PIETRO 'S UHISTOIRE DU NOUVEAU MONDE

CECIL H. CLOUGH

THE third volume of Giovanni Battista Ramusio's Delle Navigationi et Viaggi was first published in by Giunti in 1556.' It included an account of the first Spanish descent ot the River Amazon made during 1542.- This account was written by Gonzalo Hernandez de Oviedo y Valdes (1478-1557), and sent as a letter to Cardinal Pietro Bembo (1470- 1547),^ the distinguished humanist, who from 1530 until his death was the official historian as well as the librarian of the Venetian Republic."^ It was Bembo, a friend of Ramusio, who undertook to have translated into Italian what appears to be this very letter presumably so that Ramusio could include it in his projected volume.^ However, while Ramusio's third volume includes such primary material as Oviedo's letter, it contains also extensive extracts from histories.^ It is legitimate to wonder, therefore, why Ramusio omitted from his Navigationi Bembo's information found in Book VI of his History of Venice concerning the discovery of the New World and likewise that relating to the Portuguese voyages to the east." The voyages to the Orient had been well covered in Ramusio's first volume, published in Venice in 1550,** but Columbus finds no place in Ramusio's third volume, where one expects him,^ so to that extent Bembo's narrative would not have been super- fluous. The letter of Columbus on the discovery of America, to use its familiar title, had been first printed in Castilian and in in 1493, while translations in Italian and in German were printed by 1497 ;^*' the Latin and Italian versions of this letter in particular had been popular immediately after their first appearance, if the number of reprints is any guide." Ramusio may have judged Columbus an all too familiar theme to his readers, who in any event could refresh their memories with Bembo's History^ which he could presume many would own. One may wonder, though, if Ramusio simply missed what appears to be the earliest description of Eskimos provided by Bembo in the book following that which detailed the explorations already mentioned.'- Seven of the Eskimos (of course that word is not used)'^ were found in a small boat off the English coast by a French vessel apparently in the summer of 1508,'^ and Bembo provides information concerning their boat, dress, and way of eating. In the early 1530s Bembo was engaged in accumulating source materials for his history, which at the time of his death in 1547 was completed in Latin as well as in his own Tuscan version.''' The Latin text, with the changes that were insisted upon by the Venetian government, was first published under the title Rerum Venetarum Historiae Libri XH in 8 Venice, Apud Aldi Filios, in 1551."^ Soon afterwards in that same year a pirated edition appeared printed in Paris by the press of Michael Vascosan/? ^^^ j^ ^^^^ ^nd in 1547 had printed a French translation of Bembo's Gli Asolani}^ The author's own version in Tuscan of his history, Delia Historia Vinttiana, amended to coincide with the authorized Latin text and also with the Tuscan altered to the taste of an editor, was printed by Gualtiero Scoto in Venice in 1552.'^ Certainly there was interest in Bembo's narrative of the discovery of the New World and of the Portuguese voyages, for in the year of Ramusio's third volume, 1556, there appeared a small volume entitled UHistoire du Nouveau Monde decouvert par les Portugalays; its author was claimed as 'Pierre Bembo'. Two editions are known, both of that year 1556, and both printed in France. The evidence of the date 28 September 1556 on the privilege in the volume with the Lyons imprint of Ian d'Ogerolles supports the claim made on its title-page to be the 'Premiere Impression',-*^ particularly as the Paris edition, published by Estienne Denyse and printed by Olivier de Harsy, includes a privilege with the later date of 12 November 1556.^' Moreover, the text of Bembo's narrative in the Paris edition follows that of Lyons, even to the promise of more to come; and the fact that the Paris edition actually reproduces found in that of Lyons (poetry which was dedicated to Francois de Villars, who had authorized the privilege for Ian d'Ogerolles, but not that for Estienne Denyse, which was signed by a certain Mosnier) makes it certain that the Paris edition derives from that of Lyons." It is worth remarking that the Paris edition was legitimate, since while the privilege granted to d'Ogerolles gave him printing rights for the work for two years from the date of the signature of de Villars, the exclusiveness was limited to the city of Lyons,-^ just as that granted to Denyse for two years was limited to the city of Paris.^ The bibliographical description of the first edition is as follows :^^

L'HISTOIRE / DV NOVVEAV / MONDE DESCOV- / VERT PAR LES / PORTVGALOYS, / ESCRITE PAR LE SEIGNEVR / PIERRE BEMBO. / (Fleuron) / Premiere Impression. / (Vignette) / A LYON, / PAR IAN D'OGEROLLES. / 1556. / Auec Privilege pour deux ans. / 12 leaves. A-C'^. Octavo. 24 pp. italic type; marginal notes in roman type; 22 lines to a page, text 126x73 mm. The title and verso (unnumbered: pp. [i] and [2]); privilege on the verso of the title to Ian d'Ogerolles, dated: Lyon^, 28 September 1556, signed T. de Villars'. 'Aux lecteurs' (unnumbered: pp. [3] and [4]). Poetry dedicated to Fran(;:ois de Villars (unnumbered: p. [5]). A page containing a hr^t fleuron (unnumbered: p. [6]). Text (numbered pp. 7-24). On p. 24 at the end of the text is a notice: 'Tu prendras cecy [lecteur) engre, en attendant Ie residu: lequelapres auoir recouuert {a quoy mettronspeine) teferons voir Dieu aidant.'' Both this and the Paris edition are of the highest rarity. Two copies exist of the Lyons edition, one of which is in the British Library (C.97.aa.3, formerly ii97.b.26)^^ and the other in the Bibliotheque de la Ville, Grenoble (E. 28, 535)-^ There are two copies of the Paris edition in the United States of America.^^ It is worth stressing that the author of UHistoire du Nouveau Monde is indeed Pietro Bembo, as The British Museum: General catalogue of printed books currently in use indicates the work as pseudonymous,'^ and this may account for its omission under Bembo's name in the Dizionarw biografico degli italiani.^^ The British Museum purchased the volume in April 1845 from the bookseller Rodd, who had acquired it for ^^4/12 at Sotheby's on 4 March 1845 in a sale of books from the library of Benjamin Hey wood Bright (1788- 1843) of Chelsea;'' where Bright obtained it is not known. The scepticism of the cataloguer in the British Museum concerning the author appears to go back to the time of the Museum's acquisition of the volume and rests on the fact that it was 'not mentioned by Mazzuchelli'.-^' The Short-title catalogue of books printed in France . . . now in the British Museum (London, 1924) following the original cataloguer merely stated that the work was pseudonymous,-^^ but Geoffroy Atkinson in his La litterature geographique de la Renaissance: Repertoire Bibltographique (Paris, 1927) appears to have had some doubts about this claim, since he placed a query after it.^'* Brunet, who records only the Paris edition, appears to have believed that Bembo was the author, and this may have caused Atkinson to omit any reference to the pseudonymous nature of this Paris edition when he listed it in the second volume of his bibliography published in 1936.^^ The card dated 1942 which is reproduced in The National Union Catalog: Pre-ig56 Imprints bleakly mentions the work as being 'translated from Book VI of his [Bembo's] Historia Veneta'.^^ This is correct, as a sample parallel of the Latin and the French text will readily demonstrate. Below is provided the Latin of Bembo's Rerum Venetarum Historiae as found in the Paris edition of 1551. While the title-page of this edition claimed it to be 'CVM PRIVILEGIO\ none is actually printed, and there is little doubt that it was a pirated printing. Few copies of this edition exist, a point that supports the supposition that it was printed without authority, and possibly some of the stock was destroyed, as required by the privilege in the name of King Henry II of France and dated 18 June 1548, which was granted to Bembo's literary executor. Carlo Gualteruzzi.^^ One may remark that Renouard in his Annalesde TImprimerie des Aides zppczrs to provide evidence that the Aldine edition of 1551 itself bears testimony to the existence of this pirated edition of Paris.^^ Renouard stated that some copies of the Aldine edition have on the title-page the famous printer's mark of the anchor (which Bembo had devised as a young man for Aldo),^*^ and below it the words and the date: 'Cum privilegio summi Pontificis & Illustriss. Senatus Veneti. VENETIIS, APUD ALDI Fitios. M.D.LL' Other copies, he said, have a reset title-page with a hrge fleuron, which represents Hermes with a caduceus and Athena carrying two spears, and below it merely: 'Cum priuilegiis. VENETIIS M.D.LI.' Moreover, the latter bear on the verso of the title-page (blank in the first-mentioned copies) details of the five privileges for fifteen years, granted by various powers, including the king of France, to Carlo Gualteruzzi as the publisher."**• The implication, therefore, is that there were two issues, the second of which (with the privileges in some detail) being the publisher's response to the Paris pirated edition. In fact, however, there exist but few copies with the anchor on the title-page, and one can assume that these represent a state rather than an issue. Apart from the title-page and its verso the two states are identical, and indeed, in at least one copy of each there is a sheet with the same errors in the foliation numbers that the printer subsequently corrected.'*' This latter fact strengthens the belief that there were two states rather than two issues. The fleuron that replaced the printer's mark on the title-page of the first state appears to have been Gualteruzzi's device. Its earliest appearance is on the title-page of the first edition of the second volume of Bembo's Lettere, which was printed by the Aldine Press in Venice

10 with a colophon date of October 1550, though its title-page bears the date iSSi-"*^ This publisher's device was used in all the volumes of Bembo's collected works printed by Gualtiero Scoto of Venice, as well as in the Aldine Rerum Venetarum Historiae. It appears that Gualteruzzi sold Bembo's literary papers, his own rights, and his publishing device, to the company formed by Scoto, whose first volume appeared in 1552.43 The implication of all this is that the first state of Bembo's Rerum Venetarum Historiae is clearly that with the Aldine anchor, and secondly that all the sheets of this work had been run ofFin 1551 before Gualteruzzi's device was available, yet when the type of the first sheet was still unbroken. There is accordingly little convincing evidence that the resetting of the title-page was any- thing but a result of Gualteruzzi's wish to have his device prominent. Even so, an important addition in the second state are the details of the privileges^ on the verso of the title-page, and this may reflect Gualteruzzi's fear that the work was likely to be pirated. Scoto's edition of Bembo's Delia Historia Vinitiana of 15524s went one stage further and actually printed the five privileges in full, and this, one may suspect, was a direct consequence of the pirated edition of Paris. In any event, on the grounds of proximity one may assume it more likely that whoever was responsible for the French translation that was first published by d'Ogerolles, actually had before him the Paris edition of Bembo's Rerum Venetarum Historiae rather than that of Venice. Of course this point cannot be resolved since the texts are identical save for minor differences in the punctuation.^^

Latin, Paris, 1551. French, Lyons, 1556. (p. 7) [Text begins] L'an de nostre (fol. 125) [Book Six] . . . Erat Seigneur Mil CCCCXCIIII.^? Vn nomme Columbus homo Ligur ingenio peracri; Colombo, Geneuois, homme de grand esprit, qui multas emensus regiones, & qui ayant faict de grans voyages, auoit multum maris, & oceani beaucoup veu et cogneu de mer, et perlustrauerat. is, ut est mesmement de l'Occean: comme Tesprit humanus animus nouarum rerum de rhomme est conuoiteux de choses appetens, Ferdinando & nouuelles, declaire a Ferdinand Roy, & Isabellae Hispaniae regibus Isabelle Royne d'Espagne, que, proponit, edocetque; illud, quod ce que quasi tous omnis fere antiquitas credidit, les anciens auoient creu, qu'il auoit quinque esse caeli partes, quarum cinq regions du Ciel, dont celle media caloribus, extremae duae du mylieu estoit si ardente & intemperee frigoribus sic afficiantur, ut, de (p. 8) chaleurs, & les deux extremes, de quae sub illis sint, totidem si grande froideur, que les regions de terrae plagae, incoli ab hominibus la terre, qui sont soubz icelles non possint, duae tantum inter estoient du tout inhabitables, & eas sub eisdem positae caeli qu'il n'y en auoit que deux ou Ion peust partibus possint: inanem esse demourer: estoit vne Fable, antiquorum hominum fabulam, & & abuz des anciens, & vne description nullis ueris rationibus fultam, qui n'auoit fondement certain & confirmatam descriptionem: ny asseure, remonstrant improuidum prope necesse esse que Dieu auoit vse de meilleure

II haberi Deum, (fol. 125^) si ita prouidence, que de bastir Ie monde mundum sit fabricatus, ut longe en telle sorte, que la plus maior terrarum pars propter grande & plus spacieuse partie de la terre nimiam intemperiem hominibus fust tellement intemperee qu'elle fust du uacua, nullum ex se se usum tout inutile, & ne receust aucun homme, praebeat: .. . pour y habiter . . . (fol. 125^) . . . anno ab urbe condita millesimo septuagesimo primo*^ (p. 9) ... A ceste cause L'an M.D.II.**^ tribus cum nauibus (fol. 126) Colombo ayant equippe trois nauires part, Columbus ad insulas Fortunatas; et s'en va droit aux Isles fortunees, de quibus superioribus libris sermonem habuimus,^*^ quas Canarias que Ion appelle appellant; profectus, atque ab iis Cauaries, & de la tres & triginta totos dies suiuant par l'espace de trente iours occidentem sequutus solem, sex entiers, Ie Soleil couchant, descouurit numero insulas reperit; . . . certaines Isles, au nombre de six: ...

(fol. 128) . . . Visi post haec (p. 16) ... De la ilz rencontrerent des homines nostris longe hommes, de bien plus grand stature beaucoup proceriores, & magno ad obeundas que nous ne sommes de9a, hardis aux armes, pugnas animo. tum & de grand coeur. Et plus outre ilz flumen refertum arriuerent a vne riuiere d'vne insulis immani merueilleuse grandeur, en laquelle il y latitudine: patet auoit grand nombre d'Isles. La riuiere enim amplius passuum millia centum: auoit en largeur plus de cent milles, & & syluae arborum, quae la aupres y a des forests d'arbres, qui materiam habent ad tingendas lanas sont fort propres a teindre les laines: & idoneam; aliarumque ita procerarum, dautres qui sont si gros, que vingt ut eas uiginti hominum extremis se hommes se touchans du bout des mains l'vn a manibus contingentium capere lautre, ne les sauroient embrasser. . . . complexus saepe nequeat. . . .

(fol. 129^) . . . Alia ex parte Lusitani, (p. 20) ... De l'autre coste les Portugalois, classe ab rege comparata, ayent par Ie commandement du Roy equippe in austrum force nauires, tournans leur nauigation des ab Hesperidibus conuersi, Africaeque Isles Hesperides vers Ie Mydi, & passans promontorio, quod Bonam Ie promontoire d'Aifricque, qu'ilz appellent spem appellant, traiecto, Aethiopici Bonasperanza:descouurirentpremierementles oceani se primum ostendentibus portz de TOccean Ethiopien, & allerent litoribus, ad continentem nigrorum arriuer en vne terre ferme, qui est Ie pais hominum terram, quae appellatur des Maures, quilz appellent Cephala, riche Cephala, naues appulerunt auro & abondante en or, qui est la apporte par diuitem : quod interiores eo ceux qui se tiennent plus auant, pour important populi; ut res alias contra achetter en eschange dautres choses, n'vsans mercentur; nullo id pondere aut en telles traficques ny de pois ny de mesure.

12 mensura, sed tantum frustis ex ains seulement baillans par loppins I'or: oculorum fide atque arbitrio & iugeans a l'oeil, & a veue de pais, de la permutantes; ut, qui accipiunt, valeur diceux: en maniere que ceux, qui saepe lucrum centupli faciant: re^oiuent cest or gagnent souuent cent fois atque ibi arcem condiderunt. . . . autant, & ont la basty vne forteresse. . . . (fol. 130) ... Ac Lusitanis mediam (p. 21)... Quand les Portugalois eurent passe rubri maris partem transgressis la moitie de la mer rouge, ilz trouuerent Zides se oppidum obtulit ampio la ville de Zides, dont Ie port les fort cum portu: . . . ample. . . . (fol. 130'') . . . tametsi maiore omnino (p. 23) ... Certes Ernando Maglaianes audacia, felicitate autem nunquam Portugalois eust este l'homme de telle alias audita, si uixisset, hardiesse & felicite, s'il eust vescu, qu'il Ernandus Maglaianes Lusitanus n'enfut onques ouye fuit. . . . Ie semblable. . . . (fol. 131) . . . semper enim tanto (p. 24) . . . Car approchans tousiours citius orienti soli occurrens, dautant plus du leuer du Soleil, que quanto plus itineris post se plus ilz laissoient de chemin circunuectus reliquisset, emenso derriere soy, apres auoir demum totius terrae globo, die circuit tout lentour de la terre, uno prius solem sibi orientem, ilz eussent eu vn iour plustost Ie Soleil quam cum viae se dederat, leuant, que quand ilz estoient profecto habuisset. . . . partiz. [Text ends]

It is impossible to be certain that the French translation was on the basis of the Latin text of 1551, rather than on that of the Italian, as printed in 1552. Two considerations, however, support the belief that the Latin text was used. First, the word order in French corresponds more closely to the Latin than to the Italian text; secondly the Italian text incorrectly prints 'Tide' as the city with a large harbour, where the French translation gives 'Zides', as is found in Latin.^' It remains to consider Ian or Jean d'Ogerolles, who is not hsted in H. L. Baudrier's Bibliographie Lyonnaise,^^ and to speculate as to the reasons for the translation and publication of Bembo's work. D'Ogerolles was a printer, rather than a pubhsher, for of the twenty-six known publications with which he was associated in the period he was work- ing (1556-85)," apart from Bembo's Histoire du nouveau monde, he both printed and published only Claude Barthelemy Bernard's Histoire de Rhion (1559), Gabriel Meurier's Tresor de sentences dories (^Sli)^ and La Grand Nef des Folks (1583); the rest he printed on behalf of eight publishing houses in Lyons.^^ Jn 1556, at what appears to be the start of his career, he printed for the publisher Antonius Vincentius the work of Charles Du Moulin, Tractatus duo (159 pages). Omnium gentium mores, leges et ritus (478 pages), as well as a work of Philippus Decius (431 pages).55 Bembo's Histoire, in comparison with these three, is a very modest undertaking, being only twenty-four pages long. It is, though. attractively printed and one may wonder if it does not mark d'OgerolIes's attempt to become a publisher as well as a printer, like most successful printers of Lyons of his generation. The translation into French of the extract from Bembo's History could not have been costly, and yet such an undertaking was legitimate, since it was not excluded in the privilege granted to Gualteruzzi by King Henry 11.^^ In 1584 d'Ogerolles printed for Barthelemy Honorat of Lyons the first part oi La bibliotheque d'Antoine du Verdier;^"^ the second part, however, was printed for Honorat by Theobald Ancelin of Lyons in 1585,''** and this seems to imply that this 1584 edition was the last undertaken by d'Ogerolles, and that thereafter he had either retired or died. In any event d'OgeroIIes's publication of Bembo's Histoire in 1556 did not open the way to a career as publisher. There was a close connection between the pubhshers of Lyons and northern Italy,^^ and d'OgeroIIes's choice of Bembo for a publishing venture ought to have been a good one. Bembo was a well-known author in France and his work was clearly saleable in print there. Bembo's Rtme in the Italian original were familiar as models to many French savants of the period, when 'petrarquisme' was,most influential in terms of French poetry.^ There had been six editions of the French translation of Bembo's Gli Asolani prior to 1556,^' and, as already mentioned, there had been the unauthorized printing of the Rerum Venetarum Historiae in Paris in 1551. That Denyse of Paris, a bookseller who only appears to have published in 1556,^^ was willing so quickly after d'OgeroIIes's edition of the Histoire had appeared to publish a reprint, may suggest too something of the popularity enjoyed by Bembo as an author. Nothing, though, is known of the connection (if any) between d'Ogerolles and Denyse. D'Ogerolles promised a further instalment of the Histoire, but seemingly never published it. It is worth mentioning in conclusion that subsequently six extracts from Bembo's History were printed in French translation, if rather freely adapted. These first appeared in print in Francois de Belleforest's Harengves militaires, et concions de princes, capitames, embassadevrs, et avtres manians tant la guerre que les affaires d'estat, printed by Nicolas Brusle for the publisher Nicolas Chesneau (Paris, 1572).^^ The extracts, presented in the form of orations, included the 'Harangue de Christophle Coulomb Geneuois, aux Roy & Royne de Castille, pour auoir moien d'armer quelques naus pour faire descouuerte du nouueau monde', which covered the first part of the material provided by d'Ogerolles.^ There were four further printings (including a second edition) of Belleforest's compilation prior to 1 G. B. Parks, The contents and sources of Ramusio^ s P. Bembo', Nuovo archivio veneto, vii (1904-5), 'Navigationi' (New York, 1955), 7, 30. 5-31, 334-72; viii (1905-6), 52-180, 317-46; 2 Ramusio, Navigationi, III, item 18, fols. 415- ix (1906-7), 33-111, 308-40; C. H. Clough, 'Le 416"; see Parks, op. cit., pp. 37-8. Lettere Storiche di Luigi da Porto, fonte della 3 Ibid. Istoria Viniziana di Pietro Bembo', Archivw 4 V. Cian, Un decennio della vita di M. Pietro veneto, series v, vol. Ixxiii (1963), 5-15. Bembo (1521-^^1) (Turin, 1885), 173. 16 For this printing see A. A. Renouard, Annales 5 Bembo's letter from Gubbio to Ramusio, de rImprimerie des Aides (Paris, 3rd edn., 1834), 27 Dec. 1543, transcript in , 152-3, and pp. lo-ii above; for changes made Venice, MS. Ital. CI. X, 143 (6535), fol. 29, for before the Venetian government approved which see G. E. Ferrari, 'Per I'Epistolario del publication of the History see E. Teza, *Correzioni Bembo', Lettere Italiane, viii (1956), 190. It is aila Istoria Veneziana di P. Bembo proposte dal printed in P. Bembo, Lettere inedite a G. B. Consiglio dei Dieci nel 1548', Annali delle Ramusio: Per Nozze Dionisi—Bembo, ed. universita toscane, xviii (1888), 75-93. L. DairOste and G. Soranzo (Venice, 1875), 17 P. Bembo, Rerum Venetarum Historiae Libri XII 33-4, as no. XVIII: 'Io faro tradur la lettera del (Paris, M. Vascosan, 1551). For the evidence that signor Oviedo e scriverla e satisfero il desiderio it is a pirated printing see pp. 10-11, above. Only vostro'; see Parks, op. cit., pp. 37-8, with the fifteen copies are known to the present writer: error of 29 for 27 Dec. three are located in H. M. Adams, Catalogue of 6 For instance, Ramusio, Navigationi, III, item i, books printed on the continent of Europe, 1501- fols. 1-43"; item 3, fols. 74^-224". See Parks, 1600 in Cambridge Libraries (Cambridge, 2 vols., op. cit., pp. 31-2. 1967), i. no, no. 598; seven locations for eight 7 For Bembo's History see pp. 8 (below)-9. copies are in Index Aureliensis. Catalogus librorum 8 Published by Giunti, Venice, see Parks, op. cit., sedecimo saeculo impressorum (Baden-Baden and pp. 7, 9-22. Nieuwkoop, 1962—in progress). Pars I, tom. iii 9 Ibid., pp. 30-41. (1968), 514 no. 116.417 (there are two copies in 10 W. Eames, 'Introduction' to a facsimile of the Smith College Library, 945.3 B422 cop. 1-2); pictorial edition and a reprint of the oldest four one is at Edinburgh University Library, editions in Latin published as C. Colombo, The Q.*2i.39; one is at the Vatican Library, RL IV. letter of Columbus on the discovery of America 2189; one is in the library of Dr. C. H. Clough; (New York. 1892), pp. viii-xii; see L. Firpo, one copy on deposit (by St. Mary's Theological [Introduction to] 'Cristoforo Colombo', Prime College, Aberdeen) with the Blairs collection in relazioni... sulla scoperta deW America: Colombo. the National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh Vespucci. Verazzano: Strenna UTET, Tg66., ed. (BCL. D 345) has no title-page and it is not L. Firpo (Turin, [1965]), 11; Mostra Colombiana listed in the National Library of Scotland: Internazionale {Genova, 12 Ottobre ig5o-i2 A short-title Catalogue ofjoreign books up to 1600 Ottobre 1951), ed. P. Revelli (Genoa, 1950), 104. (Edinburgh, 1970), It is not mentioned in the 11 See The British Museum: General catalogue of useful list provided by C. Dionisotti under Opere printed books, xlii (1966), cols. 100-4. for 'P. Bembo', in Dizionario biografico degli italiani, viii (1966), 149. For the publisher- 12 Book VII; fols. iii'^-ii2 (Venice, 1551); printer M. Vascosan, who was active between fols. I7o''-i7i (Paris, 1551); fol. 100 (Venice, 1532 and 1576, see Adams, op. cit. ii. 727-8, and 1552). the Index Aureliensis, op, cit. Ill, ii. 13 See for the origin D. B. Quinn and J. Rousseau, 'Hakluyt et Ie mot "Esquimau"', Revue de 18 See p. 14 and n. 61. rHistoire de TAmerique fran^aise, xii (Montreal, 19 For the changes made in substance and in i959)> 597-607. language see J. Morelli, Trefazione' to P. Bembo, 14 Bembo does not actually date the event, but its 'Delia Istoria Viniziana', Opere (Milan, 12 vols., place in the narrative suggests the summer of 1809-12), iii. 13-19. 1508. Bembo's source is not known, but is likely 20 See p. 9 below. to have been a dispatch from the Venetian 21 See the description in G. W. Cole, A catalogue ambassadors at the court of the king of France. of books relating to the discovery and early history 15 C. Lagomaggiore, 'VIstoria Vimziana di Messer of North and South America forming a part of the. library ofE. D. Church (New York, 5 vols., 1907), servateur en chef of the Library has confirmed i, fols. I5SS'-I556^, as no. 104, with a repro- that this copy is still in the Library. duction of the title-page; G. Atkinson, La 28 Cole, op. cit., knew two copies (one in the Church Utterature geographte franfaise de la Renais- Library, the other in the Lenox Library, New sance: Repertoire biblwgraphtque (Paris, 2 vols., York); The National Union Catalog: Pre-ig^d 1927-36), ii. 24, as no. 107A. For the text of the Imprints, xlv( 1969), 600, lists these: (i) Henry E. privilege see n. 24. Huntington Library, San Marino, California 22 Sec Atkinson, op. cit., where it is stated 'Cest (14000). This is the Church copy (see also n. 35) une copie en lettr. rom. du no. 107 supra [i.e. the and was purchased in 1911 with the rest of the Lyons printing]'; see also the two privileges Church Library, (ii) New York Public Library published in nn. 23 and 24. (*KB. 1556). This is the Lenox copy, and has 23 The privilege on p. [2] reads: 'IL est permis a a note of purchase for 25 fr. written in the hand Ian d'Ogerolles, maistre Imprimeur demeurant of Mr. James Lenox (1800-80), but no date; it a Lyon, d'imprimer vn liure intitule Description is probably the Potier copy (see n. 35). This copy du nouueau monde., descrite par Messire PIERRE is imperfect (see National Union Catalog entry BEMBO. Et sont faictes deferences a tous autres cited above), since it has a mutilated title-page Imprimeurs de ceste dicte ville de Lyon, de non that has been repaired with the first word imprimer ledict liure, durant le temps, & terme supplied in manuscript; each page has new de deux ans: a compter de la datte des presentes upper margins and hence all page numbers are faictes audict Lyon, le xxvni Septembre, L'an lacking. de grace Mil cinq cens cinquante six. 29 xiv (1965), col. 767. F. DE VILLARS.' 30 Dionisotti, op. cit., pp. 147-50. It IS worth remarking that Atkinson, op. cit. 31 The title-shp in the Library archives states: ii. 24, as no. 107A, errs in his reference: '(Noter 'Rodd. April 1845'; on p. 2 of the copy of the que le priv. de Lyon (supra) est de sept [ans])', book, by the side of the British Museum stamp, for in fact under the supra (ibid. i. 96, as no. 107) is the date 45. 6. 28, which indicates that the book he unequivocally refers to a privilege 'pour was processed on 28 June 1845. while below is deux ans'. the number 1569. which refers to the invoice. 24 The privilege on [Ai"] reads: 'PRIVILEGE, IL est I am indebted to Dr. D. E. Rhodes for his permis a Estienne Denyse marchant Libraire assistance with these points. The front cover fly- demeurent a Paris, d'imprimer vn liure intitule leaf of the book has a pencil annotation '457 Description du nouueau monde, descrite par Bright'; the sale number is found inside every Messire Pierre Bembo. Et sont faictes defences book of the library according to S. de Ricci, a tous autres Libraires Imprimeurs de ceste dicte English collectors of books and manuscripts [ix^o- ville de Paris, de non imprime ledict liure, durant ig^o) (Cambridge. 1930), 107 n. 3. Catalogue of le temps, & terme de deux ans: a compter de la the valuable library of the late B. H Bright, Esq. datte des presentes faictes audict Paris, le XII. [3rd portion], Samuel Leigh Sotheby and Co.. Nouembre, L'an de grace Mil cinq cens cinquante 3 Mar. and twenty-three subsequent days, p. 38, SIX. lot 457 (4 Mar.), indicates this copy as 'VERY Ainsisigne. MOSNIER RARE, not in the Bibltotheca Americana\ The annotated copy in the British Library (S-C.S. I am much indebted to Mr. Daniel Traister of 259 (i)) indicates it as: 'Sold to Rodd for the Rare Book Division, New York Public £4. .12. .0'. For Bright's library see de Ricci, Library, for the transcription of this privilege; op. cit,. p. 107, which derives essentially from the conventional printing contractions (apart information in List of catalogues of English Book from &) have been expanded here. Sales ifij6-igoo now in the British Museum 25 Atkinson, op. cit. i. 96. as no. 107. (London. 1915), sales under 3 June and 18 June 26 Ibid., which erroneously claimed that the British 1844; 3 Mar., 2 Apr. and 7 July 1845; Anon., Museum had two copies because of dissociating 'Sale of Mr. Bright's manuscripts'. The Gentle- the old and the current shelf-marks of a single man's Magazine, n.s. xxii (July-December, copy. 1H44). 147-51; for the date of Bright's death 27 Ibid. In a letter dated 22 July 1977 the Con- (4 Aug. 1843) and his age then {55) see ibid., n.s.

16 XX (July-December, 1843), 445; see also A. N. L. Aldines: I. La marque typographique d'Aldc Munby, Phillipps Studies (Ciimbridge, 5 vols., Manuce\ Revue des BihliothequeSy vi (1896), 1951-60), iv. 15. J. C. T. Oiites, Catalogue of 143-60, especially 148-9. fifteenth-century printed hooks in the University 40 Details ofthe privileges on foi. [ai]are: 'lulij III. Lihrary, Camhridge (Cambridge, 1954), 825 errs Pont. Max. Carolt V. Imp. Henrici Gallorum in giving Bright's date of death as in 1844. Regis II. Illustrissimi Senatus Veneti, Cosmi 32 See the title-slip mentioned in n. 31, which bears Medicis Fhrent. Duds II. et aliorum phncipum, the note in pencil: 'Try if written by Cardinal suh quorum ditione lihri imprimuntur, priuilegijs Bembo', and seemingly in response was added cautum est, ne quis intra annos quindecim., praeter later: 'not mentioned by Mazzuchelli'. eum., cum Carolus Gualteruttus mandarit., hosce 33 At p. 46. lihros impressioni suhijcere, aut ah alijs impressos 34 Atkinson, op. cit. i. 96, as no. 107: 'pseud.?'. uenales habere audeat. Qui horum principium This appears to have been followed by the Index auctoritatem hac m re neglexerit., is non solum e Aureiiensis^ op, cit. I, iii. 517 no. 116.444. christianorum se communitate extermmatum^ ac 35 J.-C. Brunet, Manuel du Ithraire (Paris, 6 vols., execrationihus appetitum., sed ea etiam pecunia^ i860), i, col. 767, under 'Bembo, P.'; the copy quae in singulis illorum diplomatihus continetur., known to Brunet (i860) was offered for sale by mulctatum cognosce!.^ the Librairie Potier for 25 fr. (and appears to be 41 See Appendix, pp. 19-21. the Lenox copy, see n. 28); see J. G. T. Graesse, 42 Renouard, op. cit., p. 149; see Adams, op. cit. i. Tresor de livres rares et precieux (Dresden- no, no. 590. Geneva, 7 vols., 1859-69), Supplement, vii. 74, 43 All were in 8": Lettere (1552), i-iv (Folger which refers to a Potier copy (of 1869) priced at Library, Washington, D.C, i, iii, iv, PQ. 35 fr. (this may be the Church copy, see n. 28). 4608.A7.1552. Cage; ii, Newberry Library, Atkinson, op. cit. ii. 24, as no. 107A. The Index Chicago, **E.5. B 42002. The British Library Aureliensis, op. cit. I, iii. 517 no. 116.445 retains has i-iv, 'seconda impressione', of 1552, the (?), presumably to conform with the entry 246.g.4, 5); Epistolarum familiarium lihri vi., for the Lyons edn. listed immediately above it. with Eptstolarum Leonis X Pont. Max. nomine 36 xlv (1969), 600. scriptarum lihri xvi (1552) (British Library, 37 For the rarity of the Paris printing of 1551 see 93.k.23); Prose (1552) (British Library, 627.d.4 n. 17. The privilege is printed in P. Bembo, Delia (3)); Rime (1552) (British Library, 12226.a.12 Historia Vimtiana (Venice, G. Scoto, 1552), (i)); Delia Historia Vinitiana (1552) (British preliminary unnumbered foi. [2''"'']: 'Scauoir . . . Library, 592.b.2 (2)); Carminum lihellus (1552) [nous] auons Inhibe & deffendu, Inhibons & (colophon 1553) (British Library, I2i2.d.4i); deflfendons, a tous Imprimeurs & libraires de noz GH Asolani (1553) (Bibliotheque Nationale, Royaume & pays, que iusque au temps & terme Paris, ^16917). Bembo's De Guido Ubaldo de quinze ans procbainement uenans, com- Feretrio deque Elisahetha Gonzaga Urhini mencans au lour & date de cestez presentes ducihus was printed as part of Bembo's collected Ilz n'ayent a Imprimer, ne faire imprimer les works for Gualteruzzi by Valerio and Luigi oeuures composez par le feu Cardinal Bembo, Dorico, Rome, 1548, but was not republished tant en Grecx Latin que Italien, ne ceulx qui by Gualtiero Scoto and hence no edition of it ont ia este Imprimez & qui restent encores a appears with Gualteruzzi's device; the first Imprimer, mettre & exposer en uente si ce n'est edition of Bembo's Lettere, i, was also published du conge & permission de Charles Gualteruy de by the Dorico brothers, Rome, 1548, and this Fan, auquel ledict feu Cardinal a laisse par was reprinted by Scoto in 1552 with Gualteruzzi's testament ceste charge. Et ce sur peine quant device. The Dorico brothers likewise printed in aulx Infracteurs desdictez Inhibitions & deffences Rome, 1548, Bembo's Rime (the British Library de confiscation desdictez liures & damande has four variant copies representing two states; arbitraire'. Renouard, op. cit., errs in supposing G. 10470 has a variant title-page and a variant that Gualteruzzi was a printer at Rome and at fourth leaf, perhaps the first state; 84.d.4 Venice. perhaps represents the second and final state; C.29.e.4 is the latter on blue paper and C.41 .e.29 38 Ibid. is the same on vellum); this was reprinted by 39 Cian, op. cit., pp. 89-96; L. Dorez, 'Etudes Scoto in 1552 with Gualtcruzzi's device (see 54 The Index Aureliensis, op. cit. I, iv. 44, no. above). There was an edition of Bembo's Prose 117.360; Adams, op. cit. i. 741, no. 1375; the (L. Torrentino, , 1549), 'ad instantia di Index Aureliensis, op. cit. I, ii. 556, no. in.512. C Gualteruzzi' (British Library, 627.f. 10; a 55 Adams, op. cit. i. 372, no. 1078, the Index variant issue witb the first six pages reset, the Aureliensis, op. cit. I, iv. 421, no. 120.953 and date 1548, and no mention of Gualteruzzi, had Adams, op. cit. i. 341, no. 203. also appeared, see British Library, G. 10805 (i) 56 See the extract quoted in n. 37, above. ;inti il further variant, imperfect, 72.e.2); this 57 The colophon date is 1584, and the title-page was reprinted by Scoto in 1552 with Gualteruzzi's bears the date 1585: see Adams, op. cit. i. 377, device (see above). For Gualteruzzi selling his no. 1215. rights see G. Ruscelli, Le imprese illustri (Venice, 58 Ibid., no. 1215. F. Rampazetto, 1566), 284; S. Bongi, 'Annali di £;9 See A. F. Johnson, 'Books printed at Lyons in Gabriel Giolito de' Ferrari', Ministero della tbe sixteenth century'. Selected essays on hooks and Puhhlica Istruzione: Indue e Cataloghi., XI printing, ed. P. H. Muir (Amsterdam, 1970), 145. (Rome, 2 vols., 1890-5), ii. 221 suggests on the 60 See G. Vianey, Le Petrarqutsme en France au strength of Ruscelli that the fleuron was devised XVJ' siecle (Montpellier, 1909), index references, by tbe company formed by Scoto, but this cannot but especially pp. 81-5, 182-4; Margarita K. be the case since it was used by the Aldine press White, Petrarque et le petrarquisme en France for its Bembo publications. avant la Pleiade, Ph.D. thesis, 1972, University 44 Seo n. 40. of Liverpool, on deposit in the Sydney Jones 45 Preliminary unnumbered fols. [2-3^], and see Library of that university, pp. 413,451,4800. 3; n. 37 for the text of one of the privileges. C. A. Mayer, 'Introduction' to his edn. of 46 The Latin extracts quoted are found in the print- C. Marot, CEuvres diverses (London, 1966), 20-8, ing at Venice, 1551 (see pp. io-ii, above) at foi. and see also 'Rondeau LIT, at p. 120. 82, foi. 82\ foi. 84, foi. 85, foi. 85\ foi. 86. In 61 1545, Paris, M. Vascosan (British Library, both the Latin and French extracts quoted the 1074.e.5); 1547, Paris, M. Vascosan (Princeton conventional printing contractions have been University Library, Ex. 3122.68.313.8); 1551, expanded (apart from &) but the capitalization, Lyons, P. Rollet (Harvard University Library, spelling, accents, and punctuation follow the *IC5.B4225. Eh545mc); 1552, Lyons, P. Rollet sources. (Bibliotheque de l'Arsenal, Paris, 8", B.L. 32444; 47 This date is an error for 1492. Bibliotheque de la Ville, Lyons, 800191); 1553, 48 The official Venetian date for the foundation of la veuve de G. le Bret (British Library, 8404.a. 13); Venice, as used by Bembo, was 25 Mar. 421, 1555, Paris, N. Chrestien (Bibliotheque see Horatio F. Brown, Venice: An historical Nationale, Paris, Z. 16920). Theje were two sketch of the repuhlic (London, 2nd edn., 1895), 4. subsequent printings in the sixteenth century: Therefore tbe date in Bembo's text corresponds 1572, Paris, G. du Pre (Bibliotheque Nationale, to 1492. Paris, Z.16921); 1576, Paris, G. du Pre (British 4g This date should be 1492, see nn. 47 and 48. Library, 245.b.40). It is worth noting that 50 Book IV, foi. 50^' (Venice, 1551); foi. 76^ (Paris, M. Marti, 'Introduzione' to P. Bembo, Opere in 1551); fols. 44'-45 (Venice, 1552). volgare (Florence, i960), p. xlix, refers to a 51 For the Italian see P. Bembo, Della Istoria printing of 1557, which seemingly is that of 1555, I initiana (Venice, Gualtiero Scoto, 1552), fols. and to one of 1576, which seemingly is that of 72^-76; 'Tide' for 'Zides' is given consistently i55^> on foi. 75", and the correct form 'Zides' does not 62 For Denyse as a bookseller see n. 24; for his appear at all. three publications of 1556, all pamphlets, see the 52 (Paris, 12 vols., 1895-1921; Geneva-Lille, 2 Index Aureliensis^ op. cit. Ill, ii. 114 and III, i. supplementary vols., 1950-2). 182. 53 Adams, op. cit. ii. 5()S, indicates the publishers 63 1572, Paris, N. Chesneau appears on the title- whereby thirteen titles can be traced; thirteen page, and the colophon reads: 'A PARIS, De other titles are to be found in the Index Aureliensis, rimprimerie de Nicolas Brusle, le 18. Nouembre, op. cit. Ill, ii. 88, see also III, i. 147; these 1572', British Library (M.L. tt. 4). The six include Bembo's Histoire. extracts arc on pp. 1138-50, and come from Bembo's History, Book I, Book II, Book III, first edition, Paris, N. Chesneau (British Library, Book VI, Book VII, and Book VIII. C47.k.i2); 1588, Paris, P. Mcnicr (Biblio- 64 This, from Book VI, is on pp. 1143-4. theque Nationale, Paris, R.545); 1588, Paris, 65 1573 on the title-page but the colophon reads: A. L'Angelier (Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, 'A PARIS, De rimprimerie de Nicolas Brusle, X.870); 1595, 2nd edn., as Paris, but actually le 18. Nouembre. 1572'as in the first edition (see Geneva, 'heritiers Vignon', 2 vols. (British n. 63), and hence it appears to be a reissue of the Library, 1089.m.9, 10).

APPENDIX

Petri Bembi cardinalis Historiae venetae, libri XII. Venetiis, 1551. First state 4 preliminary leaves, 203 numbered leaves, i unnumbered leaf ('Errata'). Signatures: *'^, A-Z"*, a-r*, Aa-Ee*. Octavo. Maximum size of leaf 323 X215 mm. (Paris copy.) The title (unnumbered p. [i]) with Aldine anchor and below: 'Cum privilegio summi Pontificis & Illustriss. Senatus Veneti. VENETIIS, APUD ALDI FILIOS. M.D.LI.'; verso blank. 'Errata': recto of last leaf; verso with Aldine anchor. Leaves 114, 125, 169, and 180 misnumbered 109, 124, 149, and 179 in al! copies; other misnumberings include 63 for 64 (Cambridge, Massachusetts, copy).

The following have been located:

France Paris: Bibliotheque Nationale, Res. K.79; this copy was formerly in the Bibliotheque Royale, having on its title-page that Library's oldest known stamp (used until 1724). Italy Venice: Biblioteca Marciana, two copies, 390.D.46 (donated by Ascanio Molin), 212.C.14 (donated by Girolamo Contarini, 1843). United States of America Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Library, *fIC5.B4225.55iha. Los Angeles, California: University of California Los Angeles Library, as yet uncatalogued. New York City: Columbia University Library, B945V55/B422 (donated by F. A. P. Barnard). Providence, Rhode Island: John Carter Brown Library, H55i/-B455h (Giovanni delia Casa's copy; owned by Richard King, 1694; in John Carter Brown's Library prior to 1846).

Second state 4 preliminary leaves, 203 numbered leaves, i unnumbered leaf ('Errata'). Signatures: *-*, A-Z"*, a-z^, Aa-Ee^. Octavo. Size of leaf, maximum known 305-205 mm. The title (unnumbered p. [i]) with hr^e fieuron showing Hermes and Athena and below: 'Cum priuilegiis. VENETIIS M.D.LI.'; verso contains details of five privileges granted to Carlo Gualteruzzi. 'Errata': recto of last leaf with colophon: 'VENETIIS, APVD ALDI FILIOS. M.D.LL' ; verso with Aldine anchor. Leaves 114, 125, 169, and 179 misnumbered 109, 124, 149, and 179 in all copies; other misnumberings include 63 for 64 (New York City, Columbia University Library copy).

19 The following have been located: Canada Toronto: University of Toronto Library, E-io 276 (Thomas Allen's copy; donated by Revd. H. C. Scadding, 1901).

France Paris: Bibliotheque Nationale, two copies, K.441 and Res. K.78 (first two leaves ofthe preface missing).

Great Britain Aberystwyth: National Library of Wales, Stafell Herbert Morgan (ex Ubris of Lord Orford and of Charles Thomas Stanford). Bangor: Cathedral Library (in University College of North Wales Library), c.l.f.945.3. Cambridge: Christ's College Library, H.14.19. Fitzwilliam Museum, Kerrich bequest. St. Catharine's College Library, D.III.10. Trinity College Library, two copies, Grylls 11.416 and N.5.55. University Library, S.9.7. Edinburgh: National Library of Scotland, A.66.a.I (ownership signature of Benedetto Varchi). London: British Library, three copies i8o.k.ii, C.24.C.20 (binding with the arms and initials of King Edward VI), and G.6032 (binding with the arms of King Henry II of France and with the monogram and devices used on bindings for that king and for Diane of Poitiers). The Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine Library, 763. Manchester: John Rylands University Library of Manchester, two copies, Christie 33.i.io and 5001. Oxford: Bodleian Library, Auct. 2.6.2.13; Lady Margaret Hall Library, two copies, 945.3 and 7.A.B. Ross-on-Wye: Library of Dr. C. H. Clough, 2 copies.

Italy ^ Milan: , S.R.62. Biblioteca Braidense, A.O.xv.8. Biblioteca della Societa Storica Lombarda, Fondo Silvestri. Biblioteca Trivulziana, Triv. C.34. Rome: Biblioteca Hertziana, E.VEN. 1030-1510. Venice: Biblioteca Marciana, Aldine 37.

United States of America Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library, two copies, DG.677.A2B45, dis- tinguished as copy I, copy 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Library, three copies, two as •fIC5.B4225.551h, copy A, copy B, WRR.2.5.10 (copy with the arms and monogram of J. A. de Thou on the binding). Chicago, Illinois: Newberry Library, Case F.35993.09. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Library, Aldus/Li55i/Be. Los Angeles, California: University of California Los Angeles Library, DG.677.A2B4.1551. Minneapolis, Minnesota: James Ford Bell Library, University of Minnesota, 1551/fBe. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Library, two copies, DG.677.A2 and DG.677.B47.

20 New York City, New York: Columbia University Library, B945. New York Public Library, *KB.-(-i55i. Pierpont Morgan Library, PML.1132. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Drexel University Library, S945 g B42. Providence, Rhode Island: John Carter Brown Library, as yet uncatalogued. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Library, 945.3/B42h. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois, 945.311.B42A.1551. Washington, D.C: Library of Congress, 2 copies, E)G.677.A2B3, distinguished as copy i, copy 2. Wellesley, Massachusetts: Wellesley College Library, Plimpton 883 (formerly in the libraries of Arthur C. Burnell and of F. T. P. Plimpton, who donated it in 1910).

Vatican City Biblioteca Apostolica, Mai xi.H.iv.58.

Copies with the title-page missing Cambridge: Queens' College Library, D.10.19. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Library, Rare DG.677. A2B45 -|- +1551 (also lacks signa- ture K; donated by Judge Harrington Putnam, 1916).

21