Magnetism LEVELED BOOK • P a Reading A–Z Level P Leveled Book Word Count: 1,170 Magnetism

Magnetism LEVELED BOOK • P A Reading A–Z Level P Leveled Book Word Count: 1,170 Magnetism

Written by Elizabeth Austin Illustrated by John Kastner

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Magnetism

Magnetism Level P Leveled Book Written by Elizabeth Austin © Learning A–Z Correlation Illustrated by John Kastner Written by Elizabeth Austin LEVEL P Illustrated by John Kastner Fountas & Pinnell M All rights reserved. Reading Recovery 28 DRA 28 www.readinga-z.com www.readinga-z.com Table of Contents Introduction Look around your home and try to find Introduction ...... 4 a magnet . A magnet is a metal object Magnetism and Magnets ...... 5 that sticks to other metals . You might have some magnets among your toys . Magnetic Field ...... 8 There are probably magnets on your How Are Magnets Made? ...... 10 refrigerator . But did you know that there may be hundreds of magnets in your Try This ...... 12 home? You cannot see most of them . But Magnetism and Electricity ...... 13 they are inside your television, telephone, and stereo . They are inside electric Using Magnetism ...... 16 motors that power your blender and hair dryer . Computers are full of magnets . Conclusion ...... 20 And all the electricity that runs these Glossary ...... 21 things comes from magnetism .

Magnetism • Level P 3 4 Magnetism and Magnets Magnetism is an invisible force . A force is anything that pushes, pulls, or moves an object . Magnetism is a special force that only pulls on some metals, such as iron . A magnet will not push or pull plastic or tin .

Magnetism flows in one direction through a magnet, no matter what shape the magnet is . It flows in one end and out You can use two the other . The ends of a magnet are called magnets to feel magnetic poles . magnetism flowing . Every magnet The north pole of one magnet will stick has a north and to the south pole of the other . Now, try a south pole . The to push the two north poles together . force flows out It feels almost like trying to connect the north pole two hoses that are both spraying water . and back in the The magnetic force pushes the north south pole . poles apart, because the magnetic forces are flowing against each other . Two north poles will always repel each other . So will two south poles .

Magnetism • Level P 5 6 The Earth’s iron core is magnetic . The whole planet acts like a giant magnet . If you dangle a magnet by a string, one pole will point north and the other will point south . This is exactly how a compass works . This gave the north and south poles of a magnet their names .

Do You Know? Magnetic Field Earth’s north and south magnetic poles are The magnetic force flows out the north not quite at the true North and South Poles. The pole of the magnet . Then, it loops north magnetic pole is in northern Canada. The around outside the magnet and flows south magnetic pole is in the Pacific Ocean south back in the south pole . Magnetism flows of Australia. Since Earth’s core moves around, through space in lines of force . The the magnetic poles move, too. They can even flip invisible shape formed by the lines of completely around. If this happened today, your force around the magnet is called the compass needle would point south! magnetic field .

Magnetism • Level P 7 8 Any iron or other magnets inside a How Are Magnets Made? magnetic field will be pulled toward the magnet . Stronger magnets have more The first magnets were made of a natural lines of force and larger magnetic fields . rock called lodestone . People used pieces of lodestone in compasses . But they did To see a magnetic field, place a magnet not know how they worked . on a piece of paper . Sprinkle iron filings around the magnet . The filings will Every material is made gather along the lines of force in the of extremely tiny shape of the magnetic field . pieces called atoms . Most atoms spin . This spinning creates a tiny, tiny force . In most things, like rocks or plastic, the atoms spin every which way . The tiny forces never add up . But when something becomes magnetized, the atoms spin in the same direction . All the tiny forces add up to create a magnetic force . Eventually, people learned how to line up the atoms in some metals to create new magnets .

Magnetism • Level P 9 10 Some things, such as iron, become Make your own magnet! magnetized more easily than others . You will need a large iron nail, Try This A piece of ordinary iron is placed inside a strong magnet, and several paper clips. a strong magnetic field . The magnetic 1 Hold the nail by one end and slide it across force makes the iron atoms line up and the magnet in one direction. Keep sliding it spin in the same direction . This makes over and over. The magnet’s lines of force a new magnet . The more atoms that spin will start to line up the atoms in the nail. in the same direction, the stronger the 2 After 20 to 30 times, touch the nail to the paper clips. Does the nail pick up the clips? magnet becomes . Sometimes if you How many can it pick up at once? Keep drop a magnet, some of the atoms get stroking the nail along the magnet to make knocked out of line, and the magnet the nail’s magnetic force stronger. See if you gets weaker . can pick up all the paper clips at once.

Magnetism • Level P 11 12 electric current

turning magnet

wire coil Generator All the electricity you use comes from machines called generators . Generators Magnetism and Electricity make electricity by spinning magnets Magnetism and electricity are very around coils of wire . The magnetism closely related . Magnets can make creates an electric current in the wire . electricity . And electricity creates The difficult part is getting the magnets magnetic fields . This is because both spinning . Power plants use running magnetism and electricity affect the water, wind, or steam from burning fuel way atoms spin . to turn the magnets .

Magnetism • Level P 13 14 Electricity can create special magnets Using Magnetism called electromagnets . A wire is wrapped around a regular piece of iron . The earliest use of magnetism was Then an electric current from a battery the compass . A small, freely moving or outlet flows through the wire . The magnetic needle pointed to Earth’s electric current makes a magnetic field . magnetic north pole . This helped guide This magnetizes the iron . But the iron travelers and explorers . Modern travelers only stays magnetized as long as the still use compasses . electricity is on .

iron bar electric current

wire coil

Electricity comes from spinning magnets inside generators . And electric motors work like generators in reverse . They use electric current to spin magnets . The magnets are attached to fans, cutting blades, or wheels . This is how fans, Electromagnet blenders, and remote-control cars work .

Magnetism • Level P 15 16 Magnets can also encode information, or store it in a special code . Cassette tapes, videotapes, computer disks, and credit cards all use strips of tiny magnets . The magnets are the size of grains of powder . There can be millions of magnets on one tape, disk, or credit card . Each tiny magnet points in its own direction . The different positions of the magnets create a code . Tape players, VCRs, and computers sense the tiny magnetic fields and read the code . Putting a credit card, tape, or disk near a powerful magnet can mess up or erase Some high-speed trains run on the code . electromagnets . The trains have powerful electromagnets on the bottom . The track also has powerful electromagnets . The two electromagnets face each other so that they repel each other . The magnetic force is so strong that it lifts the train off the track . The train floats above the track . It actually flies as it travels . This makes a fast, smooth ride .

Magnetism • Level P 17 18 Special machines called MRIs can look inside a person’s body . The person lies inside a tube cut right down the center of a very powerful magnet . The lines of force flow through the person’s body . The magnetism is so strong that it causes the atoms in the body to spin in the same direction . Special sensitive instruments can tell how fast the atoms spin . Computers figure out what kind of atoms they are based on how they spin . This gives doctors an idea of what is going on inside a person’s body . Conclusion Doctors can find atoms that are not While magnets may seem simple, supposed to be there . They can see there is no end to their uses . Every cancer and other time you watch a tape, turn on the air diseases . MRIs conditioner, or even turn on a light, give doctors a you are using magnets . Someday you look inside the may ride on a high-speed train or use body without an MRI . Playing with magnets can be having to cut the lots of fun . The magnetism you play with body open . is the same force that has made modern life possible .

Magnetism • Level P 19 20 Glossary atoms the smallest parts of an lodestone naturally magnetic rock element(p . 10) (p . 10) electro- temporary magnets magnetic able to attract certain magnets made by passing an metals, such as iron (p . 7) electric current through magnetic invisible shape of the a wire wrapped around field lines of force around a piece of iron (p . 15) a magnet (p . 8) encode to put information in a magnetic the ends of a magnet special code (p . 17) poles where the magnetic force force the strength or energy flows in and out (p . 5) that moves objects (p . 5) magnetism a force that pushes and generators machines that create pulls certain metals (p . 4) electricity in coils of wire motors using spinning magnets machines that turn (p . 14) electricity into motion using coils of wire to spin lines of force invisible lines of magnetic magnets (p . 16) force that flow through and around a magnet (p . 8) repel force away (p . 6)

Magnetism • Level P 21 22 FOCUS Book

Make predictions about which objects can make static electricity. Gather a balloon and items to test. Blow up the balloon. Find out which objects stick to it. Create static electricity using the balloon. Predict which objects will stick to the balloon now. Test each object. Write or draw what you observe.

Beyond the Book Visit a museum or go online to learn about Van de Graaff generators. You Use Electricity Electricity lights up lamps. It powers your TV. It keeps your food cold. You use electricity every day. Electricity is a kind of energy, or power. The electricity used in homes is called FOCUS Question electric current. It flows through wires What is static electricity, to power things in your house. and how does it occur? Cause and Effect

Photo Credits: Front cover: © Image Source/Corbis; pages 2 (left), 3 (top right): © scanrail/iStock/Thinkstock; page 2 (center): © ivansmuk/iStock/Thinkstock; page 2 (right): © Grassetto/iStock/Thinkstock; page 3 (top left): © Diabluses/ iStock/Thinkstock; page 3 (bottom): © Travis Manley/123RF; page 5: © Richard Haines/iStock/Thinkstock; page 7: © sytilin/iStock/Thinkstock; page 8: © CandiceDawn/iStock/Thinkstock

Illustration Credits: Pages 6, 9: Signe Nordin/© Learning A–Z

A current of water Reading Levels Static Electricity and a current of © Learning A–Z Learning A–Z K electricity both flow. Written by Cynthia Kennedy Henzel Lexile 540L

Correlations They move along All rights reserved. Fountas and Pinnell* J in a steady way. TVs, lamps, and refrigerators www.sciencea-z.com *Correlated independent reading level all run on electric current. 2 Flashlights also use Electricity from a Battery Sticky Balloons electric current. Static electricity does not flow in The power comes a current. It stays on the outside from a battery. of an object. Static forms when there Look at the ends of is a positive or negative charge. a battery. One end Rub a balloon on your hair. Now the is positive, and one balloon sticks to a wall. Why? end is negative. These are called charges. Negative charges move You gave the balloon a negative toward positive charges. This charge from your hair. The wall has makes an electric current flow. a slightly positive charge when the balloon is near it. The positive and negative charges pull together. The balloon sticks to the wall.

A positive and negative electrical charge pull together. But two negative or two positive charges push each other apart. Flashlights, computers, tablets, phones, and cars all use batteries.

Energy • Static Electricity 3 4 Bad Hair Day A Little Shock Run a comb through your dry hair. If too much static electricity builds up Each strand sticks up! Why? on an object, it jumps to another object. Two positive charges push away from Want to try it? Put on socks. Then rub each other (see page 4). The comb your feet on a carpet. You’re building left your hair with positive charges of up a negative static charge. static electricity. Each strand pushes Now touch a metal doorknob. Zip! away from the others, so they stick up. The shock you feel is the negative charge jumping quickly from you to the doorknob. You may even see a spark.

Energy • Static Electricity 5 6 A Big Shock Using Static Electricity Lightning is static electricity in a big Static electricity can be helpful. way! The powerful spark quickly Machines called scrubbers use static jumps between clouds or between electricity to clean dirty air. Filters with a cloud and the ground. positive charges pull bits of smoke and Zap!! That is one dangerous spark dirt out of the air. Cleaner air comes out! of static electricity. Copy machines also use static electricity. It makes ink stick to the right places on the paper.

Negative charges in a cloud move toward positive charges on the ground. This makes lightning.

Lightning strikes the ground in the United When smokestacks use scrubbers, steam and States about 38 times per minute. cleaner air come out.

Energy • Static Electricity 7 8 Safe Fun with Static Rub your feet on a carpet again. You Write or draw your answers on separate paper. will build up a small negative charge. Use details from the book to support each answer. Instead of touching a doorknob this 1 According to the book, what is the difference between electric current and static electricity? time, touch a friend. 2 Why does hair stand up when it is charged At least one of you will get a charge with static electricity? out of it! 3 Think about the headings the writer used on pages 6 and 7. How do these headings help explain the difference between a doorknob shock and lightning? 4 Look at the picture of the smokestack on page 8. How might the picture look different if this factory did not use static electricity?

FOCUS Question What is static electricity, and how does it occur? Imagine that your friend asks you what causes the kind of shock described in this book. Use your own words to explain the answer.

Energy • Static Electricity 9 10 Forces at a Distance Lesson 3 Name Date Part 1: Ask Questions Look at each picture. Then circle the question that you could investigate using the objects shown. The question should also help you learn about how magnets work. 1. SNmagnet paper clip

ruler

At which distance will How much longer is How many paper clips a magnet attract the magnet than the can a magnet pick up? a paper clip? paper clip?

Magnet 1 Magnet 2 2. SN SN

Are all magnets made Do opposite poles Are the two magnets of the same kind of of magnets attract the same size? material? or repel?

© Learning A–Z All rights reserved. 1 www.sciencea-z.com Storyline Assessment Forces at a Distance Lesson 3 Name Date Part 2: Use the Diagram Draw a magnetic field around the magnet. Circle YES or NO to answer each question and then complete the claim.

paper clip

SN eraser

1. Will the paper clip move toward the magnet YES NO if it is outside the magnetic field?

2. Will the paper clip move toward the magnet YES NO if it is inside the magnetic field?

3. Will the eraser move toward the magnet YES NO if it is outside the magnetic field?

4. Will the eraser move toward the magnet YES NO if it is inside the magnetic field?

Write a claim using the evidence above to explain what causes a magnet to attract an object.

© Learning A–Z All rights reserved. 2 www.sciencea-z.com Storyline Assessment Forces at a Distance Lesson 3 Name Date Part 3: Compare the Forces Complete the Venn diagram to compare how magnetism and static electricity are similar and different. Write at least one thing about each force on the sides of the diagram. In the center, write how the two are similar.

Magnetism Both Static Electricity

© Learning A–Z All rights reserved. 3 www.sciencea-z.com Storyline Assessment Forces at a Distance Lesson 3 ANSWER KEY AND TEACHING TIPS Connections to the Next Generation Science Standards* Target Science and Engineering Practice: Asking Questions and Defining Problems • Ask questions that can be investigated based on patterns such as cause and effect relationships. Associated Performance Expectation: 3-PS2-3. Ask questions to determine cause and effect relationships of electric or magnetic interactions between two objects not in contact with each other.

All questions in this assessment relate to the Disciplinary Core Ideas DCI of this Performance Expectation. Look for the SEP and CCC symbols for questions that specifically address Science and Engineering Practices and Crosscutting Concepts. Summary Students identify testable questions, demonstrate an understanding of how a magnet’s magnetic field can affect different objects, and compare magnetism and static electricity, recognizing that both forces can influence objects at a distance. SEP Part 1: Ask Questions 1. At which distance will a magnet attract a paper clip?

2. Do opposite poles of magnets attract or repel?

SEP Part 2: Use the Diagram Students should draw a magnetic field around the magnet by adding lines of force that exit the north pole, circle around the magnet, and SN re-enter at the south pole. Many diagrams, including this example, show partial lines of force that extend beyond the scale of the diagram before returning to the south pole. But this feature is not required in student diagrams. 1. NO 2. YES 3. NO 4. NO CCC A magnet’s magnetic field attracts some objects, such as paper clips, and causes them to move toward the magnet. The object has to be made of a certain kind of metal and be inside the magnetic field in order to move. The eraser won’t move even if it is inside the magnetic field because it is not made of metal.

* Next Generation Science Standards is a registered trademark of Achieve. Neither Achieve nor the lead states and partners that developed the Next Generation Science Standards was involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.

© Learning A–Z All rights reserved. 4 www.sciencea-z.com Storyline Assessment Forces at a Distance Lesson 3 Part 3: Compare the Forces Responses may vary, but students should note that magnetism involves a magnetic field and that static electricity works by way of charges that build up on the outside of objects. The two forces are similar in that they can affect objects at a distance without actually coming in contact with them. Magnetism Both Static Electricity

needs a magnetic field can push or pull (attract or repel) needs charges on the only works on some metals can affect objects without outside of objects touching them works on hair, fabric, and other materials

Teaching Tips If students have trouble performing the tasks on this assessment, ask them to look back at the questions they wrote during Lesson 3 and the results of their investigation. Remind them of the importance of writing questions that are based on observations and that are testable. Explain that permanent magnets have a magnetic field, which can push or pull certain metals. The magnetic field extends beyond the magnet itself and can therefore exert a force at a distance. Refer back to the diagram on page 8 of the Magnetism Reading A–Z Leveled Book if students need help drawing a magnetic field around the magnet. Discuss that magnets only affect other magnets and objects made of certain kinds of metal. Also, review with students that gravity, magnetism, and static electricity are all forces that can affect objects without coming in direct contact with them, but these forces are also different in important ways. Extensions For students who complete their work early or are ready for an extra challenge, assign additional resources related to this topic found on the Grade 3 Forces and Interactions NGSS page on Science A–Z.