EXCURSION GUIDEBOOK th 55 CCOP Annual Session 7th November 2019 Chiang Mai Province, THAILAND EXCURSION PROGRAMME 55th CCOP Annual Session, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand ==================================== Thursday 7 November 2019 08:00-08:20 Depart from Kantary Hills Hotel to Stop 1 08:20-09:50 STOP 1: Royal Park Rajapruek, Mae Hia Sub-District, Mueang Chiang Mai District, Chiang Mai Province 09:50-10:10 Depart from Stop 1 to Stop 2 10:10-11:10 STOP 2: Wiang Kum Kam, the ancient city in Chang Phueak Sub-District, Mueang Chiang Mai District, Chiang Mai Province 11:10-11:30 Depart from Stop 2 for lunch 11:30-12:30 Lunch at Khaomao-Khaofang Restaurant, Mueang Chiang Mai District 12:30-13:30 Depart from Restaurant to Stop 3 13:30-14:30 STOP 3: Mae Kuang Udom Thara Dam, Doi Saket District, Chiang Mai Province 14:30-15:30 Depart from Stop 3 to Stop 4 15:30-17:00 STOP 4: San Kamphaeng Hot Springs, Ban Sahakorn Sub-district, Mae On District, Chiang Mai Province 17:00-18:00 Depart from Stop 4 to Kantary Hills Hotel End of Excursion EXCURSION GUIDEBOOK 55th CCOP Annual Session, 7th November 2019 Chiang Mai, THAILAND 1 EXCURSION GUIDEBOOK 55th CCOP Annual Session, 7th November 2019 Chiang Mai, THAILAND 2 INTRODUCTION Chiang Mai is the largest province in northern Thailand with 1,688,200 population (in 2019 by National Statistic Office of Thailand). It is 700 km. north of Bangkok near the highest mountains in the country. Chiang Mai (meaning "New City" in Thai) was founded in 1296 as the new capital of Lanna (meaning “land of a million rice fields” in Thai), succeeding the former capital, Chiang Rai. The city's strategic location on the Ping River (a major tributary of the Chao Phraya River) and its proximity to major trading routes contributed to its historic importance. lthough the city of Chiang Mai only officially covers most parts of the Mueang Chiang Mai District, with a population of 160,000, Athe city's sprawl extends into several neighboring districts. The Chiang Mai metropolitan area has a population of nearly one million people, more than half the total population of Chiang Mai Province. n May 2006 Chiang Mai was the site of the Chiang Mai Initiative, concluded I between the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the "ASEAN+3" countries, (China, Japan, and South Korea). In 2015, Chiang Mai was on the tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage inscription. In early December 2017, Chiang Mai was awarded the UNESCO title of Creative City. Chiang Mai was one of two tourist destinations in Thailand. Bangkok was another. According to Thailand's Tourist Authority, in 2016, tourist arrivals were expected to grow by approximately 10 percent to 9.1 million, with Chinese tourists increasing by seven percent to 750,000 and international arrivals by 10 percent to 2.6 million. Tourism in Chiang Mai has been growing annually by 15 percent per year since 2011, mostly due to Chinese tourists who account for 30 percent of international arrivals. The major reasons that have made Chiang Mai a tourist attraction are its topography, climate, and cultural history. n February 2017, the Digital Economy Promotion Agency (DEPA) (under Thailand's Digital Economy and I Society Ministry) announced that 36.5 million baht would be invested into developing Chiang Mai into an innovation-driven "smart city". Chiang Mai was the second city in Thailand, after Phuket province and along with Khon Kaen province, to be developed using the "smart city" model. The model aims to capture and populate multiple levels of information (including building, social, environmental, governmental, and economic data) from sources like sensors, real-time traffic information, and social forums for access by managers, governments, and citizens using mobile apps, tablets, and dashboards. The "Smart City" outlook (integrating Information and Communications Technology (ICT) with the Internet of Things (IOT)), is viewed to be critical both for secondary cities with burgeoning urban population like Chiang Mai, as well as part of Thailand's move to be digital hub of ASEAN. EXCURSION GUIDEBOOK 55th CCOP Annual Session, 7th November 2019 Chiang Mai, THAILAND 3 GENERAL GEOLOGY (Modified from Jongautchariyakul and Chaikam, 2013) he Geology of Northern Thailand can be T subdivided by geological Structure of the country. Chiang Mai province is in the zone of Inner western geomorphic zone of Northern Thailand. Bunopas (1981) explained the geologic evolution of Northern Thailand as Shan-Thai Massif mainly composed of high grade metamorphic rocks of Pre Cambrian age. Some areas, Carboniferous granite intruded in the metamorphic sequences. Moreover, Lower Paleozoic rocks unconformity overlay the Pre Cambrian rocks. The Middle Paleozoic sequence were predominantly distributed in the western part of the basin with highly folding and faulting. Stratigraphy Lithostratigraphy in Northern Thailand composed of sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous rocks ranging from Pre- Cambrian to Quaternary in age. Precambrian Rocks The sequence were found in the western part of Chiang Mai basin from Hod district up to Mae Rim district in north direction. They are mainly high grade metamorphic rocks such as calc-silicate, biotite marble and granite gneiss. Figure Geology of Chiang Mai Basin (excerpted from Geologic Map of Thailand, 1:1,000,000 by DMR, 1999) Paleozoic Rocks Cambrian rocks were found in the northern part of the basin at Fang District. The rocks lie in N-S direction and compose of quartzitic sandstone and sandstone with the thickness of 500-600 meters. In some area, quartz mica schist and phyllite may found. Ordovician rocks were distributed along the western rim of the basin from Fang, Chiang Dao, Phrao, Mae Tang, Mueang Chiang Mai and Sa Pa Tong Districts. The rocks are continuous with the Cambrian unit and compose of thin bedded limestone alternated with shale and thick bedded limestone alternated with thin bedded sandstone. Silurian-Devonian rocks were formed continue with the previous unit. They are shale, sandstone, graywacke, chert and low grad metamorphic rocks such as phyllite, slate and schist. Carboniferous rocks were found along the eastern rim of Chiang Mai Basin from Fang, Phrao, Doi Saket and San Kamphaeng districts and conformable with Silurian-Devonian rocks unit. The rock units are mainly sandstone with some phyllite, graywacke, chert conglomerate shale and limestone inter-bedded. Permo-Carboniferous rocks were distribute in southern part toward Phrao District and composed of shale, chert, sandstone and tuff which are highly deformed and folded. Permian rocks distribute on the eastern part of Chiang Mai Basin. They are thick bedded limestone equivalent with Ratburi Limestone Formation. In some area, shale, sandstone tuff and chert may intercalated. Thickness are vary from 100-200 meters to 1,500-2,000 meters. EXCURSION GUIDEBOOK 55th CCOP Annual Session, 7th November 2019 Chiang Mai, THAILAND 4 Mesozoic Rocks (may found sporadic on the eastern rim of Chiang Mai Basin) Triassic rocks were distributed in Lampang Basin as well as Chiang Rai basin. It was assigned as Lampang Group and composed of 3 main units The lowest unit is composed of basal conglomerate, red sandstone shale and tuff. The middle unit is composed of greenish gray shale, sandstone, limestone and conglomerate. The uppermost unit is composed of red sandstone shale and conglomerate. Jurassic rocks distribute at the eastern part of Chiang Rai toward Nan provinces. They are mainly continental origin as sandstone, mudstone, shale, conglomerate tuff and pyroclastic rocks. Cenozoic Rocks Tertiary rocks were found within the basin. Generally, the sediments were deposited in fresh water basin with semi-consolidated form of sandstone, shale, calcareous shale, limestone and conglomerate. Lignite, oil shale or oil may found within some small basin. Quaternary sediments are unconsolidated materials found along recent channel in Chiang Mai Basin. They are mainly gravel, sand, silt and clay alternating and were formed as terrace deposit and alluvial deposit. Igneous Rocks Granitic rocks Carboniferous Granite were exposed along the high mountain ranges at the western part of Northern Thailand. In Chiang Mai Basin, the granite expose at northern part of the basin, Fang district. They are mainly medium to coarse grain granite showing foliated or stress minerals. The main minerals are quartz, feldspar and biotite. Ru/Sr dating method reveal an age of 344 my (Braun et al., 1970) Triassic Granite is widespread over the whole basin, from Chiang Dao district toward the south to Lamphun province. This granite is consisted of medium- to coarse- grained with fine grained in some areas. The rocks show porphyritic texture and the main mineral compositions are quartz, feldspar and mica. Braun et al., 1970 dated these granite and gave an age of 240 my. Tertiary Granite was newly discovered at Mae Tang and Samoeng districts by radiometric age dating rock samples as Upper Cretaceous to Tertiary period. Currently, this unit cannot differentiated from Triassic Granite. Volcanic rocks Carboniferous Volcanic rocks were found at the east rim of Chiang Mai Basin near Phrao to Doi Saket districts. They are mainly basic lava as Rhyolite, Andesite, tuff and agglomerate. Permo-Triassic Volcanic rocks are distributed commonly over the Northern Thailand region. They are mainly composed of Rhyolite, Andesite, tuff and agglomerate. Upper and Post Triassic Volcanic rocks are found at San Kamphaeng, Doi Saket and Phrao Districts. They are Rhyolite, Diabase and agglomerate with an age of 168 my (Geothemica Italiana, 1984). Jurassic Volcanic rocks are distributed near Lampang province and mainly composed of Rhyolite. Upper Cenezoic Basalt are sporadic exposed at Denchai district, Phrae province and Lampang province as well as in Doi Saket district. They are basanite with olivine tholeite type. Mineral compositions are olivine, plagioclase, chynopyroxene and opaque minerals.