Appendix 2: Site Assessment Sheets

APPENDIX 2: SITE ASSESSMENT SHEETS

SITE ASSESSMENT SHEETS: MINERAL SITES

1. SHARP SAND AND GRAVEL

Sharp sand and gravel sites M/CH/1 GROUP M/CH/2 GROUP M/CH3 M/CH/4 GROUP M/CH/6

Key features of sharp sand and gravel extraction Removal of existing landscape features; Location within flatter low lying areas of river valleys or flood plains; Pumping of water to dry pits when below water table; Excavation, machinery and lighting, resulting in visual intrusion; Noise and visual intrusion of on-site processing; Dust apparent within the vicinity of sand and gravel pits; Frequent heavy vehicle movements on local roads; Mitigation measures such as perimeter mounding (using topsoil and overburden) and planting of native trees and shrubs; Replacement with restored landscape, potentially including open water (which may have a nature conservation or recreational value), or returning land to fields, in the long term.

GROUP M/CH/1

Figure A1.1: Location map of the M/CH/1 group

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CONTEXT • Wealth of historic landscape features including historic parklands, many ancient woodlands and earthworks. National character area: South Coast Plain (126)1 • Area is well settled with scattered pattern of rural villages and „Major urban developments including Portsmouth, Worthing and Brighton farmsteads. linked by the A27/M27 corridor dominate much of the open, intensively • Suburban fringes. farmed, flat, coastal plain. Coastal inlets and „harbours‟ contain a diverse • Winding hedged or wooded lanes. landscape of narrow tidal creeks, mudflats, shingle beaches, dunes, grazing • Large scale gravel workings‟. marshes and paddocks. From the Downs and coastal plain edge there are long views towards the sea and the Isle of Wight beyond. Trees are not a KEY SENSITIVITIES, FORCES FOR CHANGE AND dominant feature – there are some small woods and a few windswept GUIDELINES individual trees in the farmland or the occasional poplar shelter belt. A Within the West Sussex Land Management Guidelines the key pattern of large arable fields, defined by low hedgerows, are often sensitivities identified include: interspersed by horticultural glasshouse „estates‟ and isolated remnants of coastal heath. The complex series of creeks, mudflats and shingle beaches • the often small and intimate scale of the landscape; along the coastal edge becomes less apparent to the east with the intensively- • the presence of human scale features including frequent farmed plain increasingly dominated by disordered seaside towns and leisure hedgerows, hedgerow trees and farmsteads; and developments… The landscape is varied, incorporating both open arable • strong sense of peace and tranquillity across much of the farmland and low density settlements, with a more well-wooded and semi- landscape with an overall lack of modern development. enclosed (somewhat surburban) character locally, particularly to the west of Chichester.‟ The guidelines recommend conserving and enhancing the historic character of the area, including historic field patterns; the distinctive West Sussex LCA landscape character area: Ashlings Upper habitats, including meadows and woodland; and the character and Coastal Plain (SC6)2 setting of small villages and hamlets. Guidelines promote management of existing woodland, especially where under pressure from gravel • „A good cover of woodland and trees, with a high percentage of ancient working, and that, where appropriate, the restoration of gravel woodland. workings to grassland, woodland and scrub habitats, including • Clear views to the higher ground of the Downs to the north. restoration of field edges and hedgerows, should be sought. They also • Mainly gently undulating farmland enclosed by woods with numerous state that consideration needs to be given to the cumulative impacts of hedgerows. land use change on landscape character. • Pattern of small to medium sized pastures, arable fields, livestock farming and market gardening.

1 Natural England, Countryside Character Volume 7: South East and London. 2 West Sussex County Council (2003), The West Sussex Landscape Character Assessment.

M/CH/1A WOODMANCOTE

SITE LOCATION AND CONTEXT The site lies approximately 7km to the west of Chichester, and 300m north of the village of Woodmancote. The site is 500m to the north of the A27. The site is located in the southwest of West Sussex, in an area of transition between the open lower Coastal Plain to the south and the wooded Downs to the north. The site lies within 500m of the southern boundary of the South Downs National Park. The landform is very gently undulating, and the wider area is characterised by strong networks of hedgerows, hedgerow trees and woodlands enclosing small to medium-sized fields. The area retains a mostly undeveloped, rural character. The site is predominantly flat, sloping gently from the southern boundary southwards to Woodmancote. The land also slopes gently downhill from the middle of the site to the eastern border.

Approximate timescale anticipated for start and completion for this site: 3 years

Figure A1.3: Photograph looking northeast from the middle of the site from the public footpath

Figure A1.4: Photograph looking northwest from the eastern boundary from the public footpath

SITE CHARACTERISATION

Landscape Character Criteria

Physical/Natural factors The site extends across a gently undulating landform that slopes down to the southern and eastern boundaries. There is a former gravel pit to the northeast which has been restored to scrub habitat, with some tree planting. The Grade 3 agricultural land is based on drift deposits over an underlying chalk geology, bordering Bracklesham and Reading Beds, and London Clay. The site comprises grassland bound by hedgerows and trees, with a greater concentration of trees around the eastern boundary, adjacent to Marlpit Lane. There is a small copse in the eastern half of the site, adjacent to the northern boundary. There are also small patches of woodland beyond the western boundary of the site. The River Ems is located 500m to the west. Experiential The site has a largely open feel and is of a medium scale, with a greater degree of openness felt when looking southwards as a result of the land falling away in this direction. A small area in the east of the site experiences some enclosure as a result of tree cover. At present the site is divided by a tall, linear, outgrown hedgerow running down the centre, which to a degree reduces the sense of openness. The site has a predominantly rural quality, with buildings visible from its southern boundary reducing the sense of remoteness. However, CPRE data indicates that the site is within an area of medium tranquillity3 and experiences some noise intrusion4. Colours and textures are relatively consistent across the site, with greater shade around the hedgerow and tree-lined fringes, and around the woodland located in the middle of the site. Visual Criteria Visibility and key views The land is at its highest at the northern boundary of the site, from where it falls away to the south and east. From this higher ground there are clear views to the South Downs to the north. Views become more enclosed towards the southern edge of the site as a result of tree cover and the lower lie of the land. The land to the south only becomes visible when at the site‟s southern boundary; it is from here that there is intervisibility with Woodmancote to the south. There are no clear views to settlements within the wider landscape. The eastern part of the site is visible from Marlpit Lane and Common Road, where hedgerow and trees lining these roads provide only intermittent screening. The western part is screened from Marlpit Lane by the landform, a tall and dense hedgerow and trees at the centre of the site. Views from Common Road to the west of the site are also screened by the tall hedgerows, the property to the north of the site and the belt of trees running south from it. Looking north, the distant skyline is characterised by woodland, with the South Downs rising above this. The convex edge of the site to the south forms the skyline when looking in this direction. The ZTV indicates that there is potential visibility from a large area to the south of the site. Visibility will be more confined than indicated due to buildings and additional vegetation that is not within the woodland data layer used within the ZTVs. However, as the land to the south is at a higher elevation when compared with the surrounding area, if tall structures were to be built next to the southern boundary, these may be visible from relatively large areas to the south. Views from within

3 CPRE (2006), Tranquillity Data. 4 CPRE (2007), Intrusion Data.

8 the site will be available from two rights of way. Landscape Value Criteria Landscape designations (National Parks, AONBs) The site does not lie within any area of landscape designation: the South Downs National Park is 500m to the north, whilst the Chichester Harbour AONB is approximately 2.5km to the south. The ZTV indicates theoretical visibility from the AONB to the site. True visibility will be limited by trees and development. There are clear views to the rising South Downs National Park to the north. Condition, typicality and rarity Views to the South Downs characterise this area of transition between the Coastal Plain and the South Downs. The landform reflects characteristics outlined in the national and local character assessment, including feelings of semi-enclosure, and its gently undulating nature, with hedgerow cover. The Historic Landscape Character Assessment characterises this area as „fieldscapes‟. The northern part of the site is dated Late 20th Century (AD 1845-Present Modern Field Amalgamation) and the southern are of the site is dated Early Modern (AD 1800-1913 Parliamentary Enclosure). The former gravel pit reflects the broader presence of such sites within this landscape area. Cultural heritage and settings There are two Grade II Listed Buildings within 300m of the south of the site: Woodmancote Farmhouse and the Manor House within the village of Woodmancote. As the land slopes downhill from the southern boundary, these buildings are not visible from within the site, but Woodmancote Farm is visible from the southern boundary. However, the farmhouse itself is sited to the south of the farm, bordered to the north by other farm buildings and, as such, the setting of the farm more generally may be affected by workings on this site. The Listed Building itself would have a greater degree of screening. The Westbourne Conservation Area is sited 2km to the southwest of the site, whilst the Funtington Conservation Area is sited 2km to the east. As a result of the lie of the land and existing screening, there is no intervisibility between the site and these two areas. The shapes of the fields are varied, and a mixture of small to medium-sized. Natural heritage The River Ems and Meadows Site of Nature Conservation Interest (SNCI) lies within 500m of the west of the site (principal habitat: river and water meadow). In the area more widely there are the following nature conservation sites: Aldsworth Pond and meadows SNCI (principal habitat: pond, neutral grassland and river) and the Cricket Grounds and Meadows SNCI (principal habitat: meadows), both located within 1.5km to the west. Newells Lane pond and meadows SNCI (principal habitat: pond, neutral grassland and scrub) is located within 2km of the southeast of the site. The principal habitat is a mixture of deciduous woodland, hedgerows and grassland. There is no ancient woodland in or adjacent to the site, but there are patches within 1km to the south, north and west. Recreation Two public footpaths traverse the site: one passing through the middle; a second cuts across the south-eastern corner.

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CRITERIA

Landform Predominantly simple and undulating landform, largely flat to the west.

Landcover Intensively managed, improved pasture with degraded structure of hedgerows and hedgerow trees. Some existing trees within hedgerows at the fringes and a copse at the northeast boundary.

Scale Medium scale field structure with some increase in scale to the east of the site.

Enclosure The site is relatively open, with stronger sense of enclosure in the western half of the site, due to smaller field structure and hedgerows along the boundaries.

Condition Generally poor condition with several hedgerows largely replaced by post and wire fencing, and amalgamated fields.

Tranquillity including noise and lighting More tranquil to the west as compared to the east; the eastern part is close to Marlpit Lane.

Remoteness Site has a moderate feeling of remoteness, with this being greater in the western half of the site, which is „tucked away‟ from buildings and roads.

VISUAL CRITERIA

Skylines The site does not have a strong relationship with the skyline, although the land at the southern boundary does form the skyline when looking towards the site from the south. Views and landmarks

No landmarks on the site, and its does not form a key part of views.

Intervisibility The site is visible from the South Downs, although it is not heavily overlooked. There is a fair distance between the site and these slopes, and it is most likely to be seen only from the top of the Downs.

There is visibility from the public bridleway no. BW 250 which passes through the centre of the site and provides off road Visual receptors connections to further bridleways to the north of the site, Footpath FP252 passes to the east of the site at Marlpit Lane and Common Road, although the footpath does not appear to be heavily used and is not a long distance route. Footpath no FP249 which passes the site to the west provides better connections to surrounding settlements and longer routes; there is visibility from this path onto the site.

LANDSCAPE VALUE CRITERIA

Landscape designations The site itself is not within any designated landscapes, although it is within 500m of the South Downs National Park.

Habitat value There are no areas of nature conservation designation within or in close proximity to the site. There is a small copse in the northeast of the site.

Cultural heritage features Listed Buildings in Woodmancote are screened by buildings and vegetation.

Recreation There is a public bridleway running north to south through the centre of the site, a footpath cutting across the southeast corner and a further footpath running north south to the west of the site.

OVERALL SENSITIVITY TO EXTRACTION scope for the improvement of the current condition and habitat value in Landscape Character Sensitivity: Low. Limited sensitivity overall, with conjunction with the development of the site. the site comprising medium to large fields of improved pasture that does not have a strong relationship with the key characteristics of the wider Ashlings RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION AND LANDSCAPE landscape character area. Large scale gravel workings identified as a key OPPORTUNITIES feature of the character area. The field pattern structure and condition of • Advanced planting of trees and shrubs to the east and north to provide the hedgerows, in the eastern part of the site in particular, are degraded. screening of views into the site from Common Road, Marlpit Lane and The small copse and lines of hedgerows as well as the hedge and tree lined to reduce visibility from the slopes of the South Downs to the north; lane to the east are more sensitive features. • Advanced enhancement of hedgerows and planting of hedgerow trees Visual Sensitivity: Low-Medium. The site is relatively contained visually. to the south to ensure screening of views from the settlement to the The more open eastern area of the site has greater intervisibility with the south; surrounding areas, including Marlpit Lane and the public footpath that crosses • Phasing of extraction, starting with the western part of the site which is it. The settlement to the south of the site will have limited views to the site currently well screened from the wider surroundings and allowing due to the landform, lines of hedgerows and trees and the farm buildings vegetation and trees in the eastern area to mature before commencing associated with Bishopbarn Farm to the south. extraction. Landscape Value: Low. The site does not fall within a designated • Planning the re-routing of the public right of way that crosses the landscape and lies at some distance from the South Downs National Park centre of the area and aiming to locate the extraction in the eastern boundary to the north. It has a limited relationship to either the South part of the site so that the footpath to the east can be retained; Downs National Park or the AONB to the south, with no intervisibility with • Retaining the copse at the northern boundary of the site and linking in the AONB and limited visibility to the site from the National Park. A Local new planting with this copse, to create a continuous line of trees footpath and a bridleway cross the site and these have local recreational following the northern boundary connecting with the surrounding value. network of hedges and the restored mineral site to the east.

Overall, the site is considered to have a Low-Medium sensitivity to OPTIONS FOR RESTORATION AFTER USE extraction. It would not compromise the tranquillity and sense of • Returning the site to agricultural use, reinstating the original profile of remoteness identified as key sensitivities of South Downs National Park, the site or a restoration at extracted levels. Restoring and improving despite its proximity. Due to the topography of the site, development of the structure of hedgerows and hedgerow trees, with the aim of mineral workings in this location is unlikely to visually intrude on surrounding maximising connectivity with the surrounding wooded areas; areas and there is potential to further limit visibility into the site. • Restoring the area to a mosaic of neutral grassland, scrub and woodland of high habitat value with a mixture of appropriate native species in LANDSCAPE CAPACITY accordance with a management plan which should be drawn up prior to Given the relatively flat landform and visual containment of the site together consenting extraction; with potential for providing appropriate screening around the more open • There is potential to create links with site the former mineral workings area, it is judged that the site has a Moderate capacity overall for to the east which is currently being restored to scrub and woodland accommodating mineral extraction without significant adverse effects on the character and visual amenity of the site itself and surrounding areas. There is

M/CH/1B COMMON ROAD WEST

SITE LOCATION AND CONTEXT The site lies approximately 7km to the west of Chichester, and within 1km west of the village of Funtington. It is sited 1km to the north of the A27. The site is located in the southwest of West Sussex, in an area of transition between the open lower Coastal Plain to the south and the wooded Downs to the north. The site lies within 1km of the southern boundary of the South Downs National Park. The landform is predominantly flat, with the South Downs rising clearly to the north. There are strong human influences, with Common Road forming the northern boundary, and Cheesmans Lane forming the eastern boundary. In addition, a „research establishment‟ is located opposite the northern end of the site, lending to the area‟s semi-industrialised character.

Approximate timescale anticipated for start and completion for this site: 1.5 years

Figure A1.7: Photograph of site 1B, looking northwest from the southeast corner

Figure A1.8: Photograph of site 1C, looking northeast from the south west corner

Figure A1.9: Photograph of structures on a ‘research establishment’ site located to the north of the site

SITE CHARACTERISATION

Landscape Character Criteria

Physical/Natural factors The site extends across a predominantly flat landscape, with the South Downs rising to the north. There is a restored gravel pit to the west of the site, although this is not visible from the site due to tree planting. The Grade 3 agricultural land is based on drift over an underlying chalk geology, bordering on Bracklesham and Reading Beds and London Clay. The site is under arable use, bound by trees to the west, with Common Road forming the northern boundary, and Cheesmans Lane forming the eastern boundary. There are a few buildings to the south of the site. There are no hydrological features within or in proximity to the site. Experiential The site has a very open feeling and is of a medium scale. The site is not tranquil, being influenced by human activities, with two roads bordering it. A „research establishment‟ is located opposite the northern end of the site, lending to the area‟s semi-military landscape character. The busy Common Road to the north results in almost continuous noise and movement from traffic. CPRE data indicates that the site is within an area of medium tranquillity5 and experiences some noise intrusion6. Visual Criteria Visibility and key views The site is flat with open views to the South Downs to the north and across to the land to the east, with the western edges of Funtington visible. Looking south from the eastern edge, one has a long-distance, framed view down Cheesmans Lane, but longer views to the south are generally limited due to buildings and vegetative screening. Some screening means that views to the site from the west and south are limited. The site is highly visible from the north (including from the southern slopes of the South Downs) and east (including from the edges of the village of Funtington). The ZTV indicates that, theoretically, visibility will be available from a large area to the south of the site. True visibility will be more confined by buildings and additional vegetation that is not within the woodland data layer used within the ZTVs. There is also a smaller area of potential visibility to the north and east. Looking north, the skyline comprises trees and structures from the research establishment to the north. The height of the skyline is predominantly consistent. There is a public right of way (Bridleway BW254) running north/south to the west of the site, behind a line of trees. This has local importance. Landscape Value Criteria Landscape designations (National Parks, AONBs) The site does not lie within any area of landscape designation: the South Downs National Park is 1km to the north of the site, whilst the Chichester Harbour AONB is approximately 3km to the south. The ZTV indicates theoretical visibility from the northern areas of the AONB. True visibility will be limited by trees and

5 CPRE (2006), Tranquillity Data. 6 CPRE (2007), Intrusion Data.

16 development. There are clear views to the rising South Downs National Park to the north of the site. Condition, typicality and rarity Views to the South Downs characterise this area of transition between the Coastal Plain and the South Downs. The landform reflects some characteristics outlined in the local character assessment, including small to medium sized arable fields, and the fact that it is well settled. However, this site is heavily influenced by a range of human activities together with the impact of the local road network (as noted above), giving it a much more intensively used feel as compared with other areas in close proximity to the site (such as the proposed gravel extraction site to the north of Woodmancote). The lack of boundary hedgerows or tree planting to provide structure together with a large modern field pattern contributes to the seemingly poor quality of the site‟s landscape. The Historic Landscape Character Assessment characterises this area as „Late 20th Century fieldscapes (Modern Field Amalgamation) AD1845 - Present‟. Cultural heritage and settings There are no Listed Buildings in close proximity to the site. However, there are some Listed Buildings to the north (including Grade II Listed Buildings Racton park Farmhouse and Adsdean House (West Lodge)). Given the rising nature of the land to the north, working of this site for mineral extraction may negatively affect the setting of these Listed Buildings. The Funtington Conservation Area is sited within 1km to the east of the site. There are clear views to the eastern edge of the Conservation Area. Again, working on the site could have negative implications for this heritage area. Natural heritage There are no designated nature conservation assets in close proximity to the site. The River Ems and Meadows Site Nature Conservation Interest (SNCI) lies approximately 1.6km to the west (principal habitat: river and water meadow) and Newells Lane pond and meadows SNCI (principal habitat: pond, neutral grassland and scrub) is located within 1.5km to the southeast. The principal habitat is a mixture of deciduous woodland and hedgerows. There is no ancient woodland in or adjacent to the site, but there are patches within 1km to the south, north and west. Recreation A bridleway (BW254) passes along the western boundary of the site.

M/CH/1B COMMON ROAD WEST SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CRITERIA

Landform Predominantly simple and flat landform.

Landcover Intensively managed arable land, with trees at the southern and western boundaries.

Scale Medium scale field structure.

Enclosure The site is very open.

Condition Generally poor condition.

Tranquillity including noise and lighting Busy road to the north of the site means there is almost continuous movement and noise.

Remoteness Minimal feeling of remoteness due to traffic and buildings in the immediate surroundings.

VISUAL CRITERIA

Skylines This site does not have a strong relationship with the skyline; workings on this site would not affect the profile of the hills to the north or the woodland to the south.

Views and landmarks Does not form part of an important view; visible from southern slopes of South Downs but unlikely to disrupt key views.

Intervisibility Visible from a relatively large area, predominantly to the north and east.

Visual receptors There are many road users on Common Road; and recreational users on the South Downs.

LANDSCAPE VALUE CRITERIA

Landscape designations The site is near and overlooked by the South Downs National Park, but the landscape does not relate strongly to the key characteristics of the National Park.

Habitat value There are no areas of nature conservation designation within or in close proximity to the site.

Cultural heritage features The site is near the Funtington Conservation Area, but the area already has strong human influences.

Recreation A bridleway (BW254) runs down the western boundary of the site.

OVERALL SENSITIVITY TO EXTRACTION surrounding landscape and intervisibility with the South Downs makes Landscape Character Sensitivity: Low. Limited sensitivity, with it of slightly higher sensitivity. While development of mineral the medium to large fields of open intensively managed farmland being workings in this location has the potential to be visually intrusive on weakly related to the key characteristics of the wider Ashlings surrounding areas, there is scope to reduce visibility into the site landscape character area. Large scale gravel workings are an existing from the immediate vicinity through screening or filtering of views feature of the character area. The structure and condition of the field with vegetation. boundaries is largely degraded, with hedgerows along the northern and eastern boundary entirely removed. The trees and vegetation LANDSCAPE CAPACITY that lie along part of the southern boundary are more sensitive Given the relatively flat landform, there is potential for providing features, particularly given the lack of vegetation and field boundaries appropriate screening around the site, which is currently open and surrounding the site. highly visible, to prevent views into the site from the surrounding area. Views into the southern parts of the site from the wooded Visual Sensitivity: Medium-High. The open nature of the slopes of the South Downs to the north would potentially still be surrounding area, its proximity to a heavily used road and a high level possible even with screening, but at this distance impacts on views of intervisibility with the South Downs to the north renders this a would be unlikely to be significant. It is judged that the site has a highly visible site. There are a large number of visual receptors, albeit Moderate to High capacity overall for accommodating mineral users of the road to the north. It does not however contain or lie in extraction without significant adverse effects on the character and proximity to any local landmarks. The site features as a small area in visual amenity of the site itself and surrounding areas. There is the wide panoramas available from the slopes of the South Downs. considerable scope for the improvement of the current condition of The site and surrounding landscape does not directly contribute to landscape features, visual amenity and habitat value in conjunction the scenic value of the views from the South Downs, although with the development of the site. overlooked by parts of it. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION AND Landscape Value: Low. The area lies close to the South Downs LANDSCAPE OPPORTUNITIES National Park boundary to the north. It does not have characteristics or features representative of the National Park, nor which directly • Advanced buffer planting of trees and shrubs to the north, east contribute to the key qualities identified as valuable in the designated and west would be highly important/ critical to provide screening area. It lies some distance away from the AONB to the south, with of views into the site from Common Road and to reduce visibility no intervisibility. There is a public right of way to the west of the site, from the slopes of the South Downs to the north; with local recreational value. • Retaining the tree belt along the southern boundary of the site and linking in new planting with this, to create continuous trees Overall, the site is considered to have a Low-Medium sensitivity to and vegetation connecting with the surrounding network of extraction. Though the landscape character and the landscape value hedges and the restored mineral site to the west. of the site are judged to be low, the high visibility of the site in the

OPTIONS FOR RESTORATION AFTER USE

• Returning the site to agricultural use, reinstating the original profile of the site and restoring and improving the structure of hedgerows and hedgerow trees, with the aim of maximising farmland habitat value, and connectivity with the wooded areas to the south and west; • Restoring the area to a mosaic of neutral grassland, scrub and woodland of high habitat value with a mixture of appropriate native species, and in accordance with a management plan which should be drawn up prior to consenting extraction; • There is potential to create links with site the former mineral workings to the west, which is currently being restored to scrub and woodland.

M/CH/1C COMMON ROAD EAST SITE LOCATION AND CONTEXT The site lies approximately 6km to the west of Chichester, and within 500m west of the village of Funtington. It is sited 1km to the north of the A27. The site is located in the southwest of West Sussex, in an area of transition between the open lower Coastal Plain to the south and the wooded Downs to the north. The site lies within 1km of the southern boundary of the South Downs National Park. The landform is predominantly flat, with the South Downs rising clearly to the north. There are strong human influences, with Common Road forming the northern boundary, Cheesmans Lane forming the western boundary, and a „research establishment‟ located opposite the northern end of the site. All lend a semi-industrialised character to the site.

Approximate timescale anticipated for start and completion for this site: 3 years

Figure A1.11: Photograph of site 1C, looking in a northeast direction

Figure A1.12: View from the southwest corner of site 1C (site visible is M/CH/1B)

SITE CHARACTERISATION

Landscape Character Criteria

Physical/Natural factors The site extends across a predominantly flat landscape, with the South Downs rising to the north of the site. The Grade 3 agricultural land is based on drift on an underlying chalk geology, bordering on Bracklesham and Reading Beds and London Clay. The site is under arable use, bound by trees to the south, with Common Road forming the northern boundary, and Cheesmans Lane forming the western boundary. There are no hydrological features within or in proximity to the site. Experiential The site has a very open feeling and is of a medium scale. It can not be described as tranquil, being influenced by human activities, with two roads bordering the site. A „research establishment‟ is located opposite the northern end of the site, lending to the area‟s military landscape character. The proximity to Common Road to the north results in almost continuous noise and movement from traffic. CPRE data indicates that the site is within an area of medium tranquillity, with a lower tranquillity to the east7, and experiences some noise intrusion8. Visual Criteria Visibility and key views The site is flat with open views to the South Downs to the north and across to the land to the west. The western edges of Funtington are visible. Looking south from the western edge, one has a long-distance, framed view down Cheesmans Lane, but longer views to the south are generally limited due to buildings and vegetative screening. The presence of some vegetation means that views to the site from the south are limited. The site is highly visible from the north (including from the southern slopes of the South Downs) and east (including from the edges of the village of Funtington). The ZTV indicates that of theoretical visibility will be focused to that available from the south, covering a large area. True visibility will be confined due to buildings and additional vegetation that is not within the woodland data layer used within the ZTVs. There is also a smaller area of potential visibility from the north and east. Looking north, the skyline comprises trees and structures at the „research establishment‟ to the north. The height of the skyline is predominantly consistent. There is a public right of way to the west (Bridleway BW254), beyond Cheesemans Lane, a field and a line of trees. Landscape Value Criteria Landscape designations (National Parks, AONBs) The site does not lie within any area of landscape designation: the South Downs National Park is 1km to the north, whilst the Chichester Harbour AONB is approximately 3km to the south. The ZTV indicates theoretical visibility from the northern areas of the AONB. True visibility will be limited by trees and development. There are clear views to the rising South Downs National Park to the north.

7 CPRE (2006), Tranquillity Data. 8 CPRE (2007), Intrusion Data.

Condition, typicality and rarity Views to the South Downs characterise this area of transition between the Coastal Plain and the South Downs. The landform reflects some of the characteristics outlined in the local character assessment, including small to medium sized arable fields, and the fact that it is well settled. However, this site is heavily influenced by human activities (as noted above), giving it a much more intensively used feel as compared with other areas in close proximity (such as the proposed gravel extraction site to the north of Woodmancote). The seemingly poor quality of the site‟s landscape adds to this. The Historic Landscape Character Assessment characterises this area as „Late 20th Century fieldscapes(Modern Field Amalgamation AD 1845-present) Cultural heritage and settings There are no Listed Buildings in close proximity. However, there are some Listed Buildings to the north (including Grade II Listed Buildings Ractonpark Farmhouse and Adsdean House (West Lodge)). Given the presence of rising land to the north, working of this site for mineral extraction may negatively affect the setting of these Listed Buildings. The Funtington Conservation Area is sited within 500m to the east of the site. There are clear views to the eastern edge of the Conservation Area. Working on the site could have negative implications for this heritage area. Natural heritage There are no designated nature conservation assets in close proximity to the site. The River Ems and Meadows Site Nature Conservation Interest (SNCI) lies approximately 1.6km to the west of the site (principal habitat: river and water meadow) and Newells Lane pond and meadows SNCI (principal habitat: pond, neutral grassland and scrub) is located within 1.5km of the southeast. The principal habitat is a mixture of deciduous woodland and hedgerows. There is no ancient woodland in or adjacent to the site, but there are patches within 1km to the south, north and west. Recreation There are no public footpaths on or adjacent to the site. There is no other recreational activity on or adjacent to the site.

M/CH/1C SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CRITERIA

Landform Predominantly simple and flat landform.

Landcover Intensively managed, arable land with trees at the southern boundary.

Scale Medium scale field structure.

Enclosure The site is very open.

Condition Generally poor condition.

Tranquillity including noise and lighting Busy road to the north of the site means there is almost continuous movement and noise.

Remoteness Minimal feeling of remoteness due to traffic and buildings in the immediate surroundings.

VISUAL CRITERIA

Skylines This site does not have a strong relationship with the skyline. Workings on this site would not affect the profile of the hills to the north or the woodland to the south.

Views and landmarks Does not form part of an important view, although in relatively close proximity to Funtington Conservation Area. Visible from southern slopes of South Downs but unlikely to disrupt key views. Intervisibility

Visible from a wide area, predominantly to the north and east.

Visual receptors There are many road users on Common Road, and recreational users on the South Downs.

LANDSCAPE VALUE CRITERIA

Landscape designations The site is near and overlooked by the South Downs National Park, but the landscape does not relate strongly to the key characteristics of the National Park.

Habitat value There are no areas of nature conservation designation within or in close proximity to the site.

Cultural heritage features The site is near the Funtington Conservation Area, but the area already has strong human influences.

Recreation There is no recreational activity on or adjacent to the site.

OVERALL SENSITIVITY TO EXTRACTION south, with no intervisibility. There are no public rights of way within Landscape Character Sensitivity: Low. The open, intensively or close to the site and overall it has very limited recreational value. managed farmland with degraded field structure corresponds weakly to the key characteristics of the wider Ashlings landscape character area Overall, the site is considered to have a Low-Medium sensitivity to and is considered to be of low sensitivity to mineral extraction. Large extraction. The landscape character and the landscape value of the site scale gravel workings are also an existing feature identified as a key is judged to be low, but the high visibility of the site in the surrounding characteristic of the area. The structure and condition of the field landscape and intervisibility with the South Downs makes it of slightly boundaries is largely degraded, with hedgerows bounding the site higher sensitivity. While development of mineral workings in this entirely removed, with the exception of a gappy hedgerow to the south location has the potential to be visually intrusive from surrounding with some trees widely dispersed along it. The hedgerow along the areas, there is scope to reduce visibility into the site from the southern boundary is a more sensitive feature, particularly given the immediate vicinity through screening or filtering views with vegetation. lack of vegetation and field boundaries surrounding the site. LANDSCAPE CAPACITY Visual Sensitivity: Medium-High. The open nature of the The site is currently open and highly visible, set within a wider area that surrounding area, its proximity to a heavily used road and high level of is flat and largely open to the north and east. However, there are intervisibility with the South Downs to the north renders this a highly opportunities for providing appropriate screening around the site, to visible site, with some intervisibility with Funtington to the northeast. prevent visibility from the surrounding area, from Funtington and from There are a large number of visual receptors, including users of other surrounding settlements. Views to the southern parts of the site Common Road to the north, which approaches the conservation area from the wooded slopes of the South Downs to the north would in Funtington. The immediate surrounding area contains no public potentially still be possible even with screening, but impacts on views rights of way, and there are unlikely to be recreational receptors in would be unlikely to be significant, given that the context is a well close range, except users of roads. It does not contain or lie in settled area, already influenced by human activities. It is judged that proximity to any local landmarks, and the site is visible as a small the site has a Moderate to High capacity overall for accommodating component in the wide panoramic views available from the slopes of mineral extraction without significant adverse effects on the character the South Downs. The site and surrounding landscape does not and visual amenity of the site itself and surrounding areas. There is directly contribute to the scenic value of the views from the South considerable scope for the improvement of the current condition of Downs, although it is overlooked by parts of the down land. landscape features, visual amenity and habitat value in conjunction with the development of the site. Landscape Value: Low. The area lies close to the South Downs National Park boundary to the north. It does not have characteristics RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION AND or features which are representative of the National Park, nor which LANDSCAPE OPPORTUNITIES directly contribute to the key qualities identified as valuable in the • Advanced planting of trees and shrubs to the north, east and west designated area. It lies some distance away from the AONB to the to provide highly important screening of views into the site from Common Road, Cheesemans Lane, settlements to the east and

northeast, and to reduce visibility from the slopes of the South Downs to the north; • The use of earth bunding around the north, east and west of the site in conjunction with advanced planning, to reduce visual and other associated impacts; • Enhancing the existing hedgerow along the southern boundary of the site, through planting of appropriate trees and vegetation, and linking in new planting with this, to create continuous trees and vegetation connecting with the existing network of hedges; • Consider phasing with sites 1B, and 1D, so that 1D is developed in advance of the other adjacent sites, allowing vegetation planted in advance to mature and provide screening from Common Road before commencing extraction.

OPTIONS FOR RESTORATION AFTER USE • Returning the site to agricultural use, reinstating the original profile of the site and restoring and improving the structure of hedgerows and hedgerow trees, with the aim of maximising farmland habitat value and connectivity with hedgerows and treebelts to the south; • Restoring the area to a mosaic of neutral grassland, scrub and woodland of high habitat value, with a mixture of appropriate native species and in accordance with a management plan which should be drawn up prior to consenting extraction; • There is potential to create links with site the former mineral workings further west, currently being restored to scrub and woodland.

M/CH/1D SLADES FIELD SITE LOCATION AND CONTEXT The site lies approximately 6km to the west of Chichester, and 600m southwest of the village of Funtington. The site is located approximately 500m to the north of the A27. The site is located in the southwest of West Sussex, in an area of transition between the open lower Coastal Plain to the south and the wooded Downs to the north. The site lies within 1km of the southern boundary of the South Downs National Park. The landform is predominantly flat, with the South Downs rising clearly to the north. There are strong human influences, with Cheesmans Lane forming the western boundary, and Common Road and a „research establishment‟ visible to the north.

Approximate timescale anticipated for start and completion for this site: 5.5 years

Figure A1.14: Photograph of the site looking northeast from the southwest corner

Figure A1.15: Photograph of a small clump of trees in the northern part of the site

SITE CHARACTERISATION

Landscape Character Criteria Physical/Natural factors The site extends across a predominantly flat landscape, with the South Downs rising to the north. The Grade 3 agricultural land is based on drift on an underlying chalk geology, bordering on Bracklesham and Reading Beds and London Clay. The site is under arable use, bounded by trees to the west and south, with Cheesmans Lane running along the western boundary. There is a small clump of trees to the north. There are no hydrological features within or in proximity to the site. Experiential The site has a very open feeling and is of a medium scale. The site is not tranquil in character, being influenced by human activities, with a road bordering it to the west, and a further busy road clearly visible to the north. There is continuous movement and noise from traffic on Common Road. CPRE data indicates that the site is within an area of medium tranquillity, with lower tranquillity to the south9, and experiences some noise intrusion10. Colours and textures are predominantly consistent across the site, with greater shade around the trees lining the western and southern boundaries, and around the small clump of trees to the north. Visual Criteria Visibility and key views The site is flat, open with long-distance views to the South Downs to the north and across to the land to the east, with the western edges of Funtington being partially visible. The trees lining the site to the west predominantly restrict views inwards from this direction. Moving across to the eastern half of the site, views will be more available from the south (e.g. from Little Court Farm), as there is no screening along the southern boundary in this part of the site. The ZTV indicates that theoretical visibility will be available from a large area to the south. True visibility will be more restricted due to the buildings and additional vegetation that is not within the woodland data layer used within the ZTVs. There is also a smaller area of potential visibility from the north and east. Limited visibility from properties on Cheesmans Lane. There are no public footpaths across or adjacent to the site. Landscape Value Criteria Landscape designations (National Parks, AONBs) The site does not lie within any area of landscape designation: the South Downs National Park is 1km to the north, whilst the Chichester Harbour AONB is approximately 3km to the south. The ZTV indicates theoretical visibility from the northern areas of the AONB, although true visibility will be limited by trees and development. There are clear views to the rising South Downs National Park to the north. Condition, typicality and rarity Views to the South Downs characterise this area of transition between the Coastal Plain and the South Downs. The landform reflects some of the characteristics outlined in the landscape character assessment, including small to medium sized arable fields, and the fact that it is well settled. However, this site is heavily influenced

9 CPRE (2006), Tranquillity Data. 10 CPRE (2007), Intrusion Data. 32 by human activities (as noted above), giving it a more „urban fringe‟ feel as compared with other areas in close proximity (such as the proposed gravel extraction site to the north of Woodmancote). The Historic Landscape Character Assessment characterises this area as „Informal fieldscapes‟ Modern Field Amalgamation, AD1845-present. Cultural heritage and settings There are two Listed Buildings in close proximity to the site: the Grade II Listed Lodge of Hambrook and Balsam‟s Farmhouse. The Lodge of Hambrook is not visible from the site given current screening by high trees along the southern boundary. However, Balsam‟s Farmhouse would be clearly visible from the eastern boundary of the site, meaning working for mineral extraction may negatively affect the setting of this Listed Building. The Funtington Conservation Area is sited approximately 500m to the east. There are views to the eastern edge of the Conservation Area, but working on the site could have negative implications for this heritage area. Natural heritage There are no designated nature conservation assets in close proximity to the site. The River Ems and Meadows Site Nature Conservation Interest (SNCI) lies approximately 1.6km to the west (principal habitat: river and water meadow) and Newells Lane pond and meadows SNCI (principal habitat: pond, neutral grassland and scrub) is located within 1.5km of the southeast of the site. The principal habitat is a mixture of deciduous woodland and hedgerows. There is a small clump of trees in the northern part of this site. There is no ancient woodland in or adjacent to the site, but there are patches within 1km to the south, north and west. Recreation There are no public footpaths on or adjacent to the site. There is no other recreational activity on or adjacent to the site.

M/CH1D SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CRITERIA

Landform Predominantly simple and flat landform. This character is more sensitive to changes in level caused by gravel extraction.

Landcover Intensively managed, arable land with trees at the southern and western boundaries. There is a small clump of trees in the northern area of the site.

Scale Medium scale field structure.

Enclosure The site is open and exposed.

Condition The site is under intense arable use, and is of a moderate-poor condition with a degraded field pattern and „urban fringe‟ characteristics.

Tranquillity including noise and lighting Cheesmans Lane to the west and Common Road to the north mean there is movement and traffic noise around this site.

Remoteness Minimal feeling of remoteness due to traffic and buildings in the immediate surroundings.

VISUAL CRITERIA

Skylines This site does not have a strong relationship with the skyline. Workings on this site would not affect the profile of the hills to the north or the woodland to the south.

Views and landmarks Does not form part of an important view. Visible from southern slopes of South Downs but unlikely to disrupt key views. Intervisibility

Visible from a relatively large area, predominantly from areas to the north and east.

There are many road users on Common Road, although there is some partial screening between the road and this site. Road users Visual receptors on Common Road will have direct views into the site, whilst road users on Cheesmans Lane will have intermittent views. Views from properties on Cheesmans Lane will be limited. Recreational users within the South Downs will potentially have views into the site, although these will be at distance.

LANDSCAPE VALUE CRITERIA

Landscape designations The site is near and overlooked by the South Downs National Park, but the landscape does not relate strongly to the key characteristics of the National Park.

Habitat value There are no areas of nature conservation designation within or in close proximity to the site. There is a small clump of trees in the northern area of the site.

Cultural heritage features The site is near the Funtington Conservation Area, but the area already has strong human influences. There is a Grade II Listed Building at Balsam‟s Farm to the east of the site.

Recreation There is no recreational activity on or adjacent to the site.

OVERALL SENSITIVITY TO EXTRACTION Overall, the site is considered to have a Low-Medium sensitivity to Landscape Character Sensitivity: Low. The open, intensively extraction. Although the landscape character and the landscape value managed farmland with a degraded field structure corresponds weakly of the site are judged to be low, the high visibility of the site in the to the key characteristics of the wider Ashlings landscape character surrounding landscape and intervisibility with the South Downs and area and is considered to be of low sensitivity to mineral extraction. nearby settlements makes it of slightly higher sensitivity. While Large scale gravel workings are also an existing feature identified as a development of mineral workings in this location has the potential to key characteristic of the area. The structure and condition of the field be visually intrusive to surrounding areas, there is scope to reduce boundaries is largely degraded, with hedgerows bounding the site visibility into the site from the immediate vicinity, through screening entirely removed with the exception of a gappy hedgerow to the or filtering of views with vegetation. south, with some trees widely dispersed along it. The hedgerow that lies along the southern boundary is a more sensitive feature, LANDSCAPE CAPACITY particularly given the lack of vegetation and field boundaries The site is currently open to the north and east and highly visible from surrounding the site. the wider landscape in these directions, being set within a wider area at the foot of the slopes that is flat and largely open. There are however Visual Sensitivity: Medium-High. The open nature of the opportunities for providing appropriate screening around the site and surrounding area, its proximity to a heavily used road and high level of phasing the development to reduce impacts on the surrounding area, intervisibility with the South Downs to the north renders this a highly from Funtington and other settlements in the vicinity. Views into parts visible site, with some intervisibility with Funtington to the northeast. of the site from the wooded slopes of the South Downs to the north There are a large number of visual receptors, including users of would potentially still be available even with screening, but the impacts Common Road to the north, which approaches the conservation area on views would be unlikely to be significant, given the site lies within in Funtington. The immediate surrounding area contains no public the context of a well settled area already influenced by human activities. rights of way and there are unlikely to be recreational receptors in It is judged that the site has a Moderate to High capacity overall for close range, except along roads. It does not contain or lie in accommodating mineral extraction, without significant adverse effects proximity to any local landmarks. The site is visible as a small area in on the character and visual amenity of the site and surrounding areas. the wide panoramic views available from the slopes of the South There is scope for the improvement of the current condition of Downs. The site and surrounding landscape does not directly landscape features, visual amenity and habitat value in conjunction with contribute to the scenic value of the views from the South Downs the development of the site. although overlooked by parts of it. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION AND Landscape Value: Low. The area lies close to the South Downs LANDSCAPE OPPORTUNITIES National Park boundary to the north although it does not have • Earth bunding in conjunction with advanced planting at the characteristics or features representative of it nor directly contribute northern, eastern and western boundaries to screen views into to the key qualities identified as valuable in the designated area. It lies the site from Cheesemans Lane and properties in the vicinity, and some distance away from the AONB to the south, with no to reduce visibility from the slopes of the South Downs to the intervisibility. There are no public rights of way within or close to the north as well as from settlements to the east; site and overall it has very limited recreational value. • Advanced planting of appropriate mix of native trees and shrubs along boundaries; 36

• Locating extraction away from the southwestern corner and the residential properties located along Cheesemans Road and ensuring these are well screened from the remainder of the site; • Retain and create an appropriate buffer around the small copse adjacent to the southwest of the site and link new planting with this, and to the tree belt in the southeast, to create continuous

belts of trees and vegetation connecting with the surrounding network of hedges; • Phasing of extraction, with development of the west of the site ahead of the eastern part of this area, which lies in closer proximity to properties to the east and south and to Funtington, and where vegetation should be allowed to mature before extraction; • Phasing of extraction ahead of sites1B, and 1C. With a larger degree of existing vegetation around the site, the western part has a relatively greater degree of enclosure than the other sites and is set back from Common Road, along which vegetation should be given time to mature before extraction commences.

OPTIONS FOR RESTORATION AFTER USE • Returning the site to agricultural use, reinstating the original profile of the site and restoring and improving the structure of hedgerows and hedgerow trees, with the aim of maximising farmland habitat value and connectivity with the wooded areas to the south and west; • Restoring the area to a mosaic of neutral grassland, scrub and woodland of high habitat value with a mixture of appropriate native species and in accordance with a management plan which should be drawn up prior to consenting extraction; • There is potential to create links with site the former mineral

workings to the west which is currently being restored to scrub and woodland.

GROUP M/CH/2

Figure A1.16: Location map of M/CH/2

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CONTEXT • Area is well settled with scattered pattern of rural villages and National character area: South Coast Plain (126)11 farmsteads. „Major urban developments including Portsmouth, Worthing and Brighton • Suburban fringes. linked by the A27/M27 corridor dominate much of the open, intensively • Winding hedged or wooded lanes. farmed, flat, coastal plain. Coastal inlets and „harbours‟ contain a diverse • Large scale gravel workings‟. landscape of narrow tidal creeks, mudflats, shingle beaches, dunes, grazing marshes and paddocks. From the Downs and coastal plain edge there are KEY SENSITIVITIES, FORCES FOR CHANGE AND long views towards the sea and the Isle of Wight beyond. Trees are not a GUIDELINES: dominant feature – there are some small woods and a few windswept individual trees in the farmland or the occasional poplar shelter belt. A Within the West Sussex Land Management Guidelines the key pattern of large arable fields, defined by low hedgerows, are often sensitivities identified include: interspersed by horticultural glasshouse „estates‟ and isolated remnants of • the often small and intimate scale of the landscape; coastal heath. The complex series of creeks, mudflats and shingle beaches • the presence of human scale features including frequent along the coastal edge becomes less apparent to the east with the hedgerows, hedgerow trees and farmsteads; and intensively-farmed plain increasingly dominated by disordered seaside towns • strong sense of peace and tranquillity across much of the and leisure developments… The landscape is varied, incorporating both landscape with an overall lack of modern development. open arable farmland and low density settlements, with a more well-wooded and semi-enclosed (somewhat surburban) character locally, particularly to The guidelines recommend conserving and enhancing the historic the west of Chichester.‟ character of the area, including historic field patterns; the distinctive habitats, including meadows and woodland; and the character and West Sussex LCA landscape character area: Ashlings Upper setting of small villages and hamlets. The guidelines promote Coastal Plain (SC6)12 management of existing woodland, especially where under pressure from gravel working, and that, where appropriate, the restoration of • „A good cover of woodland and trees, with a high percentage of ancient gravel workings to grassland, woodland and scrub habitats, including woodland. restoration of field edges and hedgerows, should be sought. They also • Clear views to the higher ground of the Downs to the north. state that consideration needs to be given to the cumulative impacts • Mainly gently undulating farmland enclosed by woods with numerous of land use change on landscape character. hedgerows. • Pattern of small to medium sized pastures, arable fields, livestock farming and market gardening. • Wealth of historic landscape features including historic parklands, many ancient woodlands and earthworks.

11 Natural England, Countryside Character Volume 7: South East and London. 12 West Sussex County Council (2003), The West Sussex Landscape Character Assessment. 39

M/CH/2A DENSWORTH NORTH

SITE LOCATION AND CONTEXT The site lies to the northeast of the small village of East Ashling, and approximately 2.5km from the northwest edge of Chichester. The site is currently not accessible by road, with a public footpath running along its southern boundary. It lies within a network of small to medium scale irregular fields interspersed with broadleaf woodland, with hedgerows and trees forming its western and southern boundaries. The site is 1.7km to the north of the A27.

The site is located in the southwest of West Sussex, within an area of flat and gently undulating coastal plain. Despite its proximity to this urban area, it retains a mostly undeveloped rural character and comprises predominantly agricultural land. The site is located close to the foot of the rounded flanks of Stoke Down, which forms the southern boundary of the South Downs National Park. The site lies within 300m of the National Park boundary, with the steeply rising, wooded slopes of the Downs visible at points when looking north from the site. The area forms a transition between the open lower coastal plains to the north of Chichester Harbour and the wooded uplands of the Western Downs landscape character area to the north. The Northern boundary of the Chichester Harbour AONB lies 3km to the south of the site.

Figure A1.18: Photograph looking northeast from the south west corner of the site (from the public footpath)

Figure A1.19: Photograph showing the western boundary of the site from the neighbouring field

Figure A1.20: Photograph showing the view across to the site from West Stoke Farm to the north

M/CH/2A SITE CHARACTERISATION

Landscape Character Criteria Physical/Natural factors The site comprises very gently undulating, almost flat farmland based on an underlying geology of Bracklesham and Reading Beds and London Clay. The grade 2 and 3 agricultural land covering the site lends itself to the arable land use which predominates in the surrounding area (although this site is presently a pig farm). Across the surrounding area, mixed arable fields are interspersed with small areas of broadleaved woodland and copses. Individual farmsteads, cottages and small clusters of properties are scattered close to the site. The site is largely bound by hedgerow and trees. Part of the Densworth Copse borders the site to the southeast. Experiential The landscape is of a medium scale with some enclosure afforded by the woodland to the southeast and the network of hedgerows and mature hedgerow trees. Whilst the site is not bordered by any roads, West Stoke Road passes close to the northern boundary, giving rise to a degree of noise and movement. Although these roads are relatively quiet, CPRE data indicates that the southern area of the site experiences some noise intrusion13 in relation to the A2178 to the southwest, although more broadly the site is within an area of medium tranquillity14. Visual Criteria Visibility and key views Due to the high hedgerows and mature trees bounding the site to the south and west, open and long-distance views are restricted, although views are possible to the north and east, with clear views to the upper slopes of the South Downs. Views onto the site are possible from the public footpath that runs along its southern boundary, with partial views available from the road to the north where there is a break in the hedgerow screening (see Figure 5). The site has some intervisibility with the southern slopes of the South Downs where they rise up to the north; this is indicated on the ZTV, which also demonstrates that potential visibility is focused along an east to west corridor. The ZTV indicates potential visibility from The Trundle Iron-Age hillfort to the northeast of the site. The low-lying location means the site is part of the low and well wooded even skylines within the coastal plain. It does not interact with the distinctive skyline of the South Downs in the distance. Landscape Value Criteria Landscape designations (National Parks, AONBs) The South Downs National Park lies approximately 0.5km to the north and west of the site and the Chichester AONB lies approximately 3km to the south. The ZTV indicates that potential visibility from the AONB is limited by tree cover. There is visibility of the site from the south-facing slopes of the South Downs National Park. Condition, typicality and rarity The site reflects some of the characteristics highlighted in the LCA for the Ashlings Upper Coastal Plain character area, including the views to the higher ground of the Downs to the north, small to medium sized fields with a strong structure of hedges and woodland, and livestock farming. It is also in close proximity to a number of historic landscape features characteristic of the area, including ancient woodland and earthworks. The strong structure of hedgerows characteristic of the area is

13 CPRE (2007), Intrusion Data. 14 CPRE (2006), Tranquillity Data. 43 partially evident on this site. The Historic Landscape Character Assessment characterises this site as „Informal fieldscapes‟ Modern field amalgamation AD1845 - Present. Immediately to the south of the site the field pattern changes to a smaller scale and is recorded as Medieval cohesive assarts, AD1066-1499. There is an area of replanted ancient woodland adjacent to the south-eastern boundary of the site. Cultural heritage and settings Listed buildings in the vicinity include two buildings at West Stoke Farm within 400m to the north (see Figure 5), and Densworth House and East Ashling Grange within 400m to the south. Tree cover and hedgerows screen the site from those buildings to the south, but it is visible from the buildings to the north. Working this site for minerals may adversely affect the setting of these two buildings. Scheduled Monuments in the vicinity of the site include the Devil‟s Ditch which runs along the northern and western boundaries and Chichester Dyke which lies a little to the south. There is an earthwork on the site, and another to the south. These features do not have a strong presence in the landscape of the area and are not clearly visible from roads and public footpaths. The setting of these heritage assets may be affected by mineral workings. The East Ashling Conservation Area lies within 1km to the southwest of the site, but this is not visible due to tree cover and buildings. Natural heritage The site does not lie in close proximity to any designated nature conservation sites. The Brandy Hole Copse Local Nature Reserve (LNR) is 2km to the southeast and the Kingley Vale Special Area of Conservation (SAC) to the northwest. The principal habitat in the area is broadleaf and mixed woodland, an area of which lies to the southeast of the site (Densworth Copse). Densworth Copse is classified as ancient woodland. There are also patches of ancient woodland in the surrounding area. Recreation There is a public footpath (FP268) running along the southern boundary of the site which passes from East Ashling to the lane that passes from the West Stoke Road down to Well House.

M/CH/2A SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CRITERIA

Landform Gently undulating, almost flat. 30-35m AOD.

Landcover Tree cover to the west and south of the site. Fields and woodland create a gentle mosaic, with a reasonable degree of wider tree cover. In the wider area, farmland consists of arable and livestock fields.

Scale Small to medium-sized irregular field structure within a surrounding network of medium scale agricultural fields.

Enclosure The site is bordered by trees and hedgerows providing a degree of enclosure. However, the medium scale and long distance views to the north of the site provide a sense of openness.

Condition Condition is moderated by the current land use, although generally of a moderately good condition, bound by largely intact hedgerows and woodland.

Tranquillity including noise and lighting Relative tranquillity, although noise and movement is evident from the road to the north and the West Stoke Road. Lighting likely to be visible from East Ashling and the houses to the north and south.

Remoteness Site has a moderate feeling of remoteness, although this is limited in part by movement on the road to the north and northeast.

VISUAL CRITERIA

Skylines The skyline as seen from the site is characterised by presence of trees and the South Downs to the north. The site is located within a low-lying flat area of coastal plain and does not form part of a significant skyline in the wider area.

Views and landmarks Landmarks are not a feature in views into the site from surrounding areas. The site can be seen within the panoramic views available from The Trundle viewing point to the northeast, within the South Downs National Park.

LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

Intervisibility The site is visible from the South Downs, although it is not heavily overlooked. There is a fair distance between the site and these slopes, and the site is most likely to be seen only from the top of the Downs. A break in the hedgerow along the northern boundary of the site means it is visible from the road to the north.

Visual receptors There is clear visibility onto the site from the public footpath, and a break in the hedgerow along the northern boundary of the site means it is visible from the road to the north. As the site is not currently accessible by road, there is less visibility more generally with regards to road users.

LANDSCAPE VALUE CRITERIA

Landscape designations The site itself is not within any designated landscapes, although the South Downs National Park lies within 1km of the site and the site is overlooked by the southern slopes of the dipslopes of the downs.

Habitat value There is ancient woodland bordering the site to the southeast. There are no areas designated for nature conservation within or in close proximity to the site. There is hedgerow around the earthworks in the middle of the site.

Cultural heritage features The Devil‟s Ditch runs along the northern and western boundaries. There are listed buildings to the north (with visibility onto the site) and to the south; there are earthworks on the site.

Recreation There is a public footpath (FP268) running along the southern boundary of the site.

OVERALL SENSITIVITY TO EXTRACTION LANDSCAPE CAPACITY Landscape Character Sensitivity: Medium. A flat, medium scale It is judged that the site has a Low to Moderate capacity overall for landscape, comprising intensively managed farmland that largely accommodating mineral extraction without adverse effects on the reflects the rural and wooded character and the Ashlings Upper character, visual amenity and landscape value of the site and Coastal Plain character area. The structure and condition of surrounding areas. Although it is low lying, generally flat, and views hedgerows surrounding the site is variable, and field pattern is partly into the area are restricted by existing vegetation, there are sensitive degraded giving rise to medium sensitivity overall. features such as earthworks, the Devil‟s Ditch, and habitats in the Visual Sensitivity: Medium. Whilst there is some intervisibility immediate vicinity, that reduce the capacity of the site to with surrounding landscapes, the site is relatively well enclosed by accommodate development of this nature. Mineral workings in this surrounding woodland and largely screened from local residential location have the potential to adversely affect these features, and the properties and roads. The site is likely to be overlooked by the small to medium size of the site and its shape may limit the potential higher ground of the South Downs National Park to the north, from to mitigate against these. Some reinforcement planting would be distances of over 2km. There is no intervisibility with the Chichester required to improve upon the screening of the site prior to any Harbour AONB due to the tree cover to the south, as well as the extraction. distance between the AONB and the site. Landscape Value: Medium to High. The site lies outside the RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION AND South Downs National Park boundary and does not directly LANDSCAPE OPPORTUNITIES contribute to the key qualities identified as valuable in the designated • Use of earth-bunding and vegetation to minimise visual impacts area. It lies some distance away from the AONB to the south with no from areas that are not already screened by woodland and trees, intervisibility. There are two well used public rights of way crossing particularly in relation to views from the higher ground of the site, giving it local recreational value. The potential effects on the South Downs to the north of the site. As the longest boundary of setting and fabric of earthworks present in the surrounding area, in the site is along West Stoke Road, perimeter mounding (using particular Devil‟s Ditch along the northern boundary, renders the site topsoil and overburden) and then planting of native trees and of higher sensitivity. There are also some nature conservation shrubs, including some evergreen species, would be beneficial to designations which increase the sensitivity of the site, as does the increase screening/ filtering of views of the area from this road; presence of ancient woodland to the west and south. • Undertaking advanced planting around the perimeter is recommended, using an appropriate mix of native species and Overall, the site is considered to have a Medium to High allowing time for trees and vegetation to become established sensitivity to extraction. Although the site is judged to be of before extraction takes place. This could include the restoration medium landscape and visual sensitivity, there are features of higher of gappy hedgerows and promoting management practices such as sensitivity, including the intervisibility with the South Downs, the regular hedge laying which will help create a stronger and denser Devil‟s Ditch, earthworks and areas of ancient woodland. The site is boundary, reducing the availability of views into the site; therefore considered to be of medium to high sensitivity overall. • Use of appropriate buffers to safeguard historic features to the south and north of the site, including the Devil‟s Ditch, and the areas of ancient woodland abutting the site, against damage to the fabric and habitat value of these areas respectively;

• Retain the existing public rights of way along the southern boundary and ensure appropriate screening of views into the site, or plan for the re-routing of it; • Consider phasing with sites 2B and 2C, so that the southern parts of this site are developed in advance of the other adjacent sites, allowing vegetation planted in advance to mature and provide screening from West Stoke Road before commencing extraction.

OPTIONS FOR RESTORATION AFTER USE • Restoration of the site to its existing profile and then back to agricultural use, following extraction. Long term restoration should aim to maximise the habitat value of the farmland and improve the landscape character by restoring and enhancing hedgerows and woodland structure. Opportunities should be taken to improve links with the abutting the site to the southeast; • Restoration of all or parts of the site to broadleaved native woodland, which is most appropriate particularly in the southern area; • Restoring the area in accordance with a management plan which should be drawn up prior to consenting extraction and should consider integrating restoration alongside the other sites within group M/CH/2.

M/CH/2B WEST STOKE ROAD EAST SITE LOCATION AND CONTEXT The site is located in the southwest of West Sussex, within an area of flat and gently undulating coastal plain approximately 2.5km from the northwest edge of Chichester. The site is 1.7km to the north of the A27. Despite its proximity to this urban area, it retains a largely undeveloped rural character and comprises predominantly agricultural land interspersed with woodland. The site is located close to the foot of the rounded hills of Stoke Down which forms the southern boundary of the South Downs National Park (the site is within 300m of the National Park). The steeply rising, wooded slopes of the Downs are visible at points when looking north from the site. The area forms a transition between the open lower coastal plains to the north of Chichester Harbour, and the wooded uplands of the Western Downs landscape character area to the north. The northern boundary of the Chichester Harbour AONB lies 3km to the south of the site.

Approximate timescale anticipated for start and completion for this site: 4.5 years

Figure 3: Photograph looking northeast across the site from the West Stoke Road

Figure 4: Photograph looking north across the site

M/CH/2B SITE CHARACTERISATION

Landscape Character Criteria Physical/Natural factors The site comprises very gently undulating, almost flat farmland based on an underlying geology of Bracklesham and Reading Beds and London Clay. The grade 2 and 3 agricultural land covering the site lends itself to the arable land use which predominates in the area. Across the surrounding area, mixed arable fields are interspersed with small areas of broadleaved woodland and copses. Individual farmsteads, cottages and small clusters of properties are scattered close to the site. The site is bound by a belt of trees along the northern boundary, with Little Tomlins Copse bordering the site to the northeast. At the western and southwest boundary the hedgerows have been removed and, along the southwest boundary, replaced by post and wire fencing. Isolated, semi-mature trees are dispersed along the western boundary following West stoke Road. Experiential The landscape is of a medium scale with the site itself being open in character, particularly to the south. There is a greater degree of enclosure to the northeast, provided by the tree belts and woodland. The site is bordered to the west by the West Stoke Road, resulting in a degree of noise and movement. Although surrounding roads are relatively quiet, CPRE data indicates that the site is within an area of medium tranquillity15 and experiences some noise intrusion16. Visual Criteria Visibility and key views Due to tall field boundary trees along the northeast and northern boundaries, views from these directions are contained. To the south and west, a lack of screening allows long views across neighbouring fields. Views to the upper slopes of the South Downs can be gained from the southern parts of the site, where the Downs are visible above the line of trees to the north. Views into the site are possible from West Stoke Road, although some vegetation and occasional trees along this boundary provides some degree of screening. The site is visible from the south-facing slopes of the South Downs. The ZTV indicates potential visibility of the site from an area extending to the coastline southwest and south of Chichester, although true visibility from these areas will be restricted by local tree cover and surrounding areas of woodland, as well as the distance, as confirmed on site. The ZTV also indicates potential visibility from The Trundle Iron-Age hillfort to the northeast of the site. The low skyline of which the flat, low-lying site is a part, is predominately simple and consistent, with trees bordering the site and surrounding tree cover providing minor variations. The South Downs are a distinctive skyline in the distance, above the wooded coastal plain to the north. Landscape Value Criteria Landscape designations (National Parks, AONBs) The South Downs National Park lies approximately 0.5km to the north of the site and the Chichester AONB lies approximately 3km to the south. The ZTV indicates potential visibility from the AONB, although this will be limited due to tree cover and topography. Visibility is indicated from the south-facing slopes of the South Downs National Park. The landscape shares some characteristics with those identified with the landscape type of the upper coastal plain within the South Downs National Park Integrated Landscape Character Assessment, and at this location, at the transition between the coastal plain and the foot of the dipslope, it forms part of the setting of the Downs.

15 CPRE (2006), Tranquillity Data. 16 CPRE (2007), Intrusion Data. 51

Condition, typicality and rarity The site reflects some of the characteristics highlighted in the landscape character assessment for the Ashlings Upper Coastal Plain character area, including the views to the higher ground of the Downs to the north, small to medium sized fields of irregular pattern enclosed by woodland, and arable farming. It also lies in close proximity to a number of historic landscape features characteristic of the area, including ancient woodland and earthworks. The strong structure of hedgerows characteristic of the area is not evident in the southern and southwest parts of this site. The Historic Landscape Character Assessment characterises this site as „Informal fieldscapes‟ Modern field amalgamation AD 1845 - present. Cultural heritage and settings A Grade II Listed Building (Trumley) is located within 500m to the north, although screening by woodland means this is not visible from the site. Other Listed Buildings are present in the area, although none are in close proximity. The Devil‟s Ditch (Scheduled Monument) runs along the northern boundary of the site. Whilst this feature is not visible from the road, its setting may be affected by mineral workings. The Mid Lavant Conservation Area lies within 1.5km to the east of the site, but this is not visible due to tree cover provide by the Little Tomlins Copse. Natural heritage The site does not lie in close proximity to any designated nature conservation sites. The Brandy Hole Copse LNR is 1.5km to the southeast and the Kingley Vale SAC to the northwest. The Trundle SNCI is within 2.5km to the northeast. The principal habitat in the area is broadleaf and mixed woodland, with an area of copse bordering the site to the northeast (Little Tomlins Copse). Little Tomlins Copse is classified as ancient woodland. There is further ancient woodland in and across the surrounding area. Recreation There are no rights of way within the site, and no other recreational activities on or adjacent to the site.

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CRITERIA

Landform Gently undulating, almost flat. 30-35m Above Ordnance Datum (AOD).

Landcover Tree cover to the west, north and northeast of the site; fields and woodland create a gentle mosaic, with a reasonable degree of wider tree cover. In the wider area, farmland consists of arable and livestock fields.

Scale Medium-sized field.

Enclosure The site is bordered by trees and hedgerows providing a degree of enclosure. However, the medium scale and long distance views to the northeast, and to the South Downs to the northwest provide a sense of openness.

Condition Generally of a moderately good condition, bound by largely intact hedgerows and woodland, although along the western and southwest boundary the hedgerows have been removed and, along the southwest boundary, replaced by post and wire fencing. .

Tranquillity including noise and lighting Relative tranquillity during the day, although the site being adjacent to the West Stoke Road with periodic disturbance from traffic. Lighting may be visible from Mid Lavant and houses in the area, such as Oldwick Farm.

Remoteness The site has a moderate feeling of remoteness, although this is limited due to movement on the road to the south during periods of heavier traffic.

VISUAL CRITERIA

LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

Intervisibility The site is visible from the South Downs, though views from the upper slopes would extend over a large area of the plains to the south within which the site would form a relatively small part. Breaks in the vegetation and gappy hedgerow allow views into the site from West Stoke Road and there are open views possible from the south.

There is clear visibility onto the site from the West Stoke Road and from the farmland to the south. Receptors are likely to include Visual receptors road users travelling between West Stoke and Chichester and users of the public right of way (Bridleway BW270) passing to the south of Oldwick Farm. Visibility of the southern part of the site is possible at a distance from Bridleway BW468 which rises up into the downs from West Stoke to Kingley Vale SAC and beyond.

LANDSCAPE VALUE CRITERIA

Landscape designations The site itself is not within any designated landscapes, although the South Downs National Park lies within 0.5km of the site and the site is overlooked by the southern slopes of the dip slopes of the downs.

Habitat value There are no areas of nature conservation designation within or in close proximity to the site. There is ancient woodland bordering the site to the northeast.

Cultural heritage features There is a Listed Building to the northeast of the site, although visibility from this onto the site is limited due to woodland cover; the Devil‟s Ditch, a scheduled monument, bounds the site to the north.

Recreation There are no public footpaths/bridleways on or adjacent to this site. There is visibility from the well-used bridleway BW468 over the southern part of the site.

OVERALL SENSITIVITY TO EXTRACTION are also sensitive features such as earthworks, the Devil‟s Ditch, and habitats Landscape Character Sensitivity: Medium. A flat, medium to large scale in the immediate vicinity that reduce the capacity of the site to accommodate landscape, comprising intensively managed arable fields and lacking in development of this nature. Mineral workings in this location have the distinctive or land mark features. There is some influence from human activity. potential to adversely affect these features, and the small to medium size of The site corresponds to some of the characteristics of the wider Ashlings the site and its shape may limit the potential to mitigate against impacts, and so Upper Coastal Plain, with a reasonably intact structure of hedgerows and a mitigation would need to be planned and executed carefully. It is therefore rural character, giving rise to medium sensitivity overall. judged that the site has a Low to Moderate capacity overall for Visual Sensitivity: Medium. The site is relatively well enclosed by the tree accommodating mineral extraction. belt and a small copse to the north, largely screening views from this direction, although the site is likely to be overlooked by the higher ground of the South RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION AND LANDSCAPE Downs National Park to the north. The site is open to the south and OPPORTUNITIES southwest. There is no intervisibility with the Chichester Harbour AONB due • Use of earth-bunding in conjunction with advanced planting along parts to the tree cover to the south of the site, and the distance between the of the perimeter that are not already sufficiently screened by woodland AONB and the site. Views from the surrounding network of public footpaths and trees, to screen views from along West Stoke Road (bunding would into the site are also limited by the surrounding hedgerows and trees, although need to be naturally blended into the surrounding landform to restore there is visibility from the well-used BW 468 bridleway over the southern part the setting of Devils Ditch). Advanced planting around the perimeter of the site, and as descending the downs from Kingley Vale SAC. with an appropriate mix of native species, allowing time for trees and Landscape Value: Medium. The site lies immediately outside (300m) the vegetation to become established before extraction takes place; South Downs National Park boundary, which lies to the north, and contributes • Create and retain appropriate buffers around the Devil‟s Ditch at the to setting of the Downs. It also shares some characteristics with the coastal northern boundary to guard against damage to the fabric of the plain character type, although key qualities identified as valuable lie in the earthwork; designated area. It lies some distance away from the AONB to the south with • Create and retain appropriate buffers around the Little Tomlins Copse no intervisibility, and there is limited direct recreational value, with no sections abutting the site to the southeast and link new planting with this, and to of public rights of way within the site. However, the potential effects on the the tree belt in north, to create continuous belts of trees and vegetation setting and fabric of the Devil‟s Ditch that follows the northern boundary connecting with the surrounding network of hedges; renders the site of higher sensitivity, as does an area of ancient woodland at • Phasing of extraction, with development of the south of 2A and Little Tomlins Copse. Landscape value is therefore judged to be medium the south of 2C ahead of this area, so that vegetation could be overall. allowed to mature before extraction. There is a relatively greater Overall, the site is considered to have a Medium sensitivity to extraction. degree of enclosure in the southeast, which is set back from the Although the visual sensitivity is judged to be low to medium and the character lane, along which vegetation should be given time to mature of medium sensitivity, there are some features of higher sensitivity, including the Devil‟s Ditch, areas of ancient woodland and a degree of intervisibility with before extraction commences. the South Downs. The site is therefore considered to be of medium sensitivity overall. OPTIONS FOR RESTORATION AFTER USE • Returning the site to its existing profile and then to agricultural use LANDSCAPE CAPACITY following extraction. Long term restoration should aim to maximise the Although low lying and generally flat, with views into the area from the north habitat value of the farmland and to improve the landscape character by being restricted by existing vegetation, the site is open to the south and restoring and enhancing hedgerows and woodland structure. southwest and visible from these areas, including West Stoke Road on Opportunities should be taken to improve links with the Little Tomlins approaches to West Stoke and to the boundary of the National Park. There Copse to the southeast;

• Restoring the area to a mosaic of neutral grassland, scrub and woodland and freshwater pools of high habitat value with a mixture of appropriate native species and in accordance with a management plan which should be drawn up prior to consenting extraction; • Restoring all or parts of the site to broadleaf native woodland; • Restoring the area in accordance with a management plan which should be drawn up prior to consenting extraction and should consider integrating restoration alongside the other sites within group M/CH/2.

M/CH/2C WEST STOKE ROAD WEST

SITE LOCATION AND CONTEXT The site lies to the southeast of the small village of West Stoke and is bound to the east by the minor road, West Stoke Road that links the B2178 from Chichester to the village. The small broadleaved copses at Oldwick Copse and Densworth Copse lie at the western boundaries of the site. The site is located in the southwest of West Sussex, within an area of flat and gently undulating coastal plain approximately 2km from the northwest edge of Chichester. Despite its proximity to this urban area, it retains a mostly undeveloped rural character and comprises predominantly agricultural land. The site is located close to the foot of the rounded hills of Stoke Down which forms the southern boundary of the South Downs National Park, the wooded slopes of which are visible at points when looking north. The area forms a transition between the open lower coastal plains to the north of Chichester Harbour and the wooded uplands of the Western Downs LCA to the north. The northern boundary of the Chichester Harbour AONB lies 3km to the south of the site.

Approximate timescale anticipated for start and completion for this site:

Figure 3: Photograph looking west across the northern part Figure 4: Photograph looking south across the site

Figure 5: Photograph facing north from Hunters Race

Figure 6: Photograph over the site from the middle part of West Stoke Road

Figure 7: Photograph over the site from the southern part of West Stoke Road

SITE CHARACTERISATION

Landscape Character Criteria Physical/Natural factors The site comprises very gently undulating, almost flat farmland based on Bracklesham and Reading Beds and London Clay. The grade 2 and 3 agricultural land covering the site lends itself to the arable land use which predominates both within the site and across the surrounding area. Across the surrounding area mixed arable fields are interspersed with small areas of broadleaved woodland and copses. Individual farmsteads, cottages and small clusters of properties are scattered close to the site. Deciduous woodland is present along the western (Oldwick Copse) and southern boundaries of site. The site is largely bound by woodland and lines of trees, with a tall and overgrown hedgerow lining the site following West Stoke Road. Experiential The landscape is of a medium scale with the site itself generally open in character due to the medium to large scale field structure, although some areas have a greater sense of enclosure, provided by the copses and lines of trees, particularly to the west. Colours and textures are consistent across the site, with greater variety around the boundaries due to tree cover. The site is bordered by a minor road along the northeast boundary, and a narrow and enclosed lane along the southern boundary. Although these roads are relatively quiet, CPRE data indicates that the site experiences some noise intrusion17. Visual Criteria Visibility and key views Due to the tall deciduous trees along the field boundaries, views are predominantly short to medium distance and contained within the site and the adjacent fields to the east. The elevated southern slopes of the South Downs are visible to the north from the more southern areas of the site. Views onto the site are largely only possible from sections of West Stoke Road, with a degree of screening provided by a hedgerow from the southeast. Occasional openings however provide clear views across the site and, in the winter, views would also be possible from Hunters Race along the southeast boundary as well as from a small section of the B2178 along the southern boundary. The low skyline, predominately simple and consistent, is characterised by woodland. Landscape Value Criteria Landscape designations (National Parks, AONBs) The South Downs National Park lies approximately 0.5km to the north of the site and the Chichester AONB lies approximately 2.5km to the south. The ZTV indicates potential visibility from across the northern areas of the AONB and the sound-facing slopes of the area of the South Downs National Park to the north. Visibility from the AONB in practice is limited by trees and woodland, as well as the lie of the land. Condition, typicality and rarity The current fields have been amalgamated from a smaller field structure, with few internal hedgerows or trees, although the site is bound by woodland on a number of sides, and sections of the hedgerow following West Stoke road have been replanted. The site reflects some of the characteristics highlighted in the LCA for the Ashlings Upper Coastal Plain character area, including the views to the higher ground of the Downs to the north and a high percentage of woodland cover, which encloses the fields. It is also in close proximity to a number of historic landscape features

17 Environment Agency (2007), CPRE Intrusion Data.

61 characteristic of the area, including ancient woodland and earthworks. Field patterns are however medium to large rather than small, and arable farming dominates rather than livestock or market gardening. The strong structure of hedgerows characteristic of the area is not evident on this site. The Historic Landscape Character Assessment (HLC) characterises this area as „Informal fieldscapes, Modern field amalgamation, AD1845-Present‟. There is a small area with an older field pattern on the north west boundary of the site – this is identified in the HLC as Medieval Cohesive Assart, AD1066 – 1499. Cultural heritage and settings Listed buildings in the vicinity include The Lodge of Sennicotts (within 50m of the site), Sennicotts (within 400m of the site), St Mary‟s Chapel (within 500m of the site), Densworth House (within 600m), and East Ashling Grange (within 800m of the site). Tree cover around the site and between the site and these designated areas means the setting of these sites is unlikely to be significantly affected, particularly in summer. However, as trees are deciduous, there is greater potential for intervisibility and therefore effects upon settings in the winter. Scheduled Monuments in the vicinity of the site include the Devil‟s Ditch which runs along the northern boundary, Chichester Dyke which lies to the west and south of the site and a number of linear and rounded earthworks scattered around in the area. The setting of these heritage assets may be affected by any mineral workings. However, these features do not have a strong presence in the landscape of the area and are not clearly visible from roads and public footpaths. The East Ashling Conservation Area lies 1.5km to the northwest of the site, but this is not visible due to tree cover. Natural heritage The principal habitat is broadleaf and mixed woodland, which borders the predominantly intensively managed arable fields within the site boundary itself. Areas of ancient woodland border the site to the west and northwest. The site lies within 750m of Brandy Hole Copse LNR in the southeast and within 2.5km of Kingley Vale SAC to the south. Chichester and Langstone Harbours SAC and Special Protection Area (SPA) lie to the southwest of the site. Recreation A bridleway (BW270) traverses the southeast part of the site, and which runs from Little Oldwick House to the north to Hunters Way (southeast boundary of the site). The end of a public footpath (FP268), which runs from East Ashling, passes into the northwest part of the site. At the time of the site visit, a local fête was being held in the northern part of the site.

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CRITERIA

Landform Gently undulating, almost flat. 30-35m Above Ordnance Datum (AOD).

Land cover Tree cover to the west and south of the site. Fields and woodland make up a gentle mosaic, with a reasonable degree of wider tree cover. Farmland consists of arable fields.

Scale Both the shape and size of the fields is irregular, but on the site itself fields are large with geometric edges. Varying landscape pattern.

Enclosure The site is bordered by woodland and hedgerows providing a degree of enclosure. However, the medium to large scale of the site, the open expanses of the fields and the adjacent land to the east provide a sense of openness, especially since these are largely bound by post and wire fences rather than hedgerows.

Condition Intensive arable land with some evidence of hedgerow replanting along sections of the outer boundary. Small irregular fields have been amalgamated to form continuous medium to large scale enclosures, with the boundary along the eastern edge being largely degraded.

Tranquillity including noise and lighting Lighting apparent from nearby settlements of Mid Lavant and Chichester, to the northeast and southeast respectively. Noise from vehicles on roads.

Remoteness At quieter times of the day the site has a moderate feeling of remoteness, although this is limited due to movement on the roads surrounding the site.

VISUAL CRITERIA

Skylines The skyline as seen from the site is characterised by the presence of woodland. The site is located within a low-lying flat area of

coastal plain and does not form part of a significant skyline across the wider area.

Views and landmarks

Landmarks are not a feature in views into the site from surrounding areas. The site can be seen within the panoramic views available from The Trundle view point to the northeast, within the South Downs National Park. Intervisibility

There is little intervisibility with the surrounding landscape as a result of the flat landform of the site and surrounding tree cover. Looking northwest from the site, there is some visibility to the South Downs. The surrounding hedgerows are not dense and views into the site can be glimpsed even when the vegetation is in leaf. Gaps in the hedgerow along West Stoke Road enable clearer views into the area. Visual Receptors

Receptors include local residents and other users of the local transport route, particularly West Stoke Road along the northeast boundary of the site, as well as Residents at Oldwick Farm, and properties at Sennicotts and Densworth (both screened by woodland). Visual receptors are also present on the public rights of way. NATURAL AND CULTURAL CRITERIA

Landscape designations

The South Downs National Park lies within 1km of the site. The site is overlooked by the southern dipslopes of the Downs, around Stoke Down.

Habitat value Principal habitat value is derived from the broadleaf and mixed woodland bordering the intensively farmed arable fields, with areas of ancient woodland bordering the site to the west and northwest. No nature conservation designations are found within the site itself. Brandy Hole Copse LNR lies 750m to the southeast of the site. Kingley Vale SAC (2.5km) and Chichester and Langstone Harbours SAC and SPA are the nearest statutory designated areas. Cultural heritage features

Listed Buildings include The Lodge of Sennicotts (within 50m of the site); Sennicotts (within 400m of the site); St Mary‟s Chapel (within 500m of the site); Densworth House (within 600m); and East Ashling Grange (within 800m of the site). Scheduled Monuments include the Devil‟s Ditch along the northern boundary and Chichester Dyke to the west and south. The site lies within1.5km of the East Ashling Conservation Area (to the northwest of the site) but this is not visible in the summer due to tree cover. Earthworks at are in close proximity to the site. Recreation

A public footpath enters the north of the site and a bridleway crosses the southeast of the area.

OVERALL SENSITIVITY TO EXTRACTION sensitivity, largely concentrated in the northern part of the site, including the intervisibility with the South Downs, the Devil‟s Ditch Landscape Character Sensitivity: Medium. A flat, medium to and areas of ancient woodland. The site is considered to be of large scale landscape, comprising intensively managed arable fields and medium sensitivity overall, with the northern part, north of lacking in distinctive or land mark features. The site corresponds to Denisworth Copse, being of greater sensitivity. some of the characteristics of the wider Ashlings Upper Coastal Plain.

Although the structure of hedgerows and field pattern is partly degraded, the rural character and the woodland bounding the site LANDSCAPE CAPACITY results in medium sensitivity overall. As it is low lying and generally flat, views into the area can be more

effectively screened by perimeter vegetation (or mounding) than Visual Sensitivity: Medium. Whilst there is some intervisibility with would be the case for a sloping site, although some reinforcement surrounding landscapes, the site is relatively well enclosed by planting would be required to improve upon this prior to any surrounding woodland and largely screened from local residential extraction. While development of mineral workings in this location properties, the settlements of West Stoke and a local transport route. has the potential to affect the sensitive features such as earthworks, Where views are not adequately screened by vegetation, visual the Devil‟s Ditch, and habitats in the immediate vicinity, appropriate sensitivity may be higher where properties are in close proximity. siting and screening could reduce adverse impacts. It is judged that Parts of the site are overlooked by the higher ground of the South the site has a Moderate capacity overall for accommodating mineral Downs National Park to the north, albeit from distances of over 2km. extraction without significant adverse effects on the character and There is no intervisibility with the Chichester Harbour AONB due to visual amenity of the site itself and surrounding areas. There are the tree cover to the south of the site, as well as its distance away. opportunities to improve the habitat value and restore and strengthen

the character and landscape features of the site as part of a Landscape Value: Medium to High. The site lies outside the South programme of restoration. Downs National Park, to the north and does not directly contribute to the key qualities identified as valuable in the designated area. It lies RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION AND some distance away from the AONB to the south, with no LANDSCAPE OPPORTUNITIES intervisibility. There are two public rights of way which cross the site Careful and appropriate location and screening of required giving it local recreational value. The potential effects on the setting and infrastructure, for example away from the more sensitive fabric of earthworks present in the surrounding area, in particular northern area; Devil‟s Ditch along the northern boundary, renders the site of higher sensitivity. There are also some nature conservation designations Retention of internal hedgerows and hedgerow trees in the which increase the sensitivity of the site, including the presence of northern part of the site; ancient woodland to the west and south. Use of earth-bunding and vegetation to minimise visual impacts from areas that are not already screened by woodland and trees, Overall, the site is considered to have a Medium sensitivity to particularly in relation to views from the higher ground of the extraction. Although the landscape character and visual sensitivity of South Downs to the north of the site. As the longest boundary of the site is judged to be medium, there are some features of higher the site is along West Stoke Road, perimeter mounding (using

topsoil and overburden) and then planting of native trees and Restore all or parts of the site to broadleaf native woodland, shrubs, including some evergreen species, would be beneficial to appropriate particularly in the southern parts of the site. increase screening/ filtering of views of the area from this road; Restoring the area in accordance with a management plan which Advanced planting around the perimeter with an appropriate mix should be drawn up prior to consenting extraction and should of native species, allowing time for trees and vegetation to consider integrating restoration alongside the other sites within become established before extraction takes place. This could group M/CH/2. include the restoration of gappy hedgerows and promoting management practices such as regular hedge laying, which will help create a stronger and denser boundary to the site, reducing the availability of views into the site; Use of appropriate buffers to safeguard historic features to the south and north of the site, including the Devil‟s Ditch and the areas of ancient woodland abutting the site, against damage to the fabric and habitat value of these areas respectively; Re-routing the existing public rights of way prior to extraction. Phasing of extraction, with development of the south of 2A ahead of this area, so that vegetation could be allowed to mature before extraction. The site should be developed as a series of smaller areas and development phased to minimise the potential for visual intrusion, rather than developing the whole area at the same time. The south western part has a relatively greater degree of enclosure and is set back from the lane, along which vegetation should be given time to mature before extraction commences.

OPTIONS FOR RESTORATION AFTER USE Restoration of the site to existing profiles and then to agricultural use following extraction. Long term restoration should aim to maximise the habitat value of the farmland and improve the landscape character by restoring the historic field patterns and enhancing hedgerows and woodland structure. Opportunities should be taken to improve links with the surrounding copses of Oldwick Copse and the Brandy Hole Copse (an oak and coppiced chestnut woodland with a number of small ponds further to the southeast).

M/CH/2D HUNTERSRACE LANE NORTH SITE LOCATION AND CONTEXT The site is located in the southwest of West Sussex, within an area of flat and gently undulating coastal plain approximately 2km from the northwest edge of Chichester and1.6km to the north of the A27. Despite its proximity to this urban area, the landscape retains a mostly undeveloped rural character and comprises predominantly agricultural land. The site is located close to the foot of the rounded hills of Stoke Down which forms the southern boundary of the South Downs National Park (the site is within 500m of the National Park). The steeply rising, wooded slopes are visible at points when looking north from the site. The area forms a transition between the open lower coastal plains to the north of Chichester Harbour and the wooded uplands of the Western Downs LCA to the north. The northern boundary of the Chichester Harbour AONB lies 3km to the south.

Approximate timescale anticipated for start and completion for this site: 4.5 years

Figure 3: Photograph across the site from the south, from West Stoke Road

M/CH/2D SITE CHARACTERISATION

Landscape Character Criteria Physical/Natural factors The site comprises a flat area of farmland based on an underlying geology of Bracklesham and Reading Beds and London Clay. The grade 2 and 3 agricultural land covering the site lends itself to the arable landuse which predominates in the area. Across the surrounding area, mixed arable fields are interspersed with small areas of broadleaved woodland and copses. Individual farmsteads, cottages and small clusters of properties are scattered close to the site. There is a small clump of trees and vegetation in the southern part of the site. The site is bordered on three sides by roads, with partial screening provided by hedgerows with hedgerow trees. There is no internal hedgerow at the site‟s northern boundary demarking the adjacent field. Experiential The landscape is of a medium scale and semi-enclosed in character. The site is bordered on three sides by roads, with the West Stoke Road forming the southern boundary, resulting in a certain degree of noise and movement. Although small lanes with relatively light traffic, the West Stoke Road becomes busy during certain periods. CPRE data indicates that the site is within an area of medium tranquillity18 and experiences some noise intrusion19. Colours and textures are consistent across the site, although the gentle undulation in the land creates some variation and there is greater shadow around the boundary due to tree cover, and around the small clump of trees and shrubs in the southern part of the site. Visual Criteria Visibility and key views There are long distance views possible from the site to the north, east and west, including to the South Downs to the north. Trees and vegetation on field boundaries to the south largely screen views into and from the site in this direction. Where the public footpath passes alongside the site, the opening in the boundary allows views into the area. As there is no demarcation along the northern boundary of the site, there are currently clear views into the site from the neighbouring fields in this direction. The site is visible from the southern slopes of the South Downs to the north. The ZTV indicates that potential visibility extends from the coast line to the south and southwest, although actual visibility in these directions will be restricted by intervening woodland and development. The ZTV also indicates visibility from The Trundle Iron-Age hillfort to the northeast. The low skyline is predominately simple and consistent, with trees bordering the site providing minor variations. The South Downs form a distinctive skyline to the north, characteristic of the wider coastal plain. Landscape Value Criteria Landscape designations (National Parks, AONBs)

18 CPRE (2006), Tranquillity Data. 19 CPRE (2007), Intrusion Data.

The South Downs National Park lies approximately 0.5km to the north of the site, and the Chichester AONB lies approximately 3km to the south. The ZTV indicates potential visibility from the AONB from a small area, although tree cover and topography will prevent this. There is visibility from the south-facing slopes of the South Downs National Park. Condition, typicality and rarity The site reflects some of the characteristics highlighted in the LCA for the Ashlings Upper Coastal Plain character area, including the views to the higher ground of the Downs to the north, and small to medium sized arable fields. It is also in close proximity to a number of historic landscape features characteristic of the area, including ancient woodland and earthworks. The strong structure of hedgerows characteristic of the area is not evident on this site. The Historic Landscape Character Assessment (HLC) characterises this area as „Informal fieldscapes‟ Modern Field Amalgamation AD1845- Present. Field boundaries to the south of the site are slightly older and are classed in the HLC as „Formal Enclosure Fieldscapes‟ (Planned /Private), AD1800 – 1913. Cultural heritage and settings There are no Listed Buildings in close proximity to the site; there are some in the broader area, although these are all screened by tree cover (such as Mid Lavant Farm to the north, which is screened by woodland along the course of Devil‟s Ditch). The Devil‟s Ditch (Scheduled Monument) lies within 500m to the north whilst Chichester Dyke (Scheduled Monument) is within 500m to the south of the site. Both are screened by woodland. The Mid Lavant Conservation Area lies within 1km to the northeast, although this is not visible due to tree cover. If tall structures were to be built on the site, these may be visible from the Conservation Area which may have implications for the area‟s setting. Natural heritage The site does not contain designated nature conservation sites. The Brandy Hole Copse LNR is 800m to the southeast, the Kingley Vale SAC 3km to the northwest and the Trundle SNCI is within 2km to the northeast. The principal habitat of the surrounding area is broadleaf and mixed woodland. There are numerous areas identified as ancient woodland in the vicinity, although none on or adjacent to the site. Recreation There is a bridleway (BW270) running along the western boundary.

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CRITERIA

Landform Predominantly flat to gently undulating, lying at approximately 30m AOD.

Landcover Some tree cover and hedgerow along the site boundaries with a small patch of trees to the southeast of the site. Within the surrounding farmland, fields and woodland give rise to a gentle mosaic, with a reasonable degree of wider tree cover, and farmland consists of arable and livestock fields.

Scale Medium-sized field.

Enclosure The site is semi-enclosed. Long-distance views to the South Downs to the north are possible.

Condition The condition is variable, with no internal boundary the site‟s northern boundary demarking the adjacent field. The hedgerows and trees bounding the site are degraded in places.

Tranquillity including noise and lighting The site is bordered by three roads, one being West Stoke Road and periodically disturbed by traffic. Lighting would be visible from Mid Lavant and houses in the area, such as Oldwick Farm and Little Oldwick House.

Remoteness At quieter times of the day the site has a moderate feeling of remoteness, although this is limited due to movement on the roads surrounding the site.

VISUAL CRITERIA

LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

Views and landmarks Landmarks are not a feature in views into the site from surrounding areas. The site can be seen within the panoramic views available from The Trundle view point to the northeast, within the South Downs National Park.

Intervisibility The site is visible from the South Downs, although it is not heavily overlooked. There is a fair distance between the site and these slopes, and the site is most likely to be seen only from the top of the Downs. Breaks in the hedgerow mean it is visible from the West Stoke Road, Hunter‟s Race and a lane running along its northern boundary.

Visual receptors There is clear visibility onto the site from the West Stoke Road; this has a lot of road users during rush hours. Little Oldwick House to the north has clear views onto the site. Oldwick Farm is also adjacent to the site to the west, although screened by trees.

LANDSCAPE VALUE CRITERIA

Habitat value There are no areas of nature conservation designation within the site, although there are areas of ancient woodland and a local nature reserve in the local vicinity.

Cultural heritage features There are no heritage assets within the site, although scheduled earthworks lie in the local vicinity. There is limited visibility in relation to those assets in the surrounding area due to tree cover.

Recreation There is a bridleway running along the western boundary of the site.

OVERALL SENSITIVITY TO EXTRACTION right of way at the northwest boundary. The site is therefore Landscape Character Sensitivity: Low to Medium. A flat, considered to be of medium sensitivity overall. medium to large scale landscape, comprising intensively managed arable fields and lacking in distinctive or land mark features, though it broadly LANDSCAPE CAPACITY reflects the character of the Ashlings Upper Coastal Plain character As it is low lying and generally flat, views into the area can be more area. The structure and condition of hedgerows are variable, effectively screened by perimeter vegetation (or mounding) and particularly along Hunters Race where the hedgerow is gappy and advanced planting prior to any extraction. There remains however the degraded. potential for development to be visually intrusive in views from surrounding areas, a factor reducing the capacity of the site. It is judged Visual Sensitivity: Low-Medium. The semi-enclosed nature of the that the site has a High-Moderate capacity overall for accommodating site gives rise to a large degree of intervisibility with the surrounding mineral extraction, without significant adverse effects on the character areas of farmland. Due to the wooded and gently undulating nature of and visual amenity of the site itself. There may be opportunities for the the surrounding landscape, views into adjacent character areas, and to improvement of the current condition of landscape features and habitat settlements to the south and east, are however limited. The site is value in conjunction with the development of the site and as part of a however overlooked by the higher ground of the South Downs programme of restoration. National Park to the north, from distances of over 2km. Intermittent views are possible into the site from the roads that bound it on three RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION AND sides. There is no intervisibility with the Chichester Harbour AONB LANDSCAPE OPPORTUNITIES due to the tree cover to the south of the site, and because of the • Use of earth-bunding and vegetation along the along parts of the intervening distance. perimeter that are not already sufficiently screened by woodland and trees, to reduce local views and those from the higher ground Landscape Value: Low. The site lies outside the South Downs of the South Downs to the north. Use of earth bunding at the National Park boundary. Views into the site are possible from the southern boundary along Hunters Race and West Stoke Road south facing flanks of Stoke Down, although the site would not form a (using topsoil and overburden) and then planting of native trees prominent feature in views. It lies some distance away from the AONB and shrubs, including some evergreen species, would be beneficial to the south, with no intervisibility. A public right of way follows the to increase screening/ filtering of views of the area from this road; northwest boundary giving the site a degree of local recreational value. • Advanced planting around the perimeter with an appropriate mix Landscape value is therefore judged to be low to medium overall. of native species allowing time for trees and vegetation to become established before extraction takes place; Overall, the site is considered to be of Medium sensitivity to • Retaining the existing public rights of way along the northwest extraction. The landscape character and visual sensitivity of the site is boundary, creating a suitable buffer and ensure appropriate judged to be medium or low to medium, with some features of higher screening of views into the site. sensitivity, including intervisibility with the South Downs and the public • Phasing of extraction together with the other sites within group M/CH/2, with development of the more visually contained parts of

2A and 2B ahead of this area, so that vegetation could be allowed to mature before extraction.

OPTIONS FOR RESTORATION AFTER USE • Restoration of the site to existing profiles and then to agricultural use following extraction. Long term restoration should aim to maximise the habitat value of the farmland and to improve the landscape character by restoring and enhancing boundary hedgerows and woodland structure. Opportunities should be taken to improve links with the Brandy Hole Copse, an oak and coppiced chestnut woodland with a number of small ponds to the southeast of the site. • Restore all or parts of the site to broadleaf native woodland, establishing links with existing woodland to the south. • Restoring the area in accordance with a management plan which should be drawn up prior to consenting extraction and should consider integrating restoration alongside the other sites within group M/CH/2.

M/CH/3 LAND ADJACENT TO VALDOE QUARRY

Figure A3.1: Location map of M/CH/3

Figure 3: Looking down the road at the southern boundary Figure 4: Looking northwest across the site

Figure 5: Looking north across the site

Figure 6: Looking northwest across the site

SITE LOCATION AND CONTEXT along the coastal edge becomes less apparent to the east with the The site lies approximately 1.5km to the north of Chichester, and 200m intensively-farmed plain increasingly dominated by disordered seaside towns east of the village of East Lavant. The site is 800m to the east of the and leisure developments… The landscape is varied, incorporating both A286. To the south the site is bound by the Lavant Straight, a long open arable farmland and low density settlements, with a more well-wooded straight, minor road extending between East Lavant and the A285 in and semi-enclosed (somewhat surburban) character locally, particularly to the east. An existing gravel works, The Valdoe, lies adjacent to the site the west of Chichester.‟ to the east and a large aerodrome is located on land to the south.

West Sussex LCA landscape character area: Halkner Upper The site is located in the southwest of West Sussex, in an area of Coastal Plain (SC7)21 transition between the open lower Coastal Plain to the south and the wooded slopes of the South Downs to the north. The site lies just • „A good cover of woodland and trees, with a high percentage of ancient within the South Downs National Park, with its southern boundary also woodland; being the boundary of the park. The landform is predominantly flat. • Clear views to the higher ground of the Downs to the north; The site lies at the foot of the chalk dipslope along the southern edge • Mainly gently undulating farmland enclosed by woods with numerous of the South Downs, which are rise up dramatically from the lower hedgerows; plains. The wider area is characterised by strong networks of • Pattern of small to medium sized pastures, arable fields, livestock hedgerows and woodlands. An area of estate and designed parkland, farming and market gardening; centred on Goodwood, lies to the northeast. • Wealth of historic landscape features including historic parklands, many ancient woodlands and earthworks; LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CONTEXT • Area is well settled with scattered pattern of rural villages and National character area: South Coast Plain (126)20 farmsteads; • Suburban fringes; „Major urban developments including Portsmouth, Worthing and Brighton • Winding hedged or wooded lanes; linked by the A27/M27 corridor dominate much of the open, intensively • Large scale gravel workings‟. farmed, flat, coastal plain. Coastal inlets and „harbours‟ contain a diverse landscape of narrow tidal creeks, mudflats, shingle beaches, dunes, grazing South Downs National Park Landscape Type Q: Upper Coastal marshes and paddocks. From the Downs and coastal plain edge there are Plain22 long views towards the sea and the Isle of Wight beyond. Trees are not a „Key Characteristics: dominant feature – there are some small woods and a few windswept individual trees in the farmland or the occasional poplar shelter belt. A • Low lying undulating landscape at the foot of the chalk dipslope forming pattern of large arable fields, defined by low hedgerows, are often a transition between the chalk downs and the flat lower coastal plain; interspersed by horticultural glasshouse „estates‟ and isolated remnants of coastal heath. The complex series of creeks, mudflats and shingle beaches 21 West Sussex County Council (2003) The West Sussex Landscape Character Assessment. 20 Natural England, Countryside Character Volume 7: South East and London. 22 Land Use Consultants (2005) South Downs Integrated Character Assessment.

• A strong network of hedgerows, hedgerow oaks and woodlands create Approximate timescale anticipated for start and completion for this site: structure; 10 years • Mixture of field sizes and shapes; • Well settled; • A wealth of historic features; • The plain is crossed by a large number of roads‟.

KEY SENSITIVITIES, FORCES FOR CHANGE AND GUIDELINES Within Sheet SC7 of the West Sussex Land Management Guidelines the key sensitivities identified include:

• the often small and intimate scale of the landscape;

• the presence of human scale features including frequent hedgerows, hedgerow trees and farmsteads; and

• strong sense of peace and tranquillity across much of the landscape with an overall lack of modern development.

The guidelines recommend conserving and enhancing the historic character of the area, including historic field patterns; the distinctive habitats, including meadows and woodland; and the character and setting of small villages and hamlets. Guidelines promote management of existing woodland, especially where under pressure from gravel working, and that, where appropriate, the restoration of gravel workings to grassland, woodland and scrub habitats, including restoration of field edges and hedgerows, should be sought. The guidelines also state that consideration needs to be given to the cumulative impact of land use change on landscape character. The South Downs Integrated Character Assessment highlights key sensitivities as being: the rural character of the landscape being vulnerable to further development; the network of hedgerows oaks and small woodlands, and archaeological features which could be vulnerable to intensive farming methods.

M/CH/3 SITE CHARACTERISATION

Landscape Character Criteria

Physical/Natural factors The site extends across a gently undulating landform that slopes down to the eastern and northern boundaries. The Grade 3 agricultural land is based on drift over an underlying chalk geology, bordering on Bracklesham and Reading Beds and London Clay. The site comprises improved grassland bound by hedgerows and trees, with a greater concentration of trees along the northern boundary, adjacent to the restored Valdoe Quarry (restored to woodland). There is an oak tree in the middle of the site. The River Lavant is located to the west. The existing gravel pit to the northeast and the aerodrome to the south contribute a sense of disturbance to the rural and otherwise undeveloped character of the surrounding area. Experiential The site has an open feel and is of a large scale, with very little in the way of enclosure. Whilst visually the site has a rural quality, the existing gravel works and associated buildings visible to the east, reduce this. It is presumed that the Chichester Aerodrome and Motor Racing Circuit opposite the site‟s southern boundary reduce the sense of remoteness as a result of noise and light pollution (although there is mounding all along the Aerodrome‟s southern border). However, CPRE data indicates that the site is within an area of medium- high tranquillity23, although it does experience some noise intrusion24. Colours and textures are relatively consistent across the site. An oak tree located in the middle of the site is a notable feature within the simple pattern of the flat grassy expanse of the field. Visual Criteria Visibility and key views The site is visible from the rising slopes of the South Downs to the north, where it is likely to be seen within the lower-lying plain in the middle distance, and as part of the wide panoramas available from the upper slopes. Looking north, the distant skyline is characterised by woodland, with the South Downs rising above this. The rising slope of the site to the west forms a near skyline when looking in this direction from East Lavant, preventing views across the full length of the site. In the immediate surroundings, houses along the northern boundary have views into the site, although partial screening is provided by trees. The western boundary is adjacent to the village of East Lavant, with views onto the site possible from properties at the eastern fringe of the village. The local topography, rising gradually up from the western boundary does limit views across the whole of the site from properties along the eastern edge of the village. A dense hedgerow running the length of the southern boundary screens views from the road, although intermittent views onto the site are possible through breaks in the hedge. The ZTV indicates that there is a large area with theoretical intervisibility with the site to the south, as well as a small area to the northwest. With regard to views from the south, true visibility will be very limited given the mounding along the northern boundary of the aerodrome. The ZTV indicates visibility from The Trundle Iron-Age hillfort to the northeast of the site, which was confirmed to also be the case on the ground.

23 CPRE (2006), Tranquillity Data. 24 CPRE (2007), Intrusion Data.

Landscape Value Criteria Landscape designations (National Parks, AONBs) The site lies just within the South Downs National Park, whilst the Chichester Harbour AONB is approximately 4.5km to the southwest of the site. The ZTV indicates theoretical visibility from the AONB. True visibility will be limited by trees and development. There are clear views to the rising South Downs National Park to the north. Condition, typicality and rarity Views to the South Downs characterise this area of transition between the Coastal Plain and the South Downs. The national character assessment indicates that the broader area is varied, with both open arable farmland and well-wooded and semi-enclosed areas; this area corresponds closely with the former of these typologies. The Historic Landscape Character Assessment characterises this area as „Informal fieldscapes‟ Modern Field Amalgamation AD1845 - Present. The gravel workings to the east of the site are reflective of the broader presence of such sites within this landscape area. Cultural heritage and settings There is a rich historic environment in this area. Goodwood House Historic Park and Garden is adjacent to the site to the north, within which there are numerous Listed Buildings. There are two Grade II buildings at East Lavant Lodge, directly adjacent to the site to the north. The Devil‟s Ditch Scheduled Monument runs in close proximity to the northern boundary. There is clear visibility between the site and the buildings at East Lavant Lodge. In addition, there is probable good visibility between the Park and Garden (and its Listed Buildings) and the site. Mid and East Lavant Conservation Area is directly adjacent to the site to the west; whilst the lie of the land provides some degree of screening between the site and this area, if the site was to be worked up to this western boundary, this would negatively affect the setting of this area. The field size and boundaries are of a modern character. Natural heritage The Valdoe SNCI (Semi-natural woodland and broadleaved plantation) and the Trundle SNCI (chalk grassland and arable) are both adjacent to the site to the north. There are no other designated sites of nature conservation on the surrounding area. On the site, there are trees and hedgerow along all of the borders, with an oak tree in the centre. The woodland within the Valdoe SNCI is classified as ancient woodland. Recreation There are no public footpaths within the site. The West Sussex Literary Trail follows the western boundary along a short section and a network of public footpaths and bridleways pass close to the west.

M/CH/3 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CRITERIA

Landform Flat to gently sloping.

Landcover Consistent landcover of improved pasture with no internal hedgerows.

Scale Medium to large scale.

Enclosure Generally open with views out to surrounding areas, some enclosure provided by the woodland to the north.

Condition Poor, degraded field structure and condition, with the area predominantly intensively managed farmland comprising a single large field with no internal hedgerows, a single oak tree being a remnant of a former smaller field structure.

Tranquillity including noise and lighting A level of tranquillity, although the existing gravel works and aerodrome to the south and east introduce noise, vehicular movements and lighting.

Remoteness Reduced sense of remoteness to the east of the site. This is due to the existing gravel workings, Goodwood Aerodrome and occasional intrusion from the Goodwood Motor Circuit

VISUAL CRITERIA

Skylines Gently sloping landform forms a near horizon from the west of the site, though the remainder is flat, with the distinctive form of the South Downs rising to the north being the principle skyline in views around the area.

LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

Views and landmarks Visible from the Trundle, seen within the expansive of the coastal plain. Contains no distinctive landmarks although the woodland slope to the north, the Valdoe, marks the southern fringe of the Downs and the Goodwood Estate.

Intervisibility Visible from higher ground within the National Park to the north, although views from the surrounding network of roads are limited by the hedgerow at the perimeter. There is a degree of visibility to the west of the site from the fringes of East Lavant.

Visual receptors Receptors likely to include recreational users of the long distance footpath passing to the southwest, local residents and walkers and visitors to the Trundle, Lavant Down and visitors to the Goodwood estate.

LANDSCAPE VALUE CRITERIA

Landscape designations Lies at the edge of the South Downs National Park, within the southern boundary, and in this location relates to the setting of the Downs to the north, although the character of the site itself corresponds only partly to the key characteristics of the Upper Coastal Plain character type.

Natural heritage Limited habitat value within the site itself, with the exception of the surrounding hedgerow, although an area of ancient woodland abuts the site to the north and an area of chalk grassland lies to the north at The Trundle.

Cultural heritage features There are no features in the site itself, though it lies in close proximity to a number of designated features and areas, including the conservation area at East Lavant and the Devils Ditch the runs through the Valdoe to the north.

OVERALL SENSITIVITY TO EXTRACTION potential for providing screening at the edges of the site along the road Landscape Sensitivity: Medium-High. A relatively large scale and to the south, development of the west of the site would extend its open site, with influences of the existing quarry and the motor racing influence into more sensitive areas close to the settlement. course, providing divergence from the characteristics identified with the Upper Coastal Plain, such as the small and intimate scale of the RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION AND landscape. The setting of the settlement at East Lavant is tranquil and of LANDSCAPE OPPORTUNITIES a more intimate scale increasing the sensitivity of the west of the site. Siting of development and required infrastructure away from the more sensitive areas in the west and northwest; Visual Sensitivity: High. Visible from the higher area to the north, Planting of native trees and shrubs, including some native evergreen including the Trundle which is well used by visitors. There is also a species, to the west and north, to provide screening of views into degree of intervisibility between the conservation area and settlement site from East Lavant; of East Lavant to the west. Perimeter mounding (using topsoil and overburden) and then planting of native trees and shrubs, including some evergreen Landscape Value: Medium to High. Falls within the National Park species, to screen/ filter views of the area from the Lavant Straight; boundary. Although a number of public footpaths pass close to the Retention of internal hedgerows and hedgerow trees in the west of the site, it has limited recreational value itself as agricultural northern area of the site; land. Restoring the area to a mosaic of neutral grassland, scrub and woodland of high habitat value with a mixture of appropriate native Overall, the site is considered to have a High sensitivity. Falling within species in accordance with a management plan which should be the National Park Boundary at the foot of the Lavant Down in the drawn up prior to consenting extraction. north, its location associates the site within the setting of the Downs, lying at the southern fringe of the transition in the landscape from the OPTIONS FOR RESTORATION AFTER USE lower coast plain to the distinctive wooded slopes above. Restoring the area to a mosaic of neutral grassland, scrub and woodland of high habitat value, with a mixture of appropriate native LANDSCAPE CAPACITY species; The open and highly visible nature of the site in long views along the Restoring parts of the area to woodland, suitable for the north of foot of the South Downs and from popular viewpoints and The Trundle the site, and enhancing and strengthening links to the wooded in the north, together with its proximity to East Lavant gives the site parkland estate to the north. has Low capacity to accommodate mineral extraction. Whilst there is

GROUP M/CH/4

Figure A4.1: Location map of M/CH/4

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CONTEXT Large-scale arable farming and market gardening. Extensive farms with National character area: South Coast Plain (126)25 both traditional and modern farm buildings and silos. Clusters of glasshouses. „Major urban developments including Portsmouth, Worthing and Brighton Scattered, historically nucleated villages with mixed building materials of linked by the A27/M27 corridor dominate much of the open, intensively flint, brick, half timber and stone. farmed, flat, coastal plain. Coastal inlets and „harbours‟ contain a diverse Large farmsteads along roads, and on dead-end tracks. landscape of narrow tidal creeks, mudflats, shingle beaches, dunes, grazing Long views to Arundel, the Downs and to the distinctive spire of marshes and paddocks. From the Downs and coastal plain edge there are Chichester Cathedral. long views towards the sea and the Isle of Wight beyond. Trees are not a The relatively open character of much of the area allows long views so dominant feature – there are some small woods and a few windswept that village church towers are important landmarks in views. individual trees in the farmland or the occasional poplar shelter belt. A Frequent urban fringe influences of horse paddocks, light industry and pattern of large arable fields, defined by low hedgerows, are often disused airfields, with busy minor and major roads. interspersed by horticultural glasshouse „estates‟ and isolated remnants of The urban fringes associated with Bognor are particularly obvious, with coastal heath. The complex series of creeks, mudflats and shingle beaches sporadic urban development in suburban settlements of Tangmere, along the coastal edge becomes less apparent to the east with the Barnham,Yapton, and Westergate. intensively-farmed plain increasingly dominated by disordered seaside towns and leisure developments… The landscape is varied, incorporating both Large gravel pit lakes around the edge of Chichester. open arable farmland and low density settlements, with a more well-wooded Few trees or hedgerows, partly as a result of Dutch Elm Disease, from and semi-enclosed (somewhat surburban) character locally, particularly to the 1970s and the Great Storm of 1987 and overall high quality the west of Chichester.‟ agricultural land, although, where they do exist, they form prominent features. Light industry in the countryside at Ford and Tangmere.‟ West Sussex LCA landscape character area: Chichester to Yapton Coastal Plain (SC9)26 KEY SENSITIVITIES, FORCES FOR CHANGE AND ‘Key Characteristics: GUIDELINES Low lying flat open landscape. The landscape is predominantly flat, dominated by highly productive Meandering rifes and straight drainage ditch systems, with associated arable fields and modern farm buildings with fragmented hedgerows and unimproved grassland and edged by reed beds. rows of trees. In this landscape context, the guidelines recommend the A low density of hedgerows and hedgerow trees with occasional maintenance and strengthening of field boundaries, such as hedgerows; shelterbelts. restoring and strengthening the landscape of the gaps between settlements; and maintaining, restoring and enhancing floodplain 25 Natural England, Countryside Character Volume 7: South East and London. woodland and associated species, including native black poplar, where 26 West Sussex County Council (2003), The West Sussex Landscape Character appropriate. Assessment.

M/CH/4A COPSE FARM

SITE LOCATION AND CONTEXT The site lies approximately 1.5km to the east of Chichester, 700m west of the village of Tangmere and 500m to the northwest of Oving. The site is 100m to the south of the A27. The south of the site is bound by the B2144, a road which runs parallel with the A27, between Chichester and Tangmere.

The site is located in the southwest of West Sussex, within an area of transition between the open lower Coastal Plain to the south and the wooded slopes of the South Downs to the north. The site lies approximately 1.5km to the south of the South Downs National Park, with views to the southern slopes of the Downs to the north of the site. The landform of the wider area is gently undulating, almost flat in parts, open, and dominated by highly productive arable fields and modern farm buildings, with fragmented hedgerows and hedgerow trees.

Approximate timescale anticipated for start and completion for this site: 7 years (2028-2035).

Figure 3: Photograph looking north along the western boundary of the site

Figure 4: Photograph looking west along the B2144 Figure 5: Photograph looking east along the B2144

SITE CHARACTERISATION

Landscape Character Criteria

Physical/Natural factors The site extends across a gently sloping landform that falls to northern boundary. Underlying the Grade 1 and 3 agricultural land are the Bracklesham and Reading Beds and London Clay. The site is used for arable crops and bound by hedgerows and trees, with a dense hedge running the length of its southern boundary along the B1244. Across the surrounding area, medium and large-scale arable fields lie between the A259 and the A27, which run in a northeast and southeast direction from Chichester. There are no rivers within or in close proximity to the site but the Chichester Flood Relief Channel runs along a section of the site‟s western perimeter. Experiential The experiential characteristics of the southern part of the site are shaped by the nature of the crops which are grown. Without the maize crop which was present during surveys, it is expected that the site would have a very open character, with clear views to the South Downs to the north of the site. The maize crop creates a more enclosed feeling. Due to restricted access, the northern part of this site was inspected during field work. Whilst visually the site has a rural quality, the presence of a road along its southern boundary, and a main road close to the northern boundary decreases the sense of remoteness. CPRE data indicates that the site is within an area of medium tranquillity27 and is within an area defined as „disturbed by noise‟28. The maize planted on the southern part of the site creates variation in colour and texture across this area, with greater shadow at the edges where there is screening, and particularly along the western boundary due to the tall height of the trees here. Visual Criteria Visibility and key views The site would be visible from the rising slopes of the South Downs 1.5km to the north, although the distance between the Downs and the site, and the open and flat character of the broader area would minimise the prominence of any single site in the panorama of the broader landscape. Potential visibility from the north is indicated on the ZTV, extending across a wide area from east to west and including visibility from the Trundle Iron Age hillfort; true visibility will be limited by trees and development. There is screening along the northern boundary and land between the site and the A27, but given the slightly sloping nature of the site, it is likely that there would be views onto the site from the road. Potential visibility is also indicated across a large area to the south of the site; true visibility will be limited by hedgerow and trees. The strong hedge along the southern boundary provides good screening between road users and the site; there is an entrance onto the site at the southwest corner, from where it is visible from the road. When views are experienced from the southwest corner of the site, much of the skyline currently consists of planted maize; the tall trees to the west form the skyline along this boundary. Where gaps exist in the maize, the skyline to the north is formed by the South Downs. The high hedgerow forming the southern boundary is likely to form the skyline when looking south. Copse Farm is sited directly adjacent to the site to the east, with the boundary of the site „enveloping‟ the farm to a degree. Westbourne House School is adjacent to the site to the west; the Chichester Flood Relief Channel and a row of tall trees forms the boundary along this western edge, with trees providing good screening. This tree height screening finishes mid-way up the site boundary, enabling clear views onto the neighbouring site to the northwest.

27 CPRE (2006), Tranquillity Data. 28 CPRE (2007), Intrusion Data.

Landscape Value Criteria Landscape designations (National Parks, AONBs) The site is located approximately 1.5km south of the South Downs National Park, and approximately 5km to the north east of Chichester Harbour AONB (although Chichester lies between the site and this AONB). The ZTV indicates potential visibility from both the National Park and AONB to the site. Condition, typicality and rarity The site reflects key characteristics highlighted in the LCA for the Chichester to Yapton Coastal Plain character area, including flat open countryside, straight drainage ditch systems, large-scale arable farming and long views to the South Downs. The Historic Landscape Character Assessment characterises this area as „horticulture‟ (late 20th Century AD 1845-present) to the north and „fieldscapes‟ (late 20th Century AD 1945-present, modern field amalgamation) to the south. Cultural heritage and settings The site lies approximately 0.8km to the southwest of a designated Conservation Area in Tangmere. This Conservation Area contains a number of listed buildings. There are also a number of listed buildings in the village, outside of this Conservation Area but within 1km of the site. A listed building (East Lodge) is located on the southwest boundary of the site; there are also a number of listed buildings within 1km to the southeast (within the Oving Conservation Area), west and northwest of the site. Working this site for minerals may adversely affect the setting of those listed buildings to the northeast and northwest of the site, and East Lodge directly adjacent to the site to the southwest (there are direct views from this building onto the site). Heritage assets to the southeast and west should be screened by existing vegetation. Listed buildings to the northwest are already in proximity to a busy road (A27). As such, working this site for mineral extraction is unlikely to greatly further affect these buildings‟ settings. There are no Scheduled Monuments in close proximity to the site. The large rectangular fields in this area, including this site, are reflective of and the product of Parliamentary enclosure. The Historic Landscape Character Analysis (HLC) identifies the site as Market Gardens/ Allotments AD1845 – present. The fields to the east of the site towards Tangmere are identified in the HLC as Fieldscapes, Formal Parliamentary Enclosure AD 1800-1913 Shopwycke Park (now a private school) is recorded as a designed landscape 1800-1913 as is identified as a Historic Parkscape (of County level importance). Natural heritage Chichester Gravel Pits & Leythorne meadow SNCI is sited 2km to the southwest of the site. There are no other designated sites of nature conservation in the surrounding area. On the site, there are trees and hedgerows along most of the boundaries and an internal hedgerow between the north and south of the site. There are no areas of ancient woodland in proximity to the site. Recreation There are no Public Rights of Way within the site but Tangmere Footpath (FP282) and Tangmere Bridleway (BW3581) are located approximately 0.5km to the northeast and east of the site respectively. Oving Footpath (FP279) is located approximately 0.5km to the south of the site and Westhampnett Bridleway (BW 3583) approximately 0.5km to the northwest of the site. To the northwest of the site is Westhampnett Lake which is used for watersports and fishing; this site is already located on a busy road (A27), and as such it is not considered that working this site for mineral extraction would negatively affect the use of this area.

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CRITERIA

Landform Flat to gently sloping.

Landcover Consistent landcover of maize (in the south of the site) with one section of internal hedgerow separating the north and south of the site.

Scale Medium to large scale.

Enclosure Generally open with views out to surrounding areas; screening to south and west.

Condition Intensively managed farmland comprising two medium-sized fields with a hedgerow dividing the two. Grade 1 agricultural land in the south and north of the site.

Tranquillity including noise and lighting Tranquillity is affected by roads to the north and south, and buildings directly adjacent to the east and west.

Remoteness Reduced sense of remoteness due to roads to the north and south.

VISUAL CRITERIA

Skylines Distinctive form of the South Downs rising to the north, being the principle skyline in views in this direction. Screening to the west and south forming the skyline depending on the direction of view. The site is located within a low-lying area of coastal plain and does not form part of a significant skyline in the wider area. Views and landmarks

LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

Visible from The Trundle, seen within the expansive of the coastal plain. Contains no distinctive landmarks.

Intervisibility Visible from higher ground within the National Park to the north; views from the south are limited by the hedgerow at the southern perimeter; views potentially possible from the A27 to the north, although screening also present here. There is a degree of visibility to the east from Tangmere.

Visual receptors Receptors likely to include road users on the A27 and A259; residents of adjacent buildings, including Westbourne House School; and residents of Tangmere.

LANDSCAPE VALUE CRITERIA

Landscape designations The site itself is not within any designated landscapes, although the South Downs National Park is located 1.5km to the north. The site is overlooked by the National Park‟s southern slopes.

Natural heritage Internal hedgerow and perimeter hedgerow / hedgerow trees provide some habitat value. No areas of designation for nature conservation in close proximity to the site.

Cultural heritage features There is a listed building directly adjacent to the site, as well as other listed buildings and two Conservation Areas within the surrounding area.

Recreation There are no footpaths on or adjacent to the site. To the northwest of the site is Westhampnett Lake which is used for watersports and fishing; this site is already located on a busy road (A27), and as such it is not considered that working this site for mineral extraction would negatively affect use of this area.

OVERALL SENSITIVITY TO EXTRACTION site from the immediate vicinity through screening or filtering of views Landscape Sensitivity: Low. Limited sensitivity, with medium to with vegetation. large fields of open intensively managed arable farmland. Former large scale gravel workings are an existing feature of the character area. The LANDSCAPE CAPACITY structure and condition of the field boundaries are broadly intact in the Given the relatively flat landform, there is potential for providing southern part of the site, though appear to be more variable in the appropriate screening around the site, which is currently relatively well northern area. The hedgerow and trees that lie at the perimeter and screened in the southern part, to reduce views into the site from the divide the northern and southern areas are more sensitive features. surrounding area. Views from the higher slopes of the South Downs The water channel at the western boundary is not a prominent feature may still be possible even with appropriate screening. It is judged that in the landscape. the site has a moderate to high capacity overall for accommodating mineral extraction without significant adverse effects on the character Visual Sensitivity: Medium. The open nature of the site and the and visual amenity of the site itself and surrounding areas. There is surrounding area, its proximity to heavily used roads and a degree of scope for the improvement of the current condition of landscape intervisibility with the Tangmere to the northeast, Westhamptnett to features and habitat value in conjunction with the development of the the northwest and the South Downs to the north gives rise to site. relatively low levels of visibility. There are a large number of visual receptors, albeit users of the road to the north. The southwest part of RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION AND the site is semi-enclosed, with views into the site largely screened from LANDSCAPE OPPORTUNITIES the scattered properties along the minor road and the Westbourne Advanced planting of native trees and shrubs, including evergreen House School. It does not contain or lie in proximity to any local species to the north, east and west to provide screening of views landmarks and the site and surrounding landscape does not directly into the site from the A27, the minor road to the south, the contribute to the scenic value of views from the South Downs. recreational area to the northwest and to reduce visibility from surrounding farmland and the village of Tangemere to the east; Landscape Value: Low. The area lies 2km to the south of the South Perimeter mounding (using topsoil and overburden) and then Downs National Park boundary to the north and does not have planting of native trees and shrubs, including some evergreen characteristics or features representative of it nor which directly species, to screen/ filter views of the area; contribute to the key qualities identified as valuable in the designated Retaining the tree belt along the western boundary of the site and area. The site has limited landscape value overall and little recreational linking in new planting with this, to create continuous trees and value, though the Westhamptnett Lake lies in close proximity. vegetation around the perimeter, connecting with the surrounding network of hedges. Overall, the site is considered to have a low sensitivity to extraction. The partial visibility of the site in the surrounding landscape and the recreational area to the northwest make the northern parts of the site of slightly higher sensitivity. There is scope to reduce visibility into the

OPTIONS FOR RESTORATION AFTER USE Reinstating the original profile of the site, returning it to agricultural use, and restoring and improving the structure of hedgerows and hedgerow trees, with the aim of maximising farmland habitat value, and connectivity with surrounding networks of hedgerows and woodland; Restoring part of all of the area to include riparian scrub and woodland species, potentially linking the site in with the lake to the northwest and the wider flood alleviation system, and in accordance with a management plan which should be drawn up prior to consenting extraction.

M/CH/4B SHOPWYKE NORTH

SITE LOCATION AND CONTEXT The site lies approximately 1.2km to the east of Chichester, 1.4km southwest of the village of Tangmere and 700m to the northwest of Oving. The site is bound to the north by the B2144, which runs between Chichester and Tangmere, and is located 1km to the north of the A259 and 700m to the south of the A27 (both these A roads run in a northeast and southeast direction, respectively, from Chichester).

The site is located in the southwest of West Sussex, within an area of transition between the open lower Coastal Plain to the south and the wooded slopes of the South Downs to the north. The site lies approximately 2km to the south of the South Downs National Park. Views to the southern slopes of the Downs are restricted by trees / hedgerow trees on the northern edge of the B2144, facing the site‟s northern perimeter. The landform of the wider area is gently undulating, almost flat in parts, open, and dominated by highly intensive arable fields and modern farm buildings, with fragmented hedgerow and hedgerow trees.

Approximate timescale anticipated for start and completion for this site: 1 year (2016).

Figure 3: Photograph looking southwest across the site

SITE CHARACTERISATION

Landscape Character Criteria

Physical/Natural factors The site extends across a predominantly flat landform. Underlying the Grade 1 and 3 agricultural land are the Bracklesham and Reading Beds and London Clay. The site is under arable use, and is bound by hedgerows and trees to the east and tall leylandii trees to the west. To the south the site continues into „Shopwyke South‟. To the north the site is bound by the B2144, with a hedgerow / hedgerow trees on the northern edge of the B2144, facing the site‟s northern perimeter. Across the surrounding area, medium and large-scale arable fields lie between the A259 and A27 which run in a northeast and southeast direction from Chichester. There are no rivers within or in close proximity to the site, but the Chichester Flood Relief Channel runs along the site‟s eastern perimeter. Experiential The site has a very open character, with clear open views when looking south, into neighbouring fields and towards rows of trees in the distance. The site has a rural quality, although the presence a road along its northern boundary, as well as large greenhouses to the west of the site reduces this. CPRE data indicates that the site is within an area of medium tranquillity29 and is within an area defined as „disturbed by noise‟30. Colour and texture is predominantly consistent across the site, with greater shadow at the eastern and western edges where there is vegetation. Visual Criteria

Visibility and key views The ZTV indicates potential visibility from the South Downs towards the site, but true visibility is completely restricted due by vegetation opposite the northern perimeter of the site. This screening also limits views from Westbourne House School onto the site. There is clear visibility from the B2144 onto the site. Visibility from the east is restricted by trees, whilst visibility from the west is partial due to the some vegetative screening (although visibility only extends from the neighbouring site (a plant nursery), with longer distance visibility from the west being mostly screened by greenhouses and other buildings on this nursery site). From the south, there is visibility from High Street (road users) and the railway (train users). The ZTV indicates visibility from across a large area to the south, including the Chichester Harbour AONB; true visibility is limited by tree cover, development and the lie of the land. In all directions, trees in the short and longer distance form the skylines.

Landscape Value Criteria Landscape designations (National Parks, AONBs) The site is located approximately 2km south of the South Downs National Park, and approximately 4.5km to the northeast of Chichester Harbour AONB (although Chichester lies between the site and this AONB). The ZTV indicates potential visibility from both the National Park and AONB to the site.

29 CPRE (2006), Tranquillity Data. 30 CPRE (2007), Intrusion Data.

Condition, typicality and rarity The site reflects key characteristics highlighted in the LCA for the Chichester to Yapton Coastal Plain character area, including flat open countryside, large-scale arable farming and clusters of glasshouses. The Historic Landscape Character Assessment characterises this area as „fieldscapes‟, predominantly late 20th Century AD 1845- present, Modern Field Amalgamation, with an area on the eastern boundary of the site late post medieval AD 1600-1799, Regular Piecemeal Enclosure. Cultural Heritage Features The site lies approximately 800m to the northwest of the Oving Conservation Area, within which there are numerous listed buildings. However, Shopwyke North is screened from this Conservation Area by trees / hedgerow trees. There are numerous listed buildings to the north of the site. The grade II listed East Lodge is located to the northeast of the site; working Shopwyke North for minerals may adversely affect the setting of this building. Other listed buildings within the site (opposite Westbourne House School) are all screened from this site by dense trees along the southern perimeter of the school. The grade II listed Shopwyke Hall and Shopwyke Grange are located 300m to the west of the site. It is considered that buildings on the nursery site between these listed buildings and the proposed extraction site provide screening, such that workings on this site would not adversely affect the setting of these two buildings. The large rectangular fields in this area, of which this site is a part, are reflective of and the product of Parliamentary enclosure. On the eastern boundary of the site is the site of Woodfield Farm – now a school, which is described in the HLC as late post medieval fieldscape, AD1600-AD1799. Natural heritage Chichester Gravel Pits & Leythorne Meadow SNCI is sited 1.5km to the southwest of the site. There are no other designated sites of nature conservation in the surrounding area. On the site, there are trees and hedgerows along the eastern and western boundaries. There are no areas of ancient woodland in proximity to the site. Recreation There are no public footpaths / bridleways on or adjacent to this site. There is a public footpath (FP277) from the end of Marlpit Lane heading south, in close proximity to the southeast corner of the site.

M/CH/4B SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CRITERIA

Landform Flat and consistent.

Landcover Arable use; trees along eastern and western perimeters.

Scale Small to medium scale.

Enclosure Generally open with views out to surrounding areas; screening to the east and west.

Condition Intensively managed farmland. Grade 1 agricultural land across most of the site.

Tranquillity including noise and lighting Tranquillity is affected by a road to the north (adjacent to a school, with the potential to be busy), and buildings directly adjacent to the site to the west.

Remoteness Reduced sense of remoteness due to roads to the north and buildings to the north and west.

VISUAL CRITERIA

Skylines Skyline formed from trees (both in the short and longer distance).

Views and landmarks Contains no distinctive landmarks and is not a feature in any significant views.

LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

Intervisibility Visible from the minor road to the north, the B2144 and surroundings properties and buildings to the west and east. Open views possible across farmland from the south.

Visual receptors Receptors likely to include road users on the B2144; users and residents of adjacent buildings, including Westbourne House School.

LANDSCAPE VALUE CRITERIA

Landscape designations The site itself is not within any designated landscapes, although the South Downs National Park is located 2km to the north (but with no intervisibility from this to the site).

Natural heritage Hedgerow / hedgerow trees along eastern and western perimeters. No areas of designation for nature conservation in close proximity to the site.

Cultural heritage features There is a listed building directly adjacent to the site; other heritage assets in the area are screened by vegetation and buildings.

Recreation There are no footpaths on or adjacent to the site. There is a public footpath in proximity to the site to the southeast.

100

OVERALL SENSITIVITY TO EXTRACTION landscape, and its close proximity to residential and non-residential Landscape Sensitivity: Low-Medium. Limited sensitivity, with properties increases its overall sensitivity to extraction. There is some medium to large fields of open intensively managed arable farmland. scope to reduce visibility into the site from the immediate vicinity Former large scale gravel workings are an existing feature of the through screening or filtering of views with vegetation. character area. The structure and condition of the field boundaries are degraded and entirely removed along the minor road to the north and LANDSCAPE CAPACITY at the southern boundary. The hedgerows and trees that lie at the Given the relatively flat landform, there is potential for providing perimeter to the east and west, between the adjacent properties and appropriate screening around the site, to reduce views into the site either side of the flood retention channel are more sensitive features. from the surrounding area. It is judged that the site has a moderate The water channel in the east is not a prominent feature in the to high capacity overall for accommodating mineral extraction without landscape, though the wider implications of extraction on water significant adverse effects on the character and visual amenity of the management in the area may be a constraint. surrounding area. There is scope for the improvement of the current condition of landscape features and habitat value in conjunction with Visual Sensitivity: Low-Medium. The site is relatively well the development of the site. enclosed at by vegetation at its eastern and western perimeters, although there are direct and open views into the site from the minor RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION AND road to the north and from an extensive to the south across open LANDSCAPE OPPORTUNITIES farmland, including the B2144. Trees lining the road to the north Advanced planting of native trees and shrubs, including evergreen screen views form the wider area in this direction. There are no direct species to the north, east and west to provide screening of views views however from the scattered properties along the minor road and into the site from the minor road to the north, the B2144 to the the Westbourne House School. It does not contain or lie in proximity southwest and from the open farmland to the south; to any local landmarks, and the site and surrounding landscape does not Perimeter mounding (using topsoil and overburden) and then directly contribute to the scenic value of views from the South Downs. planting of native trees and shrubs, including some evergreen The overall visual sensitivity is therefore judged to be low. species, to screen/ filter views of the area; Retaining existing tree belts and vegetation along the boundary of Landscape Value: Low. The area lies 2km to the south of the South the site and linking in new planting with this, to create continuous Downs National Park boundary to the north and does not have trees and vegetation around the perimeter, connecting with the characteristics or features representative of it nor which directly surrounding network of hedges. contribute to the key qualities identified as valuable in the designated area. The site has limited landscape value overall and little recreational OPTIONS FOR RESTORATION AFTER USE value. Reinstating the original profile of the site, returning it to agricultural use, and restoring and improving the structure of Overall, the site is considered to have a low-medium sensitivity to hedgerows and hedgerow trees, with the aim of maximising extraction. The partial visibility of the site from the surrounding

101 farmland habitat value, and connectivity with the wooded areas to the south and west; Restoring the area to a mosaic of riparian scrub and woodland, open water and scrapes of high habitat value with a mixture of appropriate native and riparian species, and in accordance with a management plan which should be drawn up prior to consenting extraction. The low-lying topography of the site and the presence of the flood retention area to the east could be exploited to increase the habitat value of the site.

102

M/CH/4C SHOPWYKE SOUTH SITE LOCATION AND CONTEXT The site lies approximately 1.2km to the east of Chichester, 1.4km southwest of the village of Tangmere and 700m to the west of Oving. The site is neighboured to the north by Shopwyke North and a plant nursery to the west by the B2144, and to the south by High Street, which runs from the B2144 into Oving. The site is located 1km to the north of the A259 and 900m to the south of the A27 (both these A roads run in a northeast and southeast direction, respectively, from Chichester).

The site is located in the southwest of West Sussex, within an area of transition between the open lower Coastal Plain to the south and the wooded slopes of the South Downs to the north. The site lies approximately 2km to the south of the South Downs National Park; the southern slopes of the Downs can just be seen above the tree line to the north. The landform of the wider area is gently undulating, almost flat in parts, open, and dominated by highly productive arable fields and farm buildings, with fragmented hedgerows and hedgerow trees.

Approximate timescale anticipated for start and completion for this site: 5 years (2017-2021).

103

Figure 3: Photograph looking north across the site

Figure 4: Photograph looking east across the site

104

Figure 6: Photograph looking south from the southwest corner of the site into Madam Green Farm West

Figure 5: Photograph from the southwest corner of the site, looking south down the B2144

105

CHARACTERISATION OF THE SITE

Landscape Character Criteria

Physical/Natural factors The site extends across a predominantly flat landform. Underlying the Grade 1 and 3 agricultural land are the Bracklesham and Reading Beds and London Clay. The site is under arable use, and has lengths of hedgerows and trees around its perimeter (along the southern edge, around the southeast corner, along the northeast edge, and in the northwest corner). The site is bounded by the B2144 to the west and High Street to the south. There is no screening between the B2144 and the site; with intermittent trees along High Street (although these do not provide any screening). There is a small clump of trees in the southeast part of the site surrounding a small „pond‟. Across the surrounding area, medium and large-scale arable fields lie between the A259 and A27 which run in a northeast and southeast direction from Chichester. There are no rivers within or in close proximity to the site but there are two parallel Chichester Flood Relief Channels running within the site and along the site‟s eastern perimeter. There are two small „ponds‟ on the site, through which one of the flood relief channels runs, and there are man-made water bodies in proximity to the southwest of the site (around Drayton House). Experiential The site is of a medium size and has a very open character, with clear views across the site from the western and southern boundaries. Trees to the north and west provide partial enclosure in these areas. With roads running along the site‟s western and southern boundaries, there is almost continuous noise and movement and in turn which reduces the rural character. There is also a railway line in close proximity to the south of the site, with a crossing point over the B2144 (as a result of this, traffic queues at times when the barriers are down and a train is passing). CPRE data indicates that the site is within an area of medium tranquillity31 and an area defined as „disturbed by noise‟32. Colour and texture is predominantly consistent across the site, with greater shadow along the eastern edge where there is screening, and around the small clump of trees in the southeast. Visual Criteria Visibility and key views The site would be visible from the rising slopes of the South Downs 2km to the north, although the distance between the Downs and the site, and the open and flat character of the broader area would minimise the prominence of any single site in the panorama, when seen in the context of the broader landscape. Potential visibility from the north is indicated on the ZTV, extending across a wide area from east to west and including visibility from the Trundle Iron Age hillfort; true visibility will be limited by trees and development. The ZTV indicates potential visibility across a large area to the east, west and south; true long-distance visibility is limited by trees, although there is clear short distance visibility from the B2144 and High Street, Highground Cottage facing the site to the south, the railway line in proximity to the site to the south, the plant nursery to the northwest of the site, neighbouring fields to the south, and the industrial site to the southwest. Visibility onto the site from the public footpath along the southeast boundary of the site may be possible, although screening is provided by trees. In all directions, trees in the short and long distance predominantly form the skyline, with lamp posts on the B2144 interrupting this skyline in places. In the far

31 CPRE (2006), Tranquillity Data. 32 CPRE (2007), Intrusion Data.

106 distance to the north, the South Downs form part of the skyline. Landscape Value Criteria Landscape designations (National Parks, AONBs) The site is located approximately 2km south of the South Downs National Park, and approximately 4.5km to the northeast of Chichester Harbour AONB (although Chichester lies between the site and this AONB). The ZTV indicates potential visibility from both the National Park and AONB to the site. Condition, typicality and rarity The site is degraded, with minimal field boundaries. The site reflects key characteristics highlighted in the LCA for the Chichester to Yapton Coastal Plain character area, including flat open countryside, large-scale arable farming and clusters of glasshouses. The Historic Landscape Character Assessment characterises this area as „fieldscapes‟ – modern field amalgamation AD 1845 - Present‟. The eastern field is older being dated in the HLC as Late post-medieval AD 1600 – 1799. Cultural heritage and settings The site lies approximately 700m to the west of the Oving Conservation Area, within which there are numerous listed buildings. There is heavy tree screening between the site and the Conservation Area (although these are deciduous trees; less screening may be provided in the winter). The spire of the Grade II Listed Parish Church of St Andrews is visible above the tree line (see Figure 4). Whilst direct visibility is limited, working this site for mineral extraction may indirectly affect this Conservation Area due to clear visibility from High Street (the road which approaches the Conservation Area) into the site. There are numerous listed buildings to the north and northeast of the site; these are all currently screened by buildings and trees. The Grade II Listed Drayton House to the southwest of the site is screened by buildings and trees. The large rectangular fields in this area, of which this site is a part, are reflective of and the product of Parliamentary enclosure. To the northeast of the site is the site of Woodfield Farm – now a school, which is described in the HLC as late post medieval fieldscape, AD1600-AD1799. Natural heritage Chichester Gravel Pits & Leythorne meadow SNCI is sited 1.3km to the southwest of the site. There are no other designated sites of nature conservation in the surrounding area. On the site, there are trees along the eastern and southern boundaries, and there is a small clump of trees in the southeast part of the site surrounding a small „pond‟. There are no areas of ancient woodland in proximity to the site. Recreation A public footpath (FP275) runs parallel to the southeast boundary of the site, on the other side of a row of trees.

107

M/CH/4C SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CRITERIA

Landform Flat and consistent.

Landcover Arable use; trees along southern and eastern perimeters.

Scale Medium to large scale.

Enclosure Generally open with views out to surrounding areas; screening to the east.

Condition Intensively managed farmland. Grade 1 agricultural land across most of the site.

Tranquillity including noise and lighting Tranquillity is affected by roads to the west and south, and a railway line in proximity to the south.

Remoteness Reduced sense of remoteness due to roads to west and south.

VISUAL CRITERIA

Skylines Skyline predominantly formed of trees (both in the short and long distance). In the far distance to the north, the South Downs forms the skyline in parts.

Views and landmarks Visible from The Trundle, seen within the expansive of the coastal plain. Contains no distinctive landmarks.

108

LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

Intervisibility Visible from B2144; High Street; railway to the south; Highground Cottage to the south; industrial buildings to the southwest.

Visual receptors Receptors likely to include road users on the B2144; High Street; rail users; residents and users of adjacent buildings; and potentially users of the public footpath along the southeastern edge of the site.

LANDSCAPE VALUE CRITERIA

Landscape designations The site itself is not within any designated landscapes, although the South Downs National Park is located 2km to the north (with intervisibility from this to the site).

Natural heritage Trees along southern and eastern boundaries. A small clump of trees in the southeast part of the site surround a small „pond‟.

Cultural heritage features and settings There is a Conservation Area to the east of the site (although screened by deciduous trees); some listed buildings in the surrounding area, but no direct visibility between these and the site.

Recreation A public footpath (FP275) runs parallel to the southeast boundary of the site, on the other side of a row of trees.

109

OVERALL SENSITIVITY TO EXTRACTION Overall, the site is considered to have a Low-Medium sensitivity to Landscape Sensitivity: Low-Medium. Limited sensitivity, with extraction. The eastern part is of slightly higher sensitivity due to the medium to large fields of open intensively managed arable farmland. presence of the ponds and surrounding vegetation. The high level of Former large scale gravel workings are an existing feature of the visibility available from the surrounding open landscape increases its character area. The structure and condition of the field boundaries are sensitivity to extraction, though there is considerable scope to reduce degraded and entirely removed along the minor road to the north and visibility into the site from the immediate vicinity through screening or at the southern boundary. The hedgerows and trees that lie at the filtering of views with vegetation. perimeter to the east and west, between the adjacent properties and either side of the flood retention channel are more sensitive features. LANDSCAPE CAPACITY The water channel in the east is not a prominent feature in the Given the relatively flat landform, there is potential for providing landscape, though the wider implications of extraction on water appropriate screening around the site, to reduce views into the site management in the area may be a constraint. from the surrounding area. It is judged that the site has a moderate to high capacity overall for accommodating mineral extraction without Visual Sensitivity: Low-Medium. The site is relatively well significant adverse effects on the character and visual amenity of the site enclosed at by vegetation at its eastern and western perimeters, itself and surrounding areas. There is considerable scope for the although there are direct and open views into the site from the A2144, improvement of the current condition of landscape features, visual the minor road to the south, the railway line to the south and from the amenity and habitat value in conjunction with the development of the surrounding open farmland, including the industrial site to the site. southwest. Woodland to the west screen views from the wider area in this direction. It does not contain or lie in proximity to any local RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION AND landmarks, and the site and surrounding landscape does not directly LANDSCAPE OPPORTUNITIES contribute to the scenic value of views from the South Downs. The Advanced planting of native trees and shrubs, including overall visual sensitivity is therefore judged to be low. evergreen species to the north, west and south to provide screening of views into the site from the B2144, the railway line Landscape Value: Low. The area lies 2km to the south of the South to the south, the adjacent open farmland and Oving to the east; Downs National Park boundary to the north and does not have Perimeter mounding (using topsoil and overburden) and then characteristics or features representative of it nor which directly planting of native trees and shrubs, including some evergreen contribute to the key qualities identified as valuable in the designated species, to screen/filter views of the area; area. The site has some recreational value related to the footpath that Retaining existing semi-mature trees and vegetation along the follows part of the eastern perimeter. eastern and southern boundary; Retaining the line of trees and ponds to the east of the site, linking in new planting with this, to create continuous trees and

110

vegetation around the perimeter, connecting with the surrounding network of hedges; Retaining the footpath to the east, ensuring views into the western part of the site are adequately screened.

OPTIONS FOR RESTORATION AFTER USE Reinstating the original profile of the site, returning the site to agricultural use and restoring and improving the structure of hedgerows and hedgerow trees, with the aim of maximising farmland habitat value, and connectivity with the surrounding network of hedgerows; Restoring the area to a mosaic of riparian scrub and woodland, open water and scrapes of high habitat value with a mixture of appropriate native and riparian species, and in accordance with a management plan which should be drawn up prior to consenting extraction. The low-lying topography of the site and the presence of the flood retention area to the east could be exploited to increase the habitat value of the site.

111

M/CH/4D MADAM GREEN FARM WEST

SITE LOCATION AND CONTEXT The site lies approximately 1.2km to the east of Chichester, 1.4km southwest of the village of Tangmere and 700m to the west of Oving. The site is neighboured to the north by Shopwyke North and a plant nursery, to the west by the B2144, and to the south by High Street, which runs from the B2144 into Oving. The site is located 1km to the north of the A259 and 900m to the south of the A27 (both these A roads run in a northeast and southeast direction, respectively, from Chichester).

The site is located in the southwest of West Sussex, within an area of transition between the open lower Coastal Plain to the south and the wooded slopes of the South Downs to the north. The site lies approximately 2km to the south of the South Downs National Park; the southern slopes of the Downs can just be seen above the tree line to the north. The landform of the wider area is gently undulating, almost flat in parts, open, and dominated by highly productive arable fields and farm buildings, with fragmented hedgerow and hedgerow trees.

112

Figure 3: Photograph looking south across the site from the northwest corner

113

Figure 4: Photograph looking east across the northern boundary of the site

Figure 6: Photograph looking north from the northern boundary of the site

114

M/CH/4D SITE CHARACTERISATION

Landscape Character Criteria

Physical/Natural factors The site extends across a predominantly flat landform. Underlying the Grade 1 and 3 agricultural land are the Bracklesham and Reading Beds and London Clay. The site is under arable use, and has trees and hedgerows and trees along its eastern and western boundaries, and running in a row through the site. The site is bounded to the north by High Street and to the south by a railway line (main line running from London to Chichester). There is no screening between the site and High Street and the railway line. Across the surrounding area, medium and large-scale arable fields lie between the A259 and A27 which run in a northeast and southeast direction from Chichester. There are no rivers within or in close proximity to the site but there are two parallel Chichester Flood Relief Channels running within the site (along which there are trees) and along the site‟s eastern perimeter. There is one small „pond‟ on the site, through which one of the flood relief channels runs. There are man-made water bodies in proximity to the west of the site (around Drayton House). Experiential The site is of a small size, within a larger-scale landscape, and has a very open character, with clear views across the site from the northern and southern boundaries. Trees to the east and west provide partial enclosure in these areas, and restrict views onto the site from the B2144. With roads running along the site‟s western and northern boundaries, there is almost continuous noise and movement and in turn a reduced sense of rural character. There is also a railway line running along the site‟s southern boundary, with a crossing point over the B2144 (traffic queues at times when the barriers are down and a train is passing). CPRE data indicates that the site is within an area of medium tranquillity33 and an area defined as „disturbed by noise‟34. Colour and texture is predominantly consistent across the site, with greater shadow along the eastern and western edges where there is screening and around the small „pond‟ in the middle of the field. Visual Criteria Visibility and key views The site would be visible from the rising slopes of the South Downs 2km to the north, although the distance between the Downs and the site, and the open and flat character of the broader area would minimise the prominence of any single site in the panorama of the broader landscape. Potential visibility from the north is indicated on the ZTV, extending across a wide area from east to west and including visibility from the Trundle Iron Age hillfort; true visibility will be limited by trees and development. The ZTV indicates potential visibility across a large area to the east, west and south; true long-distance visibility is limited by trees, although there is clear short distance visibility from the B2144 (to the north of the site, although not along the site‟s western boundary), High Street, Highground Cottage facing the site to the north, the railway line along the site‟s southern boundary, the neighbouring field and plant nursery to the north of the site, and the industrial site to the northwest of the site. There is a footpath along the site‟s eastern boundary; there is some screening here but visibility onto the site is likely. Landscape Value Criteria

33 CPRE (2006), Tranquillity Data. 34 CPRE (2007), Intrusion Data.

115

Landscape designations (National Parks, AONBs) The site is located approximately 2km south of the South Downs National Park, and approximately 4.5km to the northeast of Chichester Harbour AONB (although Chichester lies between the site and this AONB). The ZTV indicates potential visibility from both the National Park and AONB to the site. Condition, typicality and rarity The site is degraded, with some field boundaries to the east and west. The site reflects key characteristics highlighted in the LCA for the Chichester to Yapton Coastal Plain character area, including flat open countryside, large-scale arable farming and clusters of glasshouses. The Historic Landscape Character Assessment characterises this area as „fieldscapes – modern field amalgamation AD 1845 - Present‟. The eastern field is older being dated in the HLC as Late post-medieval AD 1600 – 1799. Cultural heritage and settings The site lies approximately 700m to the west of the Oving Conservation Area, within which there are numerous listed buildings. There is heavy tree screening between the site and the Conservation Area (although these are deciduous trees; less screening may be provided in the winter). Whilst direct visibility is limited, working this site for mineral extraction may indirectly affect this Conservation Area due to clear visibility from High Street (the road which approaches the Conservation Area) onto the site. The Grade II Listed Drayton House to the west of the site is screened by buildings and trees. The large rectangular fields in this area are reflective of and the product of Parliamentary enclosure. Natural heritage Chichester Gravel Pits & Leythorne meadow SNCI is sited 1.4km to the southwest of the site. There are no other designated sites of nature conservation in the surrounding area. On the site, there are trees along the eastern and western boundaries. There is a row of trees running through the site. There are no areas of ancient woodland in proximity to the site. Recreation A public footpath runs along the site‟s eastern boundary.

116

M/CH/4D SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CRITERIA

Landform Flat and low-lying.

Landcover Arable use; trees along western and eastern perimeters; row of trees running through the site.

Scale Medium scale (but within a landscape of open, large scale farmland).

Enclosure Generally open with views out to surrounding areas; screening to east and west.

Condition Intensively managed farmland. Grade 1 agricultural land across most of the site.

Tranquillity including noise and lighting Tranquillity is affected by roads to the west and north, and a railway line to the south.

Remoteness Reduced sense of remoteness due to roads to west and north.

VISUAL CRITERIA

Skylines Skyline predominantly formed of trees (both in the short and long distance); in the far distance to the north, the South Downs forms parts of the skyline.

Views and landmarks Visible from The Trundle, seen within the expansive of the coastal plain. Contains no distinctive landmarks.

117

LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

Intervisibility Visible from B2144; High Street; railway to the south; Highground Cottage to the north; industrial buildings to the northwest.

LANDSCAPE VALUE CRITERIA

Landscape designations The site itself is not within any designated landscapes, although the South Downs National Park is located 2km to the north (with intervisibility between this area and the site).

Natural heritage Trees along western and eastern boundaries. A short line of trees running through the site.

Cultural heritage features There is a Conservation Area to the east of the site (although screened by deciduous trees); listed buildings in the surrounding area, but no direct visibility between these and the site.

Recreation A public footpath (FP275) runs along the site‟s eastern boundary.

118

OVERALL SENSITIVITY TO EXTRACTION Overall, the site is considered to have a low-medium sensitivity to Landscape Character Sensitivity: Low-Medium. The site extraction. The high visibility of the site in the surrounding landscape comprises a medium scale, irregular field of intensively managed arable makes it of slightly higher sensitivity. While development of mineral farmland this is broadly of limited sensitivity. It is located within the workings in this location has the potential to be visually intrusive to wider context of extensive former large scale gravel workings around surrounding areas, there is scope to reduce visibility into the site from the southern peripheries of Chichester. The structure and condition of the immediate vicinity through screening or filtering of views with the field boundaries are degraded, particularly along the northern vegetation. boundary. The remnant hedgerows and trees that lie at the eastern boundary and divide the area are more sensitive features. The water LANDSCAPE CAPACITY channel in the east is not a prominent feature in the landscape, though Given the relatively flat landform, there is potential for providing the wider implications of extraction on water management in the area appropriate screening around the site, to reduce views into the site may be a constraint. from the surrounding area. It is judged that the site has a moderate to high capacity overall for accommodating mineral extraction without Visual Sensitivity: Low-Medium. The open nature of the significant adverse effects on the character and visual amenity of the site surrounding area, its proximity to a heavily used road, nearby itself and surrounding areas. There is scope for the improvement of residential properties and the railway line along the southern boundary the current condition of landscape features, visual amenity and habitat results in a high degree of visibility. There are a large number of visual value in conjunction with the development of the site. receptors, including users of the local road network, the railway and the footpath. It does not however contain or lie in proximity to any RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION AND local landmarks and the site features as a small area in the wide LANDSCAPE OPPORTUNITIES panoramic views available from the slopes of the South Downs. The • Advanced planting of trees and shrubs around the perimeter to site and surrounding landscape does not directly contribute to the provide screening of views into the site from Drayton Lane, scenic value of the views from the South Downs, although it is railway line to the south, the adjacent open farmland and to overlooked by parts of it. reduce visibility from Oving to the east and from the slopes of the South Downs to the north; Landscape Value: Low. The area lies close to the South Downs • Perimeter mounding (using topsoil and overburden) and then National Park boundary to the north. It does not have characteristics planting of native trees and shrubs, including some evergreen or features representative of it, nor which directly contribute to the species, to screen/filter views of the area; key qualities identified as valuable in the designated area. It lies some • Retaining existing semi-mature trees and vegetation along distance away from the AONB to the south, with no intervisibility. It perimeters to the east and west, linking in new planting with this, has some recreational value related to the public right of way that to create continuous trees and vegetation around the perimeter, follows the eastern perimeter. Overall the site is judged to have low connecting with the surrounding network of hedges; landscape value. • Retaining the footpath to the east, ensuring views into the western part of the site are adequately screened.

119

OPTIONS FOR RESTORATION AFTER USE • Reinstating the original profile of the site, returning the site to agricultural use and restoring and improving the structure of hedgerows and hedgerow trees, with the aim of maximising farmland habitat value, and connectivity with the wooded areas to the south and west; • Restoring the area to a mosaic of riparian scrub and woodland, open water and scrapes of high habitat value with a mixture of appropriate native and riparian species, and in accordance with a management plan which should be drawn up prior to consenting extraction. The low-lying topography of the site and the presence of the flood retention area to the east could be exploited to increase the habitat value of the site.

120

M/CH/4E WITHIES FARM WEST

SITE LOCATION AND CONTEXT The site lies approximately 1.3km to the east of Chichester, 500m to the southwest of Oving. The site is neighboured to the north by a railway line (main line running from London to Chichester) and Madam Green Farm West, to the west by the B2144, to the south and east by rows of trees and fields beyond. The site is located 400m to the north of the A259 and 1.5km to the south of the A27 (both these A roads run in a northeast and southeast direction, respectively, from Chichester).

The site is located in the southwest of West Sussex, within an area of transition between the open lower Coastal Plain to the south and the wooded slopes of the South Downs to the north. The site lies approximately 3.5km to the south of the South Downs National Park; the southern slopes of the Downs can just be seen above the treeline to the north of the site. The landform of the wider area is gently undulating, almost flat in parts, open, and dominated by highly productive arable fields and farm buildings, with fragmented hedgerows and hedgerow trees.

121

Figure 4: Photograph looking northeast across the site from the B2144

122

CHARACTERISATION OF THE SITE

Landscape Character Criteria

Physical/Natural factors The site extends across a predominantly flat landform. Underlying the Grade 1, 2 and 3 agricultural land are the Bracklesham and Reading Beds and London Clay. The site is under arable use, and has trees and hedgerow trees along its eastern and southern boundaries and running in a row across the middle of the site. The site is bound to the north by a railway line (main line running from London to Chichester), to the west by the B2144. There is no screening between the site and the railway line, with minimal screening between the site and the B2144. Across the surrounding area, medium and large-scale arable fields lie between the A259 and A27 which run in a northeast and southeast direction from Chichester. There is a small river to the east of Withies Farm, within 500m of the site. There are no rivers but the Chichester Flood Relief Channel runs along the site‟s eastern perimeter, with a stream running around the perimeter of an area in the northeast corner. There is also a stream running along the southern boundary of the site, on the south side of the row of trees which form this southern boundary. There are man-made water bodies to the west of the site (around Drayton House). Experiential The site is of a medium size, within a larger-scale landscape, and has an open character, with clear views across the site from its boundaries. Trees that run through the middle of the site provide some enclosure, and would restrict views across the whole of the site from the northeast and southeast corners. With a road running along the site‟s western boundary and a railway running along its northern boundary, there is almost continuous noise and movement and in turn a reduced sense of rural character. There is a rail crossing point over the B2144, a result of which traffic queues at times when the barriers are down and a train is passing. CPRE data indicates that the site is within an area of medium tranquillity35 and an area defined as „disturbed by noise‟36. Colour and texture is consistent across the site, with greater shadow along the eastern and southern edges where there is screening, around the row of trees that crosses the site, and around the northeast corner, where there are rows of trees and a small stream. Visual Criteria Visibility and key views The site would be visible from the rising slopes of the South Downs 3.5km to the north, although the distance between the Downs and the site, and the open and flat character of the broader area would minimise the prominence of any single site in the panorama of the broader landscape. Potential visibility from the north is indicated on the ZTV, extending across a wide area from east to west and including visibility from The Trundle Iron Age hillfort; true visibility will be limited by trees and development. The ZTV indicates potential visibility across a large area to the east, west and south (including from the Chichester Harbour AONB); true long- distance visibility is limited by trees, although there is clear short distance visibility from the B2144, the industrial site to the northwest of the site, High Street, the neighbouring field to the north of the site, Highground Cottage facing the site to the north, the railway line along the site‟s northern boundary, and potentially Withies Farm to the east. A public footpath traverses the site from the northeast corner to the southwest corner.

35 CPRE (2006), Tranquillity Data. 36 CPRE (2007), Intrusion Data.

123

Landscape Value Criteria Landscape designations (National Parks, AONBs) The site is located approximately 3.5km south of the South Downs National Park, and approximately 4.7km to the north east of Chichester Harbour AONB (although Chichester lies between the site and this AONB). The ZTV indicates potential visibility from both the National Park and AONB to the site. Condition, typicality and rarity The site is relatively degraded, with some field boundaries to the east and south and a row of trees running through the middle of the site. The site reflects key characteristics highlighted in the LCA for the Chichester to Yapton Coastal Plain character area, including flat open countryside and large-scale arable farming. The Historic Landscape Character Assessment characterises this area as „Late 20th Century fieldscapes (Modern Field Amalgamation) AD1845 - Present‟. Cultural heritage and settings The site lies approximately 700m to the southwest of the Oving Conservation Area, within which there are numerous listed buildings. There is heavy tree screening between the site and the Conservation Area (although these are deciduous trees; less screening may be provided in the winter). Whilst direct visibility is limited, working this site for mineral extraction may indirectly affect this Conservation Area due to clear visibility from High Street (the road which approaches the Conservation Area) onto the site. The Grade II Listed Drayton House to the west of the site is screened by buildings and trees. The large rectangular fields in this area are reflective of and the product of Parliamentary enclosure. Natural heritage Chichester Gravel Pits & Leythorne meadow SNCI is sited 1.3km to the southwest of the site. There are no other designated sites of nature conservation in the surrounding area. On the site, there are trees along the eastern and southern boundaries, in the northeast part of the site, and there is a row of trees running through the site. There are no areas of ancient woodland in proximity to the site. Recreation A public footpath (FP275) traverses the site from the northeast corner to the southwest corner.

124

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CRITERIA

Landform Flat and low-lying.

Landcover Arable use; trees along eastern and southern perimeters; row of trees running through the site.

Scale Medium scale, within a landscape of medium-large scale fields.

Enclosure Generally open with views out to surrounding areas; screening provided in the northeast corner and around the row of trees running through the site.

Condition Intensively managed farmland. Grade 1 and 2 agricultural land across most of the site.

Tranquillity including noise and lighting Tranquillity is affected by roads to the west and a railway line to the north.

Remoteness Reduced sense of remoteness due to roads and railway line.

VISUAL CRITERIA

Skylines Skyline predominantly formed of trees (both in the short and long distance); in the far distance to the north, the South Downs form part of the skyline. Views and landmarks

125

LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

Visible from The Trundle, seen within the expansive of the coastal plain. Contains no distinctive landmarks.

Intervisibility Visible from B2144; industrial buildings to the northwest; High Street; railway to the north; Highground Cottage to the north; potentially Withies Farm to the east.

Visual receptors Receptors likely to include road users on the B2144; High Street; rail users; residents and users of adjacent buildings; and users of the public footpath (FP275) that traverses the site.

LANDSCAPE VALUE CRITERIA

Landscape designations The site itself is not within any designated landscapes, although the South Downs National Park is located 3.5km to the north (with intervisibility from this to the site).

Natural heritage Trees along western and southern boundaries. A short line of trees runs through the site.

Cultural heritage features There is a Conservation Area to the northeast of the site (although screened by deciduous trees); listed buildings in the surrounding area, but no direct visibility between these and the site.

Recreation A public footpath traverses the site.

126

OVERALL SENSITIVITY TO EXTRACTION Landscape Character Sensitivity: Low-Medium. The site has some recreational value related to the public right of way that comprises a medium scale, irregular field of intensively managed arable bisects the field. Overall the site is judged to have low to medium farmland this is broadly of limited sensitivity. It is located within the landscape value. wider context of extensive former large scale gravel workings around the southern peripheries of Chichester. The structure and condition of Overall, the site is considered to have a low to medium sensitivity to the field boundaries are generally intact, though degraded along the extraction. The surrounding streams and high visibility of the site in the western boundary. More sensitive features include the narrow belt of surrounding landscape makes it of slightly higher sensitivity. There is trees and vegetation that partly divide the north and south of the site, however scope to reduce visibility into the site from the immediate the Chichester Flood Relief Channel that runs along the site‟s eastern vicinity through screening or filtering of views with vegetation. perimeter, the streams at the northeast perimeter and along the southern boundary of the site, and the trees that bound the area to the LANDSCAPE CAPACITY south. The water channel and streams are not a prominent features in Given the relatively flat landform and the existing structure of trees and the landscape of the immediate area, though the wider implications of hedgerows around the site, there is potential to further reduce views extraction on water management in the area may be a constraint. into the site from the surrounding area. There are some of features that will constrain the siting of extraction and associated infrastructure, Visual Sensitivity: Low-Medium. The open nature of the such as the streams located at the perimeter. It is judged that the site surrounding area, its proximity to heavily used roads, nearby residential has a moderate capacity overall for accommodating mineral properties and the railway line along the northern boundary results in a extraction without adverse effects on the visual amenity of the site high degree of visibility. There are a large number of visual receptors, itself and surrounding areas. There is scope for the improvement of including users of the local road network, the railway and the footpath the current condition of landscape features, visual amenity and habitat that crosses the site. It does not however contain or lie in proximity value in conjunction with the development of the site. to any local landmarks and the site features as a small area in the wide panoramic views available from the slopes of the South Downs. The RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION AND site and surrounding landscape does not directly contribute to the LANDSCAPE OPPORTUNITIES scenic value of the views from the South Downs, although it is Advanced planting of trees and shrubs around the perimeter to overlooked by parts of it. provide screening of views into the site from Drayton Lane, railway line to the south, the adjacent open farmland and to Landscape Value: Low. The area lies close to the South Downs reduce visibility from Oving to the northeast; National Park boundary to the north. It does not have characteristics Perimeter mounding (using topsoil and overburden) along the or features representative of it, nor which directly contribute to the western boundary (along the B2144, Drayton Lane) and then key qualities identified as valuable in the designated area. There is no planting of native trees and shrubs, including some evergreen intervisibility with the Chichester Harbour AONB to the southwest. It species, to screen/filter views of the area;

127

Retaining existing semi-mature trees and vegetation along perimeters to the east and south, and as far as possible the narrow belt of trees that protrudes into the east of the site. New planting should be linked with this existing structure, to create continuous vegetation around the perimeter, connecting with the surrounding network of hedges; and Plan the re-routing of the footpath that traverses the area.

OPTIONS FOR RESTORATION AFTER USE Reinstating the original profile of the site, returning the site to agricultural use and restoring and improving the structure of hedgerows and hedgerow trees, with the aim of maximising farmland habitat value, and connectivity with the surrounding structure of hedgerows and lines of trees; Restoring the area to a mosaic of riparian scrub and woodland, open water and scrapes of high habitat value with a mixture of appropriate native and riparian species, and in accordance with a management plan which should be drawn up prior to consenting extraction. The low-lying topography of the site and the presence of the streams around the site and existing waterbodies to the west could be exploited to increase the habitat value of the site.

128

M/CH/4F BRICK KILN FARM

SITE LOCATION AND CONTEXT The site is directly adjacent to the A27, which runs around the edge of Chichester. The site is neighboured to the north and east by the A259, to the south by the Vinnetrow Farm Business Centre, and to the west by Vinnetrow Road. The site comprises numerous fields as well as some buildings.

The site is located in the southwest of West Sussex, within an area of Coastal Plain to the south of the South Downs. The site lies approximately 3.6km to the south of the South Downs National Park; from the site, the southern slopes of the Downs can be seen to the north. The landform of the wider area is gently undulating, flat in parts, open, and dominated by highly productive arable fields and farm buildings, with fragmented hedgerows and hedgerow trees.

Approximate timescale for this site: 10 years

129

Figure 3: Photograph looking southwest across the site from the A259

130

Figure 3: Photograph looking northeast to the site’s western boundary from Vinnetrow Road

Figure 4: Photograph looking southwest from the site’s western boundary

131

SITE CHARACTERISATION

Landscape Character Criteria

Physical/Natural factors The site extends across a predominantly flat landform. Underlying the Grade 1 agricultural land are the Bracklesham and Reading Beds and London Clay. The site comprises numerous fields as well as some buildings. The fields are under arable use, and there are trees and hedgerow along various sections of the site boundaries (most notably along the boundaries with the A259 and Vinnetrow Road). There are also field boundaries (hedgerow) within the site, between the various fields. The site is neighboured to the north and east by the A259, to the south by the Vinnetrow Farm Business Centre, and to the west by Vinnetrow Road. Across the surrounding area, medium and large-scale arable fields lie between the A259 and A27 which run in a northeast and southeast direction from Chichester. There is a small river located approximately 0.2km to the south west. Experiential The site is of a large size, and whilst the area has a predominantly open character, this is reduced by the fact that the site is made up of several fields, with field boundaries (hedgerow) between these. Internal hedgerows and buildings in Brick Kiln Farm, Kives Farm, and Vinnetrow Farm Business Centre create some sense of enclosure. There are very busy roads running along the northern, eastern and western boundaries, and a busy roundabout opposite the northwest corner of the site; this results in continuous noise and movement. The site is also adjacent to the outskirts of Chichester giving the surroundings a predominantly urban-rural fringe character. CPRE data indicates that the site is within an area of medium tranquillity37 and an area defined as „disturbed by noise‟38. Colour and texture is varied across the site due to there being a number of different fields, field boundaries, buildings and screening at the boundaries. Visual Criteria Visibility and key views The site would be visible from the rising slopes of the South Downs 3.6km to the north, although the distance between the Downs and the site, and the open and flat character of the broader area would minimise the prominence of any single site in the panorama of the broader landscape (although it should be noted that this site is of a noteable size increasing its potential prominence). Potential visibility from the north is indicated on the ZTV, extending across a wide area from east to west and including visibility from The Trundle Iron Age hillfort; true visibility will be more limited by trees and development. The ZTV indicates potential visibility across a large area to the east, west and south; true long-distance visibility is limited by trees and buildings, although there is clear short distance visibility from the A259 and Vinnetrow Road (where there are gaps in the vegetation), Brick Kiln Farm, Kives Farm, and Vinnetrow Farm Business Centre. The skyline to the north is formed of the South Downs, and elsewhere by trees and buildings. When looking north from the west side of the site, lighting columns around the A27 trunkroad roundabout to the northwest of the site punctuate the skyline. There are no Public Rights of Way within the site but there is a footpath („Chichester City‟) which runs close to the northwest of the site and a bridleway (BW2792) which runs along the southern boundary of the site. BW192 runs north-south close to the western boundary. These two bridleways create a local circular route from Runcton. There are a number of lakes located immediately to the west and south west of the site. Ivy Lake located to the south west of the site is used for fishing and an area of land around the lakes is also used for camping and caravanning.

37 CPRE (2006), Tranquillity Data. 38 CPRE (2007), Intrusion Data.

132

Landscape Value Criteria Landscape designations (National Parks, AONBs) The site is located approximately 3.6km south of the South Downs National Park, and approximately 3.5km to the east of Chichester Harbour AONB (although Chichester lies between the site and this AONB). The ZTV indicates potential visibility from both the National Park and AONB to the site. Condition, typicality and rarity Views to the South Downs characterise this area of transition between the Coastal Plain and South Downs. The site reflects key characteristics highlighted in the LCA for the Chichester to Yapton Coastal Plain character area, including flat open countryside, large-scale arable farming and clusters of glasshouses. The Historic Landscape Character Assessment characterises the majority of the site area as „fieldscapes‟ Planned Private Enclosure dated Late post-medieval AD1600-1799 . There is a small area in the east characterised as „Horticulture‟ dated late 20th Century AD1845 – Present. Cultural heritage and settings There is a listed building (Vinnetrow Farmhouse) located approximately 70m to the south west of the site boundary and a listed building (Drayton House) located approximately 0.3km to the northeast. There are a number of listed buildings to the southeast of the site (approximately 1km away). There is also a cluster of approximately 12 listed buildings located less than 1km to the northwest of the site in Chichester. There is a Conservation Area in Chichester town centre which is located just over 1km away, a Conservation Area in Runcton located approximately 1km to the south of the site and a Conservation Area in Oving approximately 1.5km to the northeast of the site (all these Conservation Areas contain a number of listed buildings). There are no Scheduled Monuments in close proximity. Working this site for mineral extraction would directly affect the setting of Vinnetrow Farmhouse. It is not considered that the other sited heritage assets would be adversely affected by workings on this site as there are already forms of screening between the Brick Kiln Farm site and the heritage assets, or the sited heritage assets are already affected and influenced by development, such as roads. It is considered that workings on this site would not greatly add to the existing degree of impact (e.g. Drayton House, which is already in close proximity to the very busy A259). The large rectangular fields in this area are reflective of and the product of Parliamentary enclosure. Natural heritage There is a large designated SNCI (Chichester Gravel Pits & Leythorne meadow) located immediately to the west of the site which is made up of a number of lakes. There is an area of ancient woodland located approximately 1.8km to the southwest of the site. Recreation There are no Public Rights of Way within the site but there is a footpath („Chichester City‟) which runs close to the northwest of the site and a bridleway (BW2792 ) which runs along the Southern boundary. BW192 runs north-south close to the western boundary. These two bridleways create a local circular route from Runcton. There are a number of lakes located immediately to the west and south west of the site. Ivy Lake located to the southwest of the site is used for fishing and an area of land around the lakes is also used for camping and caravanning.

133

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CRITERIA

Landform Flat and low-lying.

Landcover Arable use; internal hedgerows (field boundaries), farm buildings, tracks and light industrial uses on and close to the site.

Scale Large scale (site made up of numerous fields).

Enclosure Open with partial views out to surrounding areas; some screening along the north, east and west boundaries.

Condition Intensively managed farmland. Grade 1 agricultural land across most of the site.

Tranquillity including noise and lighting Tranquillity is affected by busy roads to the east, west and north.

Remoteness Site is on the urban-rural fringe, and is surrounded by busy roads on three sides.

VISUAL CRITERIA

Skylines In the far distance to the north, the South Downs forms the skyline (punctuated in places by lamp post). Elsewhere the skyline comprises trees and buildings.

Views and landmarks Visible from The Trundle, seen within the expansive of the coastal plain. Contains no distinctive landmarks.

134

LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

Intervisibility Visible from the A259, Vinnetrow Road, and residential / commercial buildings in the surrounding area.

Visual receptors Receptors likely to include road users on the A259 and Vinnetrow Road, residents and users of adjacent residential / commercial buildings; and potentially users of the lakes (Chichester Gravel Pits & Leythorne meadow SNCI) opposite the site to the west. Users of the local PROW network

LANDSCAPE VALUE CRITERIA

Landscape designations The site itself is not within any designated landscapes, although the South Downs National Park is located 3.6km to the north (with intervisibility between this area and the site).

Natural heritage SNCI located opposite the site. Hedgerow within the site; and trees / hedgerow trees along its boundaries.

Cultural heritage features Grade II Listed Vinnetrow Farmhouse is located 70m to the south west of the site boundary.

Recreation Footpath „Chichester City‟) which runs close to the northwest of the site and a bridleway („North Mudlham / Oving‟) which runs along the southern and western boundaries providing a local circular route. Lakes located immediately to the west and southwest of the site (used fishing and camping / caravanning).

135

OVERALL SENSITIVITY TO EXTRACTION LANDSCAPE CAPACITY Landscape Character Sensitivity: Low. The site comprises a Given the relatively flat landform there is potential to reduce views into medium scale intensively managed arable farmland modified by farm the site from the surrounding area. It is a site already modified by buildings, tracks and light industrial development resulting in limited development, with existing disturbance from busy roads, and located sensitivity. It is located within the wider context of extensive former within the context of former large scale gravel workings, which are large scale gravel workings and the urban fringe around the southern now restored to a complex of artificial lakes. It is judged that the site peripheries of Chichester. More sensitive features include remaining has a high capacity overall for accommodating mineral extraction hedgerows and occasional trees, both at the perimeter and bounding without adverse effects on the visual amenity and surrounding area. fields internally. There is considerable scope for the improvement of the current condition of landscape features, visual amenity and habitat value in Visual Sensitivity: Low-Medium. The open nature of the conjunction with the development of the site. surrounding area, its proximity to heavily used roads and nearby residential properties results in large numbers of visual receptors and a RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION AND high degree of visibility. The site and surrounding landscape does not LANDSCAPE OPPORTUNITIES however directly contribute to the scenic value of the views from the Advanced planting of trees and shrubs around the perimeter to South Downs, and the surrounding context of site within the urban provide screening of views into the site from the surrounding fringe of Chichester reduces visual sensitivity overall. road network, adjacent open farmland and residential properties; Perimeter mounding (using topsoil and overburden) and then Landscape Value: Low. The area lies close to the South Downs planting of native trees and shrubs, including some evergreen National Park boundary to the north, although it does not have species, to screen/filter views of the area; characteristics or features representative of it nor which directly Retaining existing semi-mature trees and vegetation along contribute to the key qualities identified as valuable in the designated perimeters, and as far as possible the trees and hedgerows that area. There is no intervisibility with the Chichester Harbour AONB to bound fields internally. New planting should be linked with this the southwest. It has some recreational value related to the public existing structure, to create continuous vegetation around the right passes along the southern boundary. Overall the site is judged to perimeter, connecting with the surrounding network of hedges; have low landscape value. and Retention of the footpath at the south of the site. Overall, the site is considered to have a Low sensitivity to extraction. .

136

OPTIONS FOR RESTORATION AFTER USE Reinstating the original profile of the site, and returning the site to agricultural use. Restoring and improving the structure of hedgerows and hedgerow trees, with the aim of maximising farmland habitat value, and connectivity with the surrounding structure of hedgerows and lines of trees;

Restoring the area to a mosaic of riparian scrub and woodland, open water and scrapes of high habitat value with a mixture of appropriate native and riparian species, and in accordance with a management plan which should be drawn up prior to consenting extraction. The low-lying topography of the site existing waterbodies to the east could be utilised to increase the habitat value of the site.

137

M/CH/4I WITHIES FARM EAST

SITE LOCATION AND CONTEXT The site lies approximately 1.7km to the east of Chichester and 500m to the southwest of Oving. The site is bound to the north by a railway line (main line from London to Chichester), with its most southern boundary meeting the A259. Fields border the site to the east and west.

The site is located in the southwest of West Sussex, within an area of transition between the open lower Coastal Plain to the south and the wooded slopes of the South Downs to the north. The site lies approximately 3.5km to the south of the South Downs National Park; the southern slopes of the Downs can be seen clearly to the north of the site above the tree line. The landform of the wider area is gently undulating, almost flat in parts, open, and dominated by highly productive arable fields and farm buildings, with fragmented hedgerows and hedgerow trees. The site consists of three neighbouring fields.

Approximate timescale anticipated for start and completion for this site: 3 years (2024-2027).

138

Figure 3: Looking north across the southern part of the site from the A259

Figure 4: Photograph looking south from the site Figure 5: Photograph looking south from the site

139

SITE CHARACTERISATION

Landscape Character Criteria

Physical/Natural factors The site extends across a predominantly flat landform. Underlying the Grade 1 and 3 agricultural land are the Bracklesham and Reading Beds and London Clay. The site consists of three fields and is under arable use, with trees and hedgerow trees along much of its western boundary, in between the two northern fields, at the southern boundary of the northeast field, and along the western boundary of the field that makes up the southeast part of the site. The site is bound to the north by a railway line (main line running from London to Chichester), with its most southern boundary meeting the A259. Fields border the site to the east and west. Across the surrounding area, medium and large-scale arable fields lie between the A259 and A27 which run in a northeast and southeast direction from Chichester. There is a small river running from north to south through the eastern half of the site, which runs through a pond/lake at the base of the field in the northeast corner, where it borders the field in the southeast corner. There are man-made water bodies 500m to the west of the site (around Drayton House). Experiential The site is made up of three fields, and so is of a large size with an irregular shape. It has an open character, with some clear views across the site from its boundaries. Trees between the northeastern and southeastern fields screen clear views to the northern area from the A259. There is also minimal screening provided by a clump of trees in the northern part of the site. The irregular shape of the field means that, from accessible vantage points, it is not possible to obtain a clear overview of the site; but a clear view is likely to be available from the northeast corner, by the railway line. Screening around Abelands Bed and Breakfast and the field that surround it (the neighbouring field to the west) means there are restricted views onto the site at Withies Farm East, when driving east along the A259. With a busy road running along the southern boundary and a railway running along the northern boundary, there is almost continuous noise and movement and in turn a reduced sense of rural character. CPRE data indicates that the site is within an area of medium tranquillity39 and an area defined as „disturbed by noise‟40. Colour and texture is consistent across the site, with greater shadow around the boundaries, where there is screening, around the small clump of trees in the north of the site, and around the trees and pond in the eastern part. Visual Criteria Visibility and key views The site would be visible from the rising slopes of the South Downs 3.5km to the north, although the distance between the Downs and the site, and the open and flat character of the broader area would minimise the prominence of any single site in the visible panorama of the broader landscape (although this site is a notable size). Potential visibility from the north is indicated on the ZTV, extending across a wide area from east to west and including visibility from the Trundle Iron Age hillfort; true visibility will be limited by trees and development. The ZTV indicates potential visibility across a large area to the east, west and south (including from the Chichester Harbour AONB); true long-distance visibility is limited by trees, although there is clear short distance visibility from the A259 to the southeast area of the site, Drayton Lane to the west, Abelands (although there is some screening between this house and the proposed site), the railway line along the site‟s northern boundary, potentially from Oving to the northeast, and from the numerous dwellings along the road to the east of the site (e.g. Ruffs Cottages).

39 CPRE (2006), Tranquillity Data. 40 CPRE (2007), Intrusion Data.

140

The skyline comprises the South Downs to the north, as well as tree cover more generally across the site. There is a public footpath (FP275) adjacent to the site at the northwest corner. Landscape Value Criteria Landscape designations (National Parks, AONBs) The site is located approximately 3.5km south of the South Downs National Park, and approximately 4.7km to the northeast of Chichester Harbour AONB (although Chichester lies between the site and this AONB). The ZTV indicates potential visibility from both the National Park and AONB to the site. Condition, typicality and rarity The site is under intense arable production, with some field boundaries to the south and west, and two clumps of trees in the north and east of the site. The site reflects key characteristics highlighted in the LCA for the Chichester to Yapton Coastal Plain character area, including flat open countryside and large-scale arable farming. The Historic Landscape Character Assessment characterises this area as „Late 20th Century fieldscapes (Modern Field Amalgamation) AD1845 - Present‟. Cultural heritage and settings The site lies approximately 500m to the southwest of the Oving Conservation Area, within which there are numerous listed buildings. It is likely that there is visibility between this area and the site, with little in the way of screening between the two areas. Working this site for mineral extraction would be likely to affect this Conservation Area and the setting of listed buildings within it (particularly those in the south of this area). The large rectangular fields in this area are reflective of and the product of Parliamentary enclosure. Natural heritage Chichester Gravel Pits & Leythorne meadow SNCI is sited 1.6km to the southwest of the site. There are no other designated sites of nature conservation in the surrounding area. On the site, there are trees along the western and southern boundaries, clumps in the northern part of the site and around a water body between the northeast and southeast areas of the site. There are no areas of ancient woodland in proximity to the site. Recreation There is a public footpath (FP275) adjacent to the site at the northwest corner.

141

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CRITERIA

Landform Flat and consistent.

Landcover Arable use; trees along western and southern perimeters; clump of trees in the north and east of the site, a network of streams and water channels.

Scale Three fields which will make a large-scale extraction site.

Enclosure Very open with views out to surrounding areas; some screening provided along the western and southern boundaries.

Condition Intensively managed farmland. Grade 1 agricultural land across most of the site, field boundaries largely degraded.

Tranquillity including noise and lighting Tranquillity is affected by a busy road to the south and a railway line to the north.

Remoteness Reduced sense of remoteness due to roads and railway line.

VISUAL CRITERIA

Skylines The skyline is formed of the South Downs to the north, as well as tree cover more generally across the site.

Views and landmarks Visible from The Trundle, seen within the expansive of the coastal plain. Contains no distinctive landmarks.

142

LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

Intervisibility Visible from the South Downs; A259; railway to the north; and residential buildings in the surrounding area, including Oving.

Visual receptors Receptors likely to include road users of A259; railway users; and residents in the area more generally (Abelands, Oving, residential buildings to the east of the site).

LANDSCAPE VALUE CRITERIA

Landscape designations The site itself is not within any designated landscapes, although the South Downs National Park is located 3.5km to the north (with intervisibility from this to the site).

Natural heritage Trees along western and southern boundaries. Clump of trees in the north and east of the site.

Cultural heritage features There is a Conservation Area to the northeast of the site, with visibility onto site.

Recreation There is a public footpath adjacent to the northwest corner of the site.

143

OVERALL SENSITIVITY TO EXTRACTION northwest corner of the site. Overall the site is judged to have Low Landscape Character Sensitivity: Medium. The site comprises a landscape value. medium scale, irregular field of intensively managed arable farmland located within the wider context of extensive former large scale gravel Overall, the site is considered to have a Low to Medium sensitivity to workings around the southern peripheries of Chichester. The field extraction. The surrounding streams and high visibility of the site in the boundaries are degraded and gappy in places. More sensitive features surrounding landscape makes it of slightly higher sensitivity. There is include the trees and vegetation along the western and southern however scope to reduce visibility into the site from the immediate boundaries, trees in the northern part of the site and around a water vicinity through screening or filtering of views with vegetation. body between the northeast and southeast areas. The streams and channels at the perimeters and within the site are not prominent LANDSCAPE CAPACITY features in the landscape of the immediate area, though the wider Given the flat landform, the location of the site within a network of implications of extraction on water management in the area may be a fields largely away from publicly accessible routes and areas, there is constraint. potential to reduce the visibility of the site from receptors in the wider area. There are some features that will constrain the siting of Visual Sensitivity: Low-Medium. The open, flat character of the extraction and associated infrastructure, such as the streams located at surrounding farmland allows views into the site from the A295, the perimeter, particularly in the southern part. It is judged that the Drayton Lane, the railway line to the north and High Street to the west site has a Moderate-High capacity overall for accommodating mineral of Oving. Visual receptors include users of the local road network, the extraction, without adverse effects on the visual amenity of the railway and the footpath that passes close to the site, though the site is surrounding area. There is reduced capacity in the southern part of the relatively inaccessible bound by a short stretch of the A295 to the site, due to the scale of the field and the presence of the water channel south. It does not contain or lie in proximity to any local landmarks and surrounding trees. There is scope for the improvement of the and the site features as a small area in the wide panoramic views current condition of landscape features, visual amenity and habitat value available from the slopes of the South Downs. The site and in conjunction with the development of the site. surrounding landscape does not directly contribute to the scenic value of the views from the South Downs, although it is overlooked by parts RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION AND of it. LANDSCAPE OPPORTUNITIES Advanced planting of trees and shrubs around the perimeter to Landscape Value: Low. The area lies close to the South Downs provide screening of views into the site from Drayton Lane, the National Park boundary to the north, although it does not have railway line to the north, the A295 to the south, adjacent open characteristics or features representative of it, nor which directly farmland and to reduce visibility from Oving to the northeast; contribute to the key qualities identified as valuable in the designated Perimeter mounding (using topsoil and overburden) along the area. There is no intervisibility with the Chichester Harbour AONB to southern perimeters (including along the A295) and then planting the southwest, nor with the conservation area to the northeast. It has of native trees and shrubs, including some evergreen species, to limited recreational value, though a public footpath passes the screen/filter views of the area;

144

Retaining existing semi-mature trees and vegetation along perimeters and as far as possible the water channels and trees within the southern area. New planting should be linked with this existing structure, to create continuous vegetation around the perimeter, connecting with the surrounding network of hedges; and Ensuring views from the footpath to the northwest are adequately screened.

OPTIONS FOR RESTORATION AFTER USE Reinstating the original profile of the site, returning the site to agricultural use and restoring and improving the structure of hedgerows and hedgerow trees, with the aim of maximising farmland habitat value, and connectivity with the surrounding structure of hedgerows and lines of trees; Restoring the area to a mosaic of riparian scrub and woodland, open water and scrapes of high habitat value with a mixture of appropriate native and riparian species, and in accordance with a management plan which should be drawn up prior to consenting extraction. The low-lying topography of the site and existing waterbodies to could be utilised to increase the habitat value of

the site.

145

M/CH/6 LAND AT REDVINS

Figure 2: Map of M/CH/6

146

SITE LOCATION AND CONTEXT The site lies approximately 3km to the northeast of Chichester, and 300m northwest of the village of Boxgrove. The A285 bounds the area to the south. The site is located in the southwest of West Sussex, in an area of transition between the open lower Coastal Plain to the south and the wooded Downs to the north. The site lies just within the South Downs National Park, with its southern and eastern boundaries coinciding with the Park boundaries. The landform is predominantly flat to gently undulating, lying at the foot of the chalk dipslope below the southern edge of the South Downs. The area is characterised by strong networks of hedgerows, hedgerow trees and woodlands, with mixed field sizes and shapes.

147

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CONTEXT • Area is well settled with scattered pattern of rural villages and National character area: South Coast Plain (126)41 farmsteads. • Suburban fringes. „Major urban developments including Portsmouth, Worthing and Brighton • Winding hedged or wooded lanes. linked by the A27/M27 corridor dominate much of the open, intensively • Large scale gravel workings‟. farmed, flat, coastal plain. Coastal inlets and „harbours‟ contain a diverse landscape of narrow tidal creeks, mudflats, shingle beaches, dunes, grazing South Downs National Park Landscape Type Q: Upper Coastal marshes and paddocks. From the Downs and coastal plain edge there are Plain43 long views towards the sea and the Isle of Wight beyond. Trees are not a dominant feature – there are some small woods and a few windswept „Key Characteristics: individual trees in the farmland or the occasional poplar shelter belt. A • Low lying undulating landscape at the foot of the chalk dipslope forming pattern of large arable fields, defined by low hedgerows, are often a transition between the chalk downs and the flat lower coastal plain. interspersed by horticultural glasshouse „estates‟ and isolated remnants of • A strong network of hedgerows, hedgerow oaks and woodlands create coastal heath. The complex series of creeks, mudflats and shingle beaches structure. along the coastal edge becomes less apparent to the east with the intensively- • Mixture of field sizes and shapes. farmed plain increasingly dominated by disordered seaside towns and leisure • Well settled. developments… The landscape is varied, incorporating both open arable • A wealth of historic features. farmland and low density settlements, with a more well-wooded and semi- • The plain is crossed by a large number of roads‟. enclosed (somewhat surburban) character locally, particularly to the west of Chichester.‟ West Sussex LCA landscape character area: Halkner Upper KEY SENSITIVITIES, FORCES FOR CHANGE AND Coastal Plain (SC7)42 GUIDELINES • „A good cover of woodland and trees, with a high percentage of ancient Within Sheet SC7 of the West Sussex Land Management Guidelines the woodland. key sensitivities identified include: • Clear views to the higher ground of the Downs to the north. • the often small and intimate scale of the landscape; • Mainly gently undulating farmland enclosed by woods with numerous • the presence of human scale features including frequent hedgerows. hedgerows, hedgerow trees and farmsteads; and • Pattern of small to medium sized pastures, arable fields, livestock • strong sense of peace and tranquillity across much of the farming and market gardening. landscape with an overall lack of modern development. • Wealth of historic landscape features including historic parklands, many ancient woodlands and earthworks. The guidelines recommend conserving and enhancing the historic character of the area, including historic field patterns; the distinctive 41 Natural England, Countryside Character Volume 7: South East and London. 42 West Sussex County Council (2003), The West Sussex Landscape Character Assessment. 43 Land Use Consultants (2005), South Downs Integrated Character Assessment.

148 habitats, including meadows and woodland; and the character and setting of small villages and hamlets. The guidelines promote management of existing woodland, especially where under pressure from gravel working, and where appropriate, the restoration of gravel workings to grassland, woodland and scrub habitats, including restoration of field edges and hedgerows. They also state that consideration needs to be given to the cumulative impact of land use change on landscape character.

The South Downs Integrated Character Assessment highlights key sensitivities as being: the rural character of the landscape being vulnerable to further development; the network of hedgerows oaks and small woodlands, and archaeological features which could be vulnerable to intensive farming methods.

Approximate timescale for this site: 7 years.

149

Figure 3: Photograph of view along the road between Waterbeach and Halnaker along the northern boundary, looking northeast

Figure 4: Looking southwest across the site towards Strettington

150

Figure 5: Looking southwest across the site towards Redvins

Figure 6: Looking southeast across the site from near Waterbeach

151

SITE CHARACTERISATION

Landscape Character Criteria

Physical/Natural factors The site extends across a predominantly flat landform. The Grade 3 agricultural land is based on an underlying chalk geology, overlain with drift deposits of „head‟. The site comprises pastoral farmland bound by hedgerows and mature hedgerow trees, with a more degraded hedgerow along the southern boundary. Within the site, clusters of buildings at Redvin‟s Barn and Redvin‟s Shaw are accessed from the lane to the north. Two copses comprising mature broadleaved trees extend into the site from the northern boundary.

Experiential The large scale, flat and farmland of the site has a predominantly open character, with a degree of enclosure at the northern and western fringes provided by the adjacent well wooded northern areas, and mature trees that line the bounding lanes. The site has a strong rural quality, with a number of human scale features such as hedgerows and scattered properties associated with the Goodwood estate. There is minimal influence from the villages to the south. The A285 at the southern boundary is a busy transport route that reduces tranquillity and rural qualities towards the south. CPRE data indicates that the site is within an area of medium tranquillity44, although it does experience some noise intrusion45. Colours and textures are relatively consistent across the site, with greater shade around the hedgerow and tree-lined fringes. Visual Criteria Visibility and key views The well wooded undulating landscape of the Goodwood estate immediately to the north and west largely prevents views to and from the slopes of the South Downs to the north. In the local vicinity, properties and buildings within the estate have clear views into the site, and properties at the northwest fringes of Boxgrove to the south are partly visible from the southern extent of the area, although some screening is provided by the bounding hedgerow. The flat landform and open character of the farmland to the south allows for relatively longer views in this direction, to a low skyline which is characterised by considerable tree cover. The ZTV indicates that, theoretically, visibility will be available from a large area to the south of the site. Landscape Value Criteria Landscape designations (National Parks, AONBs) The site lies within the South Downs National Park, adjacent to its southern boundary, whilst the Chichester Harbour AONB is approximately 4.5km to the southwest. The ZTV indicates potential visibility from the AONB to the site. True visibility will be limited by trees and development. There are clear views from the southern boundary of the site looking north to the rising South Downs National Park.

44 CPRE (2006), Tranquillity Data. 45 CPRE (2007), Intrusion Data.

152

Condition, typicality and rarity Views to the higher ground of the South Downs (which are a characteristic feature of views in the wider coastal plain) are limited from within the site. The open pastoral farmland with some structure provided by the copses, adjacent woodland and hedgerows corresponds to the well-wooded and semi-enclosed character identified with the coastal plain character area. It also lies in close proximity to more intimate and secluded areas within the parkland of the Goodwood estate. The Historic Landscape Character Assessment (HLC) characterises this area as „Informal fieldscapes‟ Modern Field Amalgamation AD1845- present. There is an area of older landscape in the centre of the site bounded by Redvins Copse „Ancient Woodland‟ and Inkpen Furze, „Early modern woodland‟ Regenerated AD1800-1913 This area is classed as „Formal Enclosure Fieldscape‟ Late post Medieval AD1600-1799 in the HLC. The gravel workings to the east of the site are reflective of the broader presence of such sites within this landscape area.

Cultural heritage and settings The area has a rich historic environment. The Goodwood House Registered Parkscape and Garden (Grade I on the EH List of Parks and Gardens) is directly adjacent to the site to the northwest, within which there are several Listed Buildings. A Grade II Listed Building (South West Gateway) faces the site from the northern boundary (see Figure 3). The Devil‟s Ditch (Scheduled Monument) is located to the north, within 150m. Halnaker Conservation Area is directly adjacent to the eastern edge of the site, and Boxgrove Conservation Area is 300m to the southeast.

Natural heritage Sites designated for nature conservation include the Valdoe SNCI (semi-natural woodland and broadleaved plantation), 1.2km to the northwest and the Eartham Pit and Halnaker Pit SSSIs, 1.6km to the northeast. The woodland within the Valdoe SNCI is classified as ancient woodland.

In the middle of the site there is an area of woodland named Inkpen Furze, which is opposite Redvin‟s Copse to the north. Within the site there are two copses containing mature broadleaf trees, with Redvin‟s Copse classified as ancient woodland. Mature trees and hedgerows bound the site.

Recreation A public footpath (FP367) cuts through the east of the site which connects with a network of public footpaths to the north of Boxgrove. There are a wide range of recreational opportunities available in close proximity to the site at Goodwood Park.

153

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CRITERIA

Landform Predominantly simple flat landform.

Landcover Intensively managed, improved pasture with some sensitive features such as hedgerows and mature hedgerow trees bounding the site and copses. The mature trees copses contribute to the wooded character of the foot of the dip slope.

Scale Medium scale field structure, with some variety.

Enclosure The site is open to the south, with copses and mature trees along parts of the boundary providing a sense of enclosure in the northern and western parts.

Condition Moderately good condition, despite being intensively managed farmland, with the structure of hedgerows and tree cover being partly retained to the north and west. Hedgerows to the south are gappy in places.

Tranquillity including noise and lighting More tranquil to the north as compared to the south where the influence of A285 increases noise and movement.

Remoteness Away from the A285 there is a more moderate feeling of remoteness.

VISUAL CRITERIA

Skylines The flat and low-lying nature of the site and its location at the foot of the dip slope means the area does not interact with the skyline of the Downs, which is distinctive across the wider area. Views and landmarks

154

The area is low lying and does not fall within key views to or from the South Downs.

Intervisibility The site is partially visible from the surrounding local settlements and intermittent views into the site can be gained from the A285. Intermittent views into the site on lanes approaching the South West Gate of Goodwood Park can also be gained. The site is only partly visible from the upper South Downs due to the well wooded slopes to the north.

Visual Receptors Likely to include local residents, users of the public footpath, and visitors to Goodwood Park.

LANDSCAPE VALUE CRITERIA

Landscape designations Falls within the South Downs National Park. Located at the southern boundary at the foot of the dip slope, the site forms part of the setting of the Downs and part of the transitional approach to it from the lower coastal plain.

Habitat value Copses within the site, including ancient woodland at Redvin‟s Copse, and the bounding trees and hedges have habitat value in otherwise intensively managed farmland.

Cultural heritage features Forms part of the setting of Goodwood Park Grade I Listed Parkscape on the EH Register of Parks and Gardens.

Recreation A public footpath (FP367) runs through the site and the site is located close to Goodwood Park South West Gateway.

155

OVERALL SENSITIVITY TO EXTRACTION LANDSCAPE CAPACITY Landscape Sensitivity: Medium. A flat, medium to large scale It is judged that the site has a Low to Moderate capacity overall for landscape, comprising intensively managed arable fields bound by accommodating mineral extraction. Development of this nature has hedgerows and mature trees and containing an area of ancient the potential to affect the character of the surrounding area at the woodland. It broadly reflects the character of the Fontwell Upper southern fringe of the South Downs National Park. The proximity to Coastal Plain character area. The structure and condition of the field Goodwood Park is also a factor reducing the capacity of the site. boundaries are generally good. However, as low lying and generally flat land, views into the area can be screened by perimeter vegetation (or mounding), and advanced planting Visual Sensitivity: Medium to High. The site is more open to the would be beneficial prior to any extraction. There is some scope for south, allowing for intervisibility with surrounding settlement and the locating development in the southwest, away from sensitive features A285. The south of the site is visible from the higher ground of the such the copses and the conservation area at Halkner in the northeast. South Downs National Park to the north. There is no intervisibility with the Chichester Harbour AONB due to the tree cover to the RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION AND south of the site, and the separation distance. LANDSCAPE OPPORTUNITIES • Use of earth-bunding (using topsoil and overburden) and then Landscape Value: Medium to High. The site lies within the planting of native trees and shrubs, including some evergreen boundary of the South Downs National Park. A public right of way species, along the perimeter to screen local views; cuts through the eastern area. The site lies in close proximity to a • Undertake advanced planting around the perimeter allowing time main entrance to Goodwood Park, an area of high recreational value. for trees and vegetation to become established before extraction Landscape value is therefore judged to be medium to high overall. takes place; • Retain the existing public rights of way and ensure appropriate Overall, the site is considered to have Medium to High sensitivity to screening of views into the site; extraction. The landscape of the site itself is judged to be of medium • Allow appropriate buffers around areas of ancient woodland and sensitivity, although it reflects some key characteristics identified with local residential properties. the Fontwell Upper Coastal Plain. There are features of higher sensitivity within the site, such as the mature trees and the areas of OPTIONS FOR RESTORATION AFTER USE ancient woodland and the public right of way in the east. Due to the • Restoration of the site to existing profiles, and agricultural use location of the site, at the transition between the coastal plain and the following extraction. Long term restoration should aim to Downs, and its proximity to Goodwood Park, a significant and popular maximise the habitat value of the farmland and to improve the visitor destination, the site considered to be of medium to high landscape character by restoring and enhancing hedgerows and sensitivity overall. woodland structure; • Restoring all or parts of the site to broadleaf native woodland and establishing links with existing woodland to the north;

156

• Restoring the area in accordance with a management plan which should be drawn up prior to consenting extraction.

157

2. SOFT SAND

Soft sand and gravel sites CH/7B GROUP CH/8 CH9 Group CH/10 CH/11 HO/2 HO/4A

Key features of soft sand extraction Removal of existing landscape features; Location on rolling footslopes of the chalk downs; Excavation, machinery and lighting, resulting in visual intrusion; Noise and visual intrusion of on-site processing; Dust apparent within the vicinity of sand pits; Frequent heavy vehicle movements on local roads; Mitigation measures such as perimeter mounding (using topsoil and overburden) and planting of native trees and shrubs; Removal of any infrastructure upon completion of works, but permanent alteration of land form usually remains.

158

M/CH/7B

159

Figure 3: Photograph looking east towards the site from Figure 4: Photograph looking north towards West Heath Down Park Farm (pylons run along the southern Common Sand Pit (to the northwest of the site) boundary of the site)

160

SITE LOCATION AND CONTEXT parklands are a distinctive feature of the Wealden Greensand with The site lies approximately 2.6km to the east of Petersfield, 1.2km extensive views out over the Low Weald.‟ southwest of the village of Rogate and 600m to the northeast of the village of Nyewood. The site is approximately 1km to the south of the West Sussex LCA landscape character area: Western Scarp A272, which runs from Petersfield to Midhurst and beyond. Footslopes (WG1)47

„Key characteristics: The site is located in the west of West Sussex, in the middle of the South Downs National Park. The site lies at the foot chalk escarpment Rolling relief of low ridges and vales with dramatic views of the chalk of the South Downs (which lies to the south) in an area characterised escarpment to the south. by low ridges and vales with a predominantly secluded, tranquil Many winterbourne streams flowing northwards from the base of the landscape. The site is not currently accessible by road and there are chalk escarpment. trees and hedgerow trees forming the boundaries. The site comprises Picturesque, traditional spring line villages with stone churches. three fields, each with trees / hedgerow trees at their boundaries. Patchwork of farmland and woodland interlaced with a varied pattern of hedgerows. LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CONTEXT Narrow winding lanes, often sunken and enclosed by hedge banks, link 46 National character area: Wealden Greensand (120) the settlements. Managed parkland and estate landscapes. „Large belt of Greensand typified by its scarp/dipslope topography and by Larger areas of woodland over the clay and numerous streams define extensive belts of ancient mixed woodland of hazel, oak and birch together the field boundaries. with more recent coniferous colonisation and plantations. Large sections of The densities of copses, streamside woodlands and hedgerow trees tend the winding Upper Greensand escarpment are noted for their steep „hanger‟ to increase towards the edges of settlements. woodlands with areas of remnant heath and wet heath. Settlements are generally scattered villages and hamlets linked by deep, overhanging, Settlements are small and usually clustered with a strong historic winding lanes with some small, irregular fields remnant of Saxon clearances. character and few suburban influences. The Wealden Greensand in Hampshire and West Sussex comprises areas Varied building materials include flint, clunch (both chalk and white of high ground supporting a mosaic of open heath, beech/ash or sandstone), brick, local sandstone and half-timber. oak/hazel/ash wooded hangers – or pine forest in Sussex – and rough Villages, scattered farms and designed parklands provide a wealth of grazing. There are broad river valley plains which support arable farming on detail and interest‟. light soils with large geometric fields... Tree-lined winding sunken lanes connecting small settlements built of sandstone or malmstone and the overall undulating and organic land form combine to give a sense of intimacy to the landscape...Older deer parks and more recent 18th century

47 West Sussex County Council (2003), The West Sussex Landscape Character 46 Natural England, Countryside Character Volume 7: South East and London. Assessment.

161

South Downs National Park Landscape Types K and L : Mixed KEY SENSITIVITIES, FORCES FOR CHANGE AND Farmland and Woodland Vale and Wealden Farmland and GUIDELINES Heath Mosaic48 This is a complex landscape, with a rolling relief, strong medieval „Key Characteristics of Mixed Farmland and Woodland Vale: character, dispersed settlement pattern, a high degree of intervisibility with the Downs to the south, and high levels of peace and tranquillity. Gently undulating landform underlain by mudstones of the Gault In the context of this landscape, the West Sussex Land Management Formation and sandstones of the Lower Greensand. Guidelines (sheet WG1) recommend conserving and managing Mixed farmland and deciduous woodland copses. distinctive habitats (including coppice woodlands, streamside Largely medieval landscape of isolated farmsteads set within irregular woodlands, flower-rich grasslands, ponds and small marshes), fields. restoring linear woodland and hedgerows across arable farmland to Low lying landscape provides a convenient transport corridor, containing link with existing woodlands, conserving, strengthening and managing main roads (e.g. mainline railway), which affect tranquillity. existing hedgerows and hedgerow trees, especially around irregular fields, conserving tracks and lanes and managing their margins to „Key Characteristics of Wealden Farmland and Heath Mosaic: minimise erosion and maximise nature conservation interest, and conserving and enhancing the character and setting of small villages Flat or gently undulating lowland „plateau‟ landscape on outcrops of and farmsteads. sandstones of the Folkestone formation. Well-drained sandy, acidic soils support a mix of nationally important The South Downs Integrated Character Assessment makes the heathland habitats including open heather heath, acid grassland, following recommendations with regards management of this bracken, gorse, woody scrub, and oak-birch woodland. landscape: restoration of coniferous plantations and sand quarries to Small to medium sized fields of rough grazed pasture and horse heathland is a key opportunity; and encourage the creative paddocks bounded by hedgerows with gorse and bracken and restoration of redundant sand quarries, exploiting the potential for hedgerow oaks. geological interest, nature conservation and recreation. Large number of sand pits indicating the economic value of the sands of Approximate timescale anticipated for start and completion for this the Folkestone Beds. site: 17 year (2018-32). Views limited by dense woodland cover.

48 Land Use Consultants (2005), South Downs Integrated Character Assessment.

162

CHARACTERISATION OF THE SITE

Landscape Character Criteria

Physical/Natural factors The site extends across a very gently undulating landform. Underlying the Grade 3 and 4 agricultural land is Folkestone Sand. The site is pasture, and is bound by hedgerows and trees on all sides, with an area of woodland bordering to the northwest (Downpark Common) and to the northeast (Chases Copse) and a winding stream bounds the area to the south. The surrounding area is characterised by intricate patchworks of field patterns, interspersed with woodland and copses which in parts gives a secluded, tranquil landscape. River Rother lies approximately 600m to the north. Experiential (Note that the site is not currently accessible to members of the public; detail is given in relation to the wider area). The site has an enclosed character, with views screened by trees and woodland surrounding it. Large electricity pylons to the south are a stark contrast with the intimate character of the landscape. The site has a rural quality; the presence of a railway line to the north of the site and mineral extraction activities to the west may reduce this at times. CPRE data indicates that the site is within an area where tranquillity is rated slightly above medium49 and is within an area defined as „disturbed by noise‟, bordering an „undisturbed‟ area50. Colour and texture is varied across the site, with internal hedgerows and trees / hedgerows around the boundary of the site. Visual Criteria Visibility and key views The ZTV indicates limited potential visibility from the surrounding area to this site, with some visibility from the surrounding area (within 2.5km) to the north and south. Beyond 2.5km, potential visibility to the site is much reduced, only being available from a few areas extending in a southeast and northeast direction. Actual visibility is restricted further by tree cover. There is visibility from Down Park Farm, adjacent to the site to the west, although this is limited by trees. Those using the Serpent Trail - long distance footpath also have some visibility onto the site. In all directions, trees in the short and longer distance comprise the skylines, with the skyline to the south being punctuated by large electricity pylons. Landscape Value Criteria Landscape designations (National Parks, AONBs) The site is located centrally within the South Downs National Park. Condition, typicality and rarity The site reflects key characteristics highlighted in the LCA for the Western Scarp Footslopes character area, including a patchwork of farmland and woodland

49 CPRE (2006), Tranquillity Data. 50 CPRE (2007), Intrusion Data.

163

interlaced with a varied pattern of hedgerows and picturesque, traditional spring line villages with stone churches. The Historic Landscape Character Assessment (HLC) characterises the majority of the site as „Fieldscapes‟. Modern field amalgamation AD1845-present bordered by areas characterised as „woodland‟ to the northeast and northwest. The surrounding landscape however is largely medieval/post medieval in layout according to the HLC. Cultural heritage and settings There are three Scheduled Monuments located close to the site. The „Medieval Moated Site‟ is located to the south approximately 50m from the site boundary. The second „Two Bowl Barrows‟ is located approximately 300m to the northwest of the site and the third, „Durford Abbey‟ (and associated listed buildings) is located approximately 1.5km to the northwest of the site. The Medieval Moated Site is wooded, whilst the other two monuments are currently not visible from the site due to screening provided by woodland. However, working this site for mineral extraction may negatively affect these monuments as a result of ground disturbance. West Harting Conservation Area is located approximately 1.5km to the southwest of the site whilst the Rogate Conservation Area is just over 1.5km to the northeast of the site (both Conservation Areas contain a number of listed buildings). The proposed extraction site is not visible from West Harting Conservation Area (as demonstrated by the ZTV) whilst tree cover to the north is likely to screen this site from views from Rogate. There are a number of listed buildings located in close proximity (within 2km to the north, east and south of the site). The closest is Sandhill House located approximately 0.8km to the east. It is likely that the site is screened from this location by woodland bordering the site to the east. It should be noted that the large electricity pylons already result in negative visual effects on this listed building. Natural heritage There are 3 SNCIs located in close proximity to the site, one immediately to the north, following the course of the River Rother (approximately 0.7km from the site), one to the east (west Heath Common), and one located to the southwest, the latter two of which are approximately 0.5km from the boundary. There is a designated SSSI (Fyning Moor) located approximately 1.5km to the northeast of the site. Rotherlands, a LNR is located approximately 2.5km to the northwest. There are a large number of ancient woodland sites in close proximity to the site (within 2km), with the closest located to the east approximately 200m away. Recreation There are no Public Rights of Way within the site but a series of linked bridleways and the Serpent Trail long distance path, pass to the west and south west.

164

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CRITERIA

Landform Gently undulating.

Landcover Pasture and arable farmland with irregular and intricate field pattern; network of trees and hedgerows within and bounding the site; winding stream at the southern boundary and ditches within; adjacent copses.

Scale Small to medium scale.

Enclosure Relatively enclosed in character with a degree of screening provided by surrounding trees, hedgerows and copses.

Condition Pasture in good condition; surrounded by trees and hedgerows which gives it a „lush‟ character‟. Grade 2 and 3 agricultural land across most of the site.

Tranquillity including noise and lighting Relatively high level of tranquillity; railway line to the north may affect this.

Remoteness Relatively strong sense remoteness, although this is affected by the presence of large electricity pylons.

VISUAL CRITERIA

Skylines Skyline formed from trees (both in the short and longer distance); large electricity pylons disrupt skyline to the south.

Views and landmarks Contains no distinctive landmarks and is not a feature in any significant views from the chalk escarpment to the south or the .

165

LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

Intervisibility Visible from within the immediate vicinity, although trees/hedgerows provided screening; long distance visibility limited. Degree of intervisibility with surrounding network of public and long distance paths.

Visual receptors Minimal receptors; residents / users of Down Park Farm; users of the Serpent Trail.

LANDSCAPE VALUE CRITERIA

Landscape designations The site is within the South Downs National Park and displays key characteristics of the respective character area within the Park.

Natural heritage SNCIs located in close proximity to the site; SSSI 1.5km to the northeast. Large number of ancient woodland sites in close proximity (within 2km), with the closest located to the east approximately 200m away.

Cultural heritage features Scheduled monuments in close proximity to site; Conservation Areas and listed buildings within 2km, although visibility is limited.

Recreation Series of linked bridleways and the Serpent Trail passes close to the west and southwest boundaries.

166

OVERALL SENSITIVITY TO EXTRACTION LANDSCAPE CAPACITY Landscape Character Sensitivity: High. The site comprises low- Although low lying and generally flat, with views into the area lying pastoral and arable fields with the pylons passing to the south restricted by existing vegetation, the site has a secluded quality and an detracting slightly from an otherwise secluded and tranquil landscape. intricacy of landscape pattern and elements which reduces the The site reflects key characteristics highlighted in the LCA for the capacity of the landscape to accommodate development of this nature Western Scarp Footslopes character area, including an intricate without adverse impacts on the character of the surrounding area. patchwork of farmland and woodland interlaced with a varied and Given the proximity of the existing extraction site to the northwest, historical pattern of hedgerows. there is potential for cumulative effects on the special qualities of the wider Mixed Farmland and Woodland Vale/Wealden Farmland and Visual Sensitivity: Medium. There is some intervisibility with the Heathland Mosaic character area within the South Downs National chalk escarpment to the south, although this is generally limited by Park. There are also sensitive features such as a Moat to the south, surrounding tree cover. Views from the surrounding network of and habitats in the immediate vicinity. Mineral workings in this public footpaths into the site are also limited by the surrounding location have the potential to adversely affect the fabric and settings of hedgerows and trees. these features so mitigation would need to be planned and executed carefully. Access to the site is likely to require careful consideration, Landscape Value: Medium-High. The site is located within the including potential impacts on views from the surrounding network of South Downs National Park and contributes to the key characteristics small lanes and tracks and localised effects of traffic movement and and special qualities of the Mixed Farmland and Woodland noise. It is judged that the site has a Low capacity overall for Vale/Wealden Farmland and Heathland Mosaic character types. accommodating mineral extraction. Whilst it has limited intervisibility with the wider area and limited direct recreational value, the potential effects of development on the RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION AND tranquillity of the area, the setting and fabric of scheduled monuments LANDSCAPE OPPORTUNITIES in the vicinity, and a degree of intervisibility with the Serpent Trail Advanced planting around the perimeter with an appropriate mix long distance path, increase the sensitivity of the site, as do the areas of native species, to strengthen and re-enforce existing screening of woodland at Chase Copse, the network of hedgerows and trees, of views into the site; and the stream bounding the site to the south. Landscape value is Careful siting of extraction within the northern part, retaining the therefore judged to be medium to high overall. line of trees bounding the two fields forming the southern part of the site and allowing this to form the southern extent of the Overall, the site is considered to have a High sensitivity to extraction. development area; Although the visual sensitivity is judged to be medium, the character Careful siting of access tracks and roads, avoiding surrounding and features of the site are representative of and contribute to the areas of woodland and copses and ensuring tree belts and key characteristics and special qualities of the wider character area hedgerows remain intact as far as possible. within the South Downs National Park.

167

Create and retain appropriate buffers around the scheduled monument at the southern boundary to guard against damage to the fabric of the earthwork; Create and retain appropriate buffers around the woodland, copses and tree belts abutting the site and link new planting with this, and to the existing network of hedgerows and mature trees, to create continuous, interconnected belts of trees and vegetation.

OPTIONS FOR RESTORATION AFTER USE Restoring all or parts of the site to support a mix of nationally important heathland habitats including open heather heath, acid grassland, bracken, gorse, woody scrub, and oak-birch woodland, alongside the implementation of an appropriate management plan, to be agreed prior to consent; Returning the site to its existing profile and then restoring to agricultural use following extraction. Long term restoration should aim to maximise the habitat value of the farmland and to improve the historic and landscape character by restoring and enhancing hedgerows and woodland structure. Opportunities should be taken to improve links with the surrounding woodland and copses, including Downpark Common and Chase Copse.

168

GROUP M/CH/8

Figure 2: Location map of M/CH/8 group

169

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CONTEXT National character area: Wealden Greensand (120)51 West Sussex LCA landscape character area: Rother Woods and

Heaths (WG5)52 „Large belt of Greensand typified by its scarp/dipslope topography and by extensive belts of ancient mixed woodland of hazel, oak and birch together „Key characteristics: with more recent coniferous colonisation and plantations. Large sections of Very low, flat topped sandstone ridges cut by small streams running the winding Upper Greensand escarpment are noted for their steep „hanger‟ south to north. woodlands with areas of remnant heath and wet heath. Settlements are Large swathes of heather dominate the distinctive heaths of Iping and generally scattered villages and hamlets linked by deep, overhanging, Ambersham Commons, with smaller patches occurring elsewhere. winding lanes with some small, irregular fields remnant of Saxon clearances. The Wealden Greensand in Hampshire and West Sussex comprises areas Extensive areas of pine and oak-birch woodland which border the of high ground supporting a mosaic of open heath, beech/ash or heaths. oak/hazel/ash wooded hangers – or pine forest in Sussex – and rough Rough-grazed agricultural land and horse paddocks. grazing. There are broad river valley plains which support arable farming on A few straight roads and dead-end tracks. light soils with large geometric fields. In the western Surrey area, the Ancient earthworks and banks. Wealden Greensand is flat with much heathland and former heathland. Isolated cottages and farms. Towards the east, the slopes become steeper and are generally densely Views limited by tracts of dense woodland. wooded with an extensive oak/birch/pine cover, numerous small woodlands Localised suburban style development along roads. and also 18th century conifer plantations. Farming is predominantly mixed Sand quarries. with dairy pastures in small irregular fields with well-maintained hedgerows Ponds. and shaws. The latter give a wooded feel to the area. In east Surrey and Extensive tracts of Common Land. western Kent, there are many wooded commons („charts‟) with oak/birch woodland. Tree-lined winding sunken lanes connecting small settlements built of sandstone or malmstone and the overall undulating and organic South Downs National Park Landscape Types L: Wealden 53 land form combine to give a sense of intimacy to the landscape. In the east Farmland and Heath Mosaic of Kent, the Wealden Greensand has a gentler and more open aspect than „Key Characteristics of Wealden Farmland and Heath Mosaic: the wooded west. This part of the area is also more marked by development with the presence of major towns and communication Flat or gently undulating lowland „plateau‟ landscape on outcrops of corridors such as the M26/M25/M20 and railway lines. Fruit growing is still sandstones of the Folkestone formation. a characteristic feature of the Kent Greensand. Older deer parks and more recent 18th century parklands are a distinctive feature of the Wealden Greensand with extensive views out over the Low Weald.‟ 52 West Sussex County Council (2003), The West Sussex Landscape Character Assessment. 51 Natural England, Countryside Character Volume 7: Southeast and London. 53 Land Use Consultants (2005), South Downs Integrated Character Assessment.

170

Well-drained sandy, acidic soils support a mix of nationally important heathland habitats including open heather heath, acid grassland, bracken, gorse, woody scrub, and oak-birch woodland.

Small to medium sized fields of rough grazed pasture and horse paddocks bounded by hedgerows with gorse and bracken and hedgerow oaks. Large number of sand pits indicating the economic value of the sands of the Folkestone Beds. Views limited by dense woodland cover.

KEY SENSITIVITIES, FORCES FOR CHANGE AND GUIDELINES

The landscape is characterised by dry open heathland and dense woodland, with intensive areas of pine and oak-birch woodland bordering the heaths, sand quarries, rough-grazed agricultural land and horse paddocks. In the context of this landscape, the West Sussex Land Management Guidelines (sheet WG5) recommend conserving the historic character of the area, including features such as Bronze Age barrows, conserving, managing and extending extensive wet and dry heathlands using sound heathland management techniques, taking account of prehistoric heathland landscape, creating heathland links through restoration of old heathland and along public rights of way, woodland and forestry rides, encouraging the restoration of sand quarries to a range of habitats including heathland, sand banks and open water, to increase their wildlife value, encouraging appropriate screening of all quarry works by planting, carried out in advance of quarrying wherever possible, and considering the cumulative impact of of small developments and land use change on landscape character.

171

M/CH/8A MINSTED WEST SITE LOCATION AND CONTEXT The site is located in the west of West Sussex, approximately 1.3km to the southwest of Midhurst, and 600m to the south of the A272, which runs from Petersfield to Midhurst. The site is in the middle of the South Downs National Park (with clear views to the Downs to the south of the site), in a broader area characterised by dry open heathland and dense woodland, which forms an irregular patchy mosaic over very low, flat-topped ridges. Significant tracts of common land, once used for rough grazing and bracken or turf cutting, are also found in the area. The site itself is flat/gently sloping, under arable use, and is bounded to the north by the Minstead Sand Pit, and to the east, west and south by heathy woodland (mixture of coniferous and deciduous).

Approximate timescale anticipated for start and completion for this site: 13 years (2020-2033).

172

Figure 3: Photograph looking southwest across the site from the northeast corner

Figure 4: Photograph looking southwest across the site from the middle of the site

173

Figure 5: Photograph looking east from the western edge of the site (towards Minsted House)

174

Figure 6: Photograph showing trees along the southern boundary of the Minsted site

F F Figure 7: Photograph showing the public footpath leading to the northeast corner of the site

175

CHARACTERISATION OF THE SITE

Landscape Character Criteria

Physical/Natural factors The site extends across a predominantly flat to slightly sloping landform, comprising arable land. Underlying this is Lower Greensand. The site is bound to the north by the Minsted Sand Pit, and to the east, west and south by healthy woodland (a mixture of deciduous and coniferous woodland); a small area to the southeast of the site is neighboured by an adjacent field which is currently planted with maize. There is a small river approximately 400m to the south of the site and a small river located 900m to the east of the site. The River Rother is located approximately 1.5km to the north. Experiential The site has a semi-enclosed character, but with clear wide sweeping views available across the site to the neighbouring woodland and the South Downs beyond. The shape of the site means that there is limited visibility across the site from the northeast corner (greater feeling of enclosure here) and from the south of the site into this northeast corner. The site has a rural, tranquil quality, with an absence of roads nearby. The Minsted Sand Pit to the north, and the plantation woodland in the broader area give the area and the site a „managed‟ character. CPRE data indicates that the site is within an area of medium tranquillity54. The south of the site is within an area defined as „undisturbed‟ and the north of the site is in an area defined as „disturbed by noise‟55. There is some variation in colour and texture across the site, with greater shadow at the edges where there is vegetation and around the few trees which extend out from the eastern boundary (see Figure 4). Visual Criteria Visibility and key views The ZTV indicates relatively limited potential visibility from the surrounding area to this site as a result of tree cover. There are areas of visibility to the south and north of the site (within approximately 5km), with little visibility from the east and west or from beyond 5km. Actual visibility is probably restricted further by tree cover. With regards to the immediate surroundings, there is visibility from Minsted House (although not at the time of site visit due to maize on the southern part of the site), from Minsted Road, and the bridleway (BW907, 909) that runs along the northern boundary. The skyline comprises both tree cover and the rising slopes of the chalk escarpment to the south. Landscape Value Criteria Landscape designations (National Parks, AONBs) The site is located centrally within the South Downs National Park. Condition, typicality and rarity

54 CPRE (2006), Tranquillity Data. 55 CPRE (2007), Intrusion Data.

176

The site reflects key characteristics highlighted in the LCA for the Chichester to Rother Woods and Heaths, including dense woodland, with intensive areas of pine and oak-birch woodland, sand quarries, rough-grazed agricultural land and horse paddocks. The Historic Landscape Character Assessment characterises this area as „Assart Fieldscapes‟ Early Post medieval Cohesive Assart AD 1500-1599. The surrounding landscape contains significant areas of a similar aged layout. Cultural heritage and settings There are three listed buildings located to the southeast of the site (all within 0.5km). These buildings enable visibility onto the site (with the greatest visibility from the southernmost listed building, and the least visibility from the northernmost listed building). There are two listed buildings to the northeast of the site one within 0.5km and one just over 0.5km distance from the site. Due to screening around the Minsted Sand Pit, the proposed mineral extraction site is not visible from these listed buildings. There is also a listed building located under 0.5km to the west of the site (no visibility due to tree cover). There are three Conservation Areas in close proximity to the site: Steadham 1.2km to the northeast; Iping approximately 1.7km to the north; and Trotton 1.8km to the northwest. There is no visibility from any of these Conservation Areas to the proposed site. There are a number of Scheduled Monuments to the northwest of the site. The closest is „Bowl Barrow on Fitzhall Rough‟ which is located approximately 200m away. Natural heritage There are a few SNCIs in the surrounding area: Henfield Wood approximately 200m to the west; Stedham Common within 0.5km to the northeast; and Severals Bog, approximately 0.8km to the east. There are a further two SNCIs 1.5km to the north of the site. Ipping Common (a designated SSSI and LNR) is located within 0.5km to the north of the site. There are a number of areas of ancient woodland scattered in the vicinity. The closest is located approximately 0.7km to the southeast. Recreation There are no Public Rights of Way within the site but there are several Bridleways located to the west, with a route that runs along the northern boundary of the site (BW907). There is also a footpath located approximately 150m to the east of the site (FP910) and a bridleway (BW3358) and Footpath (FP903) located 0.4km to the southeast.

177

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CRITERIA

Landform Flat to gently sloping.

Landcover Arable use: woodland around much of the site boundary; a few trees extend onto the site at the eastern boundary.

Scale Medium.

Enclosure Open character, with views out to surrounding areas, including to the South Downs. Screening around the site is provided by tree cover; greater enclosure in northeast corner.

Condition Intensively managed farmland. Predominately arable fields with the structure and condition of hedgerows and trees variable across the site.

Tranquillity including noise and lighting Medium degree of tranquillity, with human influence from Minsted Sand Pit to the north and houses to the east.

Remoteness No main roads in close proximity to site which gives it a remote character. This is reduced by presence of Minsted Sand Pit.

VISUAL CRITERIA

Skylines Skyline formed from trees and the South Downs. Site does not form an important part of the skyline in the area.

Views and landmarks Contains no distinctive landmarks and is not a feature in any significant views.

178

LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

Intervisibility Visible from the upper slopes of the chalk escarpment to the south; from the houses to the east of the site; general low level of intervisibility with the immediate surroundings.

Visual receptors Receptors likely to include residents of houses to the east; users of the bridleway along the site‟s northern boundary; potentially recreational users of the nearby open access land, Steadham Common to the north, and local residents.

LANDSCAPE VALUE CRITERIA

Landscape designations The site is within the South Downs National Park and displays some key characteristics of the respective character area within the Park.

Natural heritage Designated nature conservation sites and ancient woodland within the surrounding area; woodland surround the site; a few trees extend onto the site from the eastern boundary.

Cultural heritage features Numerous heritage assets in the surrounding area, although intervisibility is limited by tree cover.

Recreation Series of bridleways and footpaths located to the west of the site with a route that runs along the northern boundary. Serpent Trail passes to the north, although there is no inter-visibility due to tree cover. There are areas of open access to the north and west of the site, connected by the network of footpaths, including the nature reserve at Steadham Common.

179

OVERALL SENSITIVITY TO EXTRACTION this nature without adverse impacts on the character of the Landscape Character Sensitivity: Medium. The site comprises surrounding area. With the proximity of the existing extraction site to predominantly flat arable fields with the Minsted Sand Pit to the north, the north, there is potential for cumulative effects on the special and the plantation woodland in the broader area give the area and the qualities of the wider Wealden Farmland and Heathland Mosaic site a „managed‟ character, although secluded and tranquil. The site character area within the South Downs National Park. It is judged that reflects key characteristics highlighted in the LCA for the Wealden the site has a Low to Moderate capacity overall for accommodating Farmland and Heath Mosaic character area, including an irregular field mineral extraction. There is potential for the enhancement and pattern and surrounding woodland cover. improvement of the habitat value, recreational value and the condition of landscape features in conjunction with the development of the site. Visual Sensitivity: Medium. There is some intervisibility with the chalk escarpment to the south, although surrounding tree cover filters and screens some views into the site. Views from the surrounding RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION AND properties to the east, and from the bridleway along the site‟s northern LANDSCAPE OPPORTUNITIES boundary increase the overall sensitivity of the site. Advanced planting around the perimeter with an appropriate mix of native species, to strengthen and re-enforce existing screening Landscape Value: Medium-High. The site is located within the of views into the site; South Downs National Park and reflects some key characteristics and Careful siting of access tracks and roads, avoiding surrounding special qualities of the Wealden Farmland and Heathland Mosaic areas of woodland and copses and ensuring tree belts, hedgerows character type. Whilst surrounding woodland and forestry limit and mature stands of trees remain intact as far as possible; intervisibility with the wider area to an extent, the site lies in close Create and retain appropriate buffers around the woodland, proximity to a local nature reserve to which it is linked by number of copses and tree belts abutting the site and link new planting with paths and bridleways, and which contributes to the recreational value this, and to the existing network of hedgerows and mature trees, of the wider area. The potential effects of development on the to create continuous, interconnected belts of trees and tranquillity of the area and intervisibility with the upper slopes of the vegetation; chalk escarpment increase the sensitivity of the site. Landscape value is Ensure appropriate screening of views into the site from the therefore judged to be medium to high overall. surrounding footpaths and areas of open access land.

Overall, the site is considered to have a Medium to High sensitivity OPTIONS FOR RESTORATION AFTER USE to extraction. Restoring all or parts of the site to support a mix of nationally important heathland habitats including open heather heath, acid LANDSCAPE CAPACITY grassland, bracken, gorse, woody scrub, and oak-birch woodland, Although broadly enclosed, with views into the area restricted by alongside the implementation of an appropriate management plan, existing vegetation, the site has a secluded and tranquil quality which to be agreed prior to consent; reduces the capacity of the landscape to accommodate development of

180

Returning the site to its existing profile and then restoring to agricultural use following extraction. Long term restoration should aim to maximise the habitat value of the farmland and to improve the historic and landscape character by restoring and enhancing hedgerows and woodland structure. Opportunities should be taken to improve habitat connectivity with the Steadham Common LNR and surrounding fragmented areas of heathland..

181

M/CH/8C SEVERALS WEST SITE LOCATION AND CONTEXT The site is located in the west of West Sussex, approximately 1km to the west of Midhurst. The site is bounded to the north by the A272, which runs from Petersfield to Midhurst, and to the east by Severals Road. The site is located within the South Downs National Park in a broader area characterised by dry open heathland and dense pine and oak-birch woodland, which form an irregular patchy mosaic covering very low, flat-topped ridges. Significant tracts of common land, once used for rough grazing and bracken or turf cutting, also permeate the area. The site itself is gently sloping to the south and currently consists of deciduous and coniferous plantation (land to the east and south is also plantation, with the land to the south having been a sand pit).

Approximate timescale anticipated for start and completion for this site: 17 years (2012-2042).

182

Figure 3: Photograph looking southwest across the site from the northern end of Severals Road

183

Figure 4: Photograph looking southwest across the site from the middle of Severals Road

184

Figure 5: Photograph looking northeast from the middle of Severals Road

185

SITE CHARACTERISATION

Landscape Character Criteria

Physical/Natural factors The site extends across a gently undulating landform with most of the site is comprising deciduous and coniferous plantation, with the broader area being a patchy mosaic of heath and woodland. The site is underlain by Lower Greensand. It is bound to the north by the A272, which runs from Petersfield to Midhurst, and to the east by Severals Road. There is a small river to the west of the site (that flows along the western site boundary). The River Rother is located approximately 0.4km to the north of the site. There is a small river approximately 1.4 km to the east of the site. Experiential The site is covered in currently covered in deciduous and coniferous plantation, giving it a sense of enclosure, increased further by the height of the trees. There are no long-distance open views from within the site, with only short-distance views available where trees have been felled. The site has a rural quality, although this lessens near to the north boundary where the site meets the A272.. The majority of the site is within an area of medium tranquillity56, although there is an area in the south of the site with higher tranquillity57. The site is within an area defined as „disturbed by noise.‟ Colour and texture is varied across the site due to the coniferous and deciduous tree cover, and the presence of some felled areas. Visual Criteria Visibility and key views The ZTV indicates relatively limited potential visibility from the surrounding area to this site as a result of tree cover. There are areas of visibility to the south and north of the site (within approximately 5km), with less visibility from the east and west or from beyond 5km. Real visibility is probably restricted further by tree cover. Views to the Downs are completely restricted due to existing woodland, but in the absence of the woodland it is predicted that there would be clear views to the South Downs to the south. With regards the immediate surroundings, there is visibility from Severals Road, the A272, buildings opposite the southeast corner of the site and potentially from buildings at Quags Corner and Minsted Farm. The site is also visible from users of the numerous footpaths and bridleways located around the site, including the „Woolbeding‟ footpath running along the western and southern boundary of the site. The skyline is comprised of tall trees. Landscape Value Criteria Landscape designations (National Parks, AONBs) The site is located within the South Downs National Park. Condition, typicality and rarity The site reflects key characteristics highlighted in the LCA for the Chichester to Rother Woods and Heaths, including dense woodland, with intensive area of pine and

56 CPRE (2006), Tranquillity Data. 57 CPRE (2007), Intrusion Data.

186

oak-birch woodland, sand quarries, rough-grazed agricultural land and horse paddocks. The Historic Landscape Character Assessment characterises this area as „Woodland‟ Early modern dated 1800-1913. Cultural heritage and settings There are a number of listed buildings located within 1km of the site: the closest is „Badgers, Quags Corner‟ located approximately 0.3km to the west (with visibility to the site from this building); Woodmans Cottage located approximately 0.4km to the west (woodland screens this building from the proposed site); and Heathbarn Farmhouse located 0.4km to the northeast of the site (woodland screens this building from the proposed site). There are four Conservation Areas within 2km of the site: Ipping which is approximately 1.6km to the northwest; Stedham and Woolbeding approximately 0.5km and 1km away to the north respectively. Cowdray House Registered Historic Park and Garden is located approximately 2km to the east of the site, but is screened by woodland and the settlement of Midhurst. There are a number of Scheduled Monuments to the west of the site, the closest being Bowl Barrow on Fitzhall Rough which is located approximately 1.3km away. Natural heritage There is a SNCI (Severals Bog) located within the site. There is also an SNCI (Stedham Common) located less than 100m to the northwest of the site, a large SNCI (Midhurst Common) located approximately 0.4km to the east of the site, and an SNCI (River Rother) located 0.4km to the north of the site. Ipping Common LNR is located approximately 0.5km to the west of the site as is Ipping Common SSSI (which covers most of the same area). The majority of the north and central part of the site is ancient woodland. There are also pockets of ancient woodland located (within 2km) to the north, east and south of the site. Recreation There are a large number of footpath and bridleway networks located around the site. The „Woolbeding‟ footpath (FP3619) runs along the western and southern boundaries of the site.

187

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CRITERIA

Landform Gently undulating with gentle hill to the north.

Landcover Deciduous and coniferous plantation with areas of ancient woodland.

Scale Large scale and regular shape.

Enclosure Fully enclosed by woodland on site and bordering site.

Condition Presence of deciduous and coniferous plantation.

Tranquillity including noise and lighting Relatively tranquil across the southern part of the site; management of woodland must, at times, reduce this; less tranquil towards A272.

Remoteness Remote character; reduced towards the northern boundary (due to A272) and by buildings to the north and west at the peripheries.

VISUAL CRITERIA

Skylines Skyline formed from tall trees. Site does not form an important part of the skyline in the area.

Views and landmarks Contains no distinctive landmarks and is not a feature in any significant views. Intervisibility

188

LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

Likely visibility from the South Downs; visible from A272, Severals Road, houses to the southeast and west of the site.

Visual receptors Receptors likely to include road users on the A272; users and residents of adjacent buildings; users of several footpaths and bridleways near the site.

LANDSCAPE VALUE CRITERIA

Landscape designations The site is within the South Downs National Park and displays some key characteristics of the respective character area within the Park.

Natural heritage Designated nature conservation sites and ancient woodland on the site and within the surrounding area.

Cultural heritage features Heritage assets in the surrounding area, but visibility from these to the site is limited due to tree cover (although visibility from listed buildings to the west of the site.

Recreation The site forms a link between Midhurst Common, to the east, and the Steadham Common to the west, traversed by dense network of paths and bridleways, including the Serpent Trail.

189

OVERALL SENSITIVITY TO EXTRACTION LANDSCAPE CAPACITY Landscape Character Sensitivity: Medium. The site comprises Although comprising large areas of plantation forest, restricting views mixed broadleaf and coniferous plantations of a „managed‟ character, into the area and enabling the visual containment of extraction over an undulating landform that rises to a small hill in the north. The activities within existing tree cover, the site has areas of ancient site corresponds only in part to the key characteristics highlighted in woodland which reduces the overall capacity of the landscape to the LCA for the Wealden Farmland and Heath Mosaic character area, accommodate development of this nature without adverse impacts on being heavily modified by the plantations. More sensitive features the habitat value and tranquil character of the area. With the include the watercourse in the west of the site, the broadleaf woodland proximity of the existing extraction site to the northwest, there is that follows it and pockets of deciduous trees. potential for cumulative effects on the special qualities of the wider Wealden Farmland and Heathland Mosaic character area within the Visual Sensitivity: Medium. The sloping nature of the site at the South Downs National Park. western and northern peripheries means the wooded slopes at the north of site are visible from the surrounding areas. Views from the It is judged that the site has a Moderate to Low capacity overall for surrounding properties to the east, the network of paths and accommodating mineral extraction. There is potential for the areas of bridleways, including the Serpent Trail in the north, though currently coniferous plantation to be enhance and improved upon in largely enclosed by trees, increase the overall sensitivity of the site. conjunction with the development of the site, including the habitat value, recreational value and the condition of landscape features. Landscape Value: High. The site is located within the South Downs National Park and reflects some key characteristics and special qualities RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION AND of the Wealden Farmland and Heathland Mosaic character type. Whilst LANDSCAPE OPPORTUNITIES the woodland and forestry limit intervisibility with the surrounding area Phasing of extraction, so that a series of small areas are developed to an extent, the site forms a link between Midhurst Common, to the in sequence, reducing the potential for visual intrusion that the east, and the Steadham Common to the west, traversed by dense development of large areas would result in; network of paths and bridleways, including the Serpent Trail. The site Careful siting of development and infrastructure away from the therefore contributes significantly to the recreational value of the wider slopes to the north and west which are visible from surrounding area. The potential effects of development on the areas of ancient areas; woodland, the tranquillity and sense of remoteness of the area and the Careful siting of access tracks and roads, avoiding areas of ancient recreational value of the area increases the sensitivity of the site. woodland and pockets of mature broad-leaf trees remain intact; Landscape value is therefore judged to be high overall. Create and retain appropriate buffers around the water course in the west of the site; Overall, the site is considered to have a Medium to High sensitivity Create and retain appropriate buffers around the areas of ancient to extraction, with the areas of ancient woodland and the water course woodland within the site, and link new planting with the existing to the west of the site of higher sensitivity. structure of mature woodland, and the surrounding network of hedgerows and woodland, to create continuous, interconnected belts of trees and vegetation;

190

Retain or plan re-routing of the network of footpaths and bridleways, ensure appropriate screening of views into areas of extraction activity from them.

OPTIONS FOR RESTORATION AFTER USE Restoring the site to support a mix of nationally important heathland habitats including open heather heath, acid grassland, bracken, gorse, woody scrub, and oak-birch woodland, alongside the implementation of an appropriate management plan, to be agreed prior to consent; Returning the site to its existing profile and then restoring to woodland following extraction. Long term restoration should aim to maximise the habitat value by taking opportunities to improve habitat connectivity with the Steadham Common LNR, surrounding fragmented areas of heathland and Minstead Common to the west.

191

M/CH/8D SEVERALS EAST

SITE LOCATION AND CONTEXT The site is located in the west of West Sussex, approximately 1km to the west of Midhurst. The site is bounded to the north by the A272, which runs from Petersfield to Midhurst,(and beyond) and to the west by Severals Road.

The site is located within the South Downs National Park. Views to the Downs are completely restricted due to woodland, but in the absence of the woodland it is predicted that there would be clear views to the South Downs to the south. The site lies within a broader area characterised by dry open heathland and dense pine and oak-birch woodland, which form an irregular patchy mosaic across very low, flat- topped ridges. Significant tracts of common land, once used for rough grazing and bracken or turf cutting, also permeate the area. The site itself is gently sloping to the south and currently consists of deciduous and coniferous plantation (land to the west and east is also plantation, with the land to the east also including Midhurst Common).

Approximate timescale anticipated for start and completion for this site: WSCC TO COMPLETE

192

Figure 3: Photograph looking northeast across the site from the middle of Severals Road

193

CHARACTERISATION OF THE SITE

Landscape Character Criteria

Physical/Natural factors The site extends across a gently sloping landform (rising to the northeast) with most of the site comprising coniferous plantation, with peripheral areas being a mosaic of heath and woodland. The site is underlain by Lower Greensand. It is bound to the north by the A272, which runs from Petersfield to Midhurst, and to the west by Severals Road. There is a small river approximately 0.5km to the west of the site. The River Rother is located approximately 0.4km to the north of the site. There is also a small river approximately 1.3km to the east. Experiential The site is currently a mix of deciduous and coniferous plantation woodland, giving it a sense of enclosure, increased further by the height of the trees. There are no long-distance open views from within the site. Short-distance views are available where trees have been felled (for example, there is a clear area half adjacent to Severals Road). The site has a rural quality, although this reduces near to the north boundary where the site meets the A272. The majority of the site is within an area of medium tranquillity, with the very southern part being in an area of slightly lower tranquillity58. The site is within an area defined as „disturbed by noise‟59. Colour and texture is varied across the site due to the coniferous and deciduous tree cover, and the presence of some felled areas. Visual Criteria Visibility and key views The ZTV indicates relatively limited potential visibility from the surrounding area to this site as a result of tree cover. There are areas with visibility to the north and south of the site (within approximately 5km), with less visibility from the east and west or from beyond 5km away. The ZTV indicates visibility from sections of the South Downs National Trail. The site is also visible from users of more localised footpaths located within the site (sections of the „Woolbeding‟ footpath) and adjacent to the site (long distance footpath: „The Serpent Trail‟). The skyline comprises tall trees. Landscape Value Criteria Landscape designations (National Parks, AONBs) The site is located within the South Downs National Park. The ZTV indicates limited potential visibility from the wider surrounding area to this site as a result of tree cover. There are areas with visibility to the north and south of the site (within approximately 5km), with less visibility from the east and west or from beyond 5km away. Actual visibility will be restricted further by tree cover. With regards to the immediate surroundings, there is visibility from Severals Road, the A272, and Heathbarn Farm and outbuildings (adjacent to the A272, at the northern boundary). The site is also visible from users of the numerous footpaths located within the site (sections of the „Woolbeding‟ footpath FP3617/ 8 and the Serpent Trail (FP3617/8) long distance footpath.

58 CPRE (2006), Tranquillity Data. 59 CPRE (2007), Intrusion Data.

194

Condition, typicality and rarity The site reflects key characteristics highlighted in the LCA for the Chichester to Rother Woods and Heaths, including dense woodland, with intensive area of pine and oak-birch woodland, sand quarries, rough-grazed agricultural land and horse paddocks. The Historic Landscape Character Assessment characterises this area as „Woodland‟ Early modern coniferous plantation AD1800 – AD1913. Cultural heritage and settings There are a number of listed buildings located within 1km of the site: the closest listed building is the Grade II Listed Heathbarn Farmhouse located on the northern boundary and the Grade II Listed Toll House located 0.4km away to the northeast (currently screened from the site by woodland). The listed building „Badgers, Quags Corner‟ is located approximately 0.8km to the west (screened from the site by woodland). There are four Conservation Areas within 2km of the site: Iping which is approximately 2km to the northwest; Stedham and Woolbeding approximately 0.7km and 0.8km away to the north respectively. Cowdray House Registered Historic Park and Garden is located approximately 1.6km to the east of the site, but is screened by woodland and the settlement of Midhurst. There are a number of Scheduled Monuments to the west of the site, the closest being Bowl Barrow on Fitzhall Rough which is located approximately 1.7km away. Natural heritage There is a SNCI (Severals Bog) partly located within the site area. There is a large SNCI (Midhurst Common) directly adjacent to the east, a small SNCI (Stedham Common) located approximately 0.7km to the west, and an SNCI (River Rother) located 0.3km to the north of the site. Iping Common LNR is located approximately 1km to the west of the site, as is Iping Common SSSI (which covers most of the same area). There is an area of ancient woodland partially located within the north of the site. This same area of ancient woodland extends to the area immediately to the west. There are also pockets of ancient woodland located (within 2km) to the north, east and south of the site. Recreation There are a number of footpath networks located within the site and in close proximity to the boundary. The long distance footpath („The Serpent Trail‟) follows the eastern boundary of the site and then crosses the site towards the west at the northern end. There are a number of bridleways located within 1km of the site to the east, south and west).

195

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CRITERIA

Landform Gently undulating with rising land to the northeast.

Landcover Coniferous plantation with limited areas of broadleaf woodland.

Scale Medium scale.

Enclosure Fully enclosed by woodland within and bordering site.

Condition Presence of deciduous and plantation coniferous plantation, some of which has been felled.

Tranquillity including noise and lighting Tranquil across most of the site; management of woodland will at times reduce this; less tranquil towards A272 and southern part of the site.

Remoteness Sense of remoteness despite proximity to Midhurst, though this reduces towards the northern boundary (due to A272) and by buildings to the south and northwest of the site.

VISUAL CRITERIA

Skylines The northern area forms part of a wooded skyline visible to the south from the A272, as it passes to the north and from lower-lying areas of the floodplain of the River Rother to the north. Views and landmarks

196

LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

Contains no distinctive landmarks, although the wooded slopes at the north partly enclose the A272, forming a feature in views from the road when approaching from Midhurst.

Intervisibility Likely visibility from the South Downs; visible from A272, Severals Road, properties to the northeast and south. Intermittent views may be obtained from areas to the north, from the River Rother floodplain, although these will be filtered by local tree cover.

Visual receptors Receptors likely to include road users on the A272; users and residents of adjacent buildings; users of the Serpents Trail long distance path as it passes through the site and to the north as it follows the course of the River Rother; several footpaths and bridleways on and near the site.

LANDSCAPE VALUE CRITERIA

Landscape designations The site is within the South Downs National Park and displays some key characteristics of the respective character area within the Park.

Natural heritage Designated nature conservation sites and ancient woodland within the surrounding area.

Cultural heritage features Heritage assets in the surrounding area, but visibility from these to the site is limited due to tree cover (although visibility is available from listed buildings to the north of the site).

Recreation Footpaths (including The Serpent Trail long-distance path) and bridleways cross the site and follow extensive sections of the boundary. The site is abutted by an area of open access land of high recreational value, Midhurst Common, to the west of Midhurst.

197

OVERALL SENSITIVITY TO EXTRACTION LANDSCAPE CAPACITY Landscape Character Sensitivity: Medium. The site corresponds Although predominantly comprising plantation forest, restricting views in part to the key characteristics highlighted in the LCA for the into the area and enabling the visual containment of extraction Wealden Farmland and Heath Mosaic character area, being heavily activities within existing tree cover, areas of broadleaf trees reduce modified by coniferous plantations. More sensitive attributes include the overall capacity of the landscape to accommodate development of the sense of remoteness and tranquillity, and features of higher this nature without adverse impacts on the habitat value and tranquil sensitivity include the small pockets of ancient woodland. character of the area. The southern part of the site narrows considerably, reducing scope to locate extraction away from sensitive Visual Sensitivity: Medium to High. The gentle hill in the landscape features in adjacent areas of woodland and heathland. With northeast of the area enables the wooded slopes to be visible from the the proximity of the existing extraction site to the northwest, there is surrounding area of floodplain along the River Rother, to the north. potential for cumulative effects on the special qualities of the wider The site is also visible in long distance south-facing views from the Wealden Farmland and Heathland Mosaic character area, within the upper slopes of the North Downs Way. Views from the A272 and South Downs National Park. It is judged that the site has a Severals Road, surrounding properties to the east, and the extensive Moderate to Low capacity overall for accommodating mineral network of paths and bridleways, including The Serpent Trail, increase extraction, with the southern area and northern fringes of the site of the overall sensitivity of the site. lower capacity. There is potential for the areas of coniferous plantation to be enhanced and improved upon in conjunction with the Landscape Value: High. The site is located within the South Downs development of the site, including the creation of heathland habitats National Park and reflects some key characteristics and special qualities and the improvement of recreational value. of the Wealden Farmland and Heathland Mosaic character type. Whilst the woodland and forest limit intervisibility with the surrounding area RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION AND to an extent, the site forms a link between Midhurst Common, to the LANDSCAPE OPPORTUNITIES east, and Steadham Common to the west, traversed by dense network Phasing of extraction, so that a series of small areas are developed of paths and bridleways, including The Serpent Trail. The site therefore in sequence, reducing the potential for visual intrusion that the contributes significantly to the recreational value of the wider area. development of large areas would result in; The potential effects of development on the areas of ancient woodland, Careful siting of development and infrastructure away from the the tranquillity and sense of remoteness of the area and the sloping northern fringe, to reduce visibility from surrounding recreational value of the area increase the sensitivity of the site. areas to the north and the A272; Landscape value is therefore judged to be high overall. Careful siting of access tracks and roads, avoiding areas of ancient woodland and ensuring pockets of mature broad-leaf trees remain Overall, the site is considered to have a Medium to High sensitivity intact; to extraction, with the sloping northern fringe and areas of ancient Create and retain appropriate buffers around properties to the woodland of higher sensitivity. northeast of the site;

198

Create and retain appropriate buffers around the areas of ancient woodland within the site, and link new planting with the existing structure of mature woodland; Retain or plan re-routing of the network of footpaths and bridleways, including The Serpent Trail path, and ensure appropriate screening of views into areas of extraction activity from them.

199

M/CH/9A HAWKHURST FARM

Figure 2: Map of M/CH/9A

200

201

SITE LOCATION AND CONTEXT overall undulating and organic land form combine to give a sense of The site lies east of the A286 that leads southwards from Midhurst. A intimacy to the landscape...Older deer parks and more recent 18th century lane runs close to the southern boundary. The site slopes down to the parklands are a distinctive feature of the Wealden Greensand with east from Hawkhurst Farm (from a height of 55m) towards woodland extensive views out over the Low Weald.” and a water course at the eastern boundary of the site. A small water West Sussex Landscape Character Areas: Western Scarp course lined by trees bound the site to the south. Foothills (WG1)61:

Rolling relief of low ridges and vales with dramatic views of the chalk The site is located in eastern West Sussex, within an area of low ridges escarpment to the south. and vales at the foot of the chalk escarpment of the South Downs. The site lies within the South Downs National Park, to the south of the Many winterbourne streams flowing northwards from the base of the outer fringes of Midhurst and approximately 2km south of the course chalk escarpment. of the River Rother. The wider area is characterised by a varied Picturesque, traditional spring line villages with stone churches. pattern of fields and woodland over sand and clay that contributes to a Patchwork of farmland and woodland interlaced with a varied pattern secluded and tranquil landscape. of hedgerows. Narrow winding lanes, often sunken and enclosed by hedge banks, link LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CONTEXT the settlements. National character area: Wealden Greensand (120)60 Managed parkland and estate landscapes. Larger areas of woodland over the clay and numerous streams define “Large belt of Greensand typified by its scarp/dipslope topography and by the field boundaries. extensive belts of ancient mixed woodland of hazel, oak and birch together The densities of copses, streamside woodlands and hedgerow trees tend with more recent coniferous colonisation and plantations. Large sections of to increase towards the edges of settlements. the winding Upper Greensand escarpment are noted for their steep „hanger‟ Settlements are small and usually clustered with a strong historic woodlands with areas of remnant heath and wet heath. Settlements are character and few suburban influences. generally scattered villages and hamlets linked by deep, overhanging, Varied building materials include flint, clunch (both chalk and white winding lanes with some small, irregular fields remnant of Saxon clearances. sandstone), brick, local sandstone and half-timber. The Wealden Greensand in Hampshire and West Sussex comprises areas Villages, scattered farms and designed parklands provide a wealth of of high ground supporting a mosaic of open heath, beech/ash or detail and interest‟. oak/hazel/ash wooded hangers and rough grazing. There are broad river valley plains which support arable farming on light soils with large geometric fields. In the western Surrey area, the Wealden Greensand is flat with much South Downs National Park Landscape Types K: Mixed Farmland 62 heathland and former heathland. Tree-lined winding sunken lanes and Woodland Vale connecting small settlements built of sandstone or malmstone and the

61 West Sussex County Council (2003), The West Sussex Landscape Character 60 Natural England, Countryside Character Volume 7: Southeast and London. Assessment.

202

„Key Characteristics of Mixed Farmland and Woodland Vale: Approximate timescale anticipated for start and completion for this Gently undulating landform underlain by mudstones of the Gault site: 13 years (2012-42). Formation and sandstones of the Lower Greensand. Mixed farmland and deciduous woodland copses. Largely medieval landscape of isolated farmsteads set within irregular fields. Low lying landscape provides a convenient transport corridor, containing main roads (e.g. mainline railway), which affect tranquillity.

KEY SENSITIVITIES, FORCES FOR CHANGE AND GUIDELINES This is a complex landscape, with a rolling relief, strong medieval character, dispersed settlement pattern, a high degree of intervisibility with the Downs to the south, and high levels of peace and tranquillity. In the context of this landscape, the West Sussex Land Management Guidelines (sheet WG1) recommend conserving and managing distinctive habitats (including coppice woodlands, streamside woodlands, flower-rich grasslands, ponds and small marshes), restoring linear woodland and hedgerows across arable farmland to link with existing woodlands, conserving, strengthening and managing existing hedgerows and hedgerow trees, especially around irregular fields, conserving tracks and lanes and managing their margins to minimise erosion and maximise nature conservation interest, and conserving and enhancing the character and setting of small villages and farmsteads. The South Downs Integrated Character Assessment identifies the restoration of coniferous plantations and sand quarries to heathland as a key opportunity, as well as the encouragement of creative restoration of redundant sand quarries, exploiting the potential for geological interest, nature conservation and recreation.

62 Land Use Consultants (2005), South Downs Integrated Character Assessment.

203

Figure 4: Photograph looking north from the southern end of the site

Figure 5: Photograph looking south from the middle area of the site

204

Figure 6: Photograph looking south-easterly from the northern end of the site

205

SITE CHARACTERISATION

Landscape Character Criteria

Physical/Natural factors The site lies across a rolling and undulating landform and slopes down to the east towards Dunford House, and south towards Bex Lane. The Grade 3 agricultural land is based on an underlying geology of Lower Greensand Deposits, bordering on Gault Formation (cretaceous rock). A former sand pit to the northeast is evidence of former industrial activity and is now undergoing restoration. The site comprises improved grassland bound by a network of hedgerows which divide the site. Field pattern is varied, although field size is generally small. Field boundaries comprise woodland and hedgerows. The surrounding landuse is a mixture of arable farming, woodland, a former sandpit to the north, and built development relating to the settlement of Midhurst to the northwest. The adjacent land to the west of the site consists of arable farmland of a large and open field pattern. A small river runs in close proximity to the eastern boundary of the site (Costers Brook) beyond which is a belt of broadleaf woodland. A further small watercourse runs along the southern boundary of the site beyond which is a narrower band of trees. An area of woodland lies immediately to the northeast, and a strip of woodland separates the former sand pit from the site. A tall, outgrown hedgerow including a number of mature broadleaf trees runs north to south across the middle of the site. Experiential The southern part of the site has a higher degree of enclosure from the surrounding woodland and tree belts, and feels of smaller scale. In comparison, the northern area at the top of the slope is more open, adjacent to larger and more open arable fields, of larger scale. Moving up through the site and onto higher ground, the landscape becomes more open, enabling views to the South Downs. CPRE data indicates that the site is within an area of medium tranquillity63 and is within an area defined as „disturbed by noise‟64. Visual Criteria Visibility and key views There are views onto the mid and northern parts of the site from the neighbouring area, notably from the west (including from the A286) and from the slopes of the South Downs to the south (particularly at the far northern end of the site, where the landscape is highest and most open). It is likely that this site is visible from the South Downs Way national trail. The site is also visible from the public footpath that runs to the west of it. The Dunford Hollow to the north is recessed into a dry valley, with steep banks up to the site. Close up views into the site from this northern boundary are therefore not possible. At the southern end of the site, there is some deciduous woodland. This provides some screening in the summer, but the site may be more visible in the winter. However, due to the lie of the land, the site is not visible from Bex Lane to the south. The ZTV indicates limited potential visibility from the surrounding area to this site as a result of tree cover and the lie of the land. There are areas with predicted visibility to the south and north of the site (within approximately 5km), with less visibility beyond 5km. Actual visibility will be restricted further by tree cover. The distant skyline is characterised by woodland, the height of which is consistent. Looking north from the southern part of the site, the skyline has more variety and a more enclosed character. The site is located on a sloping landform which forms the skyline when seen from the lower lying areas at the foot of the slopes. A public footpath crosses the site from the north to south, and the Serpent Trail long distance footpath follows the sunken lane of Dunford Hollow at the northern boundary of the site. Landscape Value Criteria

63 CPRE (2006), Tranquillity Data. 64 CPRE (2007), Intrusion Data.

206

Landscape designations (National Parks, AONBs) The site is located within the South Downs National Park and there is a high degree of intervisibility with the slopes of the South Downs to the south. Condition, typicality and rarity Views are available from the northern areas southwards to the wooded slopes of Heyshot Down, which is characteristic of the dramatic views of the chalk escarpment to the south, identified as a feature of the Western Scarp Foothills and the Rother Valley Mixed Farmland and Woodland. The southern parts of the site are consistent with the secluded and tranquil characteristics of the area and the sunken lanes to the north and south of the site are also characteristic. The Historic Landscape Character Assessment characterises the majority of the site area as „Fieldscapes‟ Planned Private Enclosure, Late-post medieval AD1600-AD1799, with a small area characterised along the eastern boundary as „woodland‟ Early Modern Regenerated AD1800-AD1913. Cultural heritage and settings Listed Buildings include Dunford House and West Lavington (within 150m of the eastern boundary of the site) and the Cobden Monument to the northwest of the site (within 50m). With regard to the setting, local cover with deciduous and coniferous trees limits intervisibility between this site and surrounding heritage assets. Cowdray House Registered Park and Garden lies within 2km of the north of the site, although there is likely to be limited inter-visibility between this and the site due to tree cover. A dismantled railway follows the A286 to the west. Natural heritage Nature conservation designations include the Ambersham Common Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) which is one of the largest areas of remaining heathland in West Sussex and lies approximately 1km to the east of the site. Paddock Wood Site of Nature Conservation Interest (SNCI) lies 1km to the southwest of the site and Heyshott Green SNCI lies 1km to the southeast. Principal habitat value derives from a mixture of deciduous and coniferous woodland and hedgerows bordering the improved farmland. An area of broadleaf woodland is located along the eastern boundary of the site of some habitat value. Recreation The „Cocking‟ footpath runs through the site (northwest to south). The Heyshott Byway runs along the northeastern boundary of the site. There are also a number of bridleways and footpaths located within 1km of the site to the north, west and south. To the east and southeast, there is a relatively dense network of footpaths and bridleways within 1.5km.

207

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CRITERIA

Landform Rolling relief of low ridges and vales, dominated by the chalk escarpment to the south.

Landcover Tree cover to the north, east and south of the site. Hedgerows and trees within the site create a gentle mosaic of land uses.

Scale A generally small scale, landscape contrasting with the vast open downs to the south. Views from the top of the hill enable the scale of the landscape which encompasses this site to be appreciated.

Enclosure Tree belts and hedgerows provide enclosure, which will be less apparent in the winter months.

Condition The site is generally intact with hedgerows and hedgerow and woodland structure in reasonable state of repair.

Tranquillity including noise and lighting Lighting of town of Midhurst to northwest and noise from the A286 to the west may be felt across the north parts of the site.

Remoteness Proximity to Midhurst to northwest and the A286 reduces sense of remoteness, although the southern areas are more removed from these influences and have a greater sense of remoteness.

VISUAL CRITERIA

Skylines The sloping site may form the skyline of the lower lying areas to the south and west of the site and will be visible from the north-facing slopes of the escarpment to the south of the site.

Views and landmarks There are no landmarks within the site, although it is over looked by the elevated slopes of the escarpment to the south. Intervisibility

208

LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

Views to the South Downs from the site are especially noticeable, and the site would be seen from the South Downs.

Visual receptors Receptors include residents at Dunford House, Hawkhurst Farm located close to the site. There is some visibility from Cocking Causeway, looking eastwards towards the site. The Serpent Trail to the north and users of the footpath through the site are potential receptors.

LANDSCAPE VALUE CRITERIA

Landscape designations The site is located within the South Downs National Park and the northern parts are inter-visible with the chalk escarpment, specifically the Heyshot and Graffham Downs to the south.

Natural heritage The site is not covered by a nature conservation designation, although some nature conservation designations lie in the vicinity and areas of mature broadleaf woodland lie close to the site.

Listed Buildings: Dunford House and West Lavington (within 150m of the eastern boundary of the site); the Cobden Monument to the Cultural heritage features northwest of the site (within 50m). Cowdray House Historic Park and Garden lies within 2km from the north of the site. Both deciduous and coniferous trees around the site, and between the site and designated areas reduce the intervisibility between this site and the surrounding heritage assets.

Recreation Footpath traversing the site from north to south; Serpent Trail byway running along the northern boundary. A degree of intervisibility with the South Downs Way national trail.

209

OVERALL SENSITIVITY TO EXTRACTION overall capacity. A number of properties and small settlements are also Landscape Character Sensitivity: Medium to High. The site is of present in the wider area. medium to small scale, comprising improved pasture fields, with no distinctive or land mark features and of variable condition. The sloping It is judged that the site has a Low capacity overall for accommodating profile, mature trees and hedgerows and the water courses to the south mineral extraction. and east of the site are sensitive features. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION AND LANDSCAPE Visual Sensitivity: High. Intervisibility with surrounding landscapes, OPPORTUNITIES properties in the vicinity and a degree of intervisibility with the transport Careful siting of extraction and infrastructure on the lower, more route connecting Midhurst with Chichester increase the sensitivity of the enclosed areas to the south to reduce visibility from surrounding site. The higher areas in the north are visible in north-facing views from areas; wider areas of the South Downs National Park to the south, and Careful siting of access tracks and roads, avoiding areas of ancient therefore the area to the north is of higher sensitivity. woodland and ensuring lines of mature broadleaf trees remain intact; Landscape Value: Medium to High. The site is located within the Perimeter mounding (using topsoil and overburden) and then South Downs National Park and reflects some key characteristics and planting of native trees and shrubs along the western boundary, special qualities of the Mixed Farmland and Woodland Vale character including some evergreen species, to screen/filter views of the area type. A foot path bisects the site and there are a number of nature from Dunford Hollow and the A286; conservation designations within the vicinity which increases the Advanced planting around the perimeter with an appropriate mix of sensitivity, as does the presence of ancient woodland to the northeast. native species, to strengthen and re-enforce existing screening of views into the site; Overall, the site is considered to have a High sensitivity to sand Create and retain appropriate buffers around the water courses and extraction, with the northern part of the site and the southern and mature trees to the south and east of the site; eastern fringes of highest sensitivity. Retaining existing hedgerows, mature trees and vegetation along perimeters and within the area, linking in new planting with this, to LANDSCAPE CAPACITY create continuous corridors of trees and vegetation, connected to The sloping nature of the site and its visibility across a broader area of the wider networks of hedges in surrounding areas; South Downs National Park and the presence of the water courses and Plan the re-routing of the footpath traversing the site and ensure mature vegetation reduces the capacity of the site to accommodate views from the Serpent Trail path are appropriately screened. development without adverse impacts on the character, visual amenity, and habitat value of the surrounding area. Planting would not reduce OPTIONS FOR RESTORATION AFTER USE visibility of the upper slopes to the north from the South Downs, whilst Reinstating the original profile of the site, and returning the site to on the lower slopes the enclosure provided by existing woodland and agricultural use. Restoring and improving the structure of hedgerows, means these areas have a slightly greater capacity to hedgerows and hedgerow trees, with the aim of maximising accommodate workings, with reduced visibility from surrounding areas. farmland habitat value, and connectivity with the surrounding However the water courses and presence of mature trees and vegetation structure of hedgerows and lines of trees. at the perimeter to the south and east, within this lower area, reduces

210

Restoring all or part of the site to woodland following extraction. Long term restoration should aim to maximise the habitat value by taking opportunities to link it into the surrounding hedgerow and woodland structure. The characteristic views towards the Heyshot and Duncton Downs to the south should be retained if possible. Restoring the site to support a mix of nationally important heathland habitats including open heather heath, acid grassland, woody scrub, and oak-birch woodland, alongside the implementation of an appropriate management plan, to be agreed prior to consent. Take opportunities to create habitat corridors linked in with a pattern of extensive areas of broadleaf woodland and commons with open public access, forming a corridor running southeast to northwest through the Duncton area and Midhurst.

211

GROUP M/CH/10

Figure 2: Location Map of M/CH/10

212

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CONTEXT Ancient earthworks and banks. National character area: Wealden Greensand (120)65 Isolated cottages and farms. Views limited by tracts of dense woodland. “Large belt of Greensand typified by its scarp/dipslope topography and by Localised suburban style development along roads. extensive belts of ancient mixed woodland of hazel, oak and birch together Sand quarries. with more recent coniferous colonisation and plantations. Large sections of the Ponds. winding Upper Greensand escarpment are noted for their steep „hanger‟ Extensive tracts of Common Land. woodlands with areas of remnant heath and wet heath. Settlements are

generally scattered villages and hamlets linked by deep, overhanging, winding lanes with some small, irregular fields remnant of Saxon clearances. The South Downs National Park Landscape Types L: Wealden Farmland Wealden Greensand in Hampshire and West Sussex comprises areas of high and Heath Mosaic67 ground supporting a mosaic of open heath, beech/ash or oak/hazel/ash „Key Characteristics of Wealden Farmland and Heath Mosaic: wooded hangers and rough grazing. There are broad river valley plains which support arable farming on light soils with large geometric fields. In the western Flat or gently undulating lowland „plateau‟ landscape on outcrops of Surrey area, the Wealden Greensand is flat with much heathland and former sandstones of the Folkestone formation. heathland. Tree-lined winding sunken lanes connecting small settlements built Well-drained sandy, acidic soils support a mix of nationally important of sandstone or malmstone and the overall undulating and organic land form heathland habitats including open heather heath, acid grassland, bracken, combine to give a sense of intimacy to the landscape...Older deer parks and gorse, woody scrub, and oak-birch woodland. more recent 18th century parklands are a distinctive feature of the Wealden Small to medium sized fields of rough grazed pasture and horse Greensand with extensive views out over the Low Weald.” paddocks bounded by hedgerows with gorse and bracken and hedgerow oaks. West Sussex LCA landscape character area: Rother Woods and Large number of sand pits indicating the economic value of the sands of Heaths (WG5)66 the Folkestone Beds. Views limited by dense woodland cover. „Key characteristics: Very low, flat topped sandstone ridges cut by small streams running south KEY SENSITIVITIES, FORCES FOR CHANGE AND to north. GUIDELINES Large swathes of heather dominate the distinctive heaths of Iping and Ambersham Commons, with smaller patches occurring elsewhere. The landscape is characterised by dry open heathland and dense woodland, with areas of pine and oak-birch woodland bordering heaths, Extensive areas of pine and oak-birch woodland which border the heaths. sand quarries, rough-grazed agricultural land and horse paddocks. In the Rough-grazed agricultural land and horse paddocks. context of this landscape, the West Sussex Land Management Guidelines A few straight roads and dead-end tracks. (sheet WG5) recommend conserving the historic character of the area, including features such as Bronze Age barrows, conserving, managing and 65 Natural England, Countryside Character Volume 7: Southeast and London. extending extensive wet and dry heathlands using sound heathland 66 West Sussex County Council (2003), The West Sussex Landscape Character Assessment. 67 Land Use Consultants (2005), South Downs Integrated Character Assessment.

213 management techniques, taking account of the prehistoric heathland landscape, creating heathland links through restoration of old heathland and along public rights of way, woodland and forestry rides, encouraging the restoration of sand quarries to a range of habitats including heathland, sand banks and open water, to increase their wildlife value, encouraging appropriate screening of all quarry works by planting, carried out in advance of quarrying wherever possible, and considering the cumulative impact on landscape character of small developments and land use change.

214

M/CH/10A DUNCTON COMMON

SITE LOCATION AND CONTEXT The site is located in the west of West Sussex, approximately 1.2km to the north of the village of Duncton. The site is bounded to the south by a road which runs west from the A285. The site lies within the South Downs National Park, in an area of lowland plateau to the north of the chalk escarpment of the Downs. The broader landscape is characterised by dry open heathland and dense pine and oak- birch woodland, which forms an irregular mosaic covering very low, flat- topped ridges. Significant tracts of common land, once used for rough grazing and bracken or turf cutting, are also found throughout the area. The site itself slopes uphill to the northwest and currently consists of deciduous and coniferous woodland. Land to the northwest and south are also woodland, whilst land to the east is currently occupied by a sand pit.

Approximate timescale anticipated for start and completion for this site: 15 years (2014-2029)

215

Figure 3: Photograph looking north from the southern end of Figure 4: Photograph looking west along the road to the south the site of the site

216

Figure 5: Photograph from Duncton Viewpoint, looking northwest towards the site (with the site located to the north)

217

CHARACTERISATION OF THE SITE

Landscape Character Criteria

Physical/Natural factors The site extends across a gently sloping landform, which rises to a hill in the northwest of the site. The site comprises predominantly coniferous woodland with occasional deciduous trees, with the broader area being a fragmented mosaic of heath and woodland. The site is underlain by the sandstones of the Lower Greensand. It is bound to the south by a road which runs west from the A285, with land to the northwest and south also comprising woodland. A sand pit lies adjacent to the site to the east. The River Rother is located approximately 0.5km to the north; there is a small river running through the southeast of the site which joins the River Rother to the northeast. There is also a small river located approximately 0.6km to the west. The OS map indicates further small streams, brooks and water courses across the site. Experiential The site comprises mixed deciduous woodland and coniferous plantations, giving it a sense of enclosure, increased further by the height of the trees. There are no long- distance open views from within the site, although focussed views through the site and into adjacent areas are afforded by the network of paths and rides that cut through the trees. The site has a rural quality, and the CPRE data indicates that it is within an area of medium-high tranquillity68 and the majority of the site is within an area defined as „undisturbed by noise‟69. Colour and texture is varied due to the coniferous and deciduous tree cover, and the presence of paths criss-crossing the site. Visual Criteria Visibility and key views The ZTV indicates that potential visibility from the surrounding area to this site is mostly found to the north, with some limited availability of views from the south of the site, and largely within the 5km of it. Views from within the site to the Downs in the south are restricted by existing woodland, but in the absence of the woodland it is predicted that there would be clear views. There is therefore a degree of inter-visibility with the rising slopes of the Downs. The site is overlooked in views from the Duncton Viewpoint to the south (Figure 5), from which panoramic views of the surrounding area can be seen. The ZTV indicates that the largest area of potential visibility lies to the north where the land slopes uphill, between the site and Tillington. Actual visibility is likely to be restricted by tree cover. With regards to the immediate surroundings, there is visibility from the road along the site‟s southern boundary onto the southern part of the site and up the north-south public footpath. There is also visibility from the publicly accessible land to the west of the site and the numerous footpaths that traverse the site.

Landscape Value Criteria Landscape designations (National Parks, AONBs) The site is located within the South Downs National Park. The ZTV indicates that potential visibility from the surrounding area within the National Park is mostly focused along an east-west orientated area to the north of the site, with some limited visibility from the south, and focused upon those areas in proximity to the site (within 5km). The largest area of visibility is to the north where the land rises, between the site and Tillington. Condition, typicality and rarity

68 CPRE (2006), Tranquillity Data. 69 CPRE (2007), Intrusion Data.

218

The site reflects key characteristics highlighted in the LCA for the Chichester to Rother Woods and Heaths, including dense woodland, with an intensive area of pine and oak-birch woodland, sand quarries, rough-grazed agricultural land and horse paddocks. The Historic Landscape Character Assessment characterises the majority of the site area as „unimproved/unenclosed‟, wooded over common, Early twentieth century, AD 1914-AD1945 with some areas characterised as „woodland‟ in the east. Cultural heritage and settings There are numerous heritage assets in the surrounding area to the site. A „Bowl Barrow‟ Scheduled Monument is located just beyond the western boundary, with a large number of other „Bowl Barrow‟ Scheduled Monuments located close to the west and southwest of the site, and more located approximately 1km to the east. The „Duncton Common Road Barrow Cemetery‟ Scheduled Monument is located approximately 100m to the east. Burton Park Registered Park and Garden is located approximately 0.8km to the southeast and Lavington Park Registered Park and Garden is located approximately 1.6km to the south. There are a number of listed buildings in close proximity to the site, notably a high concentration to the southeast (between approximately 0.5km and 1.5km). There may be some visibility from these to the southern part of the site, depending on localised tree cover. The closest listed building is Cathanger Farmhouse which is located approximately 300m to the north (screened by woodland). Natural heritage Lavington Common SSSI is located immediately to the west of the site. There are numerous SNCIs located adjacent or in close proximity to the site: Heath End Sand Pit SNCI adjacent to the site to the east; Duncton Common SNCI 250m to the south of the site; and the River Rother SNCI 0.5km to the north. Two further SNCI‟s are located approximately 1km to the west of the site and there is a group of approximately 6 SNCIs located roughly within 2km to the southeast. The Burton and Chingford Ponds SSSI and Burton Park LNR are located approximately 1.5km to the southeast. There is an SAC/SSSI (Duncton to Bignor Escarpment) located a little over 2km to the south of the site. An area classified as ancient woodland is located adjacent to the site to the east, with further extensive areas of ancient woodland within 2km. Recreation There are two footpaths crossing the site („Duncton‟ FP672 – The Serpent Trail and „Petworth‟ FP3527) and the Lavington bridleway BW671runs along the northern and eastern boundary. The Serpent Trail bisects the site, and is a 64mile long distance route linking Burton Park and the small settlement at Heath End in the east with the open access area of Lavington Common to the west (amongst many other sites of interest along it‟s route). There is a parking and picnic area located close to the western boundary, along the Serpent Trail. A number of non-statutory forestry paths and tracks cross the site. The Duncton Viewpoint is located approximately 2.5km to the south of the site from which panoramic views of the surrounding area to the north of the viewpoint (including the proposed extraction site) are available.

219

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CRITERIA

Landform Gently undulating; rising to a low, broad topped hill in the northwest. A gentle incised valley follows the course of the stream.

Landcover Predominantly coniferous plantation with occasional broadleaf trees, and a small tributary of the River Rother bisecting the site.

Scale Small to medium scale, with some intricacy provided by landform.

Enclosure Fully enclosed by woodland on site and bordering site.

Condition Presence of deciduous and coniferous plantation.

Tranquillity including noise and lighting Tranquil across much of the site; management of woodland and the adjacent sand pit may at times, reduce this.

Remoteness Some sense of remoteness, although evidently a „working‟ landscape of commercial forestry.

VISUAL CRITERIA

Skylines The gentle topography and well wooded surroundings means the site does not form part of any significant skyline from the wider area.

Views and landmarks Contains no distinctive landmarks although visible in significant north-facing views across the Weald from Duncton Viewpoint on the escarpment to the south.

Inter-visibility Inter-visibility with the Downs to the south; visibility from the A285 and houses to the southeast, although views across the site are restricted by tree cover.

220

LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

Visual receptors Receptors likely to include users of the Serpent Trail long distance footpath and Lavington Common to the west; residents of properties in the vicinity and users of the A285 to the east; users of several footpaths and bridleways within and near the site.

LANDSCAPE VALUE CRITERIA

Landscape designations The site is within the South Downs National Park and displays some key characteristics of the respective character area within the Park.

Natural heritage Numerous designated nature conservation sites as well as ancient woodland in close proximity and within the surrounding area, although none within the site itself.

Cultural heritage features Heritage assets are present in the surrounding area, but inter-visibility with these is restricted by local tree cover.

Recreation Footpaths and bridleways bisect the north of the site, including the Serpents Trail long distance path that links Burton Park and the small settlement at Heath End in the east with the open access area of Lavington Common to the west. A well used area of open access including a picnic and stopping area is located in close proximity to the site.

221

OVERALL SENSITIVITY TO EXTRACTION occasional broadleaf trees and the water courses reduce the overall Landscape Character Sensitivity: Medium. The site corresponds in capacity of the landscape to accommodate development of this nature part to the key characteristics highlighted in the LCA for the Wealden without adverse impacts on the habitat value. The development of the Farmland and Heath Mosaic character area, although is heavily modified site has the potential to affect the amenity and recreational value of the by coniferous plantations. More sensitive attributes include the sense of adjacent areas, as it forms a link between areas to the east and west of remoteness and tranquillity, and features of higher sensitivity include the high recreational value. There may however be scope to re-route the water courses through the site, occasional mature broadleaf trees and Serpent Trail and the bridleways that form this important link. adjacent areas of ancient woodland. With the proximity of the existing extraction site to the northeast, there Visual Sensitivity: Medium. Although entirely enclosed by coniferous is potential for cumulative effects on the special qualities of the wider forest, and further screened in views from surrounding areas by local tree Wealden Farmland and Heathland Mosaic character area, within the cover, the site is also visible in long distance north-facing views from the South Downs National Park, and the potential for this to become visually upper slopes of the chalk ridge to the south. Views from the A285, the intrusive in views from Duncton Viewpoint and the chalk ridge to the minor road to the south and surrounding properties are largely restricted south. by the tree cover and landform. The network of paths and bridleways, including The Serpent Trail, increases the overall visual sensitivity of the It is judged that the site has a Moderate to High capacity overall for site. accommodating mineral extraction, with the northwest fringes of the site of lower capacity due to their elevation and proximity to the Open Landscape Value: Medium to High. The site is located within the Access Area. There is potential for the areas of coniferous plantation to South Downs National Park and reflects some key characteristics and be enhanced and improved upon in conjunction with the development of special qualities of the Wealden Farmland and Heathland Mosaic the site, including the creation of heathland habitats and the improvement character type. Whilst the forested low-lying landform limits inter- of recreational value. visibility with the surrounding area to an extent, the site forms a link between Burton Park to the east and Lavington Common to the west, RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION AND LANDSCAPE traversed by a network of paths and bridleways, including the Serpent OPPORTUNITIES Trail. The site therefore contributes to the recreational value of the Phasing of extraction, so that a series of areas are developed in wider area. Landscape value is therefore judged to be medium to high sequence, reducing the potential for the visual intrusion that overall. development of the entire area at one time would result in; Careful siting of access tracks and roads, avoiding pockets of mature Overall, the site is considered to have a Medium sensitivity to broadleaf trees; extraction, with the higher area in the northeast, also adjacent to ancient Create and retain appropriate buffers around the water courses woodland, of higher sensitivity. through the site; Create and retain appropriate buffers around areas of ancient LANDSCAPE CAPACITY woodland to the northwest of the site and link new planting with The site predominantly comprises plantation forest, restricting views into the existing structure of mature woodland; the area and enabling the visual containment of extraction activities within existing tree cover. The site is however tranquil in character and

222

Retain or plan re-routing of the network of footpaths and bridleways, including the Serpent Trail path, and ensure appropriate screening of views into areas of extraction activity from them.

OPTIONS FOR RESTORATION AFTER USE Returning the site to its existing profile and then restoring to woodland following extraction. Long term restoration should aim to maximise the habitat value by taking opportunities to improve habitat connectivity with the Lavington Common to the west, and surrounding areas of mature woodland. Restoring the site to support a mix of nationally important heathland habitats including open heather heath, acid grassland, bracken, gorse, woody scrub, and oak-birch woodland, alongside the implementation of an appropriate management plan, to be agreed prior to consent.

223

M/CH/10C COOPERS MOOR

SITE LOCATION AND CONTEXT The site is located in the west of West Sussex, approximately 1km to the north of the village of Duncton. The site is bounded to the north by a road which runs west from the A285. The site lies within the South Downs National Park, in an area of lowland plateau to the north of the chalk escarpment of the Downs. The broader landscape is characterised by dry open heathland and dense pine and oak- birch woodland, which form an irregular patchy mosaic across very low, flat-topped ridges. Significant tracts of common land, once used for rough grazing and bracken or turf cutting, are also found in the area. The site currently comprises coniferous forest with deciduous woodland. Land to the south, east and west is open pasture.

Approximate timescale anticipated for start and completion for this site: 4 years (2029-2032).

224

Figure 3: Photograph looking south from the road bordering the site to the north (the trees on the right of the photograph are within Coopers Moor)

Figure 4: Photograph looking west along the road to the north of the site

225

Figure 5: Photograph from Duncton Viewpoint, looking northwest towards the site (with the site located to the north)

226

SITE CHARACTERISATION

Landscape Character Criteria

Physical/Natural factors The site extends across a predominantly flat landform and comprises mixed woodland, with the broader area being characterised by a mosaic of heath, woodland and land under agricultural use. The site is underlain by Lower Greensand. It is bound to the north by a road which runs west from the A285, with land to the south, east and west being open pasture. A sand pit is situated opposite the site, although it is not visible due to the trees which line the road. The River Rother is located approximately 1km to the north of the site, and there is a small river approximately 300m to the northwest of the site which joins the River Rother to the northeast. A number of small streams or brooks cross the site. Experiential The site is currently covered in deciduous and coniferous woodland, giving it a sense of enclosure. There are views to the South Downs from the southwest boundary of the site. The site has a rural quality, although the roads to the north and east decrease the degree of tranquillity. CPRE data indicates that the site is within an area of medium tranquillity70 and the site is within an area defined as „disturbed by noise‟71. Colour and texture is varied due to the coniferous and deciduous tree cover, and the presence of paths criss-crossing the site.

Visual Criteria Visibility and key views The ZTV indicates that potential visibility from the surrounding area to this site is limited, and will be available from areas to the southwest, as well as from Tillington and from an area to the east of Petworth, and an area including the Serpent Trail long distance footpath. Potential visibility from beyond 5km is indicated to be minimal. Actual visibility may be further restricted by tree cover. There is some visibility from the Duncton Viewpoint to the south of the site (Figure 5), from which there are panoramic views of the landscape to the north of the viewpoint. With regards to the immediate surroundings, there is visibility from the road along the northern boundary of the site, where there is a degree of screening, although tree cover is not dense and there are clear views onto this site from the road. There is also visibility from the A285 to the east of the site across the open farmland. There is also likely to be partial visibility from the higher ground to the east which is traversed by two public footpaths, including the Serpent Trail. There is clear visibility from the buildings to the east and southeast of the site. There is also clear visibility from the public footpath that runs in parallel to the southwest boundary of the site. From within the site, the skyline comprises tall trees. At the southwest boundary, the South Downs to the south form the skyline, whilst from the eastern boundary, trees, buildings and, in parts, rising land to the east form the skyline. Landscape Value Criteria Landscape designations (National Parks, AONBs) The site is located within the South Downs National Park. The ZTV indicates that potential visibility from the surrounding area to this site is very limited, and will be available from areas to the southwest, as well as from Tillington and from an area to the east of Petworth, and an area including the Serpent Trail long distance footpath. There is clear visibility form the northern slopes of the Downs themselves, with areas of potential visibility from the South Downs Way National Trail.

70 CPRE (2006), Tranquillity Data. 71 CPRE (2007), Intrusion Data.

227

Condition, typicality and rarity Views are available to the northern wooded slopes of Woolavington Down and Graffham Down, and are characteristic of this area. The area bordering the site to the north also reflects key characteristics highlighted for the Chichester to Rother Woods and Heaths character area, including dense woodland, with intensive areas of pine and oak-birch woodland, sand quarries, rough-grazed agricultural land and horse paddocks. The Historic Landscape Character Assessment characterises the majority of the site area as „woodland‟ Early Modern Plantation mixed, AD 1800-AD1913

Cultural heritage and settings The „Duncton Common Road Barrow Cemetery‟ Scheduled Monument is located approximately 200m to the north (although not visible from the site due to heavy screening along the southern boundary of the existing sand pit). There are also a large number of other „Bowl Barrow‟ Scheduled Monuments located to the west and northwest (screened by woodland). Burton Park Registered Park and Garden is located approximately 0.4km to the east of the site, and „Bowl Barrow‟ Scheduled Monument is located within this park. It is likely that there is visibility from the western boundary of the garden to Coopers Moor. Lavington Park Registered Park and Garden is located approximately 1.6km to the south of the site (screened by woodland and the lie of the land). A Conservation Area and Scheduled Monument is located at Manor Farm approximately 1.5km to the south of the site. There are a large number of listed buildings located to the south and southeast, the closest being the Grade II Listed „Redlands Farmhouse‟ and „Milestone Cottage‟, both 200m to the southeast of the site. There is clear visibility from these buildings to the site. Natural heritage There are numerous SNCIs located adjacent or in close proximity to the site: Heath End Sand Pit SNCI directly adjacent to the north; the River Rother SNCI 1km to the north; Duncton Common SNCI approximately 0.4km to the northwest; Black Pond Copse SNCI located approximately 0.8km to the southeast of the site; and two further SNCIs located 1.2km and 1.7km also to the southeast. The Chingford Ponds SSSI and Burton Park LNR are located approximately 1km to the southeast of the site. There is an SAC/SSSI (Duncton to Bignor Escarpment) located a little under 2km to the south of the site. There are a large number of woodland areas classified as ancient woodland located within 2km of the site, the closest being just under 0.5km to the north. Recreation There are no public footpaths or bridleways within the site. A network of footpaths and bridleways are located close to the site (to the north, south, east and west) including „The Serpent Trail‟ (long distance footpath) to the north and east. The Duncton Viewpoint is located approximately 2.5km to the south of the site. Panoramic views of the landscape (which includes the proposed extraction site) to the north of the viewpoint are available from here.

228

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CRITERIA

Landform Predominantly flat to gently undulating.

Landcover Mixed deciduous and coniferous woodland, including birch and coppice, broadly more mature to the west of the site, and with mature broadleaf trees along the perimeter.

Scale Small to medium scale. The site is of an irregular shape.

Enclosure Fully enclosed by woodland, bordered by open farmland to the south.

Condition Presence of mixed deciduous and coniferous woodland at varying stages of maturity.

Tranquillity including noise and lighting Generally high level of tranquillity across the site.

Remoteness Some sense of remoteness, although evidently a „working‟ landscape with planted woodland adjacent to agricultural fields.

VISUAL CRITERIA

Skylines The gentle topography and well wooded surroundings means the site does not form part of any significant skyline from the wider area.

Views and landmarks Contains no distinctive landmarks or features, although it is visible in significant north-facing views across the Weald from Duncton Viewpoint on the escarpment to the south. Inter-visibility

229

LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

Inter-visibility with the chalk ridge of the Downs to the south; visibility from the A285 and houses to the southeast, although views across the site are restricted by tree cover.

Visual receptors Receptors likely to include road users on the A285 and the minor road to the north; residents of properties in the vicinity; and users of the footpath passing across the open farmland to the southwest of the site.

LANDSCAPE VALUE CRITERIA

Landscape designations The site is within the South Downs National Park and displays some key characteristics of the respective character area within the Park.

Natural heritage There are no designated nature conservation sites or ancient woodland on the site, although there are numerous within the vicinity and surrounding areas. Woodland present on the site, although not designated, is of habitat value.

Cultural heritage features Heritage assets are present in the surrounding area, but visibility from these to the site is limited by tree cover. The „Duncton Common Road Barrow Cemetery‟ Scheduled Monument is located approximately 200m to the north.

Recreation Footpaths and bridleways pass in proximity to the site although there is no public access available within it.

230

OVERALL SENSITIVITY TO EXTRACTION LANDSCAPE CAPACITY Landscape Sensitivity: Medium to High. The site corresponds in Although comprising predominantly woodland, restricting views into the part to the key characteristics highlighted in the LCA for the Wealden area and enabling the visual containment of extraction activities within Farmland and Heath Mosaic character area, although is modified by existing tree cover, the scale of the site, which narrows to the west, planted woodland. The more sensitive attributes, including the sense of reduces the scope to mitigate against adverse impacts on the more remoteness and tranquillity, and features of higher sensitivity, including sensitive features within the site, such as the mature broadleaf trees and the water courses through the site, mature broadleaf trees concentrated the water courses. The site is also tranquil in character and overlooked in the west and around the perimeter, and young birch woodland, by higher ground to the south, which means adequate screening of views increase the sensitivity of the site overall. from the ridge may not be achieved by retaining and enhancing trees and vegetation around the perimeter. These factors reduce the overall Visual Sensitivity: Medium. Although entirely enclosed by woodland, capacity of the landscape to accommodate development of this nature and further screened in views from surrounding areas to the north by of without adverse impacts on the habitat value and visual amenity. With forest and surrounding tree belts, the site is visible across open farmland the proximity of the existing extraction site to the northeast, there is to the south and in long distance north-facing views from the upper potential for cumulative effects on the special qualities of the wider slopes of the chalk ridge to the south. Intermittent views from the A285, Wealden Farmland and Heathland Mosaic character area, within the the minor road to the north the bridleway passing to the southwest of South Downs National Park, and the potential for this type of the site, and surrounding properties are available. It is judged that overall development to visually intrude into views from Duncton Viewpoint and the visual sensitivity of the site is medium. the chalk ridge to the south.

Landscape Value: Medium to High. The site is located within the It is judged that the site has a Low to Moderate capacity overall for South Downs National Park and reflects some key characteristics and accommodating mineral extraction. There is potential for the areas of special qualities of the Wealden Farmland and Heathland Mosaic young woodland to be enhanced and improved upon in conjunction with character type. The forested low-lying landform limits inter-visibility with the development of the site, including the creation of heathland habitats the surrounding area to an extent. The site is located between Burton and the improvement of recreational value. Park to the east and Lavington Common to the west. The network of paths and bridleways connecting the two areas, including the Serpent RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION AND LANDSCAPE Trail, pass through an area of forest to the north, preventing views to the OPPORTUNITIES site. There is little recreational value afforded by the site itself. Careful siting of access tracks and roads, avoiding areas of mature Landscape value is therefore judged to be medium to high overall. broad-leaf trees; Create and retain appropriate buffers around the water courses Overall, the site is considered to have a Medium to High sensitivity to through the site where possible; extraction, with the more mature broadleaf trees in the west, the water Retain mature trees around the perimeter and reinforce with courses running through the site and visibility from the surrounding area additional planting of trees where required to improve on existing being attributes and features of higher sensitivity. screening into the site; Link new planting with the existing structure of woodland, tree belts and hedgerows within the surrounding farmland to the south;

231

Ensure appropriate screening of views into the site from the minor road to the north, the A285 and the public path to the southwest.

OPTIONS FOR RESTORATION AFTER USE

Returning the site to its existing profile and then restoring to woodland following extraction. Long term restoration should aim to maximise the habitat value by taking opportunities to improve habitat connectivity with the Lavington Common SSSI to the west, and surrounding areas of mature woodland. Restoring the site to support a mix of nationally important heathland habitats including a mosaic of open heather heath, acid grassland, gorse, woody scrub, and oak-birch woodland, alongside the implementation of an appropriate management plan, to be

agreed prior to consent.

232

M/CH/11 HORNCROFT

233

Figure 3: Photograph looking east across the site from the western boundary (from a public footpath)

234

SITE LOCATION AND CONTEXT The site is located in central West Sussex, approximately 2km to the West Sussex Landscape Character Area: Rother Woods and Heaths west of the village of Coldwaltham. The site lies to the south of the River (WG5)73 Rother and immediately east of Sutton Common, an area of Open Access. The site itself is only accessible by public footpath. „Key characteristics: It lies within the South Downs National Park, in an area of lowland Very low, flat topped sandstone ridges cut by small streams running south plateau to the north of the chalk escarpment of the Downs. The broader to north. landscape is characterised by dry open heathland and dense pine and oak- Large swathes of heather dominate the distinctive heaths of Iping and birch woodland, which form an irregular patchy mosaic of land cover, Ambersham Commons, with smaller patches occurring elsewhere. across very low, flat-topped ridges. Significant tracts of common land, once used for rough grazing and bracken or turf cutting, also permeate Extensive areas of pine and oak-birch woodland which border the heaths. the area. Rough-grazed agricultural land and horse paddocks. The site is currently under arable use, with woodland surrounding the A few straight roads and dead-end tracks. site. Ancient earthworks and banks. Isolated cottages and farms. LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CONTEXT Views limited by tracts of dense woodland. National character area: Wealden Greensand (120)72 Localised suburban style development along roads. Sand quarries. “Large belt of Greensand typified by its scarp/dipslope topography and by Ponds. extensive belts of ancient mixed woodland of hazel, oak and birch together Extensive tracts of Common Land. with more recent coniferous colonisation and plantations. Large sections of the winding Upper Greensand escarpment are noted for their steep „hanger‟ woodlands with areas of remnant heath and wet heath. Settlements are South Downs National Park Landscape Types L: Wealden Farmland 74 generally scattered villages and hamlets linked by deep, overhanging, winding and Heath Mosaic lanes with some small, irregular fields remnant of Saxon clearances. The „Key Characteristics of Wealden Farmland and Heath Mosaic: Wealden Greensand in Hampshire and West Sussex comprises areas of high ground supporting a mosaic of open heath, beech/ash or oak/hazel/ash Flat or gently undulating lowland „plateau‟ landscape on outcrops of wooded hangers and rough grazing. There are broad river valley plains which sandstones of the Folkestone formation. support arable farming on light soils with large geometric fields. In the western Well-drained sandy, acidic soils support a mix of nationally important Surrey area, the Wealden Greensand is flat with much heathland and former heathland habitats including open heather heath, acid grassland, bracken, heathland. Tree-line d winding sunken lanes connecting small settlements built gorse, woody scrub, and oak-birch woodland. of sandstone or malmstone and the overall undulating and organic land form combine to give a sense of intimacy to the landscape...Older deer parks and more recent 18th century parklands are a distinctive feature of the Wealden Greensand with extensive views out over the Low Weald.” 73 West Sussex County Council (2003), The West Sussex Landscape Character Assessment. 72 Natural England, Countryside Character Volume 7: Southeast and London. 74 Land Use Consultants (2005), South Downs Integrated Character Assessment.

235

KEY SENSITIVITIES, FORCES FOR CHANGE AND GUIDELINES The landscape of the surrounding area is characterised by dry open heathland and dense woodland, with pine and oak-birch woodland bordering heaths, sand quarries, rough-grazed agricultural land and horse paddocks. In the context of this landscape, the West Sussex Land Management Guidelines (sheet WG5) recommend conserving the historic character of the area, including features such as Bronze Age barrows, conserving, managing and extending extensive wet and dry heathlands using sound heathland management techniques, taking account of prehistoric heathland landscape, creating heathland links through restoration of old heathland and along public rights of way, woodland and forestry rides, encouraging the restoration of sand quarries to a range of habitats including heathland, sand banks and open water, to increase their wildlife value, encouraging appropriate screening of all quarry works by planting, carried out in advance of quarrying wherever possible, and considering the cumulative impact on landscape character of small developments and land use change. The South Downs Integrated Character Assessment identifies the restoration of coniferous plantations and sand quarries to heathland as a key opportunity, as well as the encouragement of creative restoration of redundant sand quarries, exploiting the potential for geological interest, nature conservation and recreation. Approximate timescale anticipated for start and completion for this site: 20 years (2011-2031).

236

SITE CHARACTERISATION

Landscape Character Criteria

Physical/Natural factors The site is predominantly flat in the west, and rises to a gentle, flat-topped ridge in the east, orientated north to south. The site is located on an area of Grade 3 agricultural land, underlain by Folkestone Sand. The west of the site is arable, currently planted with maize. The eastern half comprises a wooded slope of mixed deciduous and coniferous woodland. The arable field in the west is enclosed by woodland on all sides. The broader area comprises a mosaic of heath, woodland and land under agricultural use. There is a designated RIG located approximately 1km to the northeast of the site. A public footpath runs along the western boundary, and there are footpaths criss-crossing the eastern side of the site. The River Rother is located approximately 0.9km to the north of the site, and there is a small river located approximately 1.3km to the west. A small stream runs north to the River Rother through the centre of the site, at the foot of slopes which rise to the east. Experiential The site is only accessible by public footpath. Half of the area consists of deciduous and coniferous woodland, whilst the field to the west is enclosed by woodland, giving it a sense of remoteness and semi-enclosure. Long views to the escarpment of the Downs rising to the south are available from the open area to the west, giving a sense of the depth of the landscape, and its wider context in relation to the South Downs. CPRE data indicates that the site is within an area of medium tranquillity, although there is an area of higher tranquillity in the northeast of the site75. The site is within an area defined as „undisturbed by noise‟76. Colour and texture across the western area are consistent; colour and texture are more varied in the eastern part which is covered by woodland. Visual Criteria Visibility and key views The ZTV indicates that potential visibility from the surrounding area to this site is variable. It can be seen from and east to west orientated area to the north and south of the site. Long-distance visibility from the south is more limited due to the presence of the South Downs. The ZTV indicates potential visibility from the South Downs Way National Trail. The ZTV indicates some potential visibility from the Duncton Viewpoint to the southwest of the site, from which panoramic views of the surrounding landscape to the north are available. Actual visibility is more restricted than indicated in the ZTV due to the presence of woodland. With regards to the immediate surroundings, due to the enclosed nature of the site, short-distance visibility is restricted to the boundaries (including from restricted byway (RB3258) along the western boundary, and where footpaths emerging from the surrounding woodland meet the boundary of the site). From the public bridlewaythat follows the northern boundary, BW762 & BW 702 (Part of the 64mile long Serpent Trail) views are available across the open arable field to the chalk escarpment of the Downs, which rise up in the south, beyond a ridge to the east. From within the site, the skyline comprises the trees that surround the site, with the South Downs forming part of the skyline to the south (see Figure 3). Landscape Value Criteria Landscape designations (National Parks, AONBs) The site is located within the South Downs National Park. The ZTV indicates that potential visibility from the surrounding area will be possible from the north and south

75 CPRE (2006), Tranquillity Data. 76 CPRE (2007), Intrusion Data.

237 of the site. The ZTV indicates potential visibility from the South Downs Way National Trail. Condition, typicality and rarity The site is strongly characteristic of the Rother Woods and Heaths character area, with pine and oak-birch woodland, views limited by tracts of dense woodland, and commons to the west and north of the site. The Historic Landscape Character Assessment characterises the western area of the site area as „Fieldscapes‟ Isolated Enclosure, Late Post Medieval AD1600- AD1799, the central/eastern area as „Unimproved/unenclosed‟ Early Modern AD1800-AD1913, and the far east of the site as „Woodland. Late 20th Century Coniferous Plantation AD1845-Present‟ Cultural heritage and settings There are four Scheduled Monuments („Bowl Barrows‟) located close to the site to the west, the closest being a Bowl Barrow on Sutton Common, which is approximately 150m to the west of the site. There is also a Scheduled Monument located approximately 1.9km to the south. Bignor Park Registered Park and Garden is located approximately 0.4km to the southwest of the site. The ZTV indicates potential visibility from the northeast part of the Park and Garden; actual visibility may be further restricted by woodland and may be confined to visibility of the eastern section of the proposed access route. There are six designated Conservation Areas within 2km of the site; the closest is 0.5km to the north (at Coates). Visibility from these to the site is currently restricted by woodland. There are a large number of listed buildings in the vicinity of the site. The closest listed buildings are Grade II Listed „Satchers‟, which is located 0.3km to the southeast (visibility is currently restricted by woodland, but the proposed access road would be visible from this building), and Grade II Listed „Horncroft Farmhouse‟ which is located approximately 0.4km to the northeast of the site (there may be some visibility of the site and the proposed access road from this building). Natural heritage The Coates Sand Pit Fittleworth SNCI is located approximately 150m to the north of the site, whilst the Coates Sand Pit Fittleworth SNCI is located approximately 0.5km to the southeast. There are a number of other SNCIs located within 2km of the site (mainly to the north, southeast and west of the site). There are three SSSI located to the west/southwest of the site (all known as Coates Castle); the closest of these 3 sites is approximately 0.4km to the southwest of the site. Burton and Chingford Ponds/Burton Park SSSI and LNR are located just over 1.5km to the west of the site. There are three RAMSAR/SSSI/Special Protection Areas (all together making up a fairly large area) just under 2km to the southeast of the site. There are a number of woodland areas designated as ancient woodland in close proximity to the site; the closest is to the east (less than 100m from the southeast corner of the site). In addition, there are areas of ancient woodland located in all directions, but there is a particularly high density to the south of the site. Recreation There are no public footpaths within the site. A byway and bridleway passes along the western boundary. ‘The Serpent Trail‟ long distance footpath and a number of bridleways pass close to the north and west of the site. The OS map also indicates there are a number of paths/tracks within the eastern area of the site. Sutton Common lies to the west, and the Historic Park and Garden of Bignor Park is also located in close proximity to the west.

238

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CRITERIA

Landform Varied topography through the site, with a gentle flat-topped ridgeline in the east.

Landcover Deciduous and coniferous woodland to the east; mature broadleaf trees bound the site to the west.

Scale Small to medium scale.

Enclosure Semi-enclosed by woodland within site and bordering site.

Condition Presence of deciduous and coniferous plantation.

Tranquillity including noise and lighting Strong sense of tranquility across the site.

Remoteness Remote character, with of strong sense of being removed from developed areas.

VISUAL CRITERIA

Skylines The immediate skyline within the site is formed by the wooded slope in the east. Due to the woodland in the surrounding area, it is unlikely that the ridge will form an important part of the skyline from the wider area to the west.

Views and landmarks Contains no distinctive landmarks although is visible in the panoramic views from Duncton Viewpoint and the north-facing upper slopes of the escarpment to the south. Intervisibility

239

LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

Views into the site from the immediate surroundings are largely restricted by woodland, however filtered views into the site may be gained from the adjacent area of Open Access, particularly in winter. There is some intervisibility with the Downs to the south and the wider area to the west and north, including the low hills and ridges to the north of the River Rother.

Visual receptors Receptors likely to include visitors to Sutton Common, users of the bridleway following the western boundary and the Serpent Trail long distance path that passes along a short section of the north-western boundary.

LANDSCAPE VALUE CRITERIA

Landscape designations The site is within the South Downs National Park and displays some key characteristics of the respective character area within the Park.

Natural heritage Numerous designated nature conservation sites and areas of ancient woodland within the surrounding area, although non within the site itself.

Cultural heritage features Heritage assets in the surrounding area, but actual inter-visibility largely limited due to tree cover.

Recreation Footpaths and bridleways adjacent to and in close proximity to the site, including the Serpent Trail long distance path. Sutton Common area of Open Access lies adjacent to the western perimeter.

240

OVERALL SENSITIVITY TO EXTRACTION LANDSCAPE CAPACITY Landscape Sensitivity: Medium to High. The site, including the The site comprises areas of woodland and enclosed arable farmland, landform and the wooded slope of the flat-topped ridge, corresponds to restricting views into the area and enabling the visual containment of the key characteristics highlighted in the LCA for the Wealden Farmland extraction activities within existing tree cover. The more sensitive and Heath Mosaic character area, although it is partly modified by areas of features within the site include mature broadleaf trees within the coniferous plantation. Attributes and features, including the strong sense woodland to the east and around the perimeter as well as the water of remoteness and tranquillity, as well as the mature broadleaf trees on courses through and adjacent through the site. Although parts of the site the wooded slope in the east and around the perimeter and water are clearly a „working‟ landscape, being arable, it has a strong sense of courses, increase the overall sensitivity of the site. tranquillity and of being removed from modern human influences. It is also overlooked by higher ground to the south, with some potential Visual Sensitivity: Medium. Although enclosed by woodland, and visibility from the wider area to the west and north, which means further screened in views from surrounding areas by trees and vegetation, adequate screening of views, particularly of the upper slopes of the ridge, the site is seen in long distance north-facing views from the upper slopes may not be achieved by retaining and enhancing trees and vegetation of the chalk ridge to the south. The upper slope of the ridge is around the perimeter. The proximity of the site to the area of Open intermittently visible from the wider area to the north and west. Open Access to the west has the potential to give rise to impacts on the views can be gained from the bridleway that passes along the length of the recreational value of the wider area. These factors reduce the overall western boundary and from a short section of the Serpent Trail in the capacity of the landscape to accommodate development of this nature northwest. It is judged that overall the visual sensitivity of the site is without adverse impacts on the habitat value and visual amenity, with the medium. potential for this type of development to be visually intrusive in views from the chalk ridge of the downs to the south. Landscape Value: Medium to High. The site is located within the South Downs National Park and reflects some key characteristics and It is judged that the site has a Low to Moderate capacity overall for special qualities of the Wealden Farmland and Heathland Mosaic accommodating mineral extraction. There is potential for the landscape character type. Whilst the views to the flat and low-lying western part of features and habitat value of the arable farmland within the site to be the site from the wider landscape are largely screened by trees, the site is enhanced and improved upon in conjunction with development, including visible from the higher escarpment of the Downs to the south and direct the creation of heathland habitats. views into it can be gained from the bridle way to the west. It is also located in close proximity to Sutton Common, part of the Serpent Trail RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION AND LANDSCAPE long distance path and Bignor Park to the west, and is therefore within an OPPORTUNITIES area of high recreational value, including network of paths and bridleways Careful siting to reduce visual impacts on views to the upper slope through the area. Landscape value is therefore judged to be medium to of the ridge from surrounding areas, locating infrastructure and high overall. extraction faces on the lower slope and within the lower western area; Overall, the site is considered to have a Medium to High sensitivity to Careful siting of access tracks and roads, avoiding areas of mature extraction, the broad leaf woodland, mature perimeter trees features and broadleaf trees and the mature trees around the perimeter; the landform of the ridge to the east being of higher sensitivity.

241

Create and retain appropriate buffers around the water courses through the site where possible; Retain mature trees around the perimeter and reinforce with additional planting of trees where required to improve upon existing screening into the site; Link new planting with the existing landscape structure of woodland in the surrounding area; Retain the bridleway to the west and the Serpent Trail to the northwest, ensure appropriate screening of views into the site from

these routes.

OPTIONS FOR RESTORATION AFTER USE Returning the site to its existing profile and then restoring to a mixture of woodland and agricultural use following extraction. Long term restoration should aim to maximise the habitat value by taking opportunities to improve habitat connectivity with the Sutton Common and the Coates Castle SSSI to the west and southwest and the surrounding areas of mature woodland. Restoring the site to support a mix of nationally important heathland habitats including a mosaic of open heather heath, acid grassland, gorse, woody scrub, and oak-birch woodland, alongside the implementation of an appropriate management plan, to be agreed prior to consent.

242

M/HO/2 CHANTRY LANE EXTENSION

Figure 2: Map of M/HO/2

243

Figure 1: Map of M/HO/2

244

Figure 3: Photograph looking north towards the site from Sullington Manor Farm (the exposed face of the adjacent sand pit is visible)

Figure 4: Photograph looking north towards the site from Sullington Manor Farm

245

SITE LOCATION AND CONTEXT West Sussex Landscape Character Area: Storrington Woods and The site is located in central West Sussex, directly adjacent to the large Heaths (WG7)78 village of Storrington. The site is 130m to the south of the A283 (a major „Key characteristics: tourist route) which runs from Shoreham-by-Sea, crossing the A24 before reaching Storrington, then turning north through Petworth to meet the Low ridges with shallow valleys (ridge and vale). A3 at Milford. The site is an extension to an existing sand pit. The site is Heavily wooded ridges of large pine plantations and oak-birch woodland located just within the South Downs National Park, with its southern to the south around Storrington and Parham. boundaries coinciding with that of the Park‟s. The broader area is Smaller broadleaved woods. characterised by a locally undulating landform, which forms a transition Wooded northern escarpment. between the steep chalk scarp to the south and the Low Weald to the Mixed arable and pasture farmland with predominantly small to medium- north. sized fields with a variable density of hedgerows. Hedgerows tend to be more fragmented around arable farmlands. LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CONTEXT Small patches of heathland. 77 National character area: Wealden Greensand (120) Numerous small streams with fringing woodland.

Orchards and vineyards. “Large belt of Greensand typified by its scarp/dipslope topography and by Many narrow, winding lanes, some sunken with exposed sandstone extensive belts of ancient mixed woodland of hazel, oak and birch together outcrops. with more recent coniferous colonisation and plantations. Large sections of the winding Upper Greensand escarpment are noted for their steep „hanger‟ Major historic parkland of Parham. woodlands with areas of remnant heath and wet heath. Settlements are Sand quarries. generally scattered villages and hamlets linked by deep, overhanging, winding Small villages with many stone buildings (purple ironstones and honey lanes with some small, irregular fields remnant of Saxon clearances. The coloured sandstones) and scattered cottages linked by narrow lanes. Wealden Greensand in Hampshire and West Sussex comprises areas of high Localised surburban development around Storrington and West ground supporting a mosaic of open heath, beech/ash or oak/hazel/ash Chiltington. wooded hangers and rough grazing. There are broad river valley plains which Extensive rights of way network. support arable farming on light soils with large geometric fields. In the western Surrey area, the Wealden Greensand is flat with much heathland and former South Downs National Park Landscape Types I: Scarp Footslopes79 heathland. Tree-lined winding sunken lanes connecting small settlements built of sandstone or malmstone and the overall undulating and organic land form „Key Characteristics of Scarp Footslopes: combine to give a sense of intimacy to the landscape...Older deer parks and Locally undulating landform. more recent 18th century parklands are a distinctive feature of the Wealden Forms a transition between the steep chalk scarp to the south and the Greensand with extensive views out over the Low Weald.” Low Weald to the north.

78 West Sussex County Council (2003), The West Sussex Landscape Character Assessment. 77 Natural England, Countryside Character Volume 7: Southeast and London. 79 Land Use Consultants (2005), South Downs Integrated Character Assessment.

246

Large, straight-sided arable fields close to the scarp foot which have encroached up onto the scarp in places. Mosaic of farmland and woodland comprising irregular fields of arable and pasture bounded by an intact network of thick hedgerows, with hedgerow oaks, and woodlands. Impressive panoramic views onto the footslopes from the adjacent scarp and downs reveal a balanced woodland and farmland mosaic.

KEY SENSITIVITIES, FORCES FOR CHANGE AND GUIDELINES In the context of the local landscape, the West Sussex Land Management Guidelines (sheet WG7) recommend conserving, managing and linking up existing heathland and woodland, conserving and enhancing the predominantly undeveloped character, re-creating heathland wherever possible, prioritising areas which will increase connectivity, encouraging woodland tree planting on the low Folkestone Sand ridge along the Storrington to Washington stretch of the A283 (where the site is located), ensuring appropriate screening of all quarry works by planting, carried out in advance of quarrying wherever possible, restoring sand quarries to heathland habitats, and ensuring that any improvements to the quarry roads are at a suitable scale to be well integrated into the ridge top viewpoints.

The South Downs Integrated Character Assessment makes the following management recommendations: conserve the intact pattern of small irregular fields of pasture; manage the hedgerow network; and support extension of the chalk grassland habitats onto the lower slopes of the scarp to improve the visual integrity of the adjacent scarp.

Approximate timescale anticipated for start and completion for this site: 3 years (2012-2014).

247

SITE CHARACTERISATION

Landscape Character Criteria

Physical/Natural factors The site extends across a gently sloping landform with the land rising to the north of the site. The site comprises pastoral farmland, located on an area of Grade 4 agricultural land, underlain by Upper Greensand and Gault Clay, bordering on Chalk. The existing sand pit lies adjacent to the site, and another sand pit (Sandgate Quarry) lies to the northeast. The surrounding landscape comprises open farmland bound by hedgerows and mature trees. Small areas of woodland lie to the south and west of the site although not directly adjacent to the site. A minor river lies in close proximity to the southern boundary of the site, as well as a pond in the neighbouring field to the southeast. There is a designated RIG directly adjacent to the site, where the existing sand pit is located. Experiential The landscape is of a small-medium scale and has a predominantly open feeling, with some enclosure provided by trees to the south and southwest. The site comprises pasture, as does the surrounding fields. There is an existing sandpit to the west, providing an indication of how the proposed site may be altered if worked for minerals. The A283 to the north is busy, resulting in continuous movement and noise. There are houses facing the site along this road, as well as the more urban area of Storrington in close proximity to the west. As such, the site does not have a very remote or tranquil nature. CPRE data indicates that the site is within an area of low-medium tranquility80, and that it is within an area defined as „disturbed by noise‟81. Colour and texture are consistent across the site, with some variation provided by trees at the periphery. Visual Criteria Visibility and key views The ZTV indicates that potential visibility from the surrounding area to this site is intermittent, and that it is predominantly around the area within a few kilometres of the site. There is potential visibility from an east-west orientated area to the south, with visibility ceasing at the South Downs Way National Trail. Visibility to the north is very limited, with some long-distance visibility from Pulborough to the northwest of the site. With regards to the immediate surroundings, the site is visible from the A283 to the north and from the properties along this road that facing it, Sullington Lane to the east, Sullington Manor Farm to the south, and some of the buildings at the edge of Storrington to the west. From within the site, the skyline comprises the South Downs when looking south, rising land to the north, and a mix of buildings and trees to the east and west. Landscape Value Criteria Landscape designations (National Parks, AONBs) The site is located within the South Downs National Park. The ZTV indicates that potential visibility from the surrounding area will be available from an east-west orientated area to the south of the site, and that there will be visibility from the South Downs Way National Trail which lies 2km to the south. Condition, typicality and rarity The site is characteristic of this character area, being within a gently undulating landform, being part of a mosaic of woodland and farmland, and forming a transition

80 CPRE (2006), Tranquillity Data. 81 CPRE (2007), Intrusion Data.

248 between the steep chalk scarp to the south and the Low Weald to the north. The Historic Landscape Character Assessment characterises the area of the site as „Fieldscapes‟: Planned Private Enclosure, Early Post-Medieval AD 1500-1599, (Characteristics which are shared by the adjacent Sullington Stud Farm). Cultural heritage and settings The closest heritage assets to the site are the Grade II Listed Jasmine Cottage and School Cottage, 250m to the northeast of the site. There is restricted visibility towards the site from this building (with trees and other houses providing screening). The Grade II Listed Chantry Mill is sited 300m to the west of the site, with likely visibility from this building (note that it is already adjacent to a sand pit). The Sullington Conservation Area is situated 600m to the south of the site, and there is visibility from this area to the proposed Chantry Lane extension. There is a Conservation Area within the middle of Storrington, although existing houses screen this area from the proposed site. Whilst further extraction will affect views from the approaching A283, it is considered that given there is an existing sand pit, the proposed extension is not likely to result in significant additional visual effects. There is a series of Scheduled Monuments 400m to the north of the site (Bowl Barrows associated with Trinity Methodist Church). Visibility from these monuments to the site is restricted by housing. Natural heritage The Chantry Mill SSSI is directly adjacent to the site (the sand pit), whilst the Sullington Warren SSSI is 250m to the north. Heath Common SNCI is located 700m to the northeast. Sullington Hill SNCI, Amberley Mount to Sullington Hill SSSI and Kithurst Hill SNCI are all located approximately 1km to the south of the site. There are a number of small areas of woodland designated as ancient woodland in proximity; the closest is adjacent to the site to the southwest. Recreation A section of the Storrington and Sullington public footpath (FP2664) runs in a northwest-southeast direction, approximately 100m to the southwest of the site, as well as 200m to the north. There is a network of bridleways to the south of the site, running through Sullington Manor Farm (BW2686).

249

LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CRITERIA

Landform Gently sloping to the north towards the existing sand pit.

Landcover Pastoral farmland bound by a network of hedges and lines of mature broad leaf trees.

Scale Medium scale.

Enclosure Located within open farmland with a limited sense of enclosure provided by lines of trees and hedgerows bounding the field and small areas of woodland to the west.

Condition The field structure and hedgerows are in generally good condition, with semi-mature and occasionally mature hedgerow trees linked into the wider structure of hedgerows, belts of trees and small broadleaf woodland.

Tranquillity including noise and lighting Noise and light is present due to the proximity to the village of Storrington to the north.

Remoteness The site lies at the fringes of a settlement with modern development and structures visible in the surrounding area; little sense of remoteness.

VISUAL CRITERIA

Skylines In views from the south and east, Storrington lies on the rounded ridge forming the skyline, below which the exposed faces of the existing sand pit are visible. The low-lying, flat to gentle sloping profile of the site does not form an important part of the skyline in the area, and would be seen in relation to the adjacent sand pit and the slope rising up to Storrington in views from the south. Views and landmarks

250

LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

Contains no distinctive landmarks although is visible in views to the Weald from the north-facing slopes of the Downs, where it is seen in the context of existing development around Storrington.

Degree of inter-visibility with the slopes of the escarpment of the Downs to the south, including Sullington Hill; visible intermittently Intervisibility across open farmland from the A283 to the north and the minor road leading from the A283 to Sullington; visibility from properties to the southeast and east of the site and potentially from properties at the south-eastern fringes of Storrington. Visibility from Chantry Lane and the footpath that passes to the southwest of the site is limited by belts of trees and areas of woodland.

Visual receptors Receptors likely to include road users on the A283 and the minor road to the east leading to Sullington; residents of properties in Sullington and at the southeast fringes of Storrington; users of the network of public paths and bridleways that cross the scarp to the south, including the South Downs Way.

LANDSCAPE VALUE CRITERIA

Landscape designations The site is within the South Downs National Park and displays some key characteristics of the respective character area within the park.

Natural heritage Designated nature conservation sites and ancient woodland within the surrounding area, with an area of ancient woodland lying to the southwest of the boundary.

Cultural heritage features and setting Heritage assets in the surrounding area, with some visibility from the Sullington conservation area to the southeast.

Recreation The site is of limited recreational value, located within farmland and largely inaccessible. A public footpath passes to the west and southwest of the site, although belts of trees and woodland restrict views into the site from the path.

251

OVERALL SENSITIVITY TO EXTRACTION link in with tree belts and woodland in the wider area, reduce the Landscape Sensitivity: Medium The site comprises small to medium capacity of the site to accommodate development without eroding the scale pastoral farmland, with an irregular field pattern and a structure of pattern and structure of the farmland. However, the landscape of the hedgerows and mature hedgerow trees that is degraded in places. It is immediate area is clearly „worked‟, with a limited sense of tranquillity due located within the wider context of a sand pit to the north, the exposed to the proximity of the fringes of Storrington. Extending the existing faces of the quarry which drop away sharply from the northern boundary workings may give rise to cumulative impacts, with the potential for of the site. The site is located at the southern fringe Storrington and has increasing the intrusiveness of the existing pit, particularly in relation to little sense of remoteness, with lights and noise from the surrounding views from the south and east towards Storrington. It is overlooked by roads and existing mineral workings reducing the tranquillity. More higher ground to the south, with some potential visibility from the wider sensitive features include the hedgerows and mature trees at the area to the east and south, and adequate screening of views, particularly perimeter, and the small irregular field at the south of the site, a remnant from the upper slopes of the scarp and Downs, may not be achieved by of a more intricate and historic field pattern. retaining and enhancing trees and vegetation around the perimeter.

Visual Sensitivity: Medium. The open nature of the surrounding It is judged that the site has a Moderate capacity overall for farmland to the east and south results in a degree of visibility across the accommodating mineral extraction. There is potential for the landscape wider area, including from the slopes of the chalk scarp to the south. The features and habitat value of the area to be enhanced and improved upon site is however visible from these areas in the context of the settlement in conjunction with the development of the site. of Storrington which reduces visual sensitivity overall. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION AND LANDSCAPE Landscape Value: Medium. The area lies within the South Downs OPPORTUNITIES National Park and although it contains no unique features or notable Retaining existing semi-mature and mature trees and vegetation qualities identified as valuable in the wider designated area, it corresponds along the site perimeters, and as far as possible the remnant with some of the characteristics representative of the Scarp Foot Slopes hedgerow that bounds the fields internally. New planting should be character area. It forms part of the wider pattern of a farmland and linked with this existing landscape structure, to create a continuous woodland mosaic, to which the surrounding network of irregular fields belt of vegetation around the perimeter, connecting with the and mature hedgerow trees contribute. It has limited recreational value. surrounding network of hedges; Overall the site is judged to have Medium landscape value. Advanced planting of trees and shrubs around the perimeter to provide screening of views into the site from the A283 and the lane Overall, the site is considered to have a Medium sensitivity to to the east, adjacent open farmland and residential properties, extraction, with the mature perimeter trees features of higher sensitivity. where improvement and reinforcement of existing screening is required, particularly along the eastern boundary; LANDSCAPE CAPACITY Create and retain appropriate buffers around existing lines of The restricted views into the area will enable the visual containment of mature trees; extraction activities within existing tree cover. The entrance to the site Ensure that access tracks and infrastructure are carefully sited would be a visual intrusion and create a cumulative effect with that of the and adequately screened in views from the surrounding area. sand site opposite (Sandgate Park). The small to medium scale of the arable farmland and the structure of trees around the perimeter, which

252

OPTIONS FOR RESTORATION AFTER USE Returning the site to its existing profile, or to a more naturalistic profile, and then restoring it to a mixture of woodland and agricultural use following extraction. Long term restoration should aim to maximise the habitat value by taking opportunities to improve habitat connectivity with the surrounding areas of mature woodland.

253

M/HO/4A HAM FARM

Figure 2: Map of M/HO/4A

254

255

Figure 3: Photograph looking northwest from the southeast corner of the site (from the A283)

Figure 4: Photograph looking onto the site from the A283, showing more sparse screening towards the site’s western boundary

256

Figure 4: Photograph looking south from a gap in the vegetation along the A283

Figure 5: Photograph of the site’s southern boundary adjoining the A283

257

SITE LOCATION AND CONTEXT characteristic feature. Urban and airport related development sprawl in the The site is located within 2km to the northwest of the small town of flat plain around Gatwick, and in the Horley-Crawley commuter settlements, Steyning, and is bounded to the south by the A283. contrast with the pleasant, wet, woody, rural character of the area and as The site is located in southeast of West Sussex, within a wider area such are less distinctively Wealden. Hop growing and orchards are still a characterised by undulating ridges and vales, with intermittent views of distinctive land use in the east. The Kentish Low Weald is traversed by the chalk escarpment to the south. The site is outside of the South numerous narrow lanes with broad verges and ditches; these are continuous Downs National Park, although its southern boundary is adjacent to the with the drove roads of the North Downs.‟ northern boundary of the Park. Within the Park, Chanctonbury Hill lies to the southwest of the site, whilst Steyning Round Hill lies to the West Sussex Landscape Character Areas: Wiston Low Weald southeast. Chanctonbury Ring hill fort lies 2.4km to the southwest of the (WG1)83: site. The site consists of two fields, each under arable use and separated by a Rolling relief of low ridges and vales. line of trees. The site is bordered by arable fields, with woodland Dramatic views of the chalk escarpment to the south and glimpsed views bordering it to the northeast. There is housing adjacent to the site to the of settlements through woodland and trees. west and east (Ham Farm, Hammes Farm and Horsebrook Cottage). Gently undulating landform. Predominantly small to medium-sized pasture fields, enclosed by LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CONTEXT woodlands, shaws and hedgerows. National character area: Low Weald (122)82 Isolated trees in pasture. Local concentrations of horse grazed paddocks, giving a ranch like „Broad, low lying and gently undulating clay vales underlie a small-scale appearance. intimate landscape enclosed by an intricate mix of small woodlands, a Dense cover of ancient broadleaved woodlands and conifer plantations. patchwork of fields and hedgerows. Topography and soils vary locally in Small stream valleys draining to the Adur. relation to higher drier outcrops of limestone or sandstone, which are Scattered country houses, some suburban in character. commonly sites of settlements. The Low Weald generally includes an abundance of ponds and small stream valleys often with wet woodlands of Network of rights of way, green lanes and droveways. alder and willow. Tall hedgerows with numerous mature trees link copses, Scattered, traditional Wealden farmsteads, cottages and a few linear shaws and remnant woodlands which combine to give the Low Weald a well- villages. wooded character. Field trees, usually of oak but now declining, are Many small farms and cottages are concentrated along lanes with the few characteristic of the area south-east of Dorking. Grassland predominates on historic linear villages located at crossroads or road junctions. the heavy clay soils while lighter soils on higher ground support arable Low density of winding rural lanes. cropping in a more open landscape. Rural in character with dispersed farmsteads, small settlements often include many timber and brick built The site borders the West Sussex Landscape Character Areas: Central traditional buildings where not now dominated by recent urban development. Scarp Footslopes (WG8)84: Historic settlement pattern was dictated by a preference for higher drier outcrops of limestone or sandstone with moated manor houses being a 83 West Sussex County Council (2003), The West Sussex Landscape Character 82 Natural England, Countryside Character Volume 7: Southeast and London. Assessment.

258

Rolling relief of low ridges and vales. the historic parkland landscapes at Wiston (opposite the site to the Dramatic views of the chalk escarpment to the south and glimpsed views south), and conserving and enhancing rights of way network. of settlement through woodland and trees. Large straight edged arable fields on upper slopes. Mixed farmland with fields of varied shapes and sizes on lower slopes. Approximate timescale anticipated for start and completion for this site: 10 Narrow linear woodlands often near the streams, interlaced with a varied years (2015-25). pattern of hedgerows. Numerous streams define field boundaries. Density of copses, streamside woodlands and hedgerow trees increase towards the edges of settlements and lower slopes. Picturesque, traditional spring-line villages and settlements. Small settlement pattern often clustered or centred on manor houses, churches or mills, with a strong historic character and few suburban influences. Varied building materials including flint, brick, local sandstone (of the Upper Greensand) coloured blue or weathered rusty yellow (Amberley blue), some chalk (called „clunch‟ locally), and half timber. Managed parkland and estate landscapes.

Narrow winding lanes mainly crossing north to south, connecting settlements with the Downs.

Lanes rise towards the scarp slope, often with dramatic views of scarp slope. Lanes sometimes sunken and enclosed by hedgebanks.

KEY SENSITIVITIES, FORCES FOR CHANGE AND GUIDELINES In the context of this landscape, the West Sussex Land Management Guidelines (sheet WG7) recommend conserving the largely secluded, tranquil character, maintaining the historic character of the area, including small-scale field patterns, historic parkland, sunken lanes and hedgebanks, maintaining and restoring hedgerows, especially in arable farmland, restoring linear woodland across arable farmland to link with existing woodlands, aiming to create good linkages across land parcels

via trees, woodland and hedgerows, conserving, managing and restoring

84 West Sussex County Council (2003), The West Sussex Landscape Character Assessment.

259

SITE CHARACTERISATION

Landscape Character Criteria

Physical/Natural factors The site lies across a rolling and undulating landform which slopes down to the north. The Grade 3 agricultural land is based on an underlying geology of chalk. The site comprises arable farmland of medium scale and irregular fields. It is bordered on its southern, eastern and western boundaries by hedgerows, hedgerow trees and woodland. There is a belt of trees in the southwest corner of the site, dividing the two fields, and two individual trees in the northwest corner. The surrounding land use is mixed arable farming, woodland and built development, comprising occasional farm buildings and houses, and the settlement of Steyning to the southeast. A stream runs along the site‟s northern and western boundaries, with a small pond located to the northeast. Experiential Whilst the site is open and of a medium scale, screening around the edges creates some degree of enclosure, especially in the northeast and southwest areas. As one moves from the southeast corner to the northwest, more open views become available of the fields to the north of the site, the land rising gently to the north. The road bordering the site to the south is busy, reducing tranquillity at this end of the site; this increases as one moves further north. Despite the presence of the road, the site has a rural character. CPRE data indicates that the site lies within an area defined as „disturbed by noise‟85 and of medium tranquillity, with the northern parts being of a higher tranquillity86. Visual Criteria Visibility and key views The ZTV indicates that visibility of this site from the surrounding area will be available from the east, with some long distance visibility from the northeast around Partridge Green, from the east along the A281 and from the southeast around Upper Beeding and Shoreham-by-Sea (along the A283 and A2037). There is also potential visibility from the south up to the South Downs Way National Trail, which lies 2.3km to the south at its closest proximity. Visibility is likely to be reduced by woodland and tree cover across the surrounding area. From the immediate surroundings, dense vegetative screening along much of the south boundary restricts visibility from the A283, although vegetation becomes more intermittent towards the site‟s western boundary, where direct views into the site from the road are possible. There is direct visibility from Ham Farm into the southeast of the site, and partial visibility from the Grade II Listed Horsebrook Cottage to the west, with some screening around the house. Visibility is also possible from the area of higher land to the north, around Cherrytree Rough. Landscape Value Criteria Landscape designations (National Parks, AONBs) The site is located immediately adjacent to the northern boundary of the South Downs National Park. Visibility of the site from the National Park is restricted to within 2km of the site to the south, including the upper slopes of the South Downs (Chanctonbury Hill and Steyning Round Hill are located within these slopes to the south) which includes the South Downs Way National Trail.

85 CPRE (2007), Intrusion Data. 86 CPRE (2006), Tranquillity Data

260

Condition, typicality and rarity The site is characteristic of this area, with a gently sloping profile, views of the chalk escarpment to the south, glimpsed through woodland and trees, small-medium sized fields bound by hedgerows, with narrow bands of trees following the stream to the north and scattered farmsteads. The Historic Landscape Character Assessment characterises the site area as „Fieldscapes‟ Modern Field Amalgamation, Late 20th Century (AD1845-Present) The field pattern that‟s the site sits within is older (Early-Late Post Medieval). Cultural heritage and settings There are numerous listed buildings within proximity to the site. The Grade II listed Horsebrook Cottage is directly adjacent to the site to the west (some visibility, although predominantly restricted by vegetation); Grade II listed Old Rectory and Roundhouse 300m to the west of the site (although currently screened by trees and hedgerow); Grade II listed Water Tower and Sun Room at Wappingthorn, to the northeast of the site (restricted visibility due to screening by trees); and numerous listed buildings to the southwest in the grounds of the Grade I listed Wiston House (visibility from house and buildings to the site is restricted by woodland at the northern boundary of Wiston Park, but partial views are possible from the park itself onto the site from the park‟s northern boundary (see Figure 4)).

Natural heritage There are no nature conservation designations within the site though a number lie in proximity to it. The closest, Wiston Pond SNCI, is located 250m to the south. Chanctonbury Hill SSSI is approximately 1.6km to the southwest. The large River Adur water meadows & Wyckham Wood SNCI is located 2.4km to the east of the site. There are numerous areas of woodland classified as ancient woodland within 2.5km to the north and south of the site, with the closest being directly adjacent to the site to the northeast. Recreation There are numerous public footpaths within 2km of the site, with the closest being the Wiston public footpath (FP2599) within 150m to the west and north of the site (there is no visibility onto the site from the path to the west, visibility may be possible from the footpath to the north where the land is higher than the site).

261

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CRITERIA

Landform Flat to gently sloping relief.

Landcover Tree cover to the north, east and south of the site. Hedgerows and trees within the site.

Scale Small to medium scale landscape contrasting with the vast open downs to the south. Views to the steeply rising slopes to the south enable the scale of the landscape which encompasses this site to be appreciated.

Enclosure Tree belts and hedgerows bounding the fields and surrounding woodland provide a degree of enclosure, particularly in the west and north of the site.

Condition The field pattern and structure of hedgerows and trees are variable across the site, with a more intact structure to the west of the site.

Tranquillity including noise and lighting A degree of tranquillity. Noise from the A283 that bounds the site to the south reduces the tranquillity within the southern parts of the site.

Remoteness The site has a rural character, but the proximity of the A283 and the scattered farms reduces the sense of remoteness.

VISUAL CRITERIA

Skylines The low-lying gentle topography and well wooded surroundings means the site does not form part of any significant skyline from the wider area.

Views and landmarks There are no landmarks within the site, although it is over looked by the elevated slopes of the escarpment to the south. Intervisibility

262

LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

Views to the South Downs from the site are especially noticeable, and the site would be seen from the upper north-facing slopes of the downs between Steyning Round Hill to Chanctonbury Ring.

Visual receptors Receptors include users of the A283 and residents of properties and farms located close to the site. Walkers on the South Down Way to the south are potential receptors.

LANDSCAPE VALUE CRITERIA

Landscape designations The site is located immediately outside the boundary of the South Downs National Park though it shares characteristics with the adjacent Central Scarp Footslopes character area within the Park. There is also a degree of intervisiblility with the chalk escarpment between Steyning Round Hill to Chanctonbury Ring to the south.

Natural Heritage The site is not covered by a nature conservation designation, although some nature conservation designations lie in the vicinity and areas of ancient woodland lie adjacent to the northern boundary.

Cultural heritage features There are numerous listed buildings within the immediate vicinity, although deciduous and coniferous trees around the site reduce the potential for intervisibility.

Recreation There is a degree of intervisibility with the South Downs Way National Trail, and a public footpath passes close to the northwest of the site, although the recreational value of the site itself is limited.

263

OVERALL SENSITIVITY TO EXTRACTION vegetation reduces the capacity of the northern and eastern parts of the Landscape Character Sensitivity: Medium. The site is of medium site to accommodate development. Also, additional planting would not to small scale, comprising improved pastoral farmland with no distinctive reduce visibility of the upper slopes to the north from the South Downs, or land mark features, although it shares characteristics with Central albeit that from this location the site will be seen within the wider Scarp Footslopes character area to the south. The sloping profile, mature panorama of the lowlands and comprise a small feature within it. It is trees and hedgerows (both at the perimeter and bounding internal fields) judged that the site has a Moderate capacity overall for accommodating and the water courses to the north and west of the site increase the mineral extraction. overall sensitivity. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION AND LANDSCAPE Visual Sensitivity: Medium-High. Intervisibility with surrounding OPPORTUNITIES landscape including the downs of the chalk escarpment to the south, Careful siting of access tracks and roads, avoiding areas of ancient properties in the vicinity and visibility from the A283 increase the woodland and ensuring lines of mature broadleaf trees remain sensitivity of the site. Long distance views from the north-facing slopes of intact; the chalk escarpment including the long distance path (South Downs Perimeter mounding (using topsoil and overburden) and then Way) are possible, where the site forms part of the wider panorama of planting of native trees and shrubs along the southern and eastern the low vales and ridges to the north. boundaries, including some native evergreen species, to strengthen and reinforce existing screening of views into the site from the Landscape Value: Medium. The site is located outside the South A283, Cherrytree Rough to the north and surrounding open Downs National Park although it reflects some key characteristics of the farmland; Central Scarp Foot Slopes character type. Located close to the foot of Create and retain appropriate buffers around the water courses and the scarp it forms part of the setting of the dramatic slopes that rise up to mature trees to the north, west and northeast of the site; the south. The site is of little direct recreational value. The site itself is Retain existing hedgerows, mature trees and vegetation along of limited habitat value, although the presence of ancient woodland to the perimeters and within the area, linking in new planting with this, to north and the water courses at the northern and western boundary are create continuous corridors of trees and vegetation, connected to of some value. wider networks of hedges in surrounding areas.

Overall, the site is considered to have a Medium sensitivity to sand OPTIONS FOR RESTORATION AFTER USE extraction, with the northern fringes and western fringes of higher Reinstating the original profile of the site, and returning the land to sensitivity. agricultural use. Restoring and improving the structure of hedgerows and hedgerow trees, with the aim of maximising LANDSCAPE CAPACITY farmland habitat value, and connectivity with the surrounding Given the relatively flat landform and a degree of containment provided structure of hedgerows and lines of trees. by the existing structure of hedgerows and tree cover, there is the Restoring all or part of the site to woodland following extraction. potential for providing appropriate screening of the site from the Long term restoration should aim to maximise the habitat value by surrounding farmland and views from the A283 to the south. However, taking opportunities to link it into the surrounding hedgerow and the visibility of the site across a broader area of the South Downs woodland structure. National Park and the presence of the water courses and mature

264

CHALK

Key features of chalk extraction Removal of existing landscape features; Medium-large-scale excavation and associated visual intrusion; Vertical quarry faces visible in the landscape, which can form prominent white scars affecting sloping hillsides; Associated buildings and chimneys of cement works; Movement and storage of waste excavated material; Noise, blasting and vibration; Intermittent working of some quarries can result in visual impacts that last for long periods of time; Mitigation measures such as perimeter mounding (using topsoil and overburden) and planting of native trees and shrubs; Removal of any infrastructure upon completion of works, but permanent alteration of land form, and a steep rock quarried face on hillsides usually remains. Vegetation growth on quarry cliff ledges and faces can help integrate the site with the surrounding landscape.

265

M/HO/5 SHOREHAM CEMENT WORKS

266

Figure 3: Photograph looking east onto the western end of the proposed extension site

Figure 4: Photograph looking east into the existing extraction site from the A283

267

Figure 4: Photograph looking east into the existing site Figure 5: Photograph looking west from the site

268

Figure 6: Photograph looking east towards the site from the South Figure 7: Photograph looking northeast from the South Downs Way Downs Way National Trail to the west of the site National Trail

269

SITE LOCATION AND CONTEXT coniferous and broadleaved – are a distinctive feature of the western Downs. The site lies 2km to the south of Upper Beeding and 2km to the north of In the west, large estates are important features with formal designed Shoreham-by-Sea. The A283 forms part of the western boundary and the parkland providing a contrast to the more typical farmland pasture.‟ disused quarry bounds it to the north. Open arable fields lie to the south and east. West Sussex Landscape Character Areas: Downland Adur Valley

(SD5)88: The site is located to the southeast of West Sussex, within a wider area characterised by prominent chalk outcrop rising from the South Coast „Key characteristics are: and the wide open flat bottomed Adur Valley. The surrounding landscape Wide open flat bottomed valley, with gently meandering river. comprises significant areas of arable farmland with the visual intrusion Wide sloping chalk valley sides with steep tops. from major roads, chalk quarries and pylons being a feature. The site is a Main river tidal, with salt marsh and mud flats. Mostly canalised, and proposed extension of the disused Shoreham Cement Works, the high contained by levees. chalk face of which forms a prominent feature cut into the rounded River levees carrying recreational routes adjacent to river on both sides. profile of the open ridge to the east of the Adur valley. Wet floodplain meadows, streams and water channels.

Some significant areas of arable farmland on the valley floor and lower LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CONTEXT slopes. National character area: South Downs (126)87 Relatively open character, with a denser network of hedgerows and small woodlands on the tributaries. „Prominent Chalk outcrop rising gently from the South Coast Plain with a Downland turf and invading scrub on the valley sides. dramatic north-facing scarp and distinctive chalk cliffs formed where the Small lanes and brick bridges. Downs end abruptly at the sea. A chalk landscape of rolling arable fields and Impressive views across the valley including striking views of Lancing close-cropped grassland on the bold scarps, rounded open ridges and sculpted College. dry valleys. Lightly settled landscape with scattered villages, hamlets and Visual intrusion from the disused cement works and chalk quarries, major farmsteads – flint is conspicuous in the buildings, walls of villages, farms and roads and pylons. churches. Roman roads and drove roads are common and characteristic Bounded on the south by the complex of flyovers where the A27 trunk features and the area is rich in visually prominent prehistoric remains, road and the A283 intersect. particularly Neolithic and Bronze Age barrows and prominent Iron Age Small hamlets and farmsteads on lower sides using varied materials hillforts. In the east, rivers from the Low Weald cut through the Downs to including flint, brick and tile hanging. form river valleys and broad alluvial floodplains with rectilinear pastures and Two disused railways, now major recreational routes, and also crossed wet grazing meadows – a contrast with the dry uplands. Above these valleys, by the South Downs Way.‟ the high, exposed, rounded uplands of white chalk have a simple land cover of few trees, an absence of hedgerows, occasional small planted beech clumps, and large arable areas and some grassland. The eastern Downs have a distinctive escarpment which rises prominently and steeply above the Low Weald. It is indented by steep combes or dry valleys. Woodlands – both 88 West Sussex County Council (2003), The West Sussex Landscape Character 87 Natural England, Countryside Character Volume 7: Southeast and London. Assessment.

270

The South Downs Integrated Landscape Character Assessment include South Downs National Park Landscape Types G: Major Valley Sides the following guidelines:

“Key Characteristics of Major Valley Sides: Conserve the intact chalk valley sides and steep chalk cliffs, avoiding cuttings or quarrying operations that would threaten the landform. Valley sides of varying steepness enclosing the major river floodplains and The continued conversion of arable land to grassland would be beneficial linking to the adjacent downland. change, particularly on upper valley sides. An expansive large scale landscape containing, and providing the setting Ensure active management of chalk grassland. for the floodplain. Some slopes provide excellent views down onto the Consider effects on panoramic views from the valley sides and crests floodplain revealing patterns of the river channel and meanders that are when considering woodland planting or felling. not perceptible at the ground level. The valley sides frequently contain rural roads running along the contour Approximate timescale anticipated for start and completion for this site: above the floodplain and have formed a natural link between the Weald 28 years. and the sea. Woodlands along the lower slopes are particularly distinctive and form a strong wooded edge to the floodplain”.

KEY SENSITIVITIES, FORCES FOR CHANGE AND GUIDELINES

In the context of this landscape, the West Sussex Land Management Guidelines (sheet SD5) recommend encouraging the conversion of the valley slopes from arable to pastoral open chalk grassland and attempting to link them to the upper slopes through Stewardship schemes, conserving, managing and improving existing hedgerows particularly where the local landscape is degraded and visually intrusive elements dominate, carrying out bold tree planting alongside and partially up the slopes of the eastern valley sides to screen and integrate the main road, partially infilling and restoring the cement works main quarry area to original levels and managing as chalk grassland, retaining some of the quarry elements as features for future historical reference (ensuring this takes account of the proposals set out in the Horsham District and Adur Local Development Plans), and maintaining and enhancing the recreational network of footpaths and bridleways along and across the valley.

271

SITE CHARACTERISATION

Landscape Character Criteria

Physical/Natural factors The site extends across a large-scale landform that slopes down towards the flat valley of the Adur River in the southwest. A dry coombe runs from the north to the southwest of the hillside through the site. The site consists of Grade 3 and 4 agricultural land, which is based on an underlying geology of chalk. It comprises large scale, open and intensively managed arable fields. The site is adjacent to the A283 to the west, the disused quarry to the north and arable field to the south and east. There are some trees around the site boundaries, particularly along the northwest boundary, where there is a small area of woodland.

Experiential The site is very open and within a large-scale landscape. The landscape has an urban character, with a major road running along the Adur Valley to the west of the site, and settlements are visible to the north and south. There is continuous urban development along the south coast (from Brighton through to Worthing, Littlehampton and Bognor Regis), which is visible from the site. There is very little enclosure, with some provided by a small area of woodland to the northwest. Whilst the site is open and of a medium scale, screening, in the form of planted woodland, around the edges creates a degree of enclosure, especially in the northeast and southwest corners. CPRE data indicates that the site is within an area of medium to higher tranquillity89 and is within an area defined as „disturbed by noise‟90. Visual Criteria Visibility and key views The ZTV indicates that potential visibility of the site is predominantly available from a north to south orientated area to the west of the site (visibility to the east is confined to the local area). Potential visibility includes from Ashurst to the north, down to Worthing to the south. The South Downs Way National Trail passes within 1km to the north, with visibility to the site and the existing disused quarry. There is also visibility from where the trail passes across the slopes facing the site to the west (see Figure 6). With regards to visibility from the immediate surroundings, there are views from the A283, from Coombes road which runs in parallel to the A283 to the west, from the South Downs Way National Trail, and from buildings in the locality (including Erringham Farm to the southeast, and Old Erringham Farm to the south). The south coast and the sea beyond it to the south; to the east the skyline comprises slightly elevated land which slopes down to the site; to the west the slopes of Annington Hill and Lancing Hill make up the skyline; and to the north, land within the Low Weald character area is seen. Landscape Value Criteria Landscape designations (National Parks, AONBs) The site is within the South Downs National Park. From within the National Park, potential visibility extends north to the southern boundary of Upper Beeding, and to the slopes facing the site to the west. The site is clearly visible from parts of the South Downs Way National Trail. Condition, typicality and rarity The site is typical of the larger-scale open character of the Adur Valley Sides character area. The influence from major roads, pylons and built development is also typical.

89 CPRE (2006), Tranquillity Data. 90 CPRE (2007), Intrusion Data.

272

The Historic Landscape Character Assessment characterises most of the site area as „Fieldscapes‟ Ranging in age from Early modern AD1800-AD1913 to 20th Century, and a small area as „Unimproved/Unenclosed‟. Cultural heritage and settings There are numerous listed buildings in proximity to the site: five Grade II listed buildings are located in Coombes, facing the site to the west; two Grade II listed buildings 500m to the south, within the grounds of the Old Erringham shrunken medieval settlement (Scheduled Monument). There is clear visibility from these heritage assets to the site. The Cross Dyke Scheduled Monument on Beeding Hill lies at the northern boundary of the disused quarry. Natural heritage The Beeding Hill to Newtimber Hill SSSI lies within 300m to the north of the site. The Old Erringham Farm valley and road cutting SNCI (habitat: chalk grassland, semi- natural woodland, pond and quarry), is partially located on the site and borders it to the west and south. The River Adur Meadows SNCI (habitat: neutral grassland and ditches) is located in close proximity to the site to the west on the far side of the A283. There are numerous SNCIs located 2.5km to the east of the site, Mill Hill, Shoreham-by-Sea SNCI (habitat: chalk grassland and scrub) sited 800m to the south, and other SSSIs to the south and northeast. Recreation There are numerous public footpaths and bridleways criss-crossing the land around the site: a byway traverses the site from east to west; public footpaths line the River Adur to the west; the South Downs Way National Trail is located within 1km to the north; and the Downs Link runs on the western side of the A283, in close proximity to the site.

273

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CRITERIA

Landform Large-scale, sloping landform extending down to the broad, flat bottomed Adur Valley.

Landcover Area of trees in the western part of the site; hedgerow in the centre.

Scale Large, open site within a large scale landscape.

Enclosure Very open and exposed site, with open views from the surrounding area.

Condition Poor-medium, with industrial land to the west (disused cement works). Grade 3 and 4 agricultural land.

Tranquillity including noise and lighting Very busy road to the east; urban development in proximity to the north and south (with light and visual intrusion).

Remoteness Minimal feeling of remoteness; busy road to the east and urban development in proximity to the south and north.

VISUAL CRITERIA

Skylines The site has a strong relationship with the skyline in views from the Adur valley bottom to the west and the slopes of the South Downs which rise up to the west of the valley. The site will form the skyline when viewing the area from the A283, and when viewing the site from the land to the south.

Views and landmarks The site is clearly visible from the South Downs Way National Trail, to the north and west. The disused quarry already forms part of these views and so additional impact is unlikely to be significantly more adverse. Intervisibility

274

LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

Long-distance views to the north, south and west. The site is visible from land to the west and land to the south (short-distance). Due to the lie of the land, visibility from the north is more restricted (greater visibility from the northwest, with little visibility from the northeast).

Visual receptors Receptors include road users of the A283 and the A27 on the east-bound approach to Shoreham-by-Sea; users of the adjacent areas of open access land, walkers and users of the South Downs Way National Trail, the Monarch‟s Way and the Downs Link long distance paths; residents and users of buildings in the surrounding area, including Coombes Farm and Annington Farm to the southwest.

LANDSCAPE VALUE CRITERIA

Landscape designations The site is located within the South Downs National Park and is visible across a large area of the wider landscape, including visibility from the South Downs Way National Trail and the slopes of Annington Hill and Lancing Hill to the west.

Natural heritage There is a SNCI partially located on the site; and other designated sites within 1km.

Numerous listed buildings in proximity to the site: five Grade II listed buildings are located in Coombes, facing the site to the west; two Cultural heritage features Grade II listed buildings 500m to the south of the site, within the grounds of the Old Erringham shrunken medieval settlement (Scheduled Monument at Old), with clear visibility from these heritage assets to the site. Existing cement works already negatively affects views from these assets.

An area of open access land extends into the site from the south. There are numerous public footpaths and bridleways criss-crossing Recreation the land around the site: a byway traverses the site from east to west; public footpaths follow the River Adur to the west of the site; the South Downs Way National Trail is located within 1km to the north of the site; and the Downs Link runs on the western side of the A283, in close proximity to the site. There is a high degree of intervisibility with the South Downs Way national trail.

275

OVERALL SENSITIVITY TO EXTRACTION appearance of the quarry. It is judged that the site has a Low-Moderate Landscape Character Sensitivity: High. The site is of a large scale, capacity overall for accommodating mineral extraction. with the distinctive profile of the steep chalk slopes being identifiable with the South Downs. The distinctive landform and profile of the site and the RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION AND LANDSCAPE mature trees to the west of the site are particularly sensitive features. OPPORTUNITIES Ensure a considered and sympathetically designed landscape profile Visual Sensitivity: High. There is a high level of intervisibility with the during the operational life of the quarry and once the working is surrounding landscape of the South Downs, several long distance national complete, with the aim of establishing naturalistic faces comprising trails and major transport routes connecting Chichester with Shoreham- small scale and irregular faces, which will re-vegetate more readily; by-Sea. The design of the final profile of the quarry faces should aim as far as possible to reduce the extent of unnatural engineered profiles. Landscape Value: High. The site is located within the South Downs Soiling of ledges should be used to enable and promote natural National Park and reflects several of the key characteristics and special regeneration of vegetation upon them. The final contours of the site qualities of the Adur Valley Sides character type, and has a close should be agreed before consent; relationship with the Adur to Ouse Open Downs to the east. An SNCI is The extension of the site should coincide with undertaking partially located within the site and a number of nature conservation measures to restore the existing quarry, for example through designations lie within the vicinity. The existing area of vegetation and restorative blasting to break up cliff faces, and soiling of ledges to broadleaf trees at the boundary between the site and the existing quarry promote natural regeneration of vegetation upon them. Blasting is of some habitat value. A number of important national trails and public should aim to break up the existing stepped profile of the quarry paths lie in the vicinity, and an area of Open Access land lies within the face to the south if possible; site boundary. Grade out the upper edges of the faces so they can be soiled and vegetated to reduce the visual impact of the abrupt transition from Overall, the site is considered to have a High sensitivity to chalk the sloping hills to the quarry face; extraction, with the northern part of the site and the southern and Promote natural regeneration of the quarry ledges so that the face eastern fringes of highest sensitivity. becomes partly vegetated and more visually integrated with the surrounding green slopes of the chalk downs; LANDSCAPE CAPACITY Ensure all defunct machinery, fencing and other debris is removed The distinctive profile of the site and its visibility across a broader area of after work is complete; the South Downs National Park reduces the capacity of the site to accommodate development without further impacts on the character, OPTIONS FOR RESTORATION AFTER USE visual amenity, and habitat value of the valley sides. These are already Long term restoration should aim to maximise the habitat value modified by the large scale, stark and widely visible white quarry faces of and nature conservation interest of the site through the the Shoreham Cement Works. The potential for the extension of the requirement for a restoration plan to be agreed before consent is working faces to the southwest means there is some capacity to granted. accommodate workings, and potentially to improve upon the existing

276

CLAY

Clay sites M/HO/6A Rudgwick Extension West M/HO/6B Rudgwick Extension East M/MS/1 Land Adjacent to West Hoathly Brickworks

Key features of clay extraction Removal of existing landscape features; Location within flatter low lying areas below the chalk downs; Pumping of water to dry pits when below water table;

Excavation, machinery and lighting, resulting in visual intrusion;

Noise and visual intrusion of on-site processing;

Dust and mud may be apparent within the vicinity of clay pits; Frequent heavy vehicle movements on local roads; Mitigation measures such as perimeter mounding (using topsoil and overburden) and planting of native trees and shrubs; and Replacement with restored landscape, potentially including open water (which may have a nature conservation or recreational value), or returning land to fields, in the long term.

277

GROUP M/HO/6

Figure 2: Location map of M/HO/6A and M/HO6/B

278

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CONTEXT Mostly rural character with intricate patchwork of small to medium size National character area: Low Weald (122)91 pasture fields with a combination of sinuous and straight boundaries. Larger, more open, field patterns in the east. „Broad, low lying and gently undulating clay vales underlie a small-scale Strong pattern of shaws and hedgerows enclosing fields with mature intimate landscape enclosed by an intricate mix of small woodlands, a single oaks in hedgerows and fields. patchwork of fields and hedgerows. Topography and soils vary locally in Network of narrow lanes, sometimes sunken, cross the area with strong relation to higher drier outcrops of limestone or sandstone, which are definition north south. Many of them are former droveways for cattle, pigs commonly sites of settlements. The Low Weald generally includes an and sheep. abundance of ponds and small stream valleys often with wet woodlands of Steep, secretive wooded gills. alder and willow. Tall hedgerows with numerous mature trees link copses, Hidden hammer ponds near Roman Woods with characteristic narrow shaws and remnant woodlands which combine to give the Low Weald a well- form. wooded character. Field trees, usually of oak but now declining, are characteristic of the area south-east of Dorking. Grassland predominates on the heavy clay soils while lighter soils on higher ground support arable KEY SENSITIVITIES, FORCES FOR CHANGE AND cropping in a more open landscape. Rural in character with dispersed GUIDELINES farmsteads, small settlements often include many timber and brick built In the context of this landscape, the West Sussex Land Management traditional buildings where not now dominated by recent urban development. Guidelines (sheet LW4) recommend conserving and enhancing rural Historic settlement pattern was dictated by a preference for higher drier wooded character, including the distinctive form of ridgetop woodlands outcrops of limestone or sandstone with moated manor houses being a and gill woodlands, encouraging positive management and long term characteristic feature‟ woodland regeneration, maintaining and strengthening the interlinking network of hedgerows, woodland and shaws, avoiding skyline development and ensuring any new development is well integrated into 92 West Sussex Landscape Character Areas: Low Weald Hills (LW4) : the wider landscape, and establishing screen planting around claypits and „Key characteristics are: brickworks. Undulating, low and densely wooded ridges running mostly east-west. Distinct escarpment to the north of Horsham and low escarpment at Rowhook. Blocks and strips of interconnecting woodland, including a large number of blocks of ancient woodland. Western area characterised by woodland of some size.

91 Natural England, Countryside Character Volume 7: Southeast and London. 92 West Sussex County Council (2003), The West Sussex Landscape Character Assessment.

279

M/HO/6A RUDGWICK EXTENSION WEST

280

Figure 3: Photograph looking west from the eastern end of the site

Figure 4: Photograph looking southwest from the northern boundary of the site

281

Figure 6: Photograph looking south onto the existing Rudgwick extraction site

282

SITE LOCATION AND CONTEXT The site is located at the northern boundary of West Sussex, approximately 8km to the west of Horsham within the Low Weald. The site lies 500m to the north of the village of Rudgwick, on the rounded slopes above the well wooded vale within which the village lies. Warwick Street lies within 600m to the south of the site, which joins the A281. It lies within a landscape of undulating clay vales, and a patchwork of small to medium size fields, woodland and copses. The site is currently not accessible by road, with a public footpath running through the centre. An existing clay pit and brick works lies immediately to the south. The landform drops away sharply from the southern boundary into the clay pit, and a narrow belt of trees lies along the boundary between the two areas.

Approximate timescale anticipated for start and completion for this site 15 years.

283

CHARACTERISATION OF THE SITE

Landscape Character Criteria

Physical/Natural factors The site lies across an undulating landform that slopes downhill to the south. The Grade 3 agricultural land is based on the underlying Weald Clay. The site is of a small- medium size and is currently pasture. There are a few trees running through the middle of the site from east to west, and numerous trees bordering a small part of the site to the east. The site borders the existing Rudgwick extraction site (to the south), woodland to the west, and fields under pasture to the north and east. There are no rivers or streams on or adjacent to the site. Experiential The site has an open character to the north, with more enclosure to the south where there is woodland. There is a small part of the site to the east which is bordered by trees; this area has a very enclosed feeling. The colours and texture across the site are consistent, with variation provided by the trees located in the middle of the site, and the partially wooded area in the east. CPRE data indicates that the site is within an area of medium tranquillity93 and is within an area defined as „disturbed by noise‟94. Visual Criteria Visibility and key views The ZTV indicates a large but dispersed area of potential visibility, with a larger area of visibility of the site from areas to the north, including the settlements of Dunsfold to the west, Cranleigh to the north and Ockley to the east. The extent of actual visibility is likely to be restricted by woodland. With regards to visibility from the immediate surroundings, there is visibility from the public footpath that runs through the middle of the site, and from Park Farm to the north of the site. Due to the surrounding topography and woodland, short-distance visibility is otherwise limited. Landscape Value Criteria Landscape designations (National Parks, AONBs) The site is not within any designated landscapes. Long distance views of the site may be possible from the South Downs National Park to the south and the Surrey Hills AONB to the north. Condition, typicality and rarity The site is characteristic of this area, with an undulating landform, blocks and strips of interconnecting woodland, and a patchwork of small to medium size pasture fields. The Historic Landscape Character Assessment characterises the site as „Assart Fieldscapes‟, dated Medieval AD1066 - 1499. The areas of woodland on site are described as Early 20th Century Broadleaf Plantation. Cultural heritage and settings There are a few Grade II listed buildings in proximity to the site: Woodsomes Farmhouse, sited 350m to the southwest; The Old School, sited 400m to the southeast; and

93 CPRE (2006), Tranquillity Data. 94 CPRE (2007), Intrusion Data.

284

The Old Vicarage, sited 600m to the southeast. There is a cluster of listed buildings to the south of the site, at Canfield‟s Farm. Rudgwick Conservation Area is sited 650m to the east of the site. At the time of the site visit, there was no visibility from these heritage assets due to screening by deciduous woodland. There may be visibility during the winter months. Natural heritage There are three SNCI‟s in proximity to the site: Baynard's Tunnel directly adjacent to the site to the west; Lynwick Hanger located 650m to the southwest; Godley's Copse sited 1.3km to the east. There are numerous areas of ancient woodland in proximity to the site, with the closest being two areas, 550m to the southwest and to the southeast. Recreation A public footpath (the Sussex Border Path FP1388/2) traverses the site to the north; the Downs Link public Bridleway (BW3569) adjoins this footpath from the north 200m to the west of the site. There is also a public footpath (FP1390)400m to the south of the site. There is a bridleway (BW1383) running north-south100m to west of the site.

285

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CRITERIA

Landform Rounded relief of the southeast-facing slope of the ridge extending west from Little Hawks Hill, with the landform rising to the northwest. It forms part of the rolling ridges and vales that enclose the settlement of Rudgwick.

Landcover The site comprises agricultural fields bound to the south by a narrow belt of mature oaks and broadleaf trees, and to the west by broadleaf woodland. A line of mature broad leaf trees enclose the small field to the southeast of the site.

Scale A medium to small scale pastoral landscape contrasting with the long views across to the rolling hills to the south.

Enclosure Mature trees at the southern and western boundary provide a degree of enclosure with open fields to the north.

Condition Condition varies across the site, although landscape features are broadly intact with a varied field pattern bound by mature trees and the woodland to the west. There are no hedgerows bounding the site to the north. The site is continuous with the agricultural land to the north.

Tranquillity including noise and lighting Lighting of the village of Rudgwick to the south and noise from the A281 and the minor road to the north may be felt, and the adjacent clay pit and brickworks are also likely to reduce tranquillity of the area.

Remoteness Although located close to the settlement to the south and the adjacent brickworks, there remains some sense of remoteness related to the peaceful rural character of the site and the farmland to the north, as well as the enclosure provided by surrounding trees and woodland. Overall, there is a lack of a strong presence of man-made structures and development.

VISUAL CRITERIA

Skylines The sloping site may form the skyline of the lower lying areas to the south and will be visible from the north-facing slopes of the hills and ridges to the south. Views and landmarks

286

LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

There are no landmarks within the site, although it may be visible in north-facing views from the wider Low Weald to the south.

Intervisibility Visibility of the site from Rudgwick is restricted by woodland, whilst the higher areas of the north and northwest of the site are visible from the ridge to the south. Views to the area from the north are limited by the landform and views from the lower-lying areas to the south and west are restricted by the extensive areas of woodland.

Visual receptors Receptors include residents at Rudgwick, users of the long distance paths crossing the site, the Sussex Border Path the Downs Link Path, as well as users of the network of public paths crossing the ridge to the south.

LANDSCAPE VALUE CRITERIA

Landscape designations The site is not located within a designated landscape.

Natural heritage The site is not covered by a nature conservation designation, although some nature conservation designations and areas of ancient woodland lie in the vicinity. The mature trees bounding and within the site are of some habitat value.

Recreation The Sussex Border Path runs through the site and the Downs Link long distance path passes along the western boundary, from which direct views into the site are possible. A number of public footpaths to the south and southwest of the site may also have visibility.

287

OVERALL SENSITIVITY TO EXTRACTION LANDSCAPE CAPACITY Landscape Sensitivity: Medium to High. The site is of a medium to The location of the site across the rounded ridge and the presence of small scale, comprising a field of grassland bound by mature trees with an mature trees around and within the site reduces the capacity of the site irregular field pattern. These features, together with the rounded, sloping to accommodate development without eroding the character and pattern profile are attributes which are sensitive to development of this nature. of the landscape of the surrounding area. Planting would not reduce The site is strongly representative of the key characteristics of the Low visibility of the slope from the surrounding hills and ridges to the south, Weald Hills character area, with the mature trees, rounded landform and whilst the removal of trees at the southern boundary in order to extend organic, irregular field pattern contributing to the structure and character excavation is likely to increase the intrusiveness of the workings in views of the wider area. The site does not however contain distinctive or land from the wider landscape to the south. Whilst the site does not fall mark features and is of variable condition to the south and west. The within a designated landscape, the site is of recreational value. It is landscape sensitivity is therefore judged to be medium to high overall. therefore judged that the site has a Low-Moderate capacity overall for accommodating mineral extraction. Visual Sensitivity: Medium. Located on the slope of the ridge extending west from Little Hawk Hill, the landform encloses the vale RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION AND LANDSCAPE within which Rudgwick lies, although the well wooded slopes of the vale OPPORTUNITIES restrict views into the site. The site does however form part of the Careful siting of access tracks, ensuring lines of mature broadleaf skyline in views from the ridge to the south. The surrounding tree cover trees remain intact where possible; limits intervisibility with the properties at Rudgwick and local transport Perimeter mounding (using topsoil and overburden) and then routes, reducing the overall visual sensitivity of the site. planting of native trees and shrubs along the northern boundary to screen and filter views from the farmland to the north; Landscape Value: Medium. The site not located within a designated Advanced planting around the perimeter to the east and north landscape, although it reflects some key characteristics and special within the existing tree belts, with an appropriate mix of native qualities of the Low Weald Hills character type. The Rudgwick species, to strengthen and reinforce existing screening of views into Conservation Area lies to the south of the site, although there are no the site from the public path; direct views from this area. The site is of some recreational value, with Create and retain appropriate buffers mature trees to the north and the Sussex Border long distance path passing through site and the Downs east of the site; Link path passing to the west. Retaining mature trees and vegetation along perimeters and within the area, linking in new planting with this, to create continuous Overall, the site is considered to have a Medium sensitivity to corridors of trees and vegetation, connected to wider networks of extraction. hedges in surrounding areas; Plan the re-routing of the Sussex Border Path and ensure views from it are appropriately screened.

288

OPTIONS FOR RESTORATION AFTER USE Restoring all or part of the site to woodland following extraction. Long term restoration should aim to maximise the habitat value by taking opportunities to link it into the surrounding hedgerow and woodland structure. Naturalising the final profile of the site upon completion, and returning the area to grassland or agricultural use.

Restoring and improving the structure of hedgerows and hedgerow trees, with the aim of maximising farmland habitat value, and connectivity with the surrounding structure of hedgerows and lines of trees.

289

M/HO/6B RUDGWICK EXTENSION EAST SITE LOCATION AND CONTEXT The site is located at the northern boundary of West Sussex, approximately 8km to the west of Horsham within the Low Weald. It lies within a landscape of undulating clay vales, and a patchwork of fields, small woodland and hedgerows. It lies directly adjacent to the settlement of Rudgwick to the southeast. It comprises pastoral farmland, with deciduous trees running along the site‟s northern and eastern boundaries, and a line of leylandii forming the southern boundary. It is currently not accessible by road, with a public footpath running along the northern boundary. The site slopes downhill to the south and east.

Approximate timescale anticipated for start and completion for this site: 10 years.

290

Figure 3: Photograph looking south onto the site from the Figure 4: Photograph looking towards the site’s western public footpath along the northern boundary boundary from the adjacent extraction site

291

SITE CHARACTERISATION

Landscape Character Criteria

Physical/Natural factors The site extends across an undulating landform that slopes downhill to the south. The Grade 4 agricultural land is based on an underlying Weald Clay. The site is of a small-medium size and is currently pasture. There are deciduous trees running along the site‟s northern and eastern boundaries, and leylandii along the southern boundary. The site slopes downhill to the south and east. The site borders the existing Rudgwick extraction site (to the west), pasture to the north, woodland to the east, and trees and buildings to the south. There are no rivers or streams on or adjacent to the site. Experiential At the northern end where the land is higher, the site has an open character, with clear views to the land to the south (Low Weald). Where the site slopes down to the southeast there is greater enclosure, with the tall leylandii trees to the south providing screening. The colours and texture across the site are consistent, with the trees at the boundaries providing shadow. CPRE data indicates that the site is within an area of low-medium tranquillity95 and is within an area defined as „disturbed by noise‟96. Visual Criteria Visibility and key views The ZTV indicates a large but dispersed area of potential visibility, with a larger area of visibility of the site from areas to the north. Real visibility is likely to be restricted by woodland. With regards to visibility from the immediate surroundings, there is visibility from the public footpath that runs along the site‟s northern boundary, The leylandii along the site‟s southern boundary restrict visibility from the south. Landscape Value Criteria

Landscape designations (National Parks, AONBs) The site is not within any designated landscapes. Long distance views of the site may be possible from the South Downs National Park to the south (the National Park is predominantly beyond the 10km buffer in the ZTVs, and so any views are unlikely to be significant) and the Surrey Hills AONB to the north (the ZTV indicates visibility of the site from the AONB).

Condition, typicality and rarity The area in which the site is located is characteristic of this area, with an undulating landform, blocks and strips of interconnecting woodland, and a patchwork of small to medium size pasture fields. The Historic Landscape Character Assessment characterises the site as „Clay Extraction, late 20th Century AD1845-Present, The adjacent site is „Reclaimed Industrial (Site of Old Quarry) Early 20th Century AD1914 – 1945.

95 CPRE (2006), Tranquillity Data. 96 CPRE (2007), Intrusion Data.

292

Cultural heritage and settings There are a few Grade II listed buildings in proximity to the site: The Old School, sited 50m to the south (despite the proximity of this building, there is currently no visibility from the building to the site as screening is provided by the leylandii along the southern boundary); The Old Vicarage, located 250m to the southeast; and Woodsomes Farmhouse, located 550m to the southwest. There is a cluster of listed buildings to the southwest of the site, at Canfield‟s Farm. Rudgwick Conservation Area is located 650m to the east of the site, within which there are numerous listed buildings. There may be some visibility of the higher northern part of the site from the Conservation Area. Natural heritage There are three SNCI‟s in proximity to the site: Baynard's Tunnel located 400m to the west; Lynwick Hanger located 750m to the southwest; Godley's Copse sited 900m to the east. There are numerous areas of ancient woodland in proximity to the site, with the closest being two areas 250m to the south.

Recreation A public footpath (the Sussex Border Path FP1388/2) runs along the site‟s northern boundary. There is also a public footpath (FP1390) 250m to the south. There is a bridleway (BW3569) running north-south, 400m to the west.

293

S SENITIVITY ANALYSIS LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CRITERIA

Landform Rounded relief of the southeast-facing slope of Little Hawks Hill, with the landform rising to the northwest towards the hill‟s summit. The hill forms part of the rolling ridges and vales that enclose the settlement of Rudgwick.

Landcover The site comprises grassland bound to the south by leylandii and to the west by an area of scrub. Mature trees bound the site to the east and north.

Scale A small scale, intimate site contrasting with the long views across to the rolling hills to the south, seen in views from the top of the hill.

Enclosure Mature trees at the northern and eastern boundary provide a sense of enclosure as do the leylandii at the southern boundary. There is a greater sense of openness to the west.

Condition The varied field pattern and the woodland structure to the east and north are intact (although on reclaimed land from previous workings), whilst the tall hedge and scrub to the west indicate degradation of areas closer to the existing clay pit and the settlement to the south.

Tranquillity including noise and lighting Lighting of the village of Rudgwick to the south and noise from the A281 to the west may be felt and the adjacent clay pit and brickworks are also likely to reduce tranquillity of the area.

Remoteness Although located close to the settlement to the south, and to the adjacent brickworks, there remains some sense of remoteness related to the relative enclosure of the area by trees and woodland, although the trees to the south reduce this.

VISUAL CRITERIA

Skylines Little Hawks Hill forms the skyline of the lower lying areas to the south and west of the site, although most views to the hill are restricted by woodland and internal screening within the settlement. The higher northern part of the site will be visible as part of the skyline from the upper slopes of the ridges that extends southwest to the east of Rudgwick.

294

LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

Views and landmarks There are no landmarks within the site. It is over looked by the slopes of the ridge enclosing Rudgwick to the south.

Intervisibility Visibility of the site from Rudgwick is restricted by woodland, whilst the higher areas of the north and northwest of the site are visible from the ridge to the south. Views to the area from the north are limited by tree cover and the landform of Little Hawks Hill. Long distance views of the site are likely from the Surrey Hills AONB.

Visual receptors Receptors include residents at Rudgwick, users of the Sussex Border Path and the network of public paths crossing the ridge to the south, including the Bowcroft Lane path.

LANDSCAPE VALUE CRITERIA

Landscape designations The site is not located within a designated landscape.

Cultural heritage features Intervisibility with the listed buildings to the south and southwest and the Rudgwick Conservation area to the east are largely restricted by deciduous and coniferous trees around the site, although intermittent views of the northwestern part may be possible from the northern part of the conservation area.

Recreation The Sussex Border Path runs along the site‟s northern boundary, from which direct views into the site are possible. A number of public footpaths to the south and southwest of the site may also enable visibility.

295

OVERALL SENSITIVITY TO EXTRACTION LANDSCAPE CAPACITY Landscape Sensitivity: Medium. The site is reclaimed land from The sloping nature of the site and the presence of mature vegetation previous clay extraction. There is a reclaimed quarry adjacent to the site. reduces the capacity of the site to accommodate development without The site is a small scale, comprising a field of grassland which, together adverse impacts on the character and habitat value of the surrounding with the rounded, sloping profile and mature trees, are features and area. Planting would not reduce visibility of the upper slope from the attributes which are sensitive to development of this nature (although surrounding hills and ridges to the north, whilst small scale of the site having previously been worked). The site is strongly representative of means that mitigation through siting workings within the lower southern the key characteristics of the Low Weald Hills character area, with the areas, which have a slightly greater capacity to accommodate workings, is mature trees, rounded landform and organic, irregular field pattern likely to be difficult. The proximity of the properties and listed building to contributing to the structure and character of the wider area. The site the south is also likely to limit the capacity of the site further. The site is does not however contain distinctive or land mark features and is of of some recreational value although it does not fall within a designated variable condition to the south and west. The landscape sensitivity is landscape. therefore judged to be medium to high overall. It is therefore judged that the site has a Low to Moderate capacity Visual Sensitivity: Low to Medium. Located on the slopes of Little overall for accommodating mineral extraction. Hawk Hill, which encloses the vale within which Rudgwick lies, the site forms part of the skyline in views from the ridge to the south. The RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION AND LANDSCAPE surrounding tree cover and the enclosed nature of the vale within which OPPORTUNITIES the site is located limits intervisibility with the surrounding landscape to Careful siting of extraction and infrastructure on the lower, more the north and east, properties at Rudgwick and local transport routes, enclosed areas to the south to reduce visibility from surrounding reducing the overall visual sensitivity of the site. The upper slope in the areas; north and northwest is however visible in north-facing views from the Careful siting of access tracks, ensuring lines of mature broadleaf ridge extending to the south of Rudgwick, and is therefore of higher visual trees remain intact; sensitivity. Perimeter mounding (using topsoil and overburden) and then planting of native trees and shrubs along the southern boundary Landscape Value: Low-Medium. The site is not located within a within the existing line of leylandii, with a long term view of designated landscape, although it reflects some key characteristics and removing the existing line of trees whilst maintaining the level of special qualities of the Low Weald Hills character type. The Rudgwick screening from Lynwick Street and properties immediately to the Conservation Area lies in close proximity to the site, although direct south; views from this area are limited by surrounding tree cover and internal Advanced planting around the perimeter to the east and north screening within the village. The Sussex Border long distance path passes within the existing tree belts with an appropriate mix of native along the northern boundary of the site from which direct views into the species, to strengthen and reinforce existing screening of views into site are possible. the site from the public path; Create and retain appropriate buffers mature trees to the north and Overall, the site is considered to have a Medium sensitivity to east of the site; extraction, with the northern and eastern parts being of highest sensitivity.

296

Retaining mature trees and vegetation along perimeters and within the area, linking in new planting with this, to create continuous corridors of trees and vegetation, connected to wider networks of hedges in surrounding areas; Ensure views from the Sussex Border Path are appropriately screened.

OPTIONS FOR RESTORATION AFTER USE

Restoring all or part of the site to woodland following extraction. Long term restoration should aim to maximise the habitat value by taking opportunities to link it into the surrounding hedgerow and woodland structure. Naturalising the contours of the site upon completion of extraction and returning the site to grassland or agricultural use. Restoring and improving the structure of hedgerows and hedgerow trees, with the aim of maximising farmland habitat value, and connectivity with the surrounding structure of hedgerows and lines of trees.

297

M/MS/1 LAND ADJACENT TO WEST HOATHLY BRICK WORKS

Figure 2: Map of M/MS/1

298

299

SITE LOCATION AND CONTEXT weatherboarding, are characteristic of the historic settlements, farms and The site is located in the northwest of West Sussex, along the border cottages. Local building materials characterise the area but recent with neighbouring East Sussex, within the High Weald AONB. The site „suburbanisation‟ of farmstead buildings is eroding the distinctive local style in lies 300m to the east of the hamlet of Sharpthorne. The broader many places.‟ landscape is well wooded and rural in character.

West Sussex Landscape Character Areas: High Weald (HW1)98: The site lies across an undulating landscape, of pastoral farmland, with woodland to the north and southwest, and pasture to the east and west. „Key characteristics are: The site comprises three fields bound by hedgerow and trees. The site is Wooded, confined rural landscape of intimacy and complexity within the bounded to the south by Top Road, which runs east-west from High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB). Sharpthorne to West Hoathly. Plateau, ridges and deep, secluded valleys cut by gill streams.

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CONTEXT Headwater drainage of the Rivers Eden, Medway, Ouse and Mole. National character area: High Weald (122)97 Long views over the Low Weald to the downs, particularly from the high „A well-wooded landscape rising above the Low Weald and deeply incised in Forest Ridge. many places to give a complex pattern of ridges and steep stream valleys. Includes major reservoir at Ardingly and adjoins Weir Wood Reservoir. Distinctive and scattered sandstone Outcrops or „bluffs‟ rise above the Significant woodland cover, a substantial portion of it ancient, and a dense farmland and woodland. The Ashdown Forest, in contrast to the more intimate network of shaws, hedgerows and hedgerow trees. green woods and pastures elsewhere, is a high, rolling and open heathland Pattern of small, irregular-shaped assart fields, some larger fields and lying on the sandstone ridges to the west of the area. Main roads and small pockets of remnant heathland. settlements are sited along the prominent ridge-lines with a dense network of Pockets of rich biodiversity concentrated in the valleys, heathland, and small, narrow, and winding lanes linking scattered villages, hamlets and farms. woodland. Large reservoirs are significant features within the High Weald landscape Dense network of twisting, deep lanes, droveways, tracks and footpaths. adding to the area's interest and variety. The legacy of the early iron industry, Dispersed historic settlement pattern on high ridges, hilltops and high based on sandstone, ore, water and timber, has left extensive areas of coppice ground, the principal settlements East Grinstead and some expanded and woodland and the characteristic „hammer ponds‟ which provided power. High smaller villages. forest, small woods and copses, and a network of hedges and shaws link Some busy lanes and roads including along the Crawley–East Grinstead small, irregular fields created from cleared woodland. Many of these contain corridor. flower rich meadows bordered by species-rich hedgerows. Heavy clay soils London to Brighton Railway Line crosses the area. have reduced the impact of agricultural change in the area and it is still, in the Mill sites, hammer ponds and numerous fish and ornamental lakes and main, a quiet pastoral landscape with mixed farming predominating. The ponds. cultivation of fruit and hops, together with the associated distinctive oast houses and the seasonal appearance of hop poles, are still a characteristic feature of the eastern High Weald. Distinctive red tile, brick, local stone and timber building materials, often including hung tiles and white 98 West Sussex County Council (2003), The West Sussex Landscape Character 97 Natural England, Countryside Character Volume 7: Southeast and London. Assessment.

300

Varied traditional rural buildings built with diverse materials including heath as part of the complex mosaic of High Weald habitats; and to protect timber-framing, Wealden stone and varieties of local brick and tile the archaeology and historic assets of field and heath.”Approximate timescale hanging. anticipated for start and completion for this site: 24 years. Designed landscapes and exotic treescapes associated with large country houses. Visitor attractions include Wakehurst Place, Nymans Gardens, the South of England Showground and the Bluebell Line Steam Railway.‟

KEY SENSITIVITIES, FORCES FOR CHANGE AND GUIDELINES In the context of this landscape, the West Sussex Land Management Guidelines (sheet HW1) recommend maintaining and restoring the historic pattern and fabric of the woodland and agricultural landscape for scenic, nature conservation and recreational purposes, extending existing woodland areas rather than creating new woodland features, reinforcing existing distinctive landscape patterns, planting trees in drifts and avoiding straight lines running across the grain of the land, conserving and replanting single oaks in hedgerows to achieve succession, replanting parkland trees, seeking to protect the tranquil and historic character of rural lanes, and managing road verges to enhance their nature conservation value.

Whilst there are no policies or guidelines specific to mineral extraction within the High Weald Management Plan 2009, relevant key objectives include: “...to restore the natural function of river catchments; to protect the sandstone outcrops of the AONB; to address climatic conditions and rates of change which support continued conservation and enhancement of the High Weald‟s valued landscape and habitats; to enhance the architectural quality of the High Weald; to maintain the historic pattern and features of routeways; to enhance the ecological function of routeways; to maintain existing extent of woodland and particularly ancient woodland; to enhance the ecological functioning of woodland at a landscape scale; to protect the archaeology and historic assets of AONB woodlands; to maintain the pattern of small irregularly shaped fields bounded by hedgerows and woodlands; to enhance the ecological function of field and

301

Figure 3: Photograph looking northwest across the site from the southeast corner

Figure 3: Photograph towards the existing Hoathly Brickworks to the northwest of the site

302

Figure 4: Photograph of the field at the east of the site

303

SITE CHARACTERISATION

Landscape Character Criteria

Physical/Natural factors The site lies across an undulating landform that slopes gently downhill to the northwest. The Grade 3 agricultural land is based on the underlying Tunbridge Wells sandstones and clays. The site comprises three fields, bound by hedgerows and hedgerow trees at the southern perimeter, with the internal field boundaries largely degraded and in places consisting of brambles. The fields are of a medium size and are irregular in pattern, corresponding to the contours of the landform. Woodland of Mirey Copse and Front Wood enclose the eastern and north-eastern parts of the site, and an area of woodland lies to the southwest. Open pasture borders the site to the northwest and west, allowing long views along the valley to the northwest and the low, rounded and wooded hills that enclose Coombe Brook. A small water course runs along the site‟s western boundary. The site is bound to the south by Top Road, lined by tall hedgerows and by mature trees to the southeast. Experiential The site has an open character, with clear views along the valley to the higher land to the northwest. The woodland to the north and west of the site provide some enclosure, with the greatest sense of enclosure in the northeast corner of the site, where there is woodland bordering it to the north and east. There are clear views to Shagswell Wood and Giffard‟s Wood to the northwest. As one moves across the site from east to west, views open up to the north. The site has a rural character, although this is reduced by the road bordering the site to the south and the brickworks to the northwest. There is some variation in colours and texture across the site provided by undulations, and internal field boundaries and woodland to the north and southwest of the site. CPRE data indicates that the site is within an area of medium tranquillity99 and is within an area defined as „undisturbed by noise‟100. Visual Criteria Visibility and key views The ZTV indicates that visibility of this site is concentrated across a narrow north-south orientated corridor of land extending out to 10km from the site, with little visibility beyond 2km to the east or west. Drifts of woodland and copses to the north partly restrict visibility from this direction although views from the west of the site are possible from the low, wooded hills that extend northwards to the west of Sharpthorne, above Coombes Brook. Visibility from the immediate surroundings is restricted to the south by the tall hedgerow to the west and vegetation lining the road to the south. Glimpsed views into the site can be gained from Top Road to the east of the site, where trees line the road, but with limited low-level vegetation. Visibility from Grinstead Lane to the east is limited by internal screening within Sharpthorne, although there may be a degree of visibility from the properties at the western fringes of the village. Landscape Value Criteria Landscape designations (National Parks, AONBs) The site is within the High Weald AONB, and reflects some of the key characteristics and special qualities identified with the AONB, corresponding to the “Wooded, confined rural landscape of intimacy and complexity”. Condition, typicality and rarity The area in which the site is located is characteristic the High Weald AONB, with an undulating landform, blocks of woodland and rural character.

99 CPRE (2006), Tranquillity Data. 100 CPRE (2007), Intrusion Data.

304

The Historic Landscape Character Assessment characterises the site as „Fieldscapes‟ Assart, Medieval dated AD 1066-1499. Cultural heritage and settings There are no heritage assets in close proximity to the site. There are a couple of listed buildings 1km to the south of the site (no visibility of the site from these), and a couple within Sharpthorne. Further afield is the Grade I listed Gravetye Manor and its associated Historic Park and Garden 1.6km to the northwest of the site (visibility from this garden onto the site is unlikely given the woodland to the southeast), and West Hoathly Conservation Area to the west (no visibility of the site from here). Natural heritage There are no designated nature conservation sites in close proximity to the site. Whitestone, Langridge & Ashurst Woods and Hook and Ludwell Ghylls SNCI is sited 1.3km to the southwest; Ashdown Forest SPA is sited 2km to the east; Lower & Upper Lakes and meadow SNCI is sited 1.7km to the northwest; and Weirwood Reservoir is sited 1.4km to the north. There are many areas of woodland classified as ancient woodland in the broader area surrounding the site, with the closest being directly adjacent to the site to the north and southwest. Recreation The Sussex Border public footpath runs north to south, 600m to the west of the site, then bends towards the east, passing within 800m to the north of the site (there may be some visibility from this footpath onto the site).

305

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CRITERIA

Landform Site lies across a gently undulating landform that slopes downhill to the northwest.

Landcover Pastoral farmland with fragmented internal hedgerows, with occasional hedgerow trees within the site and areas of woodland and mature trees at the perimeter.

Scale A medium scale site, within a small-medium scale, complex landscape.

Enclosure The east of the site is semi-enclosed by surrounding woodland and trees bounding the site to the east and south, with the west of the site having a more open character. Clear views out to the wider landscape including hills to the northwest of the site are possible from the west.

Condition The condition of the landscape elements are variable across the site, with a fragmented hedgerow structure, although the field pattern and hedgerows and trees at the perimeter are in reasonable state of repair.

Tranquillity including noise and lighting Busy road to the south of the site contribute some noise and movement as do the existing brick works to the northwest. However it lies within an area defined as „undisturbed by noise‟ (CPRE intrusion data).

Remoteness Some feeling of remoteness; reduced by traffic to the south and brick works to the northwest.

VISUAL CRITERIA

Skylines The site does not have a strong relationship with the skyline; workings on this site are unlikely to negatively affect the skyline as viewed from the surrounding areas.

Views and landmarks There are no landmarks within the site, although it is potentially overlooked (if there is visibility from within the woodland) from the elevated land to the northwest.

306

LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

Intervisibility Potential visibility from wooded area to the northwest; from buildings to the east of the site; partial visibility from Top Road; screening to the south restricts visibility in this direction. Potential long distance visibility is intermittent and concentrated across an area extending north to south from Grinstead in the north, to Haywards Heath in the south.

Visual receptors Receptors include residents and users of buildings to the east of the site; road users of Top Road (although this is very restricted due to heavy screening along the southern boundary); and potentially those using the public footpaths to the northwest of the site (within Giffard‟s Wood and Shagswell Wood).

LANDSCAPE VALUE CRITERIA

Landscape designations The site is located within the High Weald AONB, and reflects the key characteristics of this area.

Natural heritage There are no designated nature conservation sites in close proximity to the site. A number of SNCIs lie within 2km of the site and the Ashdown Forest SPA lies 2km to the east. There are several areas of ancient woodland in the broader area surrounding the site, with the closest bordering the site to the north and southwest.

Cultural heritage features Listed buildings in the vicinity include a Historic Park and Garden to the south and the West Hoathly Conservation Area, which lies within 2km of the site.

Recreation The closest public footpath is the Sussex Border public footpath which runs north to south, 600m to the west of the site. There may be some visibility from this footpath onto the site.

307

OVERALL SENSITIVITY TO EXTRACTION provided by existing woodland and hedgerows, and the lower area to the Landscape Sensitivity: Medium. The site is of medium to small scale, northwest of the area has a slightly greater capacity to accommodate comprising improved pasture fields, with no distinctive or land mark workings, with reduced visibility from the road and the village to the features and of variable condition. The gently sloping profile, mature trees south and southeast. There is also the potential for cumulative impacts and hedgerows at the perimeter, the adjacent broadleaf woodland and on the key characteristics and special qualities of the High Weald AONB the water course to the west of the site are sensitive features. The sense landscape in relation to the extension of the existing workings further of tranquillity and remoteness is reduced by its proximity to the busy lane eastwards. It is judged that the site has a Low to Moderate capacity to the south and the existing brickworks to the northwest. overall for accommodating extraction.

Visual Sensitivity: Medium. Intervisibility with surrounding landscapes RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION AND LANDSCAPE is limited to the valley and western slopes of the wooded hills to the OPPORTUNITIES northwest of the site which lie within the High Weald AONB. Phasing of extraction, so that a series of small areas are developed Intermittent views into the east of the site may be possible from in sequence, reducing the potential for the visual intrusion which the properties located to the east and from Top Road to the south. development of large areas would result in; Careful siting of extraction and infrastructure on the lower areas to Landscape Value: Medium to High. The site is located within the the northwest to reduce visual intrusion from the village and High Weald AONB and reflects some of the key characteristics identified Historic Park and Garden to the south; with the High Weald character area. There is also a degree of Careful siting of access tracks and roads, avoiding areas of ancient intervisibility with the wider landscape to the northwest of the site. The woodland and ensuring lines of mature broadleaf trees remain site is of limited recreational value, with no public paths or public access intact; available within or close to it. There are a number of nature conservation Perimeter mounding (using topsoil and overburden) and then designations within the vicinity and areas of ancient woodland bordering planting of native trees and shrubs along the southern and eastern the site. boundary, including some evergreen species, to screen/filter views of the village to the southeast, and Top Road to the south; Overall, the site is considered to have a Medium to High sensitivity to Perimeter mounding and then planting of native trees and shrubs extraction, with the east of the site of higher sensitivity due to the along the northwestern boundary, to reduce visibility from views proximity of the village of Sharpthorne, the Historic Park and Garden to along the valley and the hills to the northwest within the wider the south and the higher visual sensitivity of the area. AONB; Create and retain appropriate buffers along the water course, and LANDSCAPE CAPACITY around the mature trees and ancient woodland within and adjacent The subtle complexity of the landscape structure of the site and the to the site; adjacent areas of ancient woodland as well as its intervisibility with a Retaining and improve the structure of the existing hedgerows and wider area of the High Weald AONB reduces the capacity of the site to mature trees along perimeters and particularly within the area, accommodate development without some erosion of the character and linking new planting in with this, to create continuous corridors of habitat value of the surrounding area. However the low-lying topography trees and vegetation, connected to wider networks of hedges in allows scope for the mitigation of visual intrusion by planting to reduce visibility from the hills to the northwest. A degree of enclosure is

308

surrounding areas and reducing overall visibility across the site from surrounding areas.

OPTIONS FOR RESTORATION AFTER USE Reinstating the original profile of the site, and returning the site to agricultural use. Long term restoration should aim to restore and reinforce existing landscape elements in keeping with the surrounding pattern, including the structure of hedgerows and hedgerow trees. It should also aim to maximise farmland habitat value and connectivity with the surrounding structure of hedgerows and woodland. Restoring all or part of the site to woodland following extraction. Long term restoration should aim to maximise the habitat value by taking opportunities to link it into the surrounding structure of hedgerows and woodland.

309

SANDSTONE

Key features of this development type Removal of existing landscape features; Location within more elevated rolling areas where there are outcrops of sandstone; Vertical quarry faces visible in the landscape, affecting sloping hillsides; Noise, dust and vibration associated with both the blasting of rock and mechanical excavation; Machinery and lighting, noise and visual intrusion of on-site processing; Dust may be apparent within the vicinity of quarries;

Frequent heavy vehicle movements on local roads;

Intermittent working of some quarries can lead to visual impacts

for long periods of time;

Mitigation measures such as perimeter mounding (using topsoil and overburden) and planting of native trees and shrubs; Removal of any infrastructure upon completion of works, but permanent alteration of land form, and a steep rock quarried face on hillsides usually remains.

310

M/MS/2 PHILPOTS QUARRY EXTENSION

311

SITE LOCATION AND CONTEXT flowerrich meadows bordered by species-rich hedgerows. Heavy clay soils have The site is located 750m to the southwest of the village of West Hoathly, reduced the impact of agricultural change in the area and it is still, in the bound to the south by Philpots Lane which runs west into the village. main, a quiet pastoral landscape with mixed farming predominating. The The site is located in the northwest of West Sussex, close to the border cultivation of fruit and hops, together with the associated distinctive oast with neighbouring East Sussex, within the High Weald AONB. The houses and the seasonal appearance of hop poles, are still a characteristic broader landscape is well wooded and rural. feature of the eastern High Weald. Distinctive red tile, brick, local stone and timber building materials, often including hung tiles and white The site lies across a flat to gently sloping area located on a flat-topped, weatherboarding, are characteristic of the historic settlements, farms and rounded ridge which drops steeply down either side to wooded valleys to cottages. Local building materials characterise the area but recent the southeast and northwest. The site comprises fields of semi-enclosed „suburbanisation‟ of farmstead buildings is eroding the distinctive local style in grassland surrounding the existing Phillpots Quarry to the north, east and many places.‟ west. There is woodland to the north of the site, heavy screening with trees along the eastern boundary, and Philpots Farm and school at the West Sussex Landscape Character Areas: High Weald (HW1)102: western boundary. There is also a house adjoining the site at the far eastern end. Philpots Lane runs along part of the site‟s southern „Key characteristics are: boundary, with heavy screening with trees and hedgerow trees along this Wooded, confined rural landscape of intimacy and complexity within the boundary. High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB).

Plateau, ridges and deep, secluded valleys cut by gill streams. LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CONTEXT National character area: High Weald (122)101 Headwater drainage of the Rivers Eden, Medway, Ouse and Mole. Long views over the Low Weald to the downs, particularly from the high „A well-wooded landscape rising above the Low Weald and deeply incised in Forest Ridge. many places to give a complex pattern of ridges and steep stream valleys. Includes major reservoir at Ardingly and adjoins Weir Wood Reservoir. Distinctive and scattered sandstone Outcrops or „bluffs‟ rise above the Significant woodland cover, a substantial portion of it ancient, and a dense farmland and woodland. The Ashdown Forest, in contrast to the more intimate network of shaws, hedgerows and hedgerow trees. green woods and pastures elsewhere, is a high, rolling and open heathland Pattern of small, irregular-shaped assart fields, some larger fields and lying on the sandstone ridges to the west of the area. Main roads and small pockets of remnant heathland. settlements are sited along the prominent ridge-lines with a dense network of Pockets of rich biodiversity concentrated in the valleys, heathland, and small, narrow, and winding lanes linking scattered villages, hamlets and farms. woodland. Large reservoirs are significant features within the High Weald landscape Dense network of twisting, deep lanes, droveways, tracks and footpaths. adding to the area's interest and variety. The legacy of the early iron industry, Dispersed historic settlement pattern on high ridges, hilltops and high based on sandstone, ore, water and timber, has left extensive areas of coppice ground, the principal settlements East Grinstead and some expanded and woodland and the characteristic „hammer ponds‟ which provided power. High smaller villages. forest, small woods and copses, and a network of hedges and shaws link small, irregular fields created from cleared woodland. Many of these contain

102 West Sussex County Council (2003), The West Sussex Landscape Character 101 Natural England, Countryside Character Volume 7: Southeast and London. Assessment.

312

Some busy lanes and roads including along the Crawley–East Grinstead parkland trees, seeking to protect the tranquil and historic character of corridor. rural lanes; and managing road verges to enhance their nature London to Brighton Railway Line crosses the area. conservation value. Mill sites, hammer ponds and numerous fish and ornamental lakes and ponds. The relevant key objectives of the High Weald AONB Management Plan Varied traditional rural buildings built with diverse materials including 2009 are: timber-framing, Wealden stone and varieties of local brick and tile “...to restore the natural function of river catchments; to protect the sandstone hanging. outcrops of the AONB; to address climatic conditions and rates of change which Designed landscapes and exotic treescapes associated with large country support continued conservation and enhancement of the High Weald‟s valued houses. landscape and habitats; to enhance the architectural quality of the High Weald; Visitor attractions include Wakehurst Place, Nymans Gardens, the South to maintain the historic pattern and features of routeways; to enhance the of England Showground and the Bluebell Line Steam Railway.‟ ecological function of routeways; to maintain existing extent of woodland and particularly ancient woodland; to enhance the ecological functioning of woodland High Wealds AONB Management Plan103 at a landscape scale; to protect the archaeology and historic assets of AONB woodlands; to maintain the pattern of small irregularly shaped fields bounded “Locally distinctive features include: by hedgerows and woodlands; to enhance the ecological function of field and tranquillity, dark skies; heath as part of the complex mosaic of High Weald habitats; and to protect treescape, veteran trees; the archaeology and historic assets of field and heath.” ancient monuments; historic parks and gardens often centred on sandstone outcrops; [richness of] species, e.g. high brown fritillary habitat in woodland; ponds, pits; traditional weatherboarding.”

KEY SENSITIVITIES, FORCES FOR CHANGE AND GUIDELINES In the context of this landscape, the West Sussex Land Management Guidelines (sheet HW1) recommend maintaining and restoring the historic pattern and fabric of the woodland and agricultural landscape for scenic, nature conservation and recreational purposes, extending existing woodland areas rather than creating new woodland features, reinforcing existing, distinctive landscape patterns, planting trees in drifts and avoiding straight lines running across the grain of the land, conserving and replanting single oaks in hedgerows to maintain succession, replanting

103 High Weald AONB Joint Advisory Committee (2009), The High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty Management Plan 2004: a 20-year strategy

313

Figure 3: Photograph looking north towards the site across Philpots Quarry from Philpots Lane

Figure 4: Photograph looking at the eastern part of the site (adjoining Philpots Quarry) from Philpots Lane (this photograph shows visibility from a gap in the fence; visibility from the lane is restricted by vegetation)

314

Figure 5: Looking southwest from Philpots Lane

Figure 4: Photograph of Philpots Lane to the south of the site, showing screening of the existing quarry by vegetation

315

CHARACTERISATION OF THE SITE

Landscape Character Criteria

Physical/Natural factors The site lies across a flat to sloping landform that slopes down hill from east to west. The Grade 3 and 5 agricultural land is based on underlying Tunbridge Wells sandstones and clays. The site is of a small-medium size and consists of two fields, with a wooded area in the centre, joining the fields. There is woodland to the north of the site, and trees / hedgerow trees along the eastern and southern boundaries. A small water course runs along the site‟s northern boundary. Experiential The site surrounds the existing Philpots Quarry, meaning it already has a disturbed character which contrasts with the predominantly rural character of the surrounding landscape. The woodland to the north provides a degree of enclosure and the trees and vegetation bounding the site prevent views out to the surrounding landscape. Colours and texture across the site are predominantly consistent, with some variation provided by trees at the boundary, in the middle of the site and around the existing quarry. CPRE data indicates that the site is within an area of medium-high tranquillity104 and is within an area defined as „disturbed by noise‟105. Visual Criteria Visibility and key views The ZTV indicates that visibility of this site is relatively limited, focused upon areas to the south of the site, along the A22, within Haywards Heath, and around Whitemans Green. Closer to the site, visibility is indicated along the B2028 to the west. Woodland to the northwest of the site restricts visibility from this direction. Visibility across the immediate surroundings includes the property adjacent to the eastern part of the site and the school and farm buildings at the western end. Screening along Philpots Lane largely restricts visibility to the site, although gaps in the vegetation and the entrance point to Philpots Quarry allow direct views into the area. Landscape Value Criteria Landscape designations (National Parks, AONBs) The site is within the High Weald AONB, and shares a number of characteristic of the AONB landscape („Wooded, confined rural landscape of intimacy and complexity‟). Condition, typicality and rarity The area in which the site is located is typical of the High Weald character area and reflects key characteristics identified with the High Weald AONB, including the rounded profile of the landform, well wooded slopes dropping down into small valleys and the strong rural character. The presence of Philpots Quarry gives the site a more disturbed character, which contrasts with the tranquil and largely undisturbed character of the surrounding area. The Historic Landscape Character Assessment characterises the site as „Designed Landscapes‟ Post Medieval Designed Park (Philpotts) dated Early modern AD1800-1913 Cultural heritage and settings Stonehurst Historic Park and Garden lies directly to the west, extending southwest around Philpots Farm and School. The Philpots Camp Scheduled Monument, a promontory fort and mesolithic rock, lies within 100m to the northwest of the site, overlapping with the park and garden. The West Hoathly Conservation Area, within which there are numerous listed buildings, lies 400m to the northeast. Due to screening and local tree cover there is no visibility of the site from this area.

104 CPRE (2006), Tranquillity Data. 105 CPRE (2007), Intrusion Data.

316

Natural heritage The Philpots & Hook Quarries SSSI extends to part of the eastern area of the site. The Wakehurst & Chiddingly Woods SSSI lies adjacent to the site at the west corner (covering the same area as Stonehurst Historic Park and Garden). Whitestone, Langridge & Ashurst Woods and Hook and Ludwell Ghylls SNCI is located within 750m to the southeast. There are many areas of woodland classified as ancient woodland in the broader area surrounding the site, with the closest being directly adjacent to the site to the northwest. Recreation The High Weald Landscape Trail is runs along Philpots Lane immediately south of the boundary. A public footpath (FP24WH) runs through The Wakehurst & Chiddingly Woods SSSI and Stonehurst Historic Park and Garden, which for a short distance passes along the site‟s eastern boundary before turning north. In the wider area there are public footpaths to the north, and further bridleways to the southwest.

317

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CRITERIA

Landform Site slopes gently downhill from northeast to southwest; set within a complex landscape.

Landcover Small, narrow fields of an irregular pattern and partly enclosed by broadleaf woodland. The ephemeral and disturbed grassland to the east of the site is of lower sensitivity. Tree cover to the northwest / west; and an internal clump of trees adjoining the two fields that make up the site.

Scale Small-medium scale; existing quarry increases the apparent scale. Long-distance views from Philpots Lane to land to the southeast enable the scale of the landscape which encompasses this site to be appreciated.

Enclosure Heavy existing screening provides some degree of enclosure from neighbouring areas; within the site, sense of openness created by existing quarry adjacent to site. Greater sense of openness likely from the northeast part of the site, where the land is higher and views of land to the southwest may be possible.

Condition Adjacent quarry has influenced and modified the condition of the site; Grade 3 and 5 agricultural land.

Tranquillity including noise and lighting The site surrounds an existing quarry which reduces any sense of tranquillity; this contrasts with the surrounding area which has a predominantly tranquil character.

Remoteness The surrounding area has a strong sense of remoteness; the adjacent quarry reduces the feeling of remoteness on the site.

VISUAL CRITERIA

Skylines The site does not have a strong relationship with the skyline, and existing screening to the southeast and woodland to the northwest means that workings on the site are unlikely to negatively affect the skylines of the area (although the higher land to the northwest may form the skyline when viewing the site from the immediate southeast).

318

LOWER SENSITIVITY < ------> HIGHER SENSITIVITY

Views and landmarks There are no landmarks within the site, and working the site for stone is unlikely to disrupt key views within the area.

Intervisibility There is restricted visibility of the site from the surrounding area due to screening and the lie of the land; short distance views are possible from Philpots Lane, and there may be some visibility of the northeast part of the site from land immediately to the southwest.

Visual receptors Receptors include residents and users of the farm / school to the southwest and the house to the northeast of the site, and users of Philpots Lane (both road and bridleway users).

LANDSCAPE VALUE CRITERIA

Landscape designations The site is within the High Weald AONB, and the surrounding land reflects key characteristics of this designated area, although visibility of the site from the surrounding area is restricted & compromised by the existing brickworks/quarry.

Natural Heritage The Philpots & Hook Quarries SSSI extends across the eastern part of the site. The Wakehurst & Chiddingly Woods SSSI is adjacent to the site at the west corner. There are many areas of woodland classified as ancient woodland in the broader area surrounding the site, with the closest being directly adjacent to the site to the northwest.

Cultural heritage features Stonehurst Historic Park and Garden is directly adjacent to the site at the west corner, from where it extends in a southwest direction around Philpots Farm and School. The Philpots Camp Scheduled Monument is within 100m to the northwest of the site. The existing quarry supplies the building materials that form the built heritage of the local area.

The High Weald Landscape Trail follows Philpots Lane to the south of the site, linking Chiddingly Wood with West Hoathley. A public Recreation footpath runs through the Wakehurst & Chiddingly Woods SSSI and the Stonehurst Historic Park and Garden and along the site‟s eastern boundary, before turning north. In the wider area there are public footpaths to the north, and further bridleways to the southwest.

319

OVERALL SENSITIVITY TO EXTRACTION Landscape Sensitivity: Medium. The site comprises narrow, small LANDSCAPE CAPACITY scale fields (former Early modern parkland) of disturbed grassland to the Due to the site being predominantly enclosed by woodland and existing east and improved pasture fields to the north and west, with no vegetative screening, visibility across a broader area of the High Weald distinctive or land mark features, and of variable condition. The sloping and the West Hoathley conservation area is greatly reduced. However, profile of the north and western parts of the site, which give way to the the scale and intricacy of the surrounding landscape, including the areas of steeper wooded slopes to the northwest are sensitive features, as are the broadleaf woodland, the distinctive landform and the proximity of the areas of woodland adjacent to the site to the north. The sense of Historic Park and Garden reduces the capacity of the site to tranquillity and remoteness is reduced to an extent by its proximity to accommodate development without adverse impacts on the character the existing quarry. and habitat value of the surrounding area. There are also potential cumulative effects related to the extension the development towards Visual Sensitivity: Medium. Intervisibility with surrounding landscapes sensitive areas in the west and further disturbing the tranquillity and sense is limited due to the woodland to the north and east and the existing of remoteness, as well as the recreational value of the area. It is judged screening to the south. There is theoretical visibility from the upper that the site has a Low-Moderate capacity overall for accommodating slopes of the wooded hills to the south of the site which lie within the mineral extraction. High Weald AONB. Intermittent views into the east of the site may be possible from properties and farm buildings located to the west and from RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION AND LANDSCAPE a lane to the south, which forms part of the long distance path of the OPPORTUNITIES High Weald Landscape Trail. Careful siting of access tracks and roads, avoiding areas of ancient woodland and ensuring lines of mature broadleaf trees remain Landscape Value: Medium to High. The site is located within the intact; High Weald AONB and reflects some of the key characteristics identified Advanced planting around the perimeter with an appropriate mix of with the High Weald character area. There is a degree of intervisibility native species, to strengthen and reinforce existing screening of with the wider landscape to the south of the site, although the existing views into the site; screening along the lane to the south prevents direct views into the site. Perimeter mounding (using topsoil and overburden) and then Although there is no public access available to the site, it is closely related planting of native trees and shrubs along the southern boundary, to the recreational value of the wider area where there is an extensive including some native evergreen species, to improve the screening network of public paths, including the High Weald Landscape Trail, which of local views from the lane and from the hills further south; follow parts of the boundaries. There are a number of nature Retaining mature trees and vegetation along perimeters, linking in conservation designations within the vicinity and areas of ancient new planting with this, to create continuous corridors of trees and woodland bordering the site. vegetation, connected to wider networks of hedges in the surrounding areas; Overall, the site is considered to have a Medium to High sensitivity to Create and retain appropriate buffers around the areas of ancient sand extraction, with the west of the site of higher sensitivity due to the woodland adjacent to the site and mature trees at the perimeter; proximity the Historic Park and Garden and the adjacent area of ancient woodland and the east of the site of lower sensitivity.

320

Ensure views from the surrounding network of public paths, Promote natural regeneration of the quarry ledges so that the face including the High Weald Landscape Trail, and properties are becomes partly vegetated and more visually integrated with the appropriately screened. surrounding woodlands and fields; OPTIONS FOR RESTORATION AFTER USE Ensure all defunct machinery, fencing and other debris is removed Ensure a considered and sympathetically designed landscape profile after work is complete; during the operational life of the quarry and once the working is Long term restoration should aim to maximise the habitat value and complete, with the aim of establishing naturalistic faces comprising nature conservation interest of the site through the requirement for small scale and irregular faces, which will re-vegetate more readily; a restoration plan to be agreed before consent is granted; The design of the final profile of the quarry faces should aim as far as Returning the restored quarry floor to grassland or agricultural use. possible to reduce the extent of unnatural engineered profiles. Long term restoration should aim to restore and improve the Soiling of ledges should be used to enable and promote natural structure of hedgerows and hedgerow trees, with the aim of regeneration of vegetation upon them; maximising habitat value and connectivity with the surrounding The extension of the site should coincide with undertaking structure of hedgerows and woodland. measures to restore the existing quarry, for example through minor Restoring all or part of the site to woodland following extraction. restorative blasting to break up cliff faces, and soiling of ledges to Long term restoration should aim to maximise the habitat value by promote natural regeneration of vegetation upon them; taking opportunities to link it into the surrounding woodland to the Grade out the upper edges of the faces so they can be soiled and northwest. vegetated to reduce the visual impact of an abrupt transition from the fields to the quarry face;

321

SITE ASSESSMENT SHEETS: WASTE SITES

322

TYPE 1 (Small-medium scale, low-level development)

1. In-vessel Composting 2. Anaerobic Digestion

Key features: Key features: Typical of a site with a throughput of 25,000tpa Typical of a larger scale plant based on (ODPM, 2004) throughput circa 40,000tpa (ODPM, 2004) Often no buildings required, or small scale office Large scale buildings, footprints typically 40 x building/reception; 25m plus 2 circular tanks of 15m diameter with heights up to 7m and 6 m tanks; Windrows in an enclosed building, in-vessel units, or tunnels. Area required approximately 1ha; Windrows in building – 2000m2 to 3000m2; height Location within areas allocated for large scale 5–7m business industrial use, where there are similar scale and massing of buildings; Tunnels – 1000m2 to 2000 m2; height 4–5 m Removal of existing landscape features, 2 2 Mobile in-vessel containers – 3000m to 4000 m ; hedgerows and trees;

Building height: From 3 metres (mobile in-vessel Noise and visual intrusion of vehicular movement containers) to up to 7m for housed windrows; of waste collection and haulage vehicles;

Site area approximately 1-2 Ha Mitigation measures such as perimeter mounding Suited to areas allocated for business use and (using topsoil and overburden) and planting of commercial/industrial urban areas, specifically native trees and shrubs; and selected composting sites or material recovery Potential for partial burial of tanks or building facilities, sewage treatment works, industrial sites, units. civic amenity sites, and transfer stations;

Noise intrusion from vehicular movement and waste shredding operations. Removal of existing landscape features, hedgerows and trees; and mitigation measures such as planting of native trees and shrubs.

323

TYPE 2 (Large scale processing)

4. Processing Recyclables 3. Mixed Waste Processing

Key features: Key features: Typical of 50,000tpa MBT plant (ODPM, 2004) Typical of a Materials Recovery Facility with a throughput of 50,000 tpa (ODPM, 2004) A range of processing operations taking place potentially at a range of locations, depending on A range of processing operations taking place process configuration and volume of waste being potentially at a range of locations, depending on processed; process configuration and volume of waste being processed; Presence of large scale buildings: typical building height of up to 20m; Presence of large scale buildings: typical building height of up to 12m; Building footprints typically 100m x 100m or less; Site area approximately 1-2 Ha Location within industrial setting, often close to existing waste management facility sites; Building footprints typically 70m x 40m; Noise intrusion from mechanical processing and Waste storage in open bunkers and skips; vehicular movement; Location within industrial setting, preference for Potentially 24 hour operation and therefore need industrial sites or close to existing waste for lighting; management sites. Could be located 100m from residential land use if appropriate mitigation

Removal of existing landscape features, hedgerows measures put in place; and trees; and Noise intrusion from mechanical processing and

Mitigate visual impacts by appropriate siting, vehicular movement; and sensitive building design and appropriate use of cladding and colour treatments. Removal of existing landscape features, hedgerows and trees.

324

TYPE 3 (Large scale processing with stacks up to 80m)

5. Energy from Waste 6. Advanced Thermal Treatment

Key features: Key features: Typical of a large scale EfW with throughput of Typical of site with 50,000 tpa throughput 250,000 tpa (ODPM, 2004) (ODPM, 2004) Presence of large scale boiler building and reception Built structures similar to large agricultural hall: typical building height of up to 30m; buildings or industrial warehouses with addition of a stack. Building height typically 6–10m to the

Building footprints typically 120m x 60m; eaves and 15m to the ridge;

Tall stacks, typically 60-80m height; Stacks, typically between 30-70m height;

Location within industrial setting, often close to 24 hour operation and therefore need for existing waste management facilities; lighting;

Noise intrusion from mechanical processing and Sites suited to areas allocated for vehicular movement; business/industrial use and existing waste Potentially 24 hour operation and therefore need management sites; for lighting; Waste Storage – Waste generally delivered to Removal of existing landscape features, hedgerows single waste reception pit within main building. and trees; Conveyors used if part of an integrated facility; Opportunity for high quality design; and Chemical Storage – Small quantities of lime and activated carbon or urea (in solid form) used as Impact of flume can be mitigated by adjusting the part of air pollution control (APC); and flue gas temperature. Ash storage – Generally removed daily or weekly with shovel loader into bulk vehicle or in covered containers.

325

W/CH/1C Fuel Depot, Bognor Road

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CONTEXT National character area: South Coast Plain (126)106 “Major urban developments including Portsmouth, Worthing and Brighton linked by the A27/M27 corridor dominate much of the open, intensively farmed, flat, coastal plain. Coastal inlets and “harbours” contain a diverse landscape of narrow tidal creeks, mudflats, shingle beaches, dunes, grazing marshes and paddocks. From the Downs and coastal plain edge there are long views towards the sea and the Isle of Wight beyond. Trees are not a dominant feature – there are some small woods and a few windswept individual trees in the farmland or the occasional poplar shelter belt. A pattern of large arable fields, defined by low hedgerows, are often interspersed by horticultural glasshouse “estates” and isolated remnants of coastal heath. The complex series of creeks, mudflats and shingle beaches along the coastal edge becomes less apparent to the east with the intensively- farmed plain increasingly dominated by disordered seaside towns and leisure developments… The landscape is varied, incorporating both open arable farmland and low density settlements, with a more well-wooded and semi- enclosed (somewhat suburban) character locally, particularly to the west of Chichester.” Figure 1.1: Location map of W/CH/1C West Sussex LCA landscape character area: Chichester to Yapton Coastal Plain (SC9)107

“This Character Area extends from Chichester in the west to the edge of the Arun Valley in the east, and around Bognor Regis to the south. Over time a large part of this area has been reclaimed from the sea, and remains below

the current high spring tide level. It comprises a mainly flat, open landscape crossed by meandering rifes. Dominated by highly productive arable fields and

106 Natural England, Countryside Character Volume 7: South East and London. 107 West Sussex County Council (2003), The West Sussex Landscape Character Assessment.

326

modern farm buildings, it has a fragmented hedgerow and hedgerow tree KEY SENSITIVITIES, FORCES FOR CHANGE AND pattern. The spire of Chichester Cathedral is a widely visible GUIDELINES feature. Rows of large light reflecting glasshouses, equestrian facilities, horse Within the West Sussex Land Management Guidelines the key paddocks and industrial buildings, for instance in the Ford and Tangmere sensitivities identified include: areas, are strong suburban elements. Where these occur, they create visual • “Key views to the South Downs, Chichester Cathedral and Arundel confusion and poor definition between town and countryside, and erode • Fragmentation and loss of hedgerows and connections between distinctive landscape character. Major suburban settlements in the area are hedgerow and woodland Tangmere, Barnham, Yapton, and Westergate. In contrast, there are areas of • Replacement of mature treescape a smaller scale, more varied rural landscape with quiet hamlets and • Changes in drainage patterns traditional villages enclosed by small pastures.” • Industry in the countryside associated with horticulture and light The Key Characteristics of the area are identified as: industry, resulting in large clusters of glasshouses and industrial buildings • “Low lying flat open landscape • Loss of distinction between different settlements due to urban • Meandering rifes and straight drainage ditch systems, with associated expansion unimproved grassland and edged by reed beds • Changes in transport infrastructure due to urban development • A low density of hedgerows and hedgerow trees with occasional pressures” shelterbelts

• Large-scale arable farming and market gardening. Extensive farms with The guidelines make the following recommendations which are likely to both traditional and modern farm buildings and silos be relevant to the development of waste facilities: • Clusters of glasshouses • Scattered, historically nucleated villages with mixed building materials of • “Encourage bold tree planting associated with large agricultural flint, brick, half timber and stone buildings, glasshouses and industrial buildings to attempt to assimilate • Large farmsteads along roads, and on dead-end tracks them into the landscape more satisfactorily; • Long views to Arundel, the Downs and to the distinctive spire of • Encourage the production of a colour and design study for new and Chichester Cathedral existing agricultural and industrial buildings; • The relatively open character of much of the area allows long views so • Create a new, large scale tree and hedgerow framework which that village church towers are important landmarks in views complements the open intensively farmed landscape, whilst maintaining • Frequent urban fringe influences of horse paddocks, light industry and significant views of Chichester Cathedral, the South Downs and local disused airfields, with busy minor and major roads.” features; • Maintain and strengthen field boundaries such as hedgerows and shelterbelts; • Link up existing remnant hedgerows and tree lines to re-establish coherent field boundaries and wildlife corridors;

327

• Establish landscape management plans for urban edges, notably Bognor Regis, to enhance the distinction between the urban and rural landscape; • Restore and strengthen the landscape of the gaps between settlements; • Encourage landscape enhancements around villages and on their approaches; and • Establish new vegetation features by the planting of hedgerows and tree clumps in field corners and along roadsides, especially those approaching settlements.”

328

SITE LOCATION AND CONTEXT The site lies to the southeast of Chichester, bound to the north by the main South Coast railway line entering Chichester, to the west by the A27 and by the A259 to the south. These roads define the urban edge of the settlement of Chichester, with the site located within open fields that stretch beyond this urban boundary. The site is located in the south of West Sussex, in an area of transition between the open lower Coastal Plain to the south and the wooded Downs to the north. The site lies within 3.5km of the southern boundary of the South Downs National Park and 3.5km of the northeastern boundary of the Chichester Harbour AONB. The landform of the site and the surrounding area is flat to gently undulating, and is characterised by medium to large open fields and development associated with the urban fringe, particularly glasshouses and artificial lakes from former mineral workings. Figure 1.2: View to the north of the site, along the railway line, from the A27

Figure 1.3: View to the site from the cycle path to the south, on the A259 329

Figure 1.4: View south to site from the B2144, Shopwhyke Road. Figure 1.5: View over Chichester from the Trundle Viewpoint

330

SITE CHARACTERISATION

Landscape Character Criteria

Physical/Natural factors Set within a low-lying and predominantly flat coastal plain. Located in close proximity to relatively large road infrastructure, including a fly-over which is elevated above the site to the north-west. The land use of the site is former small-scale industrial/military, with the area currently used for livestock grazing. Structures on the site include a number of raised bunkers and a disused railway line that penetrates the site from the north. The land is classified as “urban” within the western half of the site and “non agricultural” within the eastern half. It is based on an underlying geology of Bracklesham and Reading Beds and London Clays. There are various water bodies within the area, to the south, east and north, as well as streams and drainage ditches. Experiential The site has a semi-industrial character, with strong evidence of previous military use, including bunkers (areas of raised ground), a railhead, and a crane structure where the railhead ends. The site is small-scale, and is bordered to the west by the A27, to the south by the A259 and to the north by a railway (main line running into Chichester). As such, the site is heavily influenced by the urban fringe, with prominent audible and visual intrusions; this minimises any sense of tranquillity. CPRE data indicates that the site is within an area of low (in the western half) to medium (in the eastern half) tranquility108 and experiences noise and visual intrusion109. The bunkers within the site create variety in topography; ground cover is relatively consistent across the site. Visual Criteria Visibility and key views Low-level views out from the site are largely limited due to the low-lying flat nature of the landform and enclosure by surrounding trees, scrub vegetation and walls. Distant views towards the South Downs escarpment are afforded, particularly from the south of the site. Slightly elevated but glimpsed views into the site from the road to the west and filtered views from the railway line to the north are possible. Likely receptors include road and rail users, which will gain close-range views but of brief duration into the site. The area lies within the field of view of properties along the B2144 to the approximately 1km to the north of the site. The ZTV indicates potential visibility from an extensive area within 5km to the southwest and southeast. However, based on observations in the field, it is considered that visibility will be much reduced on the ground due to additional vegetation that is not within the woodland data layer used within the ZTVs, local landform and buildings. The ZTV also indicates potential visibility of stacks of up to 80m from some parts of the South Downs National Park (at a distance of around 4km) and key viewpoints such as the Trundle (at a distance of around 10km). Landscape Value Criteria Landscape designations (National Parks, AONBs) The South Downs National Park lies 3.5 km to the north and the Chichester Harbour AONB 3.5km to the southwest. The ZTV indicates theoretical visibility from both areas, however there is not likely to be visibility on the ground from the Chichester Harbour AONB, due to limiting effects of trees and development within the coastal plain. From the higher ground to the north, within the South Downs National Park, views would be possible to any tall development on the site, where it will be seen as part of a large panorama over the lower coastal area.

108 CPRE (2006), Tranquility Data. 109 CPRE (2007), Intrusion Data. 331

Condition, typicality and rarity Located within a modified landscape, where the surrounding network of roads are intrude audibly and visually. Landscape has a strong “urban fringe” character, with the A27 adjacent to the site forming the boundary to the urban area. The Historic Landscape Character Assessment characterises this area as Late 20th Century – Factory, associated with military use. Cultural heritage and settings The Chichester Conservation Area lies within 1.2km to the west of the site, with numerous Listed Buildings within this designated area. Due to the lie of the land, tree cover, development and the road network, there is no intervisibility between this designated area (including the buildings within it, such as the cathedral) and the site. The Oving Conservation Area lies 2km to the east of the site. There is a cluster of Listed Buildings approximately 850m to the west of the site and 650m to the north. There is a single Listed Building within 750m to the east of the site. Due to development, tree cover and the lie of the land, there is no visibility of the site from these buildings. However, if a stack was part of the waste management facility, depending on its height, this may be visible from one or all of Listed Buildings. There is evidence within the site of previous military use, including bunkers (areas of raised ground), a railhead, and a crane structure where the railhead ends. The fields are varied, although predominantly of a medium size. GIS based intervisibility analysis suggests that the spire of Chichester Cathedral is visible over large areas to the west, south and east of the city, and from higher ground to the north. However, it is not visible from within the site due to localised screening. It is possible that any tall structures on the site could be visible in views towards the Cathedral from the east, though this would need to investigated in detail for specific proposals, through detailed Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment. Natural heritage The Chichester Gravel Pits & Leythorne meadow SNCI lies within 250m of the southern boundary of the site (principal habitat: largest collection of inland water habitats in West Sussex important for wintering wildfowl). In the area more widely there are the following nature conservation sites: Chichester Canal SNCI, located within 2km to the southwest; River Lavant Marsh SNCI, located 3.5km to the southwest; and Chichester and Langstone Harbours SAC / SPA / SSSI / Ramsar, located 4km to the southwest. The principal habitat is arable farmland. There is no ancient woodland in or adjacent to the site, but there is a patch 2.5km to the southwest and 5km to the northeast and northwest. Recreation The Chichester to Bognor Regis cyclepath runs close to the southern boundary of the site, following the opposite side of the A259. A cluster of campsites and recreational areas centred on the numerous lakes to the south of Chichester lie 750m to the southwest. A public footpath, including a bridge crossing over the Chichester By-pass, runs to the southwest linking Quarry Lane and the industrial estate at the southern fringe of Chichester with Peckhams Copse Lane and a wider network of paths which run between the lakes.

332

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL ASPECTS Lower Sensitivity < ------> Higher Sensitivity

Topographic form & pattern Landform Predominantly flat coastal plain, with little topographical variety.

Landcover pattern

Bunkers; grazing grassland; urban fringe (adjacent to parking area and road junction on edge of town).

Condition / Landcover intactness

Modified by road infrastructure, urban development and urban fringe development as well as the structures within the site.

Sensitive features

Bunkers; railway line to the north and railhead within the site.

Scale

Small-medium scale site within a medium-scale landscape. Scale & Enclosure Openness

Locally, largely enclosed by trees, with low level views.

Form/prominence Skyline Flat, broken by trees and small-scale structures/buildings/communication masts. Generally contained due to flat nature and surrounding trees and walls/shrubs.

333

Features on skyline

Structures within site create skyline; A27 forms skyline to the west. The spire of Chichester Cathedral is not visible from the site or the surrounding area.

Remoteness

Sense of Road and rail infrastructure surrounding site. remoteness/ Movement / noise/ tranquillity lighting

High audible intrusion from roads and rail; some visual intrusion from the road.

Typicality and Typicality and Rarity Rarity Modified; semi-industrial character.

VISUAL CRITERIA Lower Sensitivity < ------> Higher Sensitivity

Intervisibility

The site is generally contained in low level views due to flat nature and surrounding trees and walls/shrubs, but with glimpsed views into site from road where it passes over the railway and from the south. The ZTV indicates potential visibility of stacks across a wide area of the coastal plain and further inland to the north, from the South Downs National Park. Visibility from within the coastal plain is however likely to be much reduced in the field by vegetation, local Visibility & landform and buildings in the surrounding area. Stacks located on the site would however be visible as part of the panorama from key view points within the Views South Downs National Park. Due to the distance from the site however, effects on the skyline of Chichester are not likely to be significant depending on the height of any proposed development.

Sensitive receptors

Road users; potentially the houses that are in the closest proximity to the north.

334

Key views and vistas

Views onto the site from the road where it passes over the railway line; within the site, from the northern boundary towards the South Downs National Park. The area forms part of the wide panorama afforded from the view point at the Trundle, where the spire of Chichester Cathedral is a prominent and key landmark. Development on the site, particularly tall stacks, will therefore be in conflict with this important view.

LANDSCAPE VALUE CRITERIA Lower Sensitivity < ------> Higher Sensitivity

Landscape designations The site itself is not within any designated landscapes, although the South Downs National Park lies within 3.5km to the north of the site.

Cultural heritage features Listed Buildings to the north and to the east are screened by vegetation, development and the lie of the land. A stack, depending on its height, may be visible from these. There is no intervisibility between the site and the spire of Chichester Cathedral, however

Habitat value There are no nature conservation designations within the site. The Chichester Gravel Pits & Leythorne meadow SNCI lies within 250m of the southern boundary of the site. There is no ancient woodland in or adjacent to the site. There is very little in the way of existing habitat on the site, with the site comprising low-grade grassland over former industrial uses.

Recreation Users of the cycleway and bridal path that follows the A259 close to the southern boundary of the site can gain glimpsed and filtered views into the site when travelling in both directions. Although following a busy road, with roadside trees screen parts of the site, views when approaching Chichester are potentially sensitive. Development would not otherwise impact directly on recreational use of the wider area.

335

SENSITIVITY TO WASTE DEVELOPMENT

Typology 1 Typology 2 Typology 3

Landscape Character Sensitivity: Low. Landscape Character Sensitivity: Low. Landscape Character Sensitivity: Low to The site itself and the surrounding landscape is As for Typology 1. Limited sensitivity, with medium largely modified by the road infrastructure and former large scale gravel workings and industrial The area is of some sensitivity to larger scale light industrial scale development at the edge of developments an existing feature of the industrial developments, which could potentially the Chichester to the west and small scale character area. alter the scale and character of the wider area. urban fringe development to the east and south. Visual Sensitivity: Medium Visual Sensitivity: High The site is of low grade grassland over former The site and particularly any large buildings The largely undeveloped nature of the skyline industrial uses. Limited sensitivity, with former within it are likely to be visible on the around Chichester is particularly sensitive to large scale gravel workings and industrial approaches to Chichester. Whilst the skyline change and the visual impact of tall stacks developments of a similar scale an existing around this southeastern fringe of the associated with this type of development. feature of the character area. settlement is already developed to a degree, Although there is no intervisibility between the Visual Sensitivity: Medium. with an existing number of vertical structures, central area of the city and the site, sensitive, The low-lying, flat topography and the including communication masts and pylons in key views to Chichester Cathedral from the surrounding trees and scrub provide some the wider area, these are not of large scale nor Trundle within the South Downs National Park existing screening of low-level views into the extensive. If tall structures were to be built could potentially be affected. In addition the site. The site is partly visible on approaches to within the site, these may therefore potentially height of stacks associated with this typology is Chichester from the road network and railway be visible across a relatively large area within likely to have an impact on the views of line and as such forms part of the wider setting this coastal plain, as well as from the higher Chichester and the Cathedral from within the of the settlement. Buildings and features ground to the north, including the viewpoint at coastal plain, particularly to the east of the site associated with this form of development are The Trundle. It is therefore judged that the Landscape Value: Low unlikely to be visible from, or affect, views from area of medium sensitivity to this scale of The area lies over 3km to the south of the the South Downs National Park at this distance. development. South Downs National Park boundary and does Landscape Value: Low Landscape Value: Low not have characteristics or features The area lies over 3km to the south of the The area lies over 3km to the south of the representative of it nor which directly South Downs National Park boundary and does South Downs National Park boundary and does contribute to the key qualities identified as not have characteristics or features not have characteristics or features valuable in the designated area. The site itself is representative of it nor which directly representative of it nor which directly of limited recreational value, although there is contribute to the key qualities identified as contribute to the key qualities identified as potential for some indirect impacts on the lakes valuable in the designated area. The site itself is valuable in the designated area. The site itself is on the former gravel pits which are used for of limited recreational value, although there is of limited recreational value, although there is recreation to the south should be considered. potential for some indirect impacts on the lakes potential for some indirect impacts on the lakes The site has limited landscape value overall. on the former gravel pits which are used for on the former gravel pits which are used for recreation to the south should be considered. recreation to the south should be considered. The site has limited landscape value overall. The site has limited landscape value overall.

336

Overall, the site is considered to have a low to Overall, the site is considered to have a Overall, the site is considered to have a medium sensitivity to this scale and type of medium sensitivity to this scale and type of medium to high sensitivity to this scale and development. development. type of development.

LANDSCAPE CAPACITY

Given the relatively flat landform, there is There is some scope within the site to locate There is limited capacity for this scale and type potential for providing appropriate screening buildings and storage areas to limit impacts on of development due to the size potential visual around the site, to reduce low level views into views and character of the wider area and to tie prominence of the tall buildings and stack the site from the surrounding area. It is judged in with existing light industrial development at associated with this type of development that the site has a moderate to high capacity the fringes of Chichester. It is judged that the without adverse effects on the surrounding overall for accommodating this type and scale of site has a moderate capacity overall for landscape and urban context. It is judged that development without significant adverse effects accommodating this form of development the site has a moderate to low capacity on the character and visual amenity of the without significant adverse effects on the overall for this scale and type of development. surrounding area. character and visual amenity of the surrounding area.

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION AND LANDSCAPE OPPORTUNITIES

The design, orientation, materials and colour of the facility should be developed to “tie-in” with buildings on adjacent sites, and to visually blend into the sky, favouring dull non-reflective matt greys and blues over bright or shiny colours, which would be more visible; The precise location and orientation of the development should be designed to help reduce visual impacts, for example buildings should be orientated so that long axis follow the grain of the land and the “bulkiest” parts located next to existing trees and vegetation and the elevated section of the road to the northwest of the site, to make the most of the screening they provide; No unnecessary tree or shrub removal should be undertaken outside or on the perimeter of the site as this provides a good filter to views of the potential development area; Opportunities should be sought for large buildings over 20m in height to be partially buried to reduce the extent to which the buildings are visible above the existing tree line at the perimeters; Detailed landscape and visual impact assessment (LVIA) of tall structures in terms of their impact on views towards Chichester Cathedral spire Clutter-free building design and a site layout which presents a simple, clean series of structures within new structure planting would be desirable ; and Further native structure planting to the site in accordance with the WSCC Landscape Strategy. There is potential for species rich grassland owing to likely poor nutrient levels. This would need to be established through an ecological survey.

337

W/MS/3A Land Rear of Ricebridge Industrial Estate

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CONTEXT National character area: Low Weald (121)110 “Broad, low lying and gently undulating clay vales underlie a small-scale intimate landscape enclosed by an intricate mix of small woodlands, a patchwork of fields and hedgerows. Topography and soils vary locally in relation to higher drier outcrops of limestone or sandstone, which are commonly sites of settlements. The Low Weald generally includes an abundance of ponds and small stream valleys often with wet woodlands of alder and willow. Tall hedgerows with numerous mature trees link copses, shaws and remnant woodlands which combine to give the Low Weald a wellwooded character. Field trees, usually of oak but now declining, are characteristic of the area south-east of Dorking. Grassland predominates on the heavy clay soils while lighter soils on higher ground support arable cropping in a more open landscape. Rural in character with dispersed farmsteads, small settlements often include many timber and brick built traditional buildings where not now dominated by recent urban development. Historic settlement pattern was dictated by a preference for higher drier outcrops of limestone or sandstone with moated manor houses being a Figure 2.1: Location map of W/MS/3A characteristic feature.” West Sussex LCA landscape character area: Eastern Low Weald 111 (LW10) “The Eastern Low Weald within Mid Sussex and Horsham Districts comprises a lowland mixed pastoral and arable landscape with a strong hedgerow pattern. It lies over low ridges and clay vales drained by the upper Adur streams. In the east, the area has experienced high levels of development centred on Burgess Hill.”

110 Natural England, Countryside Character Volume 7: South East and London. 111 West Sussex County Council (2003), The West Sussex Landscape Character Assessment.

338

The guidelines recommend conserving and enhancing “the quiet, rural The Key Characteristics of the area are identified as: qualities of the western part of the area, encourage landscape restoration • “Gently undulating low ridges and clay vales and woodland management, and ensure that new development is well- • Views dominated by the steep downland scarp to the south and the integrated within the landscape.” High Weald fringes to the north • Arable and pastoral rural landscape, a mosaic of small and larger fields, Other key recommendations of relevance include: scattered woodlands, shaws and hedgerows with hedgerow trees • “Maintain and restore the historic pattern and fabric of the agricultural • Quieter and more secluded, confined rural landscape to the west, much landscape including irregular patterns of smaller fields more development to the east, centred on Burgess Hill • Plan for long-term woodland regeneration, the planting of new small • Biodiversity in woodland, meadowland, ponds and wetland and medium-sized broad-leaved farm woodlands, and appropriate • Mix of farmsteads and hamlets favouring ridgeline locations, strung out management of existing woodland along lanes • Promote the creation of arable field margins and corners including • Crossed by north-south roads with a rectilinear network of narrow rural alongside the sides of streams lanes • Avoid skyline development and ensure that any new development has a • Varied traditional rural buildings built with diverse materials including minimum impact on views from the downs and is integrated within the timber-framing, weatherboarding, Horsham Stone roofing and varieties landscape of local brick and tile-hanging • Pay particular attention to the siting of telecommunications masts • Major landmarks include Hurstpierpoint College and St Hugh‟s • Where appropriate, increase tree cover in and around villages, Charterhouse Monastery at Shermanbury agricultural and other development and on the rural urban fringe of • Principal visitor attraction is the Hickstead All England Equestrian suburban areas and Burgess Hill, including along the approach roads to Showground” settlements and along busy urban routes including the A23 Trunk Road • Conserve, strengthen and manage existing hedgerows and hedgerow KEY SENSITIVITIES, FORCES FOR CHANGE AND trees, especially around irregular fields, and replant hedgerows where GUIDELINES they have been lost Within the West Sussex Land Management Guidelines the key • Minimise the effects of adverse incremental change by seeking new sensitivities identified include: development of high quality that sits well within the landscape and • High level of perceived naturalness and a rural quality in the quieter, reflects local distinctiveness.” rural landscape to the west of the A23 Trunk Road • Woodland cover and the mosaic of shaws and hedgerows contribute strongly to the essence of the landscape • Pockets of rich biodiversity are vulnerable to loss and change • Parts of the area are highly exposed to views from the downs with a consequently high sensitivity to the impact of new development and the cumulative visual impact of buildings and other structures

339

SITE LOCATION AND CONTEXT The site lies approximately 3.5km to the northwest of the town of Burgess Hill, and 500m to the northwest of the village of Hickstead. The site is 50m to the west of the A23. The site is within an agricultural landscape, but with prominent influences, including the A27, residential properties, small scale industrial buildings and telegraph poles along its eastern boundary, and a number of medium to large power lines running through the middle of the site. The site is located in the east of West Sussex, , in an area of the Low Weald lying between wooded High Weald to the north and the South Downs National Park to the south. The site lies approximately 1km from the southern boundary of the High Weald AONB and 5.5km from the northern boundary of the South Downs National Park. The landform is flat to gently undulating, and the wider area is characterised by small-medium fields, with spotted development and the A23 running north-south through it. Figure 2.2: View from public bridleway at north of the site

looking along the eastern boundary

Figure 2.3: View looking along the northern boundary

340

Figure 2.4: View of the A23 to the east of the site (buildings at the site’s northeastern corner are visible)

341

SITE CHARACTERISATION

Landscape Character Criteria

Physical/Natural factors The site is set within a gently undulating landform, in the east of West Sussex, in an area of the Low Weald lying between wooded High Weald to the north and the South Downs National Park to the south. The A23 runs 50m to the east of the site‟s eastern boundary, extending southwards from the High Weald ridges. The wider area is characterised by small-medium fields, with spotted development and the A37 running north-south through it. There are buildings to the east of the site, between the site and the A23, and there is a large electricity pylon in the centre of the site, as well as a sewage plant structure adjacent to this. The Grade 3 and 4 agricultural land is based on an underlying geology of Weald Clay. A tributary of the River Adur runs in proximity to the site‟s southern boundary. Experiential The site is semi-enclosed and of a medium scale, with a greater degree of enclosure at the southern end where the land slopes downwards towards trees. A large power line that run through the centre of the site, and the buildings to the east reduce the sense of remoteness. This is also lessened by the audible intrusion from the A23. CPRE data indicates that the site is within an area of low-medium tranquillity112 and experiences noise and visual intrusion113. Visual Criteria Visibility and key views The land is highest at the northern boundary of the site, from where it falls away to the south. From this higher ground the South Downs are visible in the distance to the south. Views become more enclosed towards the southern edge of the site as a result of tree cover and the lower lie of the land. Short-distance views to the north are somewhat screened by hedgerow along this northern boundary, with long-distance views being limited by the upward sloping landscape and tree cover to the north. Views to the east are largely contained due to buildings along the site‟s eastern boundary; to the west, scattered farm buildings are visible in the distance and tree cover to the northwest limit views. To the north the skyline is formed of trees; elsewhere it is a mixture of buildings, higher land and some buildings. The ZTV indicates that potential visibility is largely concentrated in areas immediately adjacent to the site to the east and west, south of the A272. It also indicated potential visibility from wider areas to the south, including from areas of higher ground around Hurstpierpoint, Henfield and Keymer. Visibility across the immediate surroundings are however likely to be reduced due to buildings and additional vegetation that is not within the woodland data layer used within the ZTVs. Long distance views from the south are also likely to be limited by areas of woodland and development. Landscape Value Criteria Landscape designations (National Parks, AONBs) The site lies approximately 1km from the southern boundary of the High Weald AONB and 5.5km from the northern boundary of the South Downs National Park. The rising slopes of the National Park can be seen in the distance to the south of the site and the ZTV indicates a degree of visibility from the northern slopes of the National Park. The ZTV indicates limited theoretical visibility from the AONB to the north of the site, and this is likely to be reduced further in the field due to the extensive woodland in this area.

112 CPRE (2006), Tranquility Data. 113 CPRE (2007), Intrusion Data. 342

Condition, typicality and rarity Views to the South Downs to the south characterise this area of the Low Weald. The site lies within a modified landscape, where the A23 is very prominent within the local landscape, with audible and visual intrusion. The Historic Landscape Character Assessment characterises this area as Early Post Medieval Fieldscape, Planned Private Enclosure AD1500-1599. The boundaries and fieldscape layout are of some historic value. Cultural heritage and settings The Bolney (North) and Bolney (South) Conservation Areas lie within 1.5km to the north of the site, with numerous Listed Buildings within these designated areas. Due to the lie of the land, tree cover, and the road network, there is no intervisibility between these designated areas (and the buildings within them) and the site. The Grade II Listed Round House lies approximately 300m to the northeast of the site. Due to screening along the northern boundary of the site, intervisibility between the Listed Building and the site is limited. However, if a stack was part of the waste management development, depending on its height, this is likely to be visible from the Listed Building. The fields are varied, with a mixture of medium and medium-large sized fields. Natural heritage There are no designated nature conservation sites within or in close proximity to the site. The Pond Lye SNCI is the closest designated site, lying 2.5km to the east of the site. The Hanger SNCI lies within 3.5km to the north of the site. The principal habitat on the site is arable farmland, with hedgerow along the northern boundary. There are a number of small areas of ancient woodland within the broader area, with the closest area lying 350m to the northeast and southeast of the site. Recreation There are numerous public footpaths within the broader area surrounding the site. Bolney 22dBo PRoW runs along the site‟s northern boundary.

343

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL ASPECTS Lower Sensitivity < ------> Higher Sensitivity

Topographic form & pattern Landform Within the site the ground is generally flat with surrounding area gently undulating. The broad, shallow vale, within which the site sits, extends north towards the High Weald and south towards a long, low ridge on which Hickstead lies. Landcover pattern

There is some variety within the immediate vicinity, with a mosaic of agricultural fields interspersed with buildings, woodland and electricity pylons. Landcover within the site is consistent Condition / intactness Landcover Within the immediate vicinity the landscape is modified by roads, buildings and electricity pylons to the east, with a greater degree of intactness and rural farmland to the west and the field pattern dating from 1599AD.

Sensitive features

Within the site, the hedgerow along the northern boundary and trees along the western and southern boundaries are more sensitive features. A tributary of the River Adur runs along the site‟s southern boundary.

Scale

Set within medium to large scale, agricultural fields with some large scale build elements and overhead power lines fringed with smaller scale elements to Scale & the south and west, including copses, streams and ponds. Enclosure Openness

Locally contained by tall hedgerows, woodland and buildings. There are views to adjacent fields to the west, but the depth and extent of views remains limited.

Form/prominence

Skyline Existing pylons break across the skyline, on which trees and scattered developments are predominant features.

Features on

344

skyline

South Downs forms the skyline to the south – distinctive profile of long ridge. In other directions, trees form the skyline, with some tall pylons (including one within the site) disrupting the skyline. Remoteness

Roads, large overhead powerlines and development to the east of the site reduce feelings of remoteness. Sense of remoteness/ Movement / noise tranquillity / lighting

Low-level noise from the A23 and likely to be some light intrusion at night in the east of the site, reduced in the west. Visual intrusion from the pylons and small scale industry to the east of the site.

Typicality and Rarity Typicality and Rarity The area immediately around the site is generally representative of the landscape character area, with the A23 an influence to the east and more rural and perceptibly quieter and more undeveloped character to the west. The small scale and varied field pattern with tall hedgerows, ponds and woodland are features within the area to the west of the site, although the site itself is modified by agriculture and nearby development and is of a larger scale.

VISUAL CRITERIA Lower Sensitivity < ------> Higher Sensitivity

Intervisibility

Visibility to the South Downs, which although distant forms a distinctive backdrop to the south.

Visibility & Sensitive Views receptors Potential for close-range views from a small number of properties and industrial units that lie adjacent to the northeast. The public footpath falls within the site.

Key views and vistas

345

Distant views to the South Downs National Park, but predominantly indistinctive views, with a semi-industrial setting to the east of the site.

LANDSCAPE VALUE CRITERIA Lower Sensitivity < ------> Higher Sensitivity

Landscape designations The site is not within or in immediate proximity to any designated landscapes. The site lies approximately 1km from the southern boundary of the High Weald AONB and 5.5km from the northern boundary of the South Downs National Park.

Cultural heritage features There are no cultural heritage designations within or adjacent to the site. The Bolney (North) and Bolney (South) Conservation Areas lie within 1.5km to the north of the site, and there is a Grade II Listed Building approximately 300m to the northeast of the site. At present there is no intervisibility between the site and these heritage areas and assets. The field pattern is of some value, intact since 1599AD

Habitat value There are no designated nature conservation sites within or in close proximity to the site. The Pond Lye SNCI is the closest designated site, lying 2.5km to the east of the site. The principal habitat on the site is arable farmland. There are a number of small areas of ancient woodland within the broader area, with the closest area lying 350m to the northeast and southeast of the site.

Recreation There are numerous public footpaths within the broader area surrounding the site. Bolney PRoW 22dBo runs along the site‟s northern boundary.

346

OVERALL SENSITIVITY TO WASTE DEVELOPMENT

Typology 1 Typology 2 Typology 3

Landscape Character Sensitivity: low to Landscape Character Sensitivity: medium Landscape Character Sensitivity: medium Within the site itself the medium to large fields medium-high Within the site itself the medium to large fields of open intensively managed farmland is of Within the site itself the medium to large fields of open intensively managed farmland is of limited sensitivity, with the water course to the of open intensively managed farmland is of limited sensitivity. The water course to the south, existing trees and remaining hedgerow limited sensitivity, with the water course to the south, the existing trees and remaining structure features of higher sensitivity. The site south and remaining hedgerow structure hedgerow structure are features of higher is however located such that development could features of higher sensitivity. The site is located sensitivity. The site is located within an area that potentially impact on the character of the more within an area that forms a transition from a forms a transition from a more developed and secluded and tranquil farmland to the west. more developed and modified landscape around modified landscape around the A23 corridor This area immediately to the west is of higher the A23 corridor and urban fringe west of and urban fringe west of Burgess Hill and the sensitivity, being of a smaller scale and more Burgess Hill and the more intact, rural farmland more intact, rural farmland to the west. This intact. This form and scale of development has to the west. This area immediately to the west area immediately to the west is of a smaller the potential to encroach on the perceived rural is of higher sensitivity, being of a smaller scale scale and greater tranquillity and of higher and undeveloped qualities at this proximity. and more intact. This form and scale of sensitivity to this form of development. Overall Overall it is considered to be of medium development has the potential to encroach on it is considered to be of low to medium sensitivity. the perceived rural and undeveloped qualities at sensitivity. this proximity. Overall it is therefore considered Visual Sensitivity: low-medium to be of medium sensitivity. Visual Sensitivity: low The tree cover across the wider landscape and The tree cover across the wider landscape and the enclosed nature of the vale within which the Visual Sensitivity: medium the enclosed nature of the vale within which the site is located limits intervisibility with the The large buildings and stacks are likely to be site is located limits intervisibility with the surrounding landscape to the north, east and visually prominent in views from properties to surrounding landscape to the north, east and west. However, large buildings and stacks are the south and west as well as the transport west. Properties to the south and west and likely to be visible from properties to the south routes in the local area. The existing tall local transport routes are likely to be afforded and west as well as the transport routes in the development reduces the overall visual views of buildings and vertical structures should local area. Although this scale of development sensitivity of the site, however, this form of they be included in the development. However, has the potential to increase the visual intrusion development is of a larger scale and likely to existing tall development reduce the overall of this more developed area on the wider have wider ranging visual impacts. visual sensitivity of the site. landscape, the existing tall development reduces the overall visual sensitivity of the site. Landscape Value: low-medium Landscape Value: low The site is not located within a designated

347

The site is not located within a designated Landscape Value: low-medium landscape and does not contribute directly or landscape and does not contribute directly or The site is not located within a designated significantly to the setting of the AONB to the significantly to the setting of the AONB to the landscape and does not contribute directly or north or the South Downs to the south. A north or the South Downs to the south. A significantly to the setting of the AONB to the public right of way runs through the north of public right of way runs through the north of north or the South Downs to the south. A the site, forming part of a network of paths the site, forming part of a network of paths public right of way runs through the north of linking to Burgess Hill. linking to Burgess Hill. the site, forming part of a network of paths linking to Burgess Hill. Overall, the site is considered to have a low to Overall, the site is considered to have a Overall, the site is considered to have a medium sensitivity medium sensitivity medium sensitivity

LANDSCAPE CAPACITY

Given the relatively flat landform, and existing There is some scope within the site to locate There is some limited capacity for this scale and small scale industrial units and buildings to the buildings and storage areas to limit impacts on type of development due to the size and east of the site there is potential for providing low-level views and to relate to light industrial potential visual prominence of the tall buildings appropriate screening of low-level views around development to the east. There is however the and stacks associated with it, which is likely to the site and to locate and mass buildings so that potential for stacks and larger scale buildings to be significantly larger than the existing the development is assimilated into the existing be visually prominent and for adverse effects on development to the east. There is the potential light industrial development to the east. It is the surrounding landscape, particularly the for adverse effects on the surrounding judged that the site has a moderate to high potential for the buildings and for activities on landscape, particularly for the buildings and for capacity overall for accommodating this type site to visually and audibly intrude on the more activities on site to visually and audibly intrude and scale of development without significant rural and peaceful area of farmland to the west on the more rural and peaceful area of farmland adverse effects on the character and visual of the site. It is judged that the site has a to the west of the site. It is judged that the site amenity of the surrounding area. moderate capacity overall for this scale of has a moderate to low capacity overall for development without adverse effects on the this scale and type of development. character and visual amenity of the more sensitive area to the west.

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION AND LANDSCAPE OPPORTUNITIES

348

from the west of the site and tying in buildings visually with existing development to the east; No unnecessary tree or shrub removal should be undertaken within or on the perimeter of the site as this provides a good filter to views of the potential development area; Ensure the public right of way that currently runs through the north of the site is appropriately re-aligned; Opportunities should be sought for large buildings over 20m in height to be partially buried to reduce the extent to which the buildings are visible above the existing tree line at the perimeters; and Further planting to reinforce the existing trees and vegetation at the northern and western boundaries would be beneficial; The advanced planting of a buffer of mixed species trees and shrubs should be undertaken to screen low-level views from properties to the east and southeast.

349

W/MS/3B Land at Hickstead

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CONTEXT National character area: Low Weald (121)114 “Broad, low lying and gently undulating clay vales underlie a small-scale intimate landscape enclosed by an intricate mix of small woodlands, a patchwork of fields and hedgerows. Topography and soils vary locally in relation to higher drier outcrops of limestone or sandstone, which are commonly sites of settlements. The Low Weald generally includes an abundance of ponds and small stream valleys often with wet woodlands of alder and willow. Tall hedgerows with numerous mature trees link copses, shaws and remnant woodlands which combine to give the Low Weald a wellwooded character. Field trees, usually of oak but now declining, are characteristic of the area south-east of Dorking. Grassland predominates on the heavy clay soils while lighter soils on higher ground support arable cropping in a more open landscape. Rural in character with dispersed farmsteads, small settlements often include many timber and brick built traditional buildings where not now dominated by recent urban development. Historic settlement pattern was dictated by a preference for higher drier outcrops of limestone or sandstone with moated manor houses being a characteristic feature.”

Figure 3.1: Location map of W/MS/3B West Sussex LCA landscape character area: Eastern Low Weald (LW10)115 “The Eastern Low Weald within Mid Sussex and Horsham Districts comprises a lowland mixed pastoral and arable landscape with a strong hedgerow pattern. It lies over low ridges and clay vales drained by the upper Adur streams. In the east, the area has experienced high levels of development centred on Burgess Hill.”

114 Natural England, Countryside Character Volume 7: South East and London. 115 West Sussex County Council (2003), The West Sussex Landscape Character Assessment. 350

The Key Characteristics of the area are identified as: The guidelines recommend conserving and enhancing “the quiet, rural • “Gently undulating low ridges and clay vales qualities of the western part of the area, encourage landscape restoration and • Views dominated by the steep downland scarp to the south and the High woodland management, and ensure that new development is well-integrated Weald fringes to the north within the landscape.” • Arable and pastoral rural landscape, a mosaic of small and larger fields,

scattered woodlands, shaws and hedgerows with hedgerow trees Other key recommendations of relevance include: • Quieter and more secluded, confined rural landscape to the west, much • “Maintain and restore the historic pattern and fabric of the agricultural more development to the east, centred on Burgess Hill landscape including irregular patterns of smaller fields • Biodiversity in woodland, meadowland, ponds and wetland • Plan for long-term woodland regeneration, the planting of new small and • Historic village of Cowfold and suburban village development at Partridge medium-sized broad-leaved farm woodlands, and appropriate Green, Shermanbury and Sayers Common management of existing woodland • Mix of farmsteads and hamlets favouring ridgeline locations, strung out • Promote the creation of arable field margins and corners including along lanes alongside the sides of streams • A modest spread of designed landscapes • Avoid skyline development and ensure that any new development has a • Crossed by north-south roads with a rectilinear network of narrow rural minimum impact on views from the downs and is integrated within the lanes landscape • London to Brighton Railway Line crosses the area through Burgess Hill • Pay particular attention to the siting of telecommunications masts • Varied traditional rural buildings built with diverse materials including • Where appropriate, increase tree cover in and around villages, agricultural timber-framing, weatherboarding, Horsham Stone roofing and varieties of and other development and on the rural urban fringe of suburban areas local brick and tile-hanging and Burgess Hill, including along the approach roads to settlements and • Major landmarks include Hurstpierpoint College and St Hugh‟s along busy urban routes including the A23 Trunk Road Charterhouse Monastery at Shermanbury • Conserve, strengthen and manage existing hedgerows and hedgerow • Principal visitor attraction is the Hickstead All England Equestrian trees, especially around irregular fields, and replant hedgerows where they Showground.” have been lost

• Minimise the effects of adverse incremental change by seeking new KEY SENSITIVITIES, FORCES FOR CHANGE AND development of high quality that sits well within the landscape and GUIDELINES reflects local distinctiveness.” Within the West Sussex Land Management Guidelines the key sensitivities identified include: • High level of perceived naturalness and a rural quality in the quieter, rural landscape to the west of the A23 Trunk Road • Woodland cover and the mosaic of shaws and hedgerows contribute strongly to the essence of the landscape • Pockets of rich biodiversity are vulnerable to loss and change • Parts of the area are highly exposed to views from the downs with a consequently high sensitivity to the impact of new development and the cumulative visual impact of buildings and other structures

351

SITE LOCATION AND CONTEXT The site is located within an area of farmland close to the junction between the A23 and A2300 approximately 2.4km to the west of Burgess Hill. The A23 forms the site‟s western boundary, whilst the A2300 forms the site‟s southern boundary. The services at the junction of these two roads face the site from the south.

The site lies in the east of West Sussex, within the Low Weald, which between wooded High Weald to the north and the South Downs

National Park to the south.

The landform is undulating, with the site lying on top of a gentle ridge. The land slopes gently downhill to the north. The wider area is characterised by agricultural fields, interspersed with buildings and small settlements. The A23 which runs north-south across the shallow vale and up to Hickstead, is a prominent feature in the immediate landscape.

Figure 3.2: View looking north across the site towards the ridge at the southern end of the High Weald on the horizon

352

SITE CHARACTERISATION

Landscape Character Criteria Physical/Natural factors The site comprises Grade 3 agricultural land, based on underlying Weald Clay, in intensive agricultural use. A small copse and a pond lie within the centre of the site. The site lies on the gentle southern slopes of a shallow vale, where a number of minor watercourses drain into the Adur to the southwest. The land slopes gradually down towards the site‟s northern boundary from the southern area which lies on top of the gentle ridge the encloses the vale. The site is located within an area of the Low Weald, between wooded High Weald to the north and the South Downs National Park to the south. A large junction lies immediately adjacent to the southwest corner, at which the Hickstead road services and motel are located. Tall, outgrown hedgerows enclose the site to the south and west, with a wide access point at the southern boundary from the A2300 allowing views into the site and the lower vale beyond. To the east the field boundary has been removed, the site is open to the adjacent fields and the Northland Cottage Farm.

Experiential The site has a largely open feel, and is of a medium scale. The sense of openness is greatest when viewing the site from the southern boundary, given the higher land here. There is a greater degree of enclosure at the northern end where the land is lower, as well as along the site‟s western boundary where the trees/hedgerow trees are quite dense. The roads to the south and west reduce the sense of remoteness, and there is audible and some visual intrusion from the road infrastructure. Screening is provided along the site‟s western boundary, minimising visual intrusion from the A23. CPRE data indicates that the site is within an area of medium tranquility116 and experiences noise and visual intrusion117. Visual Criteria Visibility and key views From the southern end of the site there are medium-distance views to the rising slopes to the north of the site, as well as to the land to the east. Views to the south are limited because of the higher ground here – when at the southern boundary, the road services become visible when facing out of the site. There is good screening of the A23, such that this is predominantly not visible from within the site.

The skyline in most directions is formed of trees, with some development, across which electricity pylons break to the south. The ZTV indicates that potential visibility is largely contained within 5km of the site and to the south of the A272. Actual visibility is likely to be more limited within these areas due to existing vegetation that is not within the woodland data layer used within the ZTVs and development around Hickstead and Burgess Hill. Tall structures located within the southern section of site would potentially be visible across a relatively large area given the sloping nature of the site, although the bunding and planting associated with the A23 corridor along the western boundary provides screening of low-level views into the site.

116 CPRE (2006), Tranquility Data. 117 CPRE (2007), Intrusion Data. 353

Landscape Value Criteria

Landscape designations (National Parks, AONBs) The site does not lie within an area of landscape designation: the High Weald AONB is 1.7km from the site‟s northern boundary and the South Downs National Park is 4.3 km from the southern boundary.

Condition, typicality and rarity Lies within a modified landscape: the roads to the south and west of the site are audible and visual intrusions. It is broadly not typical of the wider landscape character area. Human influence is enhanced by presence of large electricity pylons in the area surrounding the site. The Historic Landscape Character Assessment characterises this area as “Fieldscapes : Planned Private Enclosure Late 20th Century AD1845-present”. Cultural heritage and settings There are numerous Conservations Areas within the broader area surrounding the site. The closest is the Bolney (South) Conservation Area, which is located approximately 2km to the northwest of the site. As a result of the land topography and existing screening, there is no intervisibility between this designated area and the site. There are a few Listed Buildings in proximity to the site. The closest is Castle Hotel Grade II Listed Building, which is within 150m of the site‟s western boundary. In addition, there are there are five Listed Buildings clustered around Hickstead Pace, to the southwest of the site, including Little Hickstead Place (Grade II), which is within 300m of the site‟s southwest boundary. Given that the site slopes downwards from its southern boundary, and due to the presence of the road infrastructure surrounding the site, there is no intervisibility between the site and the Listed Buildings to the southwest of the site. Any development on the site is likely to be visible from Castle Hotel; given the existing very prominent audible and visual intrusion on the Listed Building‟s setting from the road network to the east of it, it is unlikely that waste development would pose a substantial additional impact. With regards field structure, the shapes of the fields are varied, and a mixture of small to medium-size. Natural heritage The principal habitat on the site is pasture, with hedgerow/shrubbery along the site‟s southern, eastern and western boundaries. There are no designated nature conservations within or in close proximity to the site. The closest site is Pond Lye SNCI, which is approximately 1.7km to the west of the site. There are numerous areas of ancient woodland within the broader area, particularly to the northeast and northwest. The closest area are approximately 200m to the southeast of the site and 400m to the west of the site. There are copses within the site, towards the northern section. Recreation There are no PRoW within or in close proximity to the site. There are footpaths within 350m to the southeast, southwest and northeast of the site.

354

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL ASPECTS Lower Sensitivity < ------> Higher Sensitivity

Topographic form & pattern Landform Set within gently undulating landform associated with the low clay vales and ridges of the low weald. The site slopes gradually downhill from south to north. Landcover pattern

Medium scale pattern of mixed agricultural grazing fields. Within the wider area there is a pattern of agricultural fields, small areas of development, including an industrial estate to the east, Hickstead Services to the south and a network of large and minor roads. Condition / intactness Landcover Broken hedgerow structure and loss of boundaries within the site and the surrounding area modified by development, agricultural practices and road infrastructure.

Sensitive features

A small copse with mature trees and shrubs and a small pond is located within the centre of the site. A tall, outgrown hedgerow with mature hedgerow trees follows the western boundary.

Scale

Medium to large scale, with pylons forming large vertical elements within the site. Scale &

Enclosure Openness

Greater sense of openness from the southern section of the site, with greater degree of enclosure felt in the lower areas and where there is vegetation around the edges.

355

Form/prominence

Rising slopes at the beginning of the High Weald clearly visible to the north. Skyline Features on skyline

High Weald to the north; road to the west; electricity pylons will interrupt the skyline from the lower parts of the site.

Remoteness

Roads to the west and south, as well as the road services facing the sites southern boundary, reduce the sense of remoteness. Sense of remoteness/ Movement / noise tranquillity / lighting

Audible, and in places visual, intrusion from the road. Likely that there is light intrusion at night from the road, as well as from the roundabout and services at the sites southern boundary.

Typicality and Typicality and Rarity Rarity The pattern of development and modified field structure are not typical of the rural and undeveloped character of the wider landscape character type.

VISUAL CRITERIA Lower Sensitivity < ------> Higher Sensitivity

Intervisibility

Visibility & Located towards the top of the low ridge enclosing Views are available to the low, wooded slopes at the southern edge of the High Weald, which forms Views the skyline to the north, and the South Downs to the south.

Sensitive receptors

356

Users of the A23 (although minimal given good screening); residents/workers from the farm to the east of the site.

Key views and vistas

A degree of intervisibility with High Weald, and the South Downs AONB, but it does not form a distinctive part of key views from these areas and lies at some distance from them.

LANDSCAPE VALUE CRITERIA Lower Sensitivity < ------> Higher Sensitivity

Landscape designations The site does not lie within an area of landscape designation: the High Weald AONB is 1.7km from the site‟s southern boundary of and the South Downs National Park is 4.3 km from the northern boundary.

Cultural heritage features Castle Hotel Grade II Listed Building is within 150m of the sites western boundary. Any development on the site is likely to be visible from Castle Hotel; given the existing very prominent audible and visual intrusion on the Listed Buildings setting from the road network to the east of it, it is unlikely that waste development would pose a substantial additional impact.

Habitat value There are no areas of nature conservation within or in close proximity to the site. The closest site is Pond Lye SNCI is approximately 1.7km to the west of the site.

Recreation There are no PRoW within or in close proximity to the site.

357

OVERALL SENSITIVITY TO WASTE DEVELOPMENT

Typology 1: Typology 2 Typology 3

Landscape Character Sensitivity: low to Landscape Character Sensitivity: low to Landscape Character Sensitivity: medium medium medium The intensively managed farmland with partly The intensively managed farmland with partly The intensively managed farmland with partly degraded field structure corresponds in a degraded field structure set within a landscape degraded field structure corresponds in a limited way to the key characteristics of the modified by transport infrastructure and power limited way to the key characteristics of the wider Eastern Low Weald landscape character lines, corresponds in a limited way to the key wider Eastern Low Weald landscape character area and is considered to be of low sensitivity. characteristics of the wider Eastern Low Weald area and is considered to be of low sensitivity. The trees, pond and remaining hedgerows are landscape character area and is considered to The trees, pond and remaining hedgerows are features of higher sensitivity. be of low sensitivity. The trees, pond and features of higher sensitivity. remaining hedgerows are features of higher Visual Sensitivity: medium sensitivity. Visual Sensitivity: medium Whilst existing development and tall vertical Although low-level views into the site would be structures break across this skyline, Visual Sensitivity: low to medium largely screened by the bunting and tree planting development of this type is likely to significantly The bunding and tree planting associated with to the west, the taller buildings would be visible increase the scale and visual prominence of the A23 corridor to the west provides a degree above the tree-line in views towards the site man-made structures in views from the south, of screening of low-level views from the west. from the surrounding area. Existing west and north. It does not however contain or The southern area lies on the low ridge which development and tall vertical structures break lie in proximity to any local landmarks, and encloses the vale to the north, and the site across this skyline, however, development of development, even of this scale, is likely to be therefore forms part of the skyline in views this scale is likely to increase the scale and visual visible as a small component in the wide from the lower-lying farmland to the north and prominence of man-made structures in views panoramic views available from the slopes of the the wooded slopes at the south of the High from the south west and north. It does not South Downs. Overall it is considered to be of Weald. It does not contain or lie in proximity contain or lie in proximity to any local medium visual sensitivity, with the upper slope to any local landmarks, and the site is visible as a landmarks, and development of this scale on the in the south of higher visual sensitivity. small component in the wide panoramic views site is likely to be visible as a relatively small available from the slopes of the South Downs. component in the wide panoramic views Landscape Value: low Overall it is considered to be of low to medium available from the slopes of the South Downs. As for Type 1. visual sensitivity, with the upper slope in the Overall it is considered to be of medium visual south of higher visual sensitivity. sensitivity, with the upper slope in the south of higher visual sensitivity. Landscape Value: low The site is not located within a designated Landscape Value: low

358

landscape and does not contribute directly or As for Type 1 significantly to the setting of the AONB to the north or the South Downs to the south. Overall, the site is considered to have a low to Overall, the site is considered to have a low to Overall, the site is considered to have a medium sensitivity medium sensitivity medium sensitivity

LANDSCAPE CAPACITY

The existing small scale industrial units and farm There is some scope within the site to locate There is some limited capacity for this scale and buildings to the east and development to the buildings and storage areas to limit impacts on type of development, without the increased south of the site, provides some potential scope views and character of the wider area and to tie scale and potential visual prominence of the tall for appropriate screening around the site and to in with existing light industrial development to buildings and stack associated with this type of locate and mass buildings so that the the east and with Hickstead to the south. development having significant impacts on the development is assimilated into the surrounding However this form of development is likely to surrounding landscape. Views to the southern area. It is judged that the site has a moderate be of a larger scale and more visually intrusive parts of the site from the wooded slopes of the to high capacity overall for accommodating this than the existing development, and views to the High Weald to the north would potentially still type and scale of development without southern parts of the site from the wooded be possible even with screening. There is some significant adverse effects on the character and slopes of the High Weald to the north would scope for visual amenity of the surrounding area. potentially still be possible even with screening. There is scope for the improvement of the It is judged that the site has a moderate It is judged that the site has a moderate current condition and structure of landscape capacity overall for this scale of development capacity overall for this scale and type of features and habitat value in conjunction with without adverse effects on the character and development. the development of this site, including re- visual amenity of the more sensitive areas to the There is scope for the improvement of the instating field boundaries and increasing south. current condition and structure of landscape woodland cover to the north of the site. There is scope for the improvement of the features, and habitat value in conjunction with current condition and structure of landscape the development of this site, including re- features, and habitat value in conjunction with instating field boundaries and increasing the development of this site, including re- woodland cover to the north of the site. instating field boundaries and increasing woodland cover to the north of the site.

359

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION AND LANDSCAPE OPPORTUNITIES

The design, orientation, materials and colour of the facility should be developed to visually blend into the sky and surrounding agricultural farmland, favouring dull non-reflective matt greys and blues over bright or shiny colours, which would be more visible; The precise location and orientation of the development should be designed to help reduce visual impacts, for example locating buildings away from the ridge top, where buildings would break across the ridgeline in views from the north, particularly in relation to distance views from the High Weald; No unnecessary tree or shrub removal should be undertaken within or on the perimeter of the site as this provides a good filter to views of the potential development area; Opportunities should be sought for large buildings over 20m in height to be partially buried to reduce the extent to which the buildings are visible above the existing tree line at the perimeters; and The advanced planting of a buffer of mixed species trees and shrubs should be undertaken to screen low-level views from Northlands Cottage Farm and the wider area to the east and further planting to reinforce the existing trees and vegetation at the northern boundary.

360

W/MS/5A Land adjacent to Goddards Green Wastewater Treatment Works

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CONTEXT National character area: Low Weald (126)118 “Broad, low lying and gently undulating clay vales underlie a small-scale intimate landscape enclosed by an intricate mix of small woodlands, a patchwork of fields and hedgerows. Topography and soils vary locally in relation to higher drier outcrops of limestone or sandstone, which are commonly sites of settlements. The Low Weald generally includes an abundance of ponds and small stream valleys often with wet woodlands of alder and willow. Tall hedgerows with numerous mature trees link copses, shaws and remnant woodlands which combine to give the Low Weald a wellwooded character. Field trees, usually of oak but now declining, are characteristic of the area south-east of Dorking. Grassland predominates on the heavy clay soils while lighter soils on higher ground support arable cropping in a more open landscape. Rural in character with dispersed farmsteads, small settlements often include many timber and brick built traditional buildings where not now dominated by recent urban development. Historic settlement pattern was dictated by a preference for higher drier outcrops of limestone or sandstone with moated manor houses being a characteristic feature.”

Figure 4.1: Location map of W/MS/5A West Sussex LCA landscape character area: Eastern Low Weald (LW10)119 “The Eastern Low Weald within Mid Sussex and Horsham Districts comprises a lowland mixed pastoral and arable landscape with a strong hedgerow pattern. It lies over low ridges and clay vales drained by the upper Adur streams. In the east, the area has experienced high levels of development centred on Burgess Hill.”

The Key Characteristics of the area are identified as:

118 Natural England, Countryside Character Volume 7: South East and London. 119 West Sussex County Council (2003), The West Sussex Landscape Character Assessment. 361

• “Gently undulating low ridges and clay vales The guidelines recommend conserving and enhancing “the quiet, rural • Views dominated by the steep downland scarp to the south and the High qualities of the western part of the area, encourage landscape restoration and Weald fringes to the north woodland management, and ensure that new development is well-integrated • Arable and pastoral rural landscape, a mosaic of small and larger fields, within the landscape.” scattered woodlands, shaws and hedgerows with hedgerow trees • Quieter and more secluded, confined rural landscape to the west, much Other key recommendations of relevance include: more development to the east, centred on Burgess Hill • “Maintain and restore the historic pattern and fabric of the agricultural • Biodiversity in woodland, meadowland, ponds and wetland landscape including irregular patterns of smaller fields • Historic village of Cowfold and suburban village development at Partridge • Plan for long-term woodland regeneration, the planting of new small and Green, Shermanbury and Sayers Common medium-sized broad-leaved farm woodlands, and appropriate • Mix of farmsteads and hamlets favouring ridgeline locations, strung out management of existing woodland along lanes • Promote the creation of arable field margins and corners including • A modest spread of designed landscapes alongside the sides of streams • Crossed by north-south roads with a rectilinear network of narrow rural • Avoid skyline development and ensure that any new development has a lanes minimum impact on views from the downs and is integrated within the • London to Brighton Railway Line crosses the area through Burgess Hill landscape • Varied traditional rural buildings built with diverse materials including • Pay particular attention to the siting of telecommunications masts timber-framing, weatherboarding, Horsham Stone roofing and varieties of • Where appropriate, increase tree cover in and around villages, agricultural local brick and tile-hanging and other development and on the rural urban fringe of suburban areas • Major landmarks include Hurstpierpoint College and St Hugh‟s and Burgess Hill, including along the approach roads to settlements and Charterhouse Monastery at Shermanbury along busy urban routes including the A23 Trunk Road • Principal visitor attraction is the Hickstead All England Equestrian • Conserve, strengthen and manage existing hedgerows and hedgerow Showground.” trees, especially around irregular fields, and replant hedgerows where they have been lost KEY SENSITIVITIES, FORCES FOR CHANGE AND • Minimise the effects of adverse incremental change by seeking new GUIDELINES development of high quality that sits well within the landscape and Within the West Sussex Land Management Guidelines the key reflects local distinctiveness.” sensitivities identified include: • High level of perceived naturalness and a rural quality in the quieter, rural landscape to the west of the A23 Trunk Road; • Woodland cover and the mosaic of shaws and hedgerows contribute strongly to the essence of the landscape; • Pockets of rich biodiversity are vulnerable to loss and change; and • Parts of the area are highly exposed to views from the downs with a consequently high sensitivity to the impact of new development and the cumulative visual impact of buildings and other structures.

362

SITE LOCATION AND CONTEXT the southern boundary of the High Weald AONB and 4.5km from the The site approximately 1km to the northwest of Burgess Hill, and 500m northern boundary of the South Downs National Park. north of the village of Goddard‟s Green. The site lies 1.7km to the east of The landform is flat to gently undulating, and the wider area is the A23. characterised by agricultural fields, as well as urban fringe influence, given The site is located in the east of West Sussex, in an area of the Low the proximity to Burgess Hill. There is a sewage works adjacent to the Weald lying between wooded High Weald to the north and the South site, although this is largely screened by trees at the eastern boundary. Downs National Park to the south. The site lies approximately 2km from

Figure 4.2: View from PRoW within the site looking east towards the sewage works

Figure 4.3: View from Prow within the site looking west towards Cuckfield Road

363

SITE CHARACTERISATION

Landscape Character Criteria

Physical/Natural factors The site comprises Grade 3 and 4 agricultural land, based on underlying Weald Clay, in agricultural use. It is set within a flat to gently undulating shallow vale, with a low ridge rising gently to the southwest. The site is within an area of the Low Weald lying between wooded High Weald to the north and the South Downs National Park to the south. The A2300 runs along the sites southern boundary, with Cuckfield Road forming its western boundary. A sewage works is located immediately to the east. There is hedgerow along the sites southern and western boundaries, and trees along the northern and eastern boundaries. A water course is located immediately to the north of the site and Pond Lye lies to the northeast. Experiential The site is of a medium scale and semi-enclosed, with a greater degree of enclosure at the northern end where there are tall trees. The roads to the south and east reduce the sense of remoteness, with the influence of surrounding development reducing to the north where a smaller strip of field is well enclosed and of a smaller scale. CPRE data indicates that the site is within an area of medium tranquility120 and experiences noise and visual intrusion121. Visual Criteria

Visibility and key views Views from within the site are possible to the land to the north and northwest, towards the southern slopes of the High Weald. Views to the south and east are contained by screening provided by high hedgerow to the south and trees to the east. When looking west from within the site, there are short-distance views within the immediate farmland. The tops of the buildings associated with the sewage works to the east are visible from within the site, above a dense belt of trees and vegetation that otherwise contain views along the eastern boundary. The skyline is therefore predominantly formed of trees and hedgerows. The ZTV indicates that visibility will be more confined due to buildings and additional vegetation that is not within the woodland data layer used within the ZTVs. If tall structures were to be built within the northern section of site, these may be visible across a relatively large area given the higher ground at this end.

Landscape Value Criteria Landscape designations (National Parks, AONBs) The site lies within 2km of the southern boundary of the High Weald AONB and 4.5km from the northern boundary of the South Downs National Park. Condition, typicality and rarity Lies within a modified landscape: the roads to the south and west of the site are audible and visual intrusions; the top of the building associated with the adjacent sewage works can be seen above the tree line which forms the site‟s eastern boundary. The Historic Landscape Character Assessment characterises this area as “Assart Fieldscape, Medieval dated AD1066-1499”.

120 CPRE (2006), Tranquility Data. 121 CPRE (2007), Intrusion Data. 364

Cultural heritage and settings There are various Conservation Areas within the broader area surrounding the site, with the closest being approximately 2.5km to the east within the centre of Burgess Hill (St Johns, Fairfield). Due to the lie of the land and the road network to the south, and the vegetation and lie of the land to the north, there is no intervisibility between the site and these designated areas. There are numerous Listed Buildings within the broader area. The closest Listed Buildings are: Little Lower Ease (Grade II), and the Sportsman Inn (Grade II), 300m to the north, and 450m to the south respectively. Due to the lie of the land to the north, and vegetation to the south, there is no visibility of the site from these buildings. However, if a stack was part of the waste management development, depending on its height, this may be visible from one or all of Listed Buildings. With regards field structure, the fields are Medieval Assarts and date from AD1066 - 1499 . Natural heritage The Pond Lye SNCI lies approximately 100m to the north of the site. The next closest designated site is the Great Wood and Copyhold Hanger SNCI, which is within 2km to the northeast of the site. There are numerous areas of ancient woodland within the broader area surrounding the site, particularly to the northeast and northwest. The closest patch is within 250m to the north of the site. The site‟s northern and eastern boundaries are formed of trees, whilst hedgerow forms the western and southern boundaries. Recreation The Hurstpierpoint and Sayers Common PRoW (footpath) runs along the site‟s southern boundary and traverses the site from the southeast corner to midway up the western boundary. There is a golf course within 1.5km of the site‟s eastern boundary, and there is a lake within 400m to the north of the site where fishing occurs.

365

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL ASPECTS Lower Sensitivity < ------> Higher Sensitivity

Topographic form & pattern Landform Flat, with some raised land to the north and northwest at the edge of the High Weald.

Landcover pattern

Agricultural; roads; fairly regular landcover pattern. More intimate pattern to the north of the site where the field pattern is altered by the course of the tributary to the River Adur. Condition / intactness Landcover The immediate area around the site has been modified by the adjacent sewage works and road network and the site itself is modified by agricultural farming, including a vehicular track running through the south of the site.

Sensitive features

The existing boundaries to the site are part of the surrounding medieval field pattern. Trees along the site‟s eastern and northern boundaries; hedgerow to the west and south. Line of trees to the north and hedgerow line to the south are both approximately 10m within the site‟s boundary rather than forming it. Scale

Medium scale field; quite contained. Scale & Enclosure Openness

Site is quite contained with high hedgerow to the south, and trees to the north and east. Greater sense of enclosure nearer the boundaries where there is vegetation.

Form/prominence Skyline Recessive, due to the predominantly flat landform and well wooded surrounding landscape. The higher land forming the beginning of the High Weald is visible to the northwest

366

Features on skyline

Trees form the skyline; apart from pylons, and the top of the building within the sewage works site, there are no other tall structures that disrupt the skyline; visually contained. Higher land forming the beginning of the High Weald is visible to the northwest, but there are no distinctive vistas.

Remoteness

Sense of Sewage works to the east of the site; roads to the south and west; larger house facing the site to the west. remoteness/ Movement / noise tranquillity / lighting

To the south of the site there is a greater audible influence from the road; to the north of the site, there is less noise and a greater sense of remoteness.

Typicality and Rarity Typicality and Rarity The medium scale, partly secluded nature of site, particularly in the north as well as the hedgerow structure and mature trees correspond to a degree with the key characteristics of the Eastern Low Weald character area. The views to the rising land to the northwest distinctive of the views to the High Weald from within the character area.

VISUAL CRITERIA Lower Sensitivity < ------> Higher Sensitivity

Intervisibility (LCTs & designated areas)

Largely contained area with little intervisibility with surrounding character area. A degree of visibility from to the southern slopes of the High Weald to the north, although this is likely to be minimal. Locally the site is well screened by existing structure of trees and hedgerows. Visibility &

Views Sensitive receptors

Residential property to the west; users of the public footpath crossing the site and at the southern boundary; road users on Cuckfield Road and the A2300.

Key views and vistas

367

No distinctive views.

LANDSCAPE VALUE CRITERIA Lower Sensitivity < ------> Higher Sensitivity

Landscape designations The site is not within or in close proximity to a designated landscape. The site is 2km from the southern boundary of the High Weald AONB and 4.5km from the northern boundary of the South Downs National Park.

Cultural heritage features There are two Conservation Areas approximately 2.5km to the east of the site within the centre of Burgess Hill (St Johns, Fairfield). The closest Listed Buildings are: Little Lower Ease (Grade II), and the Sportsman Inn (Grade II), 300m to the north, and 450m to the south respectively. Intervisibility between the site and these heritage areas and assets is limited.

There are no nature conservation designations within the site. The Pond Lye SNCI lies approximately 100m to the north of the Habitat value site. There are numerous areas of ancient woodland within the broader area surrounding the site, particularly to the northeast and northwest. The closest patch is within 250m to the north of the site. There are numerous trees forming the site‟s northern and eastern boundaries, and hedgerow along the southern and western boundaries.

Recreation The Hurstpierpoint and Sayers Common PRoW (footpath) runs along the site‟s southern boundary and traverses the site from the southeast corner to midway up the western boundary. There is a golf course within 1.5km of the site‟s eastern boundary, and there is a lake within 400m to the north of the site where fishing occurs.

368

OVERALL SENSITIVITY TO WASTE DEVELOPMENT

Typology 1 Typology 2 Typology 3

Landscape Character Sensitivity: low to Landscape Character Sensitivity: low to Landscape Character Sensitivity: medium medium medium The site as managed agricultural land set within The site as managed agricultural land set within The site as managed agricultural land set within a landscape modified by transport infrastructure, a landscape modified by transport infrastructure, a landscape modified by transport infrastructure, power lines, and development centred on power lines, and development centred on power lines, and development centred on Burgess Hill is of limited sensitivity, particularly Burgess Hill is of limited sensitivity, particularly Burgess Hill is of limited sensitivity, particularly the larger southern field bounding the A2300. the larger southern field bounding the A2300. the larger southern field bounding the A2300. The hedgerow structure, trees and the smaller However the immediate surroundings to the The hedgerow structure, trees and the smaller scale field and watercourse at the north of the north and west correspond to a degree with the scale field and watercourse at the north of the site and are features of higher sensitivity. key characteristics of the wider Eastern Low site and are features of higher sensitivity. However the site and surrounding landscape to Weald landscape character area. The hedgerow However the site and surrounding landscape to the north and west correspond to a degree with structure, trees and the smaller scale field and the north and west correspond to a degree with the key characteristics of the wider Eastern Low watercourse at the north of the site and are the key characteristics of the wider Eastern Low Weald landscape character area and the features of higher sensitivity. Whilst the site Weald landscape character area and the perceived rural qualities are potentially sensitive and surrounding landscape to the north and perceived rural qualities are potentially sensitive to the further incursion of development west correspond to a degree with the key to the further incursion of development associated with the urban fringes of Burgess Hill. characteristics of the wider Eastern Low Weald associated with the urban fringes of Burgess Hill. It is therefore considered to be of medium landscape character area, the scale and low level It is therefore considered to be of medium sensitivity overall. structures of this type of development is sensitivity overall. unlikely to significantly alter the fabric and Visual Sensitivity: medium perceived rural qualities of these areas. It is Visual Sensitivity: medium The bunding and tree planting associated with therefore considered to be of low to medium The surrounding hedgerows and tree planting the A23 corridor to the west provides a degree sensitivity overall. associated with the sewage works to the east of screening of view from the west. The provides an existing level of screening of low- southern area lies on the low ridge which Visual Sensitivity: low to medium level views from the surrounding areas. encloses the vale to the north, and the site The surrounding hedgerows and tree planting Development that breaches the tree line would therefore forms part of the skyline in views associated with the sewage works to the east be likely to be visible from a wide area, albeit from the lower-lying farmland to the north and provides an existing level of screening of low- from higher ground such as the low hills and the wooded slopes at the south of the High level views from the surrounding areas. There ridges to the south between Burgess Hill and Weald. Existing development and tall vertical is potential visibility from the wooded slopes at Hickstead. Some existing development and structures break across this skyline. However, the south of the High Weald, although it does vertical structures break across this skyline, development of this type is likely to significantly not contain or lie in proximity to any local however, development of this type could increase the scale and visual prominence of landmarks and would be seen in the context of increase the scale and visual prominence of man-made structures in views from the north. the development surrounding Burgess Hill. The man-made structures on the wooded skylines in It does not contain or lie in proximity to any

369

existing power line to the south of the site the surrounding area. There is potential local landmarks, and the site is visible as a small already break across the skyline. Overall it is visibility from the wooded slopes at the south of component in the wide panoramic views considered to be of low visual sensitivity to this the High Weald, although it does not contain or available from the slopes of the South Downs. type of development, with the upper slope in lie in proximity to any local landmarks and Overall it is considered to be of medium visual the south of higher visual sensitivity. would be seen in the context of the sensitivity, with the upper slope in the south of development surrounding Burgess Hill. Overall higher visual sensitivity. Landscape Value: low it is considered to be of medium visual The site is not located within a designated sensitivity. Landscape Value: low landscape and does not contribute directly or The site is not located within a designated significantly to the setting of the AONB to the Landscape Value: low landscape and does not contribute directly or north or the South Downs to the south. A The site is not located within a designated significantly to the setting of the AONB to the public right of way crossed through the centre landscape and does not contribute directly or north or the South Downs to the south. A of the site and a further lies immediately significantly to the setting of the AONB to the public right of way (FP14aHu) crosses the outwith the southern boundary. north or the South Downs to the south. A centre of the site and passes along the southern public right of way crossed through the centre boundary. of the site and a further lies immediately outwith the southern boundary.

Overall, the site is considered to have a low to Overall, the site is considered to have a Overall, the site is considered to have a medium sensitivity medium sensitivity medium sensitivity

LANDSCAPE CAPACITY

The low-lying, enclosed nature of the landscape The low-lying, enclosed nature of the landscape The low-lying, enclosed nature of the landscape immediately surrounding the site, and the immediately surrounding the site, and the immediately surrounding the site, and the existing sewage works to the east, provides existing sewage works to the east, provides existing sewage works to the east, provides some potential scope for appropriate screening some potential scope for appropriate screening scope for appropriate screening around the site around the site and to locate and mass buildings around the site and to locate and mass buildings and to locate and mass buildings so that the so that the development is assimilated into the so that the development is assimilated into the development is assimilated into the surrounding surrounding area. It is judged that the site has a surrounding area. However where buildings area. Where large scale buildings and stacks moderate to high capacity overall for breach the tree line of the surrounding significantly breach the tree line of the accommodating this type and scale of vegetation, more visible across a wider area surrounding area, the development is likely to development without significant adverse effects than the existing development. Views from the be more visible across a wider area than the on the character and visual amenity of the wooded slopes of the High Weald to the north existing development. Views from the wooded surrounding area. would potentially still be possible even with slopes of the High Weald to the north would screening, although any tall structures would be potentially still be possible even with screening, likely to be seen in the context of existing although any tall structures would be likely to

370

development centred on Burgess Hill. be seen in the context of existing development It is judged that the site has a moderate centred on Burgess Hill. capacity overall for this scale of development It is judged that the site has a moderate without adverse effects on the character and capacity overall for this scale of development visual amenity of the more sensitive areas to the without adverse effects on the character and south. visual amenity of the more sensitive areas to the south.

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION AND LANDSCAPE OPPORTUNITIES

Carefully consideration should be made of the site‟s location within a relatively intact medieval field pattern in relation to any development proposal and associated structure planting. Planting and land management proposals should take into account the location of the River Adur to the north and seek to enhance the landscape and habitat value of this feature. The design, orientation, materials and colour of the facility should be developed to “tie-in” with buildings and structures on the adjacent sewage works site, and to visually blend into the sky, favouring dull non-reflective matt greys and blues over bright or shiny colours, which would be more visible; The precise location and orientation of the development should be designed to help reduce visual impacts, for example buildings should be orientated so that long axis follow the grain of the land and the “bulkiest” parts located next to existing trees and vegetation at the eastern end of the site, to make the most of the screening they provide; The existing structure of hedgerows and tree belts should be retained and no unnecessary tree or shrub removal should be undertaken outside or on the perimeter of the site as this provides a good filter to views of the potential development area. The planting through the strip separating the sewage works from the site should be retained; Earth mounding should be used, particularly at the western end of the site, where partially open views into the site would otherwise be available from the Cuckfield Road. This should be designed to look naturalistic and to tie into existing contours in a smooth and flowing way (no sharp engineered slope angles around the outer edge of the mounding), using subsoil from the site and imported topsoil; The location and layout of the facility should seek to allow space for planting particularly at the north and along the western boundary to help filter views from the lane to the west and surrounding properties.

371

TYPE 4

7. Non–Inert Landfill

Key features: (ODPM, 2004) Noise intrusion from vehicular movement and landfill gas flares and engines (particularly at night) and site preparation/engineering works; Removal of existing landscape features, hedgerows and trees; Location on brownfield, contaminated or despoiled land sites. Landfill sites have to be sited where an existing void is available, such as existing mineral workings, or in areas where suitable material may be excavated either for commercial sale or to provide engineering material for the landfill itself; The location of land-raise sites may include derelict land, extensions to existing landfills or greenfield sites; Landfilling can be utilised to reprofile and landscape derelict land or mineral voids, potential for landscape improvement in the long term.

372

W/HO/3B Langhurstwood Quarry

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER CONTEXT National character area: Low Weald (121)122 “Broad, low lying and gently undulating clay vales underlie a small-scale intimate landscape enclosed by an intricate mix of small woodlands, a patchwork of fields and hedgerows. Topography and soils vary locally in relation to higher drier outcrops of limestone or sandstone, which are commonly sites of settlements. The Low Weald generally includes an abundance of ponds and small stream valleys often with wet woodlands of alder and willow. Tall hedgerows with numerous mature trees link copses, shaws and remnant woodlands which combine to give the Low Weald a wellwooded character. Field trees, usually of oak but now declining, are characteristic of the area south-east of Dorking. Grassland predominates on the heavy clay soils while lighter soils on higher ground support arable cropping in a more open landscape. Rural in character with dispersed farmsteads, small settlements often include many timber and brick built traditional buildings where not now dominated by recent urban development. Historic settlement pattern was dictated by a preference for higher drier outcrops of limestone or sandstone with moated manor houses being a characteristic feature.”

Figure 5.1: Location map of M/HO/3B West Sussex LCA landscape character area: Low Weald Hills (LW4)123

“Bordering Surrey in the north of the county, this area has a pastoral and densely wooded character. Low wooded ridges are dissected by steep wooded gills and narrow lanes. Interspersed between the woodland is a patchwork of mostly small to medium sized pastures enclosed by thick hedgerows and shaws. Homes and farms are scattered throughout this area. Remnant parkland and field corner ponds are recurring features. Despite the relative proximity of Gatwick Airport and Crawley to the east, the area retains a strong rural character.”

122 Natural England, Countryside Character Volume 7: South East and London. 123 West Sussex County Council (2003), The West Sussex Landscape Character Assessment.

373

• Loss of woodland along ridgetops and valley slopes. • Cumulative impact of small scale change. The Key Characteristics of the area are identified as: • Any large scale housing/commercial development. • “Undulating, low and densely wooded ridges running mostly east-west. • Cumulative impact of vertical structures on ridge slopes and ridgetops. Distinct escarpment to the north of Horsham and low escarpment at • Small scale incremental land management change, e.g. expansion of Rowhook horse paddocks. • Blocks and strips of interconnecting woodland, including a large number of • Erosion of the narrow country lanes. blocks of ancient woodland. Western area characterised by woodland of • Loss of parkland features, e.g. parkland specimen trees/tree belts etc in some size Rudgwick and Rowhook. • Mostly rural character with intricate patchwork of small to medium size • Any development that would damage the integrity of gills or river valleys. pasture fields with a combination of sinuous and straight boundaries. Larger, more open, field patterns in the east The guidelines recommend conserving and enhancing “the quiet, rural • Strong pattern of shaws and hedgerows enclosing fields with mature qualities of the western part of the area, encourage landscape restoration and single oaks in hedgerows and fields woodland management, and ensure that new development is well-integrated • Network of narrow lanes, sometimes sunken, cross the area with strong within the landscape.” definition north- south. Many of them are former droveways for cattle, pigs and sheep Other key recommendations of relevance include: • Steep, secretive wooded gills • “Maintain and restore the historic pattern and fabric of the agricultural • Remnant parkland in the north east, north of Warnham landscape including irregular patterns of smaller fields; • Includes the main tributaries of Arun; North River and Boldings Brook • Plan for long-term woodland regeneration, the planting of new small and which meander through mostly narrow valleys with undulating valley sides, medium-sized broad-leaved farm woodlands, and appropriate dissecting area north to south management of existing woodland; • Dispersed settlement pattern of scattered farms, cottages, hamlets and • Promote the creation of arable field margins and corners including linear villages. Linear ridgetop villages such as Rudgwick and Rusper are alongside the sides of streams; set on higher ground. Farm cottages dispersed along lanes. Rusper forms • Avoid skyline development and ensure that any new development has a a particularly attractive area with a traditional core. Some suburban minimum impact on views from the downs and is integrated within the development on village edges landscape; • Occasional clay quarries/pits and brickworks. Notably in Kingsfold Valley • Pay particular attention to the siting of telecommunications masts; • Suburbanisation along the A281 • Where appropriate, increase tree cover in and around villages, agricultural and other development and on the rural urban fringe of suburban areas KEY SENSITIVITIES, FORCES FOR CHANGE AND and Burgess Hill, including along the approach roads to settlements and GUIDELINES along busy urban routes including the A23 Trunk Road; Overall sensitivity to change is high. Despite the high degree of enclosure • Conserve, strengthen and manage existing hedgerows and hedgerow in many parts of the area, some ridgetops and slopes are prominent with trees, especially around irregular fields, and replant hedgerows where they distinctive long views to both North and South Downs and across the have been lost; and Crawley Vale to the High Weald Forests. • Minimise the effects of adverse incremental change by seeking new development of high quality that sits well within the landscape and Key sensitivities include: reflects local distinctiveness.”

374

SITE LOCATION AND CONTEXT The site is approximately 1.2km to the north of Horsham. Langhurstwood Road forms the site‟s western boundary, whilst public footpaths parallel the site‟s eastern and southern boundaries. The site is located within the north of West Sussex, in area between the High Weald AONB to the south and the Surrey Hills AONB to the north. The wider landscape is gently undulating, with areas of woodland, waste management and quarrying activities, and settlement. The landform of the site itself is undulating, sloping downhill to the west and north. There is woodland surrounding the site on most sides. The site is currently a clay pit.

Figure 5.2: View looking north from track and public footpath at the southern boundary of the site

375

Figure 5.3: View of the buildings to the south of the site Figure 5.4: View of the woods to the east of the site, from the public footpath

376

SITE CHARACTERISATION

Landscape Character Criteria

Physical/Natural factors The site comprises an active mineral workings surrounded by mature/ Ancient woodland. Part of the site includes a sloping field of grassland to the south of the clay pit. A small watercourse bisects the sit and a number of small streams run directly adjacent to the site to the northwest and east. The site lies across a rounded to undulating landform, with higher land at the southern and eastern extents of the site. The topography of the site has been modified by quarrying activity. Langhurstwood Road forms the site‟s western boundary. To the west of the site is a large landfill site, to the north a business park, and to the east and south woodland. There is woodland within the site boundary, outwith the area covered by the clay pit, and the site is screened on all sides, with a small area in the middle of the site‟s southern boundary where the screening thins and there is an access point, and here views onto the site are possible.

Experiential The site is very well enclosed by woodland and landform on all sides. There is audible intrusion towards the site‟s western boundary from the landfil activity to the west. Given the current mineral extraction on the site, there is existing disturbance within the site. The surrounding area has a predominantly rural feel, despite its proximity to Horsham, but mineral extraction activities within the site, as well as the waste activity in the neighbouring site, reduces the sense of remoteness. CPRE data indicates that the site is within an area of low-medium tranquility124 and experiences noise and visual intrusion125.

Visual Criteria

Visibility and key views There is very limited intervisibility between the site and the surrounding area. Woodland surrounds the site, and where this is thin, partial views are possible into the site. An access point along the site‟s southern boundary also provides clear views into the site from the minor road. The skyline in all directions is wooded. The ZTV indicates that potential visibility is very limited and largely contained within the immediate vicinity of the site, with a small area of theoretical visibility to the east. The ZTV indicates distant views from an area to the northwest around Holmbury St Mary, including the viewpoint at Leith Hill, although actual visibility to the site is likely to be limited by woodland not included within the woodland data layer used within the ZTVs.

124 CPRE (2006), Tranquility Data. 125 CPRE (2007), Intrusion Data.

377

Landscape Value Criteria

Landscape designations (National Parks, AONBs) The site does not lie within any area of landscape designation: the High Weald AONB is 3km from the site‟s southern boundary and the Surrey Hills AONB is 6km from the site‟s northern boundary.

Condition, typicality and rarity The site has been excavated within Ancient woodland which still exists around the edges, and spanning the middle to the south of the clay pit. This is characteristic of the wider area, which is well - wooded. The Historic Landscape Character Assessment characterises this area as Ghyll, Medieval AD1066-1499

Cultural heritage and settings The Warnham Conservation Area is 2km to the southwest of the site, whilst Rusper Conservation lies 3km to the northeast. Both designated areas have a cluster of Listed Buildings within them. In addition, there are numerous Listed Buildings within the broader area, with the closest being Cripplegate (Grade II), 500m to the north of the site, and Northlands Farmhouse (Grade II), 400m to the east of the site. Warnham Court Historic Park and Garden is located 2km to the southwest of the site. Given the woodland surrounding the site, there is no intervisibility between the site and these designated areas and assets.

Natural heritage The Warnham SSSI (geological designation, with the pit exposing the lower Weald Clay Group above the Horsham Stone and is an important site of this kind) and Brookhurst Wood and Gill, and Morris‟s Wood SNCI (principal habitat: Hornbeam dominated woodland) are both located within the site, with the SSSI in the centre of the site and the SNCI surrounding it. Depending on the extent of the landfill area, such a development could pose a negative impact on the SNCI.

There are additional designated nature conservation sites within the broader area, including Warnham Mill Pond SNCI 1.5km to the south of the site, Tickfold Gill SNCI located 1.5km to the northwest of the site, and Horsegills Wood SNCI located 1.5km to the northeast of the site.

There are areas of ancient woodland both within and surrounding the site. Within the site, these are mostly within the Brookhurst Wood and Gill and Morris‟s Wood SNCI which is located around the edge of the site, as well as in the block in the southeast corner off the site. There are also areas within the broader area.

Recreation A PRoW (FP1421) runs along the site‟s southern and eastern boundaries. There is a bridleway (BW1570 ) adjacent to the site‟s western boundary.

378

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL ASPECTS Lower Sensitivity < ------> Higher Sensitivity

Topographic form & pattern Landform The traditional topography of the site is predominantly regular but it has been heavily disrupted by the current quarrying activities.

Landcover pattern

Clay pit forms most of the site, with areas of woodland surrounding the clay pit within the site boundary.

Condition / intactness Landcover

Quarrying activity has resulted in much of the site being heavily modified; woodland is predominantly intact.

Sensitive features

Much of the site is already heavily modified, but sensitive features within the site surrounding the clay pit.

Scale

Site of a medium scale, but enclosed by woodland, which reduces the sense of scale. Scale & Enclosure

Openness

Predominantly enclosed by woodland, with some small gaps.

Form/prominence Skyline A varied skyline of wooded ridges and hills.

379

Features on skyline

Predominantly wooded and largely undeveloped.

Remoteness

Sense of The mineral extraction and adjacent land fill activities reduce the sense of remoteness in localised areas around the site, however there remains a sense of remoteness / seclusion and perceived remoteness in the surrounding area due to the contained nature of the site.. tranquillity Movement / noise / lighting

Quarrying activity on site and adjacent landfill site are sources of visual and audible intrusion, although this is greatly reduced to the east with a resulting higher degree of tranquillity. Typicality and Rarity Typicality and Rarity Whilst parts of the site itself is heavily modified, mature woodland within and bordering the site and the surrounding farmland correspond with key characteristics of the Low Weald character area.

VISUAL CRITERIA Lower Sensitivity < ------> Higher Sensitivity

Intervisibility

Predominantly contained by surrounding woodland.

Visibility & Sensitive Views receptors Residents and workers around the Graylands Estate, a restored collection of offices and workshops, located to the south. Users of the public rights of way to the east and south and road users along Langhurst Wood Road.

Key views and vistas

380

Quarrying activity on site; limited views out of and into the site.

LANDSCAPE VALUE CRITERIA Lower Sensitivity < ------> Higher Sensitivity

Landscape designations The site does not lie within any area of landscape designation: the High Weald AONB is 3km from the site‟s southern boundary and the Surrey Hills AONB is 6km from the site‟s northern boundary.

Cultural heritage features There are Conservation Areas within 3km of the site, and Listed Buildings within 500m of the site. Given the heavy screening surrounding the site, there is no intervisibility between the site and these designated areas and assets.

Habitat value The Warnham SSSI and Brookhurst Wood and Gill, and Morris Wood SNCI are both located within the site. There are small areas of ancient woodland both within and immediately adjacent to the site. Within the site, these are mostly within the Brookhurst Wood and Gill and Morris‟s Wood SNCI which is located around the edge of the site, as well as in the block in the southeast corner off the site.

Recreation A PRoW (FP1421) runs along the site‟s southern and eastern boundaries.

381

OVERALL SENSITIVITY TO NON-INERT LANDFILL

Type 4

Landscape Character Sensitivity: Medium. The site and the area immediately surrounding it corresponds only in part to the key characteristics of the Low Weald Hills character area, being modified by mineral extraction, landfill activities and small scale industrial developments to the northwest. More sensitive features include the watercourses, areas of ancient woodland and the perceived rural and secluded qualities of the area to the north and east. Overall it is considered to be of medium sensitivity. Visual Sensitivity: Low. The woodland cover surrounding the clay pit and the surrounding landform largely contains views within the site, with close range views afforded from a small section of the road to the south of the site. The site is therefore well screened by the existing topography, limiting the potential for significant visual effects across the wider area. Localised filtered views would be possible from the Langhurstwood road to the west where activities breached the existing trees-topped ridgeline. Landscape Value: Medium. The site does not fall within a designated landscape. The SSSI and SNCIs and the areas of ancient woodland within the site are of habitat value and are sensitive features. The immediate surroundings are of some recreational value, with a network of rights of way and bridleways to the east and south.

Overall, the site is considered to be of medium sensitivity to landfill.

LANDSCAPE CAPACITY

The contained and well wooded nature of the site provides containment of views. The presence of ancient woodland, the SSSI and SNCI areas and the water courses reduces the capacity of the site to accommodate development without adverse impacts on the habitat value of the surrounding area. The proximity of the properties and estate to the south is also likely to limit the capacity of the site. The site is of some recreational value although it does not fall within a designated landscape. It is judged that overall the site has a moderate capacity for accommodating this type of waste management facility, with scope to limit potential visual impacts. Care would however need to be taken to ensure effects on the habitat and properties to the south are minimised.

382

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION AND LANDSCAPE OPPORTUNITIES

The existing structure of hedgerows and Ancient woodland should be retained and no unnecessary tree or shrub removal should be undertaken outside or on the perimeter of the site as this provides a good filter to views of the potential development area; Earth mounding and planting should be used at the southern boundary of the site, where partially open views into the site are otherwise available from the minor road leading to the estate. This should be designed to look naturalistic and to tie into existing contours in a smooth and flowing way; The existing access point and tracks to the west should be used and the track to the south, which appears to be no longer in use, could be removed and forestry planting in accordance with ecological guidelines used to re-enforce the existing screening along this section of the boundary.

383