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Home , Chiang Dao District, Doi Saket District, Fang District, Lamphun, Mae On District, Phrao District

EXCURSION GUIDEBOOK

th 55 CCOP Annual Session

7th November 2019 Province,

THAILAND

EXCURSION PROGRAMME 55th CCOP Annual Session, , ======

Thursday 7 November 2019

08:00-08:20 Depart from Kantary Hills Hotel to Stop 1 08:20-09:50 STOP 1: Royal Park Rajapruek, Mae Hia Sub-District, Chiang Mai District, Chiang Mai Province 09:50-10:10 Depart from Stop 1 to Stop 2 10:10-11:10 STOP 2: , the ancient city in Chang Phueak Sub-District, Mueang Chiang Mai District, Chiang Mai Province 11:10-11:30 Depart from Stop 2 for lunch 11:30-12:30 Lunch at Khaomao-Khaofang Restaurant, Mueang Chiang Mai District 12:30-13:30 Depart from Restaurant to Stop 3 13:30-14:30 STOP 3: Mae Kuang Udom Thara Dam, , Chiang Mai Province 14:30-15:30 Depart from Stop 3 to Stop 4 15:30-17:00 STOP 4: San Kamphaeng Hot Springs, Ban Sahakorn Sub-district, , Chiang Mai Province 17:00-18:00 Depart from Stop 4 to Kantary Hills Hotel

End of Excursion

EXCURSION GUIDEBOOK 55th CCOP Annual Session, 7th November 2019 Chiang Mai, THAILAND 1

EXCURSION GUIDEBOOK 55th CCOP Annual Session, 7th November 2019 Chiang Mai, THAILAND 2 INTRODUCTION

Chiang Mai is the largest province in with 1,688,200 population (in 2019 by National Statistic Office of Thailand). It is 700 km. north of near the highest mountains in the country. Chiang Mai (meaning "New City" in Thai) was founded in 1296 as the new capital of Lanna (meaning “land of a million rice fields” in Thai), succeeding the former capital, Chiang Rai. The city's strategic location on the (a major tributary of the ) and its proximity to major trading routes contributed to its historic importance.

lthough the city of Chiang Mai only officially covers most parts of the Mueang Chiang Mai District, with a population of 160,000, Athe city's sprawl extends into several neighboring districts. The Chiang Mai metropolitan area has a population of nearly one million people, more than half the total population of Chiang Mai Province.

n May 2006 Chiang Mai was the site of the Chiang Mai Initiative, concluded I between the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the "ASEAN+3" countries, (China, Japan, and South Korea). In 2015, Chiang Mai was on the tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage inscription. In early December 2017, Chiang Mai was awarded the UNESCO title of Creative City. Chiang Mai was one of two tourist destinations in Thailand. Bangkok was another. According to Thailand's Tourist Authority, in 2016, tourist arrivals were expected to grow by approximately 10 percent to 9.1 million, with Chinese tourists increasing by seven percent to 750,000 and international arrivals by 10 percent to 2.6 million. Tourism in Chiang Mai has been growing annually by 15 percent per year since 2011, mostly due to Chinese tourists who account for 30 percent of international arrivals. The major reasons that have made Chiang Mai a tourist attraction are its topography, climate, and cultural history.

n February 2017, the Digital Economy Promotion Agency (DEPA) (under Thailand's Digital Economy and I Society Ministry) announced that 36.5 million baht would be invested into developing Chiang Mai into an innovation-driven "smart city". Chiang Mai was the second city in Thailand, after Phuket province and along with Khon Kaen province, to be developed using the "smart city" model. The model aims to capture and populate multiple levels of information (including building, social, environmental, governmental, and economic data) from sources like sensors, real-time traffic information, and social forums for access by managers, governments, and citizens using mobile apps, tablets, and dashboards. The "Smart City" outlook (integrating Information and Communications Technology (ICT) with the Internet of Things (IOT)), is viewed to be critical both for secondary cities with burgeoning urban population like Chiang Mai, as well as part of Thailand's move to be digital hub of ASEAN.

EXCURSION GUIDEBOOK 55th CCOP Annual Session, 7th November 2019 Chiang Mai, THAILAND 3 GENERAL GEOLOGY (Modified from Jongautchariyakul and Chaikam, 2013)

he Geology of Northern Thailand can be T subdivided by geological Structure of the country. Chiang Mai province is in the zone of Inner western geomorphic zone of Northern Thailand.

Bunopas (1981) explained the geologic evolution of Northern Thailand as Shan-Thai Massif mainly composed of high grade metamorphic rocks of Pre Cambrian age. Some areas, Carboniferous granite intruded in the metamorphic sequences. Moreover, Lower Paleozoic rocks unconformity overlay the Pre Cambrian rocks. The Middle Paleozoic sequence were predominantly distributed in the western part of the basin with highly folding and faulting.

Stratigraphy Lithostratigraphy in Northern Thailand composed of sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous rocks ranging from Pre- Cambrian to Quaternary in age.

Precambrian Rocks

The sequence were found in the western part of Chiang Mai basin from Hod district up to in north direction. They are mainly high grade metamorphic rocks such as calc-silicate, biotite marble and granite gneiss. Figure Geology of Chiang Mai Basin (excerpted from Geologic Map of Thailand, 1:1,000,000 by DMR, 1999) Paleozoic Rocks  Cambrian rocks were found in the northern part of the basin at District. The rocks lie in N-S direction and compose of quartzitic sandstone and sandstone with the thickness of 500-600 meters. In some area, quartz mica schist and phyllite may found.  Ordovician rocks were distributed along the western rim of the basin from Fang, Chiang Dao, Phrao, Mae Tang, Mueang Chiang Mai and Sa Pa Tong Districts. The rocks are continuous with the Cambrian unit and compose of thin bedded limestone alternated with shale and thick bedded limestone alternated with thin bedded sandstone.  Silurian-Devonian rocks were formed continue with the previous unit. They are shale, sandstone, graywacke, chert and low grad metamorphic rocks such as phyllite, slate and schist.  Carboniferous rocks were found along the eastern rim of Chiang Mai Basin from Fang, Phrao, Doi Saket and San Kamphaeng districts and conformable with Silurian-Devonian rocks unit. The rock units are mainly sandstone with some phyllite, graywacke, chert conglomerate shale and limestone inter-bedded.  Permo-Carboniferous rocks were distribute in southern part toward and composed of shale, chert, sandstone and tuff which are highly deformed and folded.  Permian rocks distribute on the eastern part of Chiang Mai Basin. They are thick bedded limestone equivalent with Ratburi Limestone Formation. In some area, shale, sandstone tuff and chert may intercalated. Thickness are vary from 100-200 meters to 1,500-2,000 meters.

EXCURSION GUIDEBOOK 55th CCOP Annual Session, 7th November 2019 Chiang Mai, THAILAND 4

Mesozoic Rocks (may found sporadic on the eastern rim of Chiang Mai Basin)

 Triassic rocks were distributed in Basin as well as Chiang Rai basin. It was assigned as Lampang Group and composed of 3 main units  The lowest unit is composed of basal conglomerate, red sandstone shale and tuff.  The middle unit is composed of greenish gray shale, sandstone, limestone and conglomerate.  The uppermost unit is composed of red sandstone shale and conglomerate.  Jurassic rocks distribute at the eastern part of Chiang Rai toward Nan provinces. They are mainly continental origin as sandstone, mudstone, shale, conglomerate tuff and pyroclastic rocks.

Cenozoic Rocks

 Tertiary rocks were found within the basin. Generally, the sediments were deposited in fresh water basin with semi-consolidated form of sandstone, shale, calcareous shale, limestone and conglomerate. Lignite, oil shale or oil may found within some small basin.  Quaternary sediments are unconsolidated materials found along recent channel in Chiang Mai Basin. They are mainly gravel, sand, silt and clay alternating and were formed as terrace deposit and alluvial deposit.

Igneous Rocks Granitic rocks  Carboniferous Granite were exposed along the high mountain ranges at the western part of Northern Thailand. In Chiang Mai Basin, the granite expose at northern part of the basin, . They are mainly medium to coarse grain granite showing foliated or stress minerals. The main minerals are quartz, feldspar and biotite. Ru/Sr dating method reveal an age of 344 my (Braun et al., 1970)  Triassic Granite is widespread over the whole basin, from toward the south to province. This granite is consisted of medium- to coarse- grained with fine grained in some areas. The rocks show porphyritic texture and the main mineral compositions are quartz, feldspar and mica. Braun et al., 1970 dated these granite and gave an age of 240 my.  Tertiary Granite was newly discovered at Mae Tang and Samoeng districts by radiometric age dating rock samples as Upper Cretaceous to Tertiary period. Currently, this unit cannot differentiated from Triassic Granite.

Volcanic rocks

 Carboniferous Volcanic rocks were found at the east rim of Chiang Mai Basin near Phrao to Doi Saket districts. They are mainly basic lava as Rhyolite, Andesite, tuff and agglomerate.  Permo-Triassic Volcanic rocks are distributed commonly over the Northern Thailand region. They are mainly composed of Rhyolite, Andesite, tuff and agglomerate.  Upper and Post Triassic Volcanic rocks are found at San Kamphaeng, Doi Saket and Phrao Districts. They are Rhyolite, Diabase and agglomerate with an age of 168 my (Geothemica Italiana, 1984).  Jurassic Volcanic rocks are distributed near and mainly composed of Rhyolite.  Upper Cenezoic Basalt are sporadic exposed at Denchai district, Phrae province and Lampang province as well as in Doi Saket district. They are basanite with olivine tholeite type. Mineral compositions are olivine, plagioclase, chynopyroxene and opaque minerals. The age was dated ranging from 5-1 my.

EXCURSION GUIDEBOOK 55th CCOP Annual Session, 7th November 2019 Chiang Mai, THAILAND 5 Structural Geology

The main structure of the region, faulting of fracture, is related to the origin of hydrothermal hot spring found in the region. In Chiang Mai Basin, the main faulting system are Mae Chan Fault Zone and Mae Tha Fault Zone.

ae Chan Fault Zone lay in east-west direction at Fang M district with the total length of 150 kms. Starting from Lao to the west direction through Chiang San and Mae Chan districts, and end up at Fang district. The host rock is mainly Triassic granite. The hot springs are Mae Chan and Ban Pong hot springs.

ae Tha Fault characterized as semicircular structure M with the length of about 150 kilometers. The fault line start from Phrao district down to Doi Saket and San Kamphaeng districts and end up in Mae Tha district, in the south. The rocks along the fault zone are middle to late Paleozoic sedimentary rocks and Triassic granite. The associated hot springs are Ban Pong Nong Krok hot springs of Phrao district and Ban Pong Hom hot spring of .

Fault Zones Map within Chiang Mai Basin (DMR, 2019)

Main Fault Zones within Chiang Mai Basin (Fenton et al., 2003) (left) and San Kamphaeng Hot Springs (right)

EXCURSION GUIDEBOOK 55th CCOP Annual Session, 7th November 2019 Chiang Mai, THAILAND 6 STOP 1: ROYAL PARK RAJAPRUEK (location: 18.7504, 98.92394) Mae Hia Sub-District, Mueang Chiang Mai District, Chiang Mai Province

EXCURSION GUIDEBOOK 55th CCOP Annual Session, 7th November 2019 Chiang Mai, THAILAND 7

ROYAL PARK RAJAPRUEK (http://www.royalparkrajapruek.org)

In 2006 the Royal Thai Government, through the Department of Agriculture, under the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives organized the International Horticultural Exposition at the Royal Agricultural Research Centre, Chiang Mai, for His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand in celebration of the 60th Anniversary of His Majesty’s Accession to the Throne and His 80th Birthday Anniversary. The exposition was extremely successful. There were a total of more than 3 million visitors including foreigners visited the Exposition. In 2008, the Cabinet, in order to extend the success of the exposition and to make use of the International Horticultural Exposition area for maximum benefit, has authorized the Highland Research and Development Institute (Public Organization) to manage the area since December 11, 2009 as a learning Centre for botanical agriculture and the site for agro-tourism and culture at the international level of Thailand. Subsequently, His Majesty the King has graciously given the name of this area as “The Royal Park Rajapruek” since January 23, 2010.

 Thai Gardens is a garden area showcasing tropical horticulture. A variety of plant species manufacturing and processing technologies which are more than 1900 species total, more than 3.2 million tons of wood in different groups is composed of fruit trees and flowers. Especially orchids, herbs, vegetables and mushrooms. Rare plants and other garden scented gardens in literature. Provincial Attractions Building houses, trees, etc. It also exhibits plants, within the building, including building greenhouses desert plants. Biotechnology Building Tropical Plants Plant winter crops and building plants without soil also included are four villages. The exhibit is a way of life, Thailand. And a lifestyle that is consistent with the regional environment that includes garden Thailand.

 International Gardens offered other countries a chance to join in the celebration of His Majesty the King’s 60th Anniversary of His Accession to the Throne and His 80th Birthday Anniversary. Altogether, 21 countries (22 gardens) from 3 continents participated. These were: Asia 12 countries (13 gardens), Europe 4 countries (4 gardens), and Africa 5 countries (5 gardens) namely.

 Corporate Gardens in honor of the King: The Corporate Gardens were allocated to public and private sectors to arrange gardens which demonstrated His Majesty’s speech in the agricultural sector, in the royal projects and showed the philosophy and the theory behind His Majesty’s guidance. These gardens were designed to demonstrate the basic tenets underlying His Majesty’s initiatives so that Thai people, especially farmers, could learn and apply the guidance to enjoy a better quality of life. This would lead to the conservation of natural resources including soil, water, forest and biofuel on a sustainable basis.

EXCURSION GUIDEBOOK 55th CCOP Annual Session, 7th November 2019 Chiang Mai, THAILAND 8 STOP 2: WIANG KUM KAM (location: 18.7474, 99.00173) The ancient city in Chang Phueak Sub-District, Mueang Chiang Mai District, Chiang Mai Province

Between the old and the present courses of the Ping River, 5 km south of Chiang Mai, the ancient city of Wiang Kum Kam was discovered.

T he city once prospered in a 3 km2 area that is now Thawangtan Sub-District and Nongpung Sub-District in , and in Bahdad Sub-District and Nonghoi Sub-District, which are part of Mueang Chiang Mai District. Documentary evidence has accounted for the royal lineage, legends, antiques, and ancient remains of Wiang Kum Kam. The archaeological findings indicate that there was an ancient settlement in this area before the time of Lanna, (before the mid-13th century).

Archaeological evidence discovered at Chang Kham, such as engravings, Buddhist images, and earthenware etc. were all in the and Lanna styles, indicate that this area was once the locality of the Shaicob community (periphery) in the Hariphunchai region, which remained inhabited until the rise of the Figure Wiang Kum Kam Map Lanna Kingdom. (https://travel.mthai.com/blog/58652.html/attachment/ map-10)  After King Mhangrai had established himself as the first king of Lanna, he was able to expand his empire by acquiring the city of Hariphunchai in 1281 A.D. King Mhangrai then established the city of Wiang Kum Kam during the years of 1286-1295. While governing Wiang Kum Kam, the King was actively encouraging Buddhism as a means of creating a peaceful society for his people.  He established trade contacts with other neighboring regions, and enacted the ‘Mhangrai Sastra’ (King Mhangrai’s Law Code) as a guide for governing the citizens. Thus, King Mhangrai’s people began to prosper, especially in agriculture. They began to trade with other regions, and they demonstrated their faith in Buddhism by constructing Buddhist temples.  In the year 1296 A.D. King Mhangrai established the city of Chiang Mai. He intended for Chiang Mai to become the center of the Lanna region, while keeping the southern city of Wiang Kum Kam as a twin capital city. Many stone inscriptions revealed some of the history of Wiang Kum Kam. The inscriptions indicate that Wiang Kum Kam was once a large community, equal in population to Chiang Mai at the time.

EXCURSION GUIDEBOOK 55th CCOP Annual Session, 7th November 2019 Chiang Mai, THAILAND 9

This prosperity continued until a significant change occurred when the Ping River changed its course at a point where it flowed from the north to the west very near to Wiang Kum Kam. However, according to the evidence recovered from the soil layers of Wiang Kum Kam by the Fine Arts Department, it is clear that the destruction and abandonment of Wiang Kum Kam was not initially caused by floods. Rather, it was primarily caused by the upheaval of war, which occurred as Myanmar sought to acquire Chiang Mai and Lanna.

Myanmar forcibly relocate the people of Wiang Kum Kam as slave labor. The city was left uninhabited. Gradually, the city was transformed into a forested area. Subsequently, the continuous floods and currents of the Ping River eventually covered the precinct of Wiang Kum Kam with 1-2 meters of sediment.

Geology Geologically, Wiang Kum Kam occurs within Holocene deposits of Chiang Mai basin under influence of Mae Ping River discharge. From the aerial picture, the ancient town is located within flooding zone of Mae Ping River (in red line zone). Wiang Kum Kam During the establishment of the town, the paleo-climate is expected as present day weather. Hence, during the raining season the area will be flooded annually. The city must be relocated into the present Chiang Mai City which located on western higher terrain (Flood plain zone) of Mae Ping Figure Showing Wiang Kum Kam Town (green square) is located within River. flood zone of Mae Ping River (Bound by red line)

The old area of Wiang Kum Kam had now become a residential and agricultural area. The largest expansion of people living in the area of the Wiang Kum Kam community occurred just ten years ago. As people arrived, they began planting Longan trees, and many did not realize that ancient relics were also buried in the area.

The ancient remains of Wiang Kum Kam include much remarkable archaeology in the area of the Ping River. The Fine Arts Department has discovered 42 historical monuments both inside and outside the city periphery. Some areas have already become popular historical tourist attractions of Chiang Mai. (http://qr.wiangkumkam.com/en/info-1/)

EXCURSION GUIDEBOOK 55th CCOP Annual Session, 7th November 2019 Chiang Mai, THAILAND 10 STOP 3: MAE KUANG UDOM THARA DAM (location: 18.9374, 99.14128) Doi Saket District, Chiang Mai Province

ae Kuang River is the main tributary channel of Mae Ping River with the main M source from the mountain range of Doi Saket District, eastern part of Chiang Mai province and Chiang Rai province. This river passing through Doi Saket, San Kamphaeng, and San Sai districts of Chiang Mai province and Mueang Lumphun district of Lumphun province. The river is connected to Mae Ping River at Ban Sob Tha, Phasang district of Lumphun province. Due to the high gradient of Mae Kuang River, Flooding occurred annually along this river.

he development of irrigation project for Mae Kuang river basin was started in 1929 as check dam, T irrigation channel network. Concrete dam was constructed in 1957 with the length of 120 meter long for the agriculture land capacity of 29,545 acre. Finally, the dam was completed in 1993 and officially open in 1995.

Detail of Dam • Concrete dam with soil core for Mae Kuang River • 63 meters height with 620 meters long • Dam ridge elevation 400 meter above sea level • Reserve level 396 meter above sea level and Maximum reserve 398 meter above sea level • Capacity 410 million cubic meters • Main distribute channel 72 km. long with sub-channel 240 km. long

EXCURSION GUIDEBOOK 55th CCOP Annual Session, 7th November 2019 Chiang Mai, THAILAND 11

G eology Surround Mae Kuang Dam

The main geology surround the Mae Kuang Dam are Carboniferous and Permo-Carboniferous sedimentary rocks. The Carboniferous rocks are mainly sandstone with some phyllite, greywake, chert, conglomerate, shale and limestone. The Permo-Carboniferous rocks are shale, chert, sandstone and tuff with complex structure of folding. In between the two rock units volcanic rocks was extrude during Carboniferous time. They are basalt and andesite alternated with schist and phyllite.

Figure The Mae Ngad-Mae Kuang Dam Tunnel Project Figure Geologic map of Mae Kuang Dam (Mod. from DMR, 2013)

The Pilot project for increase water reserve in the Mae Kuang Dam

Mae Kuang Dam cover a water shade area of 569 km2 with an average annual water flow into the reservoir of 203 million m3. The Dam can provide irrigation water about 30,000 acre. Due to the variation of water inflow cause the crisis on water management within Chiang Mai Basin. The Royal Irrigation Department launch this project in 2012 for transferring the water from Mae Tang River through Mae Ngad Dam via the longest tunnel in Thailand.

The tunnel compose of 2 parts, the up north tunnel from Mae Tang River to Mae Ngad Dam and the down south tunnel from Mae Ngad Dam to Mae Kuang Dam. The total budget will be 15,000 ml bath. The outcome shall be increasing the water budget 160 ml/m3 annually and serve agriculture land for 69,170 acre.

EXCURSION GUIDEBOOK 55th CCOP Annual Session, 7th November 2019 Chiang Mai, THAILAND 12

Figure The Tunnel line from Mae Tang River in the north to Mae Kuang Dam in the south.

EXCURSION GUIDEBOOK 55th CCOP Annual Session, 7th November 2019 Chiang Mai, THAILAND 13 STOP 4: SAN KAMPHAENG HOT SPRINGS (location: 18.81643, 99.2278) Ban Sahakorn Sub-district, Mae On District, Chiang Mai Province

S an Kamphaeng Hot Springs The hot spring is situated about 23 kilometers away from San Kamphaeng district and about 36 kilometers from the city. The spring is located in the scenic surrounding of the spectacular hills and in the shelter of the large and shady trees. San Kamphaeng Hot Springs hosts a spectacular lush green park spread over an area of 40-acre.The park has been beautifully landscaped and it has a vast range of beautiful flowers. The hot springs here are totally natural. They’re 105-degree-Celsius hot, boiling. They spout from the underground area all the time and has about 15-metre height, but 20-30 meters when the water splash like a sprinkler. This spring is consisting of two separated fountains, which provide nice hot water and deliver it to every streams in the place. We will see that there are streams around. Therefore we can sit on the edge and dip our feet into the water, just to feel comfortable. Or we can even take our whole body down, swimming or just soaking relaxes in there

Before we reach the fountains, we will find some booths selling eggs. These eggs are for tourists to boil them in the hot springs. These eggs are sold in cute-looking round bamboo baskets. Then we carry the egg basket to one of the hot springs, carefully dip it into the water and hang the basket to a hook at the stone edge. Keep waiting for about 3-15 minutes, depending on the level we like the egg to be boiled. If we want quite raw eggs, leave the eggs for just about 3 minutes. If we want the yolks to be creamy, then wait for about 5 or 6 minutes. Or if we want our eggs to be totally cooked, then let it be boiled for 10-15 minutes.

H ow are Hot Springs Created? When we talk about hot or thermal springs, these are defined as springs where the temperature of water lies significantly above the mean annual air temperature of the region." A mineral spring is defined as one that contains a reading of 400 parts/millions of total dissolved solids.

In the case of the thermal springs in Chiang Mai, their formation tends to be quite consistent. As rain falls on the surrounding peaks, it percolated into the rather porous sedimentary rocks. As it descends through the rock, it picks up a variety of materials, everything from radium to sulphur. Also, as it moves further beneath the surface, it heats up from the primal heat of the Earth. Eventually, it encounters a large thrust fault, or crack. As water descends behind it, it forces the now heated water to ascend along the fault-line to surface as a hot or warm spring.

EXCURSION GUIDEBOOK 55th CCOP Annual Session, 7th November 2019 Chiang Mai, THAILAND 14

S an Kamphaeng Geothermal Field

Geologically, San Kamphaeng Hot Springs was classified as hot pool, seepage and bubbling types. Country rocks are Carboniferous sedimentary rocks as sandstone. Phyllite, greywacke, chert, conglomerate, shale and limestone and basic Triassic volcanic rocks as diabase and agglomerate. Granite batholiths underneath are Triassic in age and consist of medium to coarse grain granite. The main structural control is Mae Tha Fault Zone where numerous hot springs occur along this zone. Geochemical composition of this hot spring are high pH (8.6), low total dissolve solid (580 mg/l) with main component of Sodium and bicarbonate (DMR, 1996).

Geology The hot spring area is geologically underlain by the Carboniferous Mae Tha Formation, Permian Kiu Lom Formation, Triassic granite and Quaternary alluvial deposits.

 The Carboniferous Mae Tha Formation cropping out about half the whole area, composed of succession of well bedded quartzitic sandstone, arkosic sandstone, dark grey siltstone with intercalation of shale and greywacke (Chuaviroj, et al., 1980). Thickness of the Carboniferous rocks exposed in this region exceeds 10,000 meters (JICA, 1983). The Figure Geological map of the San Kamphaeng Carboniferous rock is conformably overlain by Geothermal field, Chiang Mai Province (modified from Chuaviroj et al. 1980) Permian rocks.

 The Permian Kiu Lom Formation exposed dominantly at the central region, characterized by appearance of limestone ridge. Lithologically, they are mainly consisted of shale, silicified shale, chert, tuffaceous shale, andesitic-basaltic tuff, dolomitic limestone and limestone. These clastic rocks are overlain by pyroclastic rocks and limestone respectively.

The uppermost part of the sequence overlying the limestone is alternation between silicified shale and medium grey siltstone. Hot springs are manifested in the Permian rocks at Ban Pong Hom and Ban Pong Nok villages. Thickness of the Permian rocks at Doi Tham, nearby the cooperative village, is probably over 800 meters and might be much larger.  Permo-Triassic volcanic rocks are diabase, basalt and basic lithic tuff. Some fragments of limestone and andesite can be visualized in agglomerate. Usually, exfoliation and jointing are well developed and strike of these joints is in northwest and southeast direction.  Triassic granite is recognized as biotite granite of medium to coarse-grained porphyry. Phenocrysts are mostly potash feldspar, plagioclase and quartz. The rock is confined in northeastern region and is designated as Khuntan Granite (Piyasin, 1972). Whole rock radiometric dating of Rb/Sr elements suggests an age of 206±4 m.y. or ranging from Upper Triassic to Lower Jurassic (Suensilpong et al., 1977).  Quaternary unconsolidated sediments are represented by Pleistocene terrace deposit and recent flood plain deposit. The terrace consists of gravel, sand, silt and clay whereas the recent alluvial deposit comprises of boulder, gravel, sand, silt and clay. Thickness of the unit varies between 5 to 10 meters.

EXCURSION GUIDEBOOK 55th CCOP Annual Session, 7th November 2019 Chiang Mai, THAILAND 15 Structure

The Upper Paleozoic rocks are expected to be suffered by two episodes of folding during Upper Permian and Upper Triassic respectively. The first folding plane is major structure, composed of tight to open fold of synclines and anticlines with fold axes trending almost north-south. The second fold is gentle fold of minor synclines with fold axes trending westerly.

The area is divided into three structural units by the Huai Pong fault and the Huai Mae Koen fault both of which are trending NNW-SSE direction (JICA, 1983). The three structural units are Doi Luang uplifted zone (western hilly zone), Ban Pong Hom subsided zone (central lowland) and Mae Tha uplifted zone (eastern hilly land).

Hot Springs There are more than 20 hot springs exposed within a distance of 1 kilometers along stream. The hot springs manifested as hot pool, seepage and bubbling, situated in quartzofeldspathic sandstone interbedded with slaty shales and chert beds of the Carboniferous. Highly weathered andesitic tuffs and agglomerates are also found along the stream. Quartz veins are numerous. Joints are intensive with attitude N17W. At present, the Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) in collaborated with local community have developed spa and recreational grounds.

Geochemical Characteristic

 Thermal waters of northern Thailand characterized by sodium bicarbonate composition, expressed high Li, F, B and SiO2 contents, low salinity (TDS between 100 - 400 mg/l) and high pH (8 - 9). It is suggested that source of the hydrothermal solution is likely to depend upon neither magmatic fluid nor connate water. JICA (1983) anticipated, using tritrium content, that circulating period of hydrothermal solution is 30 years or more, while the seasonal variation of chemical composition content is suggesting the admixture of underground water to the hydrothermal solution.

 Chemical analyses of the thermal waters showed a very low salinity content. The Na-K-Ca geothermometer indicated reservoir temperature between 150°C and 180°C. The isotopic study of δD and δ18O suggests that the origin of the thermal waters may be from local precipitation, possibly from somewhere at higher altitudes. Small amounts of tritium in the water disclosed a short circulation period of these thermal waters as ground water, or mixing with low tritium hot fluids (Takashima and Jarach, 1987; Ratanasathien, 1989).  Kita (1989) attempted to explain heat source of the hot spring. He analyzed and correlated the 3He/4He with the 3He/20Ne gas ratios then suggested that origin of the helium isotopes did not derive from mantle magmatic source but rather derive from crustal magma. However, the 3He/4He gas ratios at the Fang are higher than at the San Kamphaeng. This observation led to another possibility that the helium is derived from mantle but is diluted by a large amount of crustal helium originating from decay of abundant radioactive elements in the granitic rocks of the area.  Water samples were collected and analyzed by many workers both from hot springs and drilled holes. Subsurface temperature estimated by water chemical geothermometer ranges between 190 - 220 °C.

Drilling

Eight exploration wells at 500 meters depth were drilled to study geothermal gradients, distribution of subsurface temperature, boundary of thermal regimes and lithology. One deep well targeting at 1,500 meters was drilled at high conductive area indicated by magnetotelluric survey.

Besides the above exploration wells, a number of shallow wells of depth less than 100 meters were drilled. Some of shallow drilling wells exhibited shooting springs of geyser and hot waters, yielded temperature range between 98 - 130 °C. The deep well targeting 1,500 meters was drilled only to the depth 1,320 meters. Bottom hole temperature is moderate. Core sample indicates Permian rocks intensively fractures and thermal water discharges at many depth intervals.

EXCURSION GUIDEBOOK 55th CCOP Annual Session, 7th November 2019 Chiang Mai, THAILAND 16

Geothermal Reservoir Model

JICA (1983) has been studied geological, geochemical, various geophysical explorations in conjunction with compiled data from various workers then summarized geothermal reservoir model in the San Kamphaeng geothermal field as follows.

Subsurface heat is thought to have been derived mainly from granitic body presumably seated at depth approximately 3,500 meters under the Doi Luang uplifted zone and the Ban Pong Hom subsided zone. Although, some additional heats would be introduced by up flow of thermal fluid along large-scale faults as well as by high regional heat flow. Percolated meteoric water was heated up to 190 - 210 °C as estimated by the Na-K-Ca geothermometer.

The geothermal fluids flow up along steep angled of the Huai Pong and Ban Mae Khu Ha faults. Part of the fluids have been mixed with underground water and diffused laterally along fractures, bedding planes, unconformity at depth less than 500 meters.

Temperature of the mixing fluids is approximately 160 °C as indicated by silica geothermometer. Deep electrical survey discloses two low resistivity zones at depth less than 500 meters and 1,000 to 3,000 meters respectively.

EXCURSION GUIDEBOOK 55th CCOP Annual Session, 7th November 2019 Chiang Mai, THAILAND 17 REFERENCES

Kraisin Ounjaijin., Historical visit to Wiang Kum Kam: first capital of Lanna, The eighth Regional office of Fine Arts Department, Chiang Mai. Chuaviroj, S., Chaturongkavanich, S., Udomratn, C., Wongwanich, T., SuKawattanan, P. and Dhramadusdee, V., 1980 : Geology of Geothermal Resources of Northern Thailand, Sankamphaeng, Fang and Mae Chan areas, Final Report, Geol. Survey Div., DMR.,Thailand. Geothermica Italiana, 1984 (2527): Geothermal Reconnaissance Survey of Northern Thailand, Final Report, UNDP Project No. THA/82/002, Pisa, Italy. Department of Mineral Resources (DMR), 2013 : Guide book for the renewal energy (geothermal) excursion of Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai provinces, Thailand, MT-JGS Project. DMR.,Bangkok, Thailand, 40 pp. Department of Mineral Resources (DMR), 1996 : Geology of Chiang Mai and vicinity, special publication, DMR., Bangkok,Thailand, 396 pp. Department of Mineral Resources (DMR), 1999, Geologic Map of Thailand, Geological Survey Division, DMR., Bangkok,Thailand, scale 1:1,000,000 Fenton c., Charusiri P. and Wood S., 2003. Recent Paleoseismic Investigations in Northern and Western Thailand, ANNALS OF GEOPHYSIC. Vol 46 N.5, p. 957-981. Jongautchariyakul S. and Chaikam A., 2013. Survey and Assessment of Geological Sites in Chiang Mai Province, Geological Office Center 1 (Lampang), Department of Mineral Resources internal Report, 74 pp. Royal Irrigation Department (RID), 2012 : Increasing amount of water in Mae Kuang reservoir, Mae Kuang Udom Thara Dam, Chiang Mai, Final Report, RID., Thailand, 18 pp.

This Excursion Guidebook prepared by Niran CHAIMANEE Suvapak IMSAMUT Sirirat PULKASEM

EXCURSION GUIDEBOOK 55th CCOP Annual Session, 7th November 2019 Chiang Mai, THAILAND 18

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