New Insight Into the Timing and History of Diatreme-Dike Complexes of the Northeastern Navajo Volcanic Fiedl, Southwestern Colorado D

New Mexico Geological Society Downloaded from: http://nmgs.nmt.edu/publications/guidebooks/61 New insight into the timing and history of diatreme-dike complexes of the northeastern Navajo volcanic fiedl, southwestern Colorado D. A. Gonzales, B. E. Turner, R. T. Burgess, C. C. Holnback, and M. R. Critchley, 2010, pp. 163-172 in: Geology of the Four Corners Country, Fassett, James E.; Zeigler, Kate E.; Lueth, Virgil W., [eds.], New Mexico Geological Society 61st Annual Fall Field Conference Guidebook, 246 p. This is one of many related papers that were included in the 2010 NMGS Fall Field Conference Guidebook. Annual NMGS Fall Field Conference Guidebooks Every fall since 1950, the New Mexico Geological Society (NMGS) has held an annual Fall Field Conference that explores some region of New Mexico (or surrounding states). Always well attended, these conferences provide a guidebook to participants. 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NewDIATREME-DIKE Mexico Geological Society COMPLEXES Guidebook, 61st Field Conference, Four Corners Country, 2010, p. 163-172. 163 NEW INSIGHT INTO THE TIMING AND HISTORY OF DIATREME-DIKE COMPLEXES OF THE NORTHEASTERN NAVAJO VOLCANIC FIELD, SOUTHWESTERN COLORADO GONZALES, D.A.1, TURNER, B.E.2, BURGESS, R. T.3, HOLNBACK, C.C.1, AND CRITCHLEY, M.R.1 1Department of Geosciences, Fort Lewis College, 1000 Rim Drive, Durango, CO 81301 2School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287 3Newmont Mining Corporation, 1655 Mountain City Highway, Elko, NV 89801-2800 ABSTRACT—The northern extent of the Navajo volcanic field (NVF) is defined by several diatreme complexes that evolved from swarms of north-northeast-trending mafic dikes exposed near Mesa Verde National Park (MVNP). Field evidence indi- cates that the eruptive phases were generated by multi-stage degassing and fluidization of mantle magmas. This produced diatreme buds that developed along dikes, lateral eruptions that scoured and were injected into adjacent sedimentary strata, and the formation of dome-shaped blind diatremes. New 40Ar/39Ar age constraints on mafic dikes exposed near MVNP indicate a time of emplacement of ~24 Ma, within the accepted age range of magmatism for the NVF. Swarms of mafic dikes with similar composition to NVF rocks are exposed as far north as Placerville, approximately 75 kilometers north of MVNP. Mafic dikes exposed near Mt. Wilson yield a 40Ar/39Ar age of ~7 Ma. The younger dikes are either part of NVF magmatism or another distinct period of potassic magmatism in the region. Oligocene to Miocene mafic dikes exposed from MVNP to Placerville are potassic to ultrapotassic alkaline basalts to basaltic andesites with mineral associations that are similar to those found in minette dikes in other parts of the Navajo volcanic field. All of these rocks have chemical affinities that are consistent with partial melting of metasomatized lithospheric mantle with possible minor contributions from other mantle sources. The protracted period of Oligocene to Miocene potassic magmatism in southwestern Colorado makes up part of mantle magmatism that led to the emplacement of mafic-dike swarms across the northern margin of the San Juan basin after 30 Ma. The dominant north-to-northeast trends of these dike swarms lend evidence for incipient west to northwest rifting in southwestern Colorado that is aligned with a regional zone of crustal anisotropy (Colorado Mineral belt), and high heat flow related partial melting in the mantle (the Aspen anomaly). Regional extension and influx of mantle magmas into the crust in southwestern Colorado in the Middle to Late Tertiary were a probable catalyst to crustal melting in the adjacent San Juan volcanic field, and potassic mantle magmas in particular may have made an important contribution to the production of these crustal magmas. INTRODUCTION southwestern Colorado. Condon (1991) re-compiled this early mapping on a more regional-scale geologic map. More detailed The Navajo volcanic field (NVF) contains ~100 eroded Oli- field studies combined with new geochronological and geochem- gocene to Miocene (28 Ma to 19 Ma; Naeser, 1971; Roden et ical data have been conducted by the author and students at Fort al., 1979; Laughlin et al., 1986; Nowell, 1993) diatreme pipes Lewis College over the past five years. The intent of this paper is with related dikes and plugs that are exposed in a crescent-shaped to discuss these new data and the interpretations that have devel- array over ~30,000 square kilometers on the northeastern Colo- oped from this research. rado Plateau (Gregory, 1917; Williams, 1936; Akers et al., 1971) (Fig. 1). Most of the NVF formed at about the same time as erup- OVERVIEW OF THE DIATREME-DIKE COMPLEXES tions in the adjacent Oligocene San Juan volcanic field (Fig. 1). IN SOUTHWESTERN COLORADO Dissected dikes and diatreme necks are the most numerous and prominent features in the NVF, but several less-eroded parts of Dikes and diatremes of the NVF in southwestern Colorado are the field preserve lava flows, sills, and maar craters (e.g., Beauti- exposed along the southern and eastern margins of Mesa Verde ful Mountain, Sonsela Buttes, Narbona Pass) that represent near- National Park (MVNP) (Fig. 2). In this area there are a series surface parts of these diatreme systems (Appledorn and Wright, of minette dikes with an average trend ~24º (Fig. 2) (Gonzales, 1957; Ehrenberg, 1978; Akers et al., 1971). These features are 2009). The trends of these dikes are similar to those of NVF dia- some of most distinctive and iconic landforms in the Southwest, treme-dike complexes in northwestern New Mexico and north- particularly the 500-meter-tall Ship Rock or Tsé bit’a’í (“Navajo eastern Arizona which are focused on north- to northeast-trend- for rock with wings”). ing Laramide monoclines related to faults and fractures at depth. Numerous studies have been conducted on the diatreme-dike Swarms of mafic dikes are also exposed up to 75 kilometers north centers of the NVF in the past fifty years in attempts to gain of MVNP (Fig. 2). These rocks have not previously been con- insight into their origins and evolution (refer to Nowell, 1993). nected with the NVF but they have strong petrochemical similari- Although considerable work has been done on much of the NVF, ties to minette dikes in the NVF. the northeastern extent of the field in southwestern Colorado The prominent north to northeast trends of mafic dike swarms has been poorly documented. Wanek (1954) compiled the first exposed in the study area (Fig. 2) are consistent with a regional geologic mapping showing the NVF diatreme-dike complexes in period of northwest to west extension at the time of magma 164 GONZALEZ, TURNER, BURGESS, HOLNBACK, AND CRITCHLEY ent geometry and emplacement mechanisms for diatreme-eruptive centers in the area. All of the diatreme complexes in southwestern Colorado consist of massive to bedded tuff and tuff breccia deposits with angular to subrounded ash- to block-sized fragments of aphanitic to porphyritic minette, earlier generations of minette-tuff breccia, Proterozoic to Cretaceous wall-rock xenoliths, and rare garnet- pyroxene peridotite xenoliths. Bedding in the breccia deposits dip between 25° to 60° away from central dike-cored zones (Figs. 3-5), as opposed to the typical steep-conical geometries of diatremes in the NVF in New Mexico and Arizona (e.g., Ship Rock and Barber Peak). Tuff deposits in the diatremes preserve graded bedding, cross lamination, and scour surfaces that we interpret as evidence for rapid lateral transport of fragmented material. In some locations, bedding surfaces in adjacent Late Cretaceous sedimentary units localized lateral-breccia eruptions, as indicated by interbedded tuff breccia and sandstone. PETROGRAPHY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF DIKES Minette dikes exposed near MVNP (Fig. 2) are up to 1 km long, but most of the dikes are less than 4 meters wide. The dikes are aphanitic to porphyritic aphanitic with phenocrysts or glomero- crystals of phlogopite and diopside set in a finer assemblage of mostly phlogopite, diopside, sanidine, and opaque minerals along with minor apatite. Mineral assemblages in these dike rocks also occur in the matrices of tuff breccias in the diatremes. The dominant mineral associations in these rocks are similar to those in FIGURE 1. Generalized geologic map showing the locations of the minette dikes throughout the NVF (Nowell, 1993), though some Navajo volcanic field (NVF), San Juan volcanic field (SJVF), San Juan of the dikes in the Mesa Verde area contain some of the highest Basin (SJB), and Colorado Mineral belt (CMB).

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