddle Aeronautical Institute to provide primary flight training for both American Army Air Force Cemetery plot for British Royal Air Force cadets at Oak Ridge Cemetery, Arcadia. and British Royal Air Force cadets. (Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida) Over 1,300 British RAF pilot trainees received instruction at the war. Carlstrom Field became area of the cemetery surrounded by the facilities for service in World the site of the G. Pierce Wood a low masonry wall which contains War II. Two of the RAF cadets died Memorial Hospital in 1947 until its granite headstones and a flagpole from non-flying related causes at closing in 2002. It then became the that flies the British Union Jack flag. Carlstrom Field and are buried in DeSoto Juvenile Correctional Facility The entry threshold is engraved Arcadia's Oak Ridge Cemetery. until it was closed in 2011. Dorr Field with "Commonwealth War Graves." Both airfields were closed after was converted for use as the DeSoto Nearby is a short upright granite Correctional Institution. World War monument containing a bronze II-era buildings remained in use at plaque with a short history of the both facilities in their new roles. RAF training in the area and the care of the cadets' graves. In 1968, Oak Ridge Cemetery the Rotary Club of Arcadia erected Oak Ridge Street a commemorative marker in the With burials dating to the late cemetery for "The British Plot." 19th century, the historic Oak In 1989, a headstone for the RAF Ridge Cemetery in northwest cadets' American civilian instructor, Arcadia is perhaps best known for John Paul Riddle, was erected an event that occurs there each in the plot after his ashes were Memorial Day. During World War scattered over the Atlantic Ocean. II, 23 British Royal Air Force cadets Starting in 1956 and conducted who died during flight training every subsequent year, the Arcadia were buried in this cemetery. Rotary Club sponsors a service on Two died at Carlstrom Field at Memorial Day in honor of the RAF Arcadia while the other 21 died at cadets. British officials routinely Riddle Field at nearby Clewiston. attend the ceremony which features Nineteen died in training flight the playing of bagpipes, the singing crashes, two from illness, one in of "God Save The Queen," and a an automobile accident, and one special flyover by a propeller plane. British RAF cadets in training from drowning. These RAF cadets at Carlstrom Field near Arcadia. (Image courtesy of the British Imperial War Museums) are buried in a specially designated 57

South Region number of photo sessions in the Beach area including one with Cassius MONROE COUNTY Clay, later known as Muhammad Deauville Beach Resort Ali, at a Miami gym before 6701 Collins Avenue departing to England on February Key West 305.865.8511 deauvillebeachresort.com 21, 1964. The Beatles returned to Mel Fisher Designed by noted architect Florida later that year as part of Maritime Museum Melvin Grossman, the Deauville a month-long concert tour of 200 Greene Street the United States and Canada. 305.294.2633 Hotel (now the Deauville Beach melfisher.org Their scheduled flight from Resort) opened in 1958. In 1964, Artifacts from the British slave Montreal, Canada to Jacksonville the hotel became the scene of a ship Henrietta Marie are displayed on September 9, 1964 was diverted musical “British invasion” when in a major permanent exhibit at to Key West due to Hurricane it was the site of the Beatles’ the Mel Fisher Maritime Museum. Dora which would strike second televised appearance in the Probably built in France, the ship northeast Florida the next day. United States. The Beatles made came into English possession late After spending two days in Key their memorable American debut in the 17th century, possibly as a West at the Key Wester Motel on the Ed Sullivan Show in the CBS war prize. It was antic slave trade, (demolished in 1999), the Beatles television studio in City transporting enslaved Africans to performed a concert at the Gator on February 9, 1964. Following the West Indies. In May 1700, the Bowl in Jacksonville on September concerts in Washington, D.C. and Henrietta Marie delivered some 200 11, 1964. It would be their last Carnegie Hall in New York City, the slaves to Jamaica but, on its return concert in Florida as a group. Beatles flew to Florida where they voyage to England, wrecked on a reef made their second live televised west of Key West. Its entire crew of appearance on the Ed Sullivan Show Miami about 18 men perished at sea. In 1972, from the Ballroom of the treasure hunters affiliated with Mel Deauville Hotel on February 16, Woodlawn Park Fisher's Treasure Salvors Inc. located 1964. The performance was attended Cemetery the remains of a vessel which became by about 3,500 people but viewed 3260 SW 8th Street known as the "English Wreck" based by an estimated 70 million people Established in 1913, the on the artifacts collected from it. via satellite broadcast. The Beatles Woodlawn Park Cemetery Excavations in the 1980s identified remained at the Deauville Hotel contains a special section with the vessel as the Henrietta Marie. while they participated in a thirteen British Commonwealth Thousands of artifacts were recovered war dead from World War II. which were subsequently donated by Within this well-kept plot are Mel Fisher to the not-for-profit Mel the graves of eleven British Fisher Maritime Heritage Society. aviators, one from the Royal Air Collectively, these artifacts represent Force and ten from the Royal the largest assemblage of items Navy, as well as two aviators recovered from a slave ship to date. from the Royal New Zealand They include slave shackles, cannons, Navy. These men died while in Venetian glass trade beads, African training at the Naval Air Station ivory, and English-made pewter Miami which consisted of three tankards, basins, spoons and bottles. separate airfields: Opa-locka or In 1993, the National Association of Mainside, Miami Municipal, and Black Scuba Divers placed a memorial Master Field. at the shipwreck site, consisting of a bronze plaque embedded on a three-foot tall concrete block, to the "enslaved African people" carried by The Beatles in Key West, September 1964. the Henrietta Marie. (Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida)

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Selected Bibliography Printed Resources: Bailyn, Bernard. “Failure in Harper, Francis, ed. “Diary of Schafer, Daniel L. Governor Xanadu,” and "Gulf and Delta," in a Journey through the Carolinas, James Grant’s Villa: A British Voyagers to the West: A Passage in Georgia, and Florida from East Florida Indigo Plantation. the Peopling of America on the Eve July 1, 1765 to April 10, 1766”. St. Augustine Historical Society, 2000. of the Revolution. New York: Alfred Transactions of The American ______. St. Augustine's British A. Knopf, 1985. Philosophical Society 33, No. 1, Years, 1763-1784. St. Augustine Cashin, Edward J. The King’s Philadelphia, 1942. Historical Society, 2001. Ranger: Thomas Brown and the ______. The Travels of William ______. and American Revolution on the Bartram: Naturalist Edition. the Ghost Plantations of British East Southern Frontier. Athens: The Athens: University of Georgia Press: Florida. Gainesville: University Press University of Georgia Press, 1989. 1998. of Florida, 2010. Covington, James W. The British Hoffman, Paul E. Florida's Searcy, Martha Condray. The Meet the : Negotiations Frontiers. Bloomington: Indiana Georgia-Florida Contest in the Between British Authorities in East University Press, 2002. American Revolution, 1776-1778. Florida and the Indians: 1763-68. Landers, Jane G. ed. Colonial Tuscaloosa: University of Gainesville: University of Florida Plantations and Economy in Press, 1985. Press, 1961. Florida. Gainesville: University Starr, Joseph Barton. Tories, De Quesada, Alejandro M. Press of Florida, 2000. Dons, and Rebels: The American Images of America: The Royal Air Largent, Will. RAF Wings Over Revolution in West Florida. Force Over Florida. Charleston, SC: Florida. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue Gainesville: University Presses of Arcadia Publishing, 1998. University Press, 2000. Florida, 1976. Fabel, Robin F.A. Bombast and Mowat, Charles. East Florida Troxler, Carole Watterson. “Loyalist Broadsides: The Lives of George as a British Province, 1763-1784. Refugees and the Evacuation of East Johnstone. Tuscaloosa: University of 1943, facsimile reprint: Gainesville: Florida, 1783-1785.” The Florida Alabama Press, 1987. University of Florida Press, 1964. Historical Quarterly. Vol. 60, No. 1 ______. The Economy of Nelson, Paul David. General (July 1981), 1-28. , 1763-1783. James Grant: Scottish Soldier and Weisman, Brent R. Unconquered Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Royal Governor of East Florida. Peoples: Florida’s Seminole and Press, 1988. Gainesville: University Press of Miccosukee Indians. Gainesville: Forbes, James Grant. Sketches, Florida, 1993. University Press of Florida, 1999. Historical and Topographical, of Panagopoulos, Epaminondas P. Wright, J. Leitch, Jr. Britain and the ; more particularly of New Smyrna: An Eighteenth- the American Frontier, 1783-1815. East Florida. New York: C.S. Van Century Greek Colony. Gainesville: Athens: The University of Georgia Winkle, 1831. University of Florida Press, 1966. Press, 1975. Gordon, Elsbeth. Florida’s Patterson, Gordon. "Ditches and ______. Florida in the American Colonial Architectural Heritage. Dreams, Nelson Fell and the Rise of Revolution. Gainesville: University Gainesville: University Press of Fellsmere." The Florida Historical Presses of Florida, 1975. Florida, 2002. Quarterly. Vol. 76, No. 1 (Summer Griffin, Patricia C. Mullet on the 1997), 1-19. Internet Web Site: Beach: The Minorcans of Florida, Rea, Robert R. "Pensacola “New World in a State of Nature: 1768-1788. Jacksonville: University under the British (1763-1781)." of Press, 1991. British East Florida.” Florida In Colonial Pensacola, James History Online. Daniel L. Schafer, R. McGovern, ed. Hattiesburg: Department of History, University University of Southern of North Florida Press, 1972. unf.edu/floridahistoryonline

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