Rüdiger P. Kühnle Und Die Zweite Generation

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Rüdiger P. Kühnle Und Die Zweite Generation Rüdiger P. Kühnle und die zweite Generation der amerikanischen Moderne Dissertation Juli 2005 Paul Rudolph und die zweite Generation der amerikanischen Moderne Von der Fakultät Architektur und Stadtplanung der Universität Stuttgart zur Erlangung der Würde eines Doktor-Ingenieurs (Dr.-Ing.) genehmigte Abhandlung Vorgelegt von Rüdiger Paul Kühnle aus Stuttgart Hauptberichter: Prof. Dr. phil. habil. Klaus Jan Philipp, HfbK Hamburg Mitberichter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Helmut Bott, Universität Stuttgart Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 13. Juli 2005 Institut für Architekturgeschichte der Universität Stuttgart 2005 Diese Arbeit wurde unterstützt durch ein Stipendium der Landesstiftung Baden-Württemberg Inhalt 0. Einleitung: Warum ausgerechnet Paul Rudolph? .............................................5 Warum Paul Rudolph? ...............................................................................7 Forschungsstand .........................................................................................8 Ansatz der Arbeit .......................................................................................9 Aufbau der Arbeit .....................................................................................11 Ziel der Arbeit ..........................................................................................12 1. Vorgeschichte: Vom „International Style“ zum Kriegsende, 1932–47 .....................................................................................15 Entwicklungen in Stadt und Gesellschaft bis 1947 ...................................16 Weltwirtschaftskrise .................................................................................20 Roosevelts „New Deal“ ............................................................................22 Entwicklungen während des Zweiten Weltkrieges ...............................26 Die Geburt der amerikanischen Moderne: „The International Style“, 1932 ..................................................................29 Rezeption und weitere Förderung des International Style ..................35 „Die Welt von morgen“: New York World’s Fair, 1939 ...........................37 Planen für die Welt von morgen ..............................................................41 Die Moderne gegen Kriegsende: Auf der Suche nach einer „neuen Monumentalität“ .................................................44 Der Einfluss der Immigranten: Walter Gropius und die Graduate School of Design, 1937–52 ......................................................48 Die Anfänge der GSD ..............................................................................49 Die Berufung Gropius’ .............................................................................51 Die Lehre Gropius’ ...................................................................................52 Rudolph bis 1947 ..........................................................................................64 Studium in Harvard und Kriegsdienst ...................................................67 Rückkehr nach Sarasota ..........................................................................70 Abbildungen zum Kapitel 1 .........................................................................72 2 Paul Rudolph und die zweite Generation der amerikanischen Moderne 2. Die Nachkriegsjahre: Kalter Krieg und Sieg des International Style, 1947–58 .........................................................................85 Die USA im „Kalten Krieg“ ........................................................................86 Die Gesellschaft zwischen Kommunistenfurcht und Massenkultur ................................................................................88 Stadtentwicklung in den Nachkriegsjahren ...............................................92 Fortsetzung der Suburbanisierung: Levittown und shopping center ....................................................................................93 Die Lage der Innenstädte: „blight“ und „urban renewal“ ...................95 Straßenbau: Verteidigung von Stadt und Land .....................................98 „Sieg“ und Kanonisierung der modernen Architektur ...........................101 Das Vorbild Mies van der Rohes ............................................................102 Der „Sieg“ des International Style .......................................................104 Die amerikanische Architekturszene um 1950 ....................................107 Die Moderne als Ausdruck demokratischer Werte ..............................109 Zwischen Wortarmut und „Primadonnenarchitektur“: erste Abwege vom International Style .............................................114 Rudolph 1947–58: von Sarasota bis Yale ...................................................120 Eigene Praxis: die „Florida Houses“ ....................................................123 Die Suche nach neuen „Determinanten“ .............................................127 Erste Anwendung der Theorien: Amman und Wellesley .....................135 Abbildungen zum Kapitel 2 .......................................................................140 3. Große Erwartungen und die zweite Generation: Paradigmenwechsel I, 1958–65 ...................................................................159 Große Erwartungen: Gesellschaft und Stadtentwicklung um 1960 .......160 Die Städte zwischen Bauboom und urban renewal ............................165 Zwischen Sinnlichkeit und Chaos: Architektur um 1960 .......................169 Architektur nach Mies ...........................................................................171 Die Suche nach „humaneren“ Qualitäten ...........................................174 „The New Sensualism“, 1959 ................................................................177 Expression und Plastizität: das Vorbild Le Corbusiers .......................179 Vielfalt und „Chaos“ ..............................................................................182 Anspruch und Wirklichkeit: die veränderte Rolle des Architekten ..................................................................................186 Architekturkritik um 1960 .........................................................................189 Robin Boyd und das „Rätsel der Architektur“, 1965 ..........................191 Vincent Scully: „Die Architektur der Demokratie“, 1961 ..................194 Jane Jacobs und William H. Whyte: „Die explodierende Metropole“, 1958 .............................................199 Inhalt 3 Die Kehrseite des Wachstums: Peter Blakes „God’s own Junkyard“, 1964 ............................................................203 Rudolph 1958–65: Die Jahre in Yale ......................................................206 Das Umfeld Yale ......................................................................................207 Yale unter Rudolph ................................................................................212 Inhalte von Rudolphs Lehre ..................................................................220 Raum, Maßstab und Städtebau .............................................................227 Von der linearen zur plastisch-räumlichen Organisation: Bauten 1958–65 ..................................................................................233 Zwischen Eklektizismus und Selbstdarstellung: Rezeption und erste Kritik ................................................................243 Abbildungen zum Kapitel 3 .......................................................................249 4. Zwischen Resignation und Rebellion: Paradigmenwechsel II, 1965–72 ..................................................................275 Die USA zwischen „Great Society“ und Vietnam ....................................276 Die Städte: alte und neue Probleme .....................................................280 Architekturentwicklung nach 1965 ...........................................................283 Die „dritte“ Generation .........................................................................285 Neue Wege ...............................................................................................287 Verweigerung ..........................................................................................291 Architektur im Zeichen von Populärkultur und Basisdemokratie .........295 Disneyland und Autobahnen als neue Orte öffentlichen Lebens: Charles Moore 1965/67 ........................................................296 Widersprüche und der Reiz des Gewöhnlichen: Robert Venturi 1966/72 ......................................................................299 Sprache und „Bedeutung“ der Architektur .........................................303 Symbol des Wandels: Yale Mathematics Building Competition, 1970 ..............................................................................306 Rudolph 1965–72: die Jahre nach Yale ......................................................309 Zwischen Intuition und Megastruktur: Theorie nach 1965 ................311 Projekte und Probleme: Praxis nach 1965 ...........................................317 Rudolph, der „Unberechenbare“: Rezeption im Wandel .....................323 Höhepunkt der Rezeption um 1970 ......................................................328 Die Kritik Venturis .................................................................................332 Abbildungen zum Kapitel 4 .......................................................................336 5. Epilog: Die Entwicklung nach 1972 .............................................................361 Abschied von der Great Society:
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