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Forensic Science &Amp SAGE SAGE SAGE Video (c) SAGE Publications Ltd., 2017 Forensic Science & Investigation Video Title: Forensic Science & Investigation Originally Published: 2017 Publication Date: Feb. 15, 2017 Publishing Company: SAGE Publications, Ltd. City: United Kingdom ISBN: 9781473961210 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781473961210 (c) SAGE Publications Ltd., 2017 Forensic Science & Investigation Page 2 of 7 SAGE SAGE SAGE Video (c) SAGE Publications Ltd., 2017 [Forensic Science Investigation] ANGELA GALLOP: I'm Angela Gallop and I've been a practicing forensic scientist for over 40 years. [Professor Angela Gallop, Chief Executive, Forensic Access] I work with a company I set up in 1986 called Forensic Access. And its sister company, Axiom International, which provides forensic services for overseas jurisdictions. I'm going to talk today about a really important case. ANGELA GALLOP [continued]: It was the murder of Lynette White. [Lynette White] I might not have heard of Lynette White, but this case made legal, policing and forensic history. And so you'll certainly have known about some of the effects of the case. So it made legal history because it was the first case where someone was convicted of the crime, was then ANGELA GALLOP [continued]: acquitted, and then the real murderer found and convicted. It made policing history because it demonstrated the need for some better record of interviews in police stations, so it resulted in the introduction of video cameras for interviews. [Caused introduction of video recording of police interviews] And it made forensic history-- forensic science history ANGELA GALLOP [continued]: because it was the first time that someone was convicted of a case or of an offense using familial searching of the national DNA database. [Conviction brought about by familial searching of DNA database] And so it was an amazing case altogether. [Case Outline: Lynette White] This case involved the murder of a young prostitute in Cardiff ANGELA GALLOP [continued]: called Lynette White. It happened in 1989. And it was a particularly vicious attack. Lynette had suffered 50 stab wounds to her body and her wrists had been cut and her throat slit. It was really absolutely horrific. But the interesting thing about this case, and even in 1989, it was discovered that there was some foreign blood ANGELA GALLOP [continued]: at the scene. [Foreign blood at scene] And a lot of attention was paid to this because it was assumed that this could well have come from her attacker. Because with that many stab wounds, it's quite likely that they cut themselves on the knife, and so quite likely that some of their blood got sprayed around the scene and got mixed up in the pattern of Lynette White's own blood. ANGELA GALLOP [continued]: Anyway, blood typing tests were applied to this because that was the normal way of analyzing blood in 1989, just before DNA really began to take hold. And the blood was shown to belong to the same collection of combination of groups, as a woman who was of interest-- the police-- one of Lynette's friends. And this woman said that Lynette's boyfriend ANGELA GALLOP [continued]: had been at the scene and been responsible. And so the police arrested him and one or two of his associates. And eventually they confessed to the crime, and they were charged and then eventually convicted at court. But they protested their innocence, and they were known as the Cardiff Three and I think a lot of people have heard of the Cardiff Three. ["The Cardiff Three"] ANGELA GALLOP [continued]: They were known as-- they were protest their innocence, and two years later they were released on appeal. And that was when the whole business of videoing interviews-- police interviews in police stations was introduced, because of the allegations that these confessions were forced out of them. But then there was a whole series ANGELA GALLOP [continued]: of attempts to analyze this foreign blood in more detail, using each successive new DNA technique that was developed. So this case virtually described the history of the development of DNA profiling in the UK. But none of these were successful. And so after a few more years, we ANGELA GALLOP [continued]: were asked whether we would have a look at the case. And the Forensic Science & Investigation Page 3 of 7 SAGE SAGE SAGE Video (c) SAGE Publications Ltd., 2017 first thing that we needed to do was to understand the sequence of events, because it's really only through understanding that and understanding the precise contact the victim has had with their assailant that you can start understanding the forensic opportunities that might be available, and start looking in the right places ANGELA GALLOP [continued]: for the right sort of traces. [Analyzing Blood Patterns] We started with looking at the all the circumstances. And everything that was found-- all the records made at the crime scene, but then particularly the blood patterns. And luckily, the police had stripped off large pieces of wall paper because they wanted to do fingerprint examination of it. But so we had these great sheets of paper, ANGELA GALLOP [continued]: and so we could re-erect them and recreate parts of the crime scene, which was incredibly helpful. And so we could see, for example, where Lynette White had been in this room where she was killed, the various points where the different sorts of injuries were inflicted. And we could see from the blood patterns how the murderer had made their way out and then ANGELA GALLOP [continued]: along the passageway, down the stairs, and out through the front door from the blood smearing that was there. And so there was some really interesting blood patterns to follow, so that was extremely helpful. But of course, we were going to focus on the foreign blood. Understanding with that we were going to focus on the foreign blood and look for more of it. Because the problem was, there was very little of it left. ANGELA GALLOP [continued]: So many tests had been applied to it. For example, one place where it had been found was on the bottom of Lynette's jeans because her murderer had pulled her body from one part of the room to another. And so that was there, but by the time we got to the jeans, they actually just looked like latticework because of all the holes that had been cut out. And the other thing was that some of the foreign blood ANGELA GALLOP [continued]: had been damaged, so a little bit had been found on the walls. But because the wallpaper strips had been sprayed with a chemical for developing fingerprints, that had completely ruined any DNA on them. And so we couldn't get any results from that. And even with items like some of Lynette's clothing, particularly jeans-- the jeans dye came out and that, too, ANGELA GALLOP [continued]: upset the DNA profiling processes, which is probably why scientists before us didn't get any results when they tried all their various tests earlier on. [Discovering New Blood Samples] So the next thing for us to do was to find some new samples to test that might have this foreign blood on it. And so we went back to the Forensic Archive and we asked for the samples, and they gave us what they had. ANGELA GALLOP [continued]: And then we said that there must be some more. We've got a list here which says it should be those. We went back again and they gave us-- they found one or two more things. And then they said that's really it, and we said no, no, I think there's probably that thing you ought to have or that-- so going back again and again. It was quite complicated for them. But eventually, they gave us quite a number of new samples. Things like the cellophane end of a cigarette package, ANGELA GALLOP [continued]: and an old biscuit wrapper and stuff that had been lying around on the floor that hadn't been examined recently. And the cellophane wrapper turned out to be really important. We had a look at it and it was smeared with blood stain. Of course, we knew that a lot of that would be Lynette White's blood, but there was one discrete spot on it. And that was terribly interesting to us, ANGELA GALLOP [continued]: because if the foreign blood had come from Lynette's attacker, it would-- probably some of it anyway-- would've been transferred as airborne droplets of blood as the blood flew off his hand or his or her hand into the air. And then landed on different items, one of which could have been the cellophane wrapper. Forensic Science & Investigation Page 4 of 7 SAGE SAGE SAGE Video (c) SAGE Publications Ltd., 2017 ANGELA GALLOP [continued]: And so we just tested this one discrete spot. It was probably less than a millimeter in diameter. And we got a nearly full profile, male profile of someone completely new to the case, so that was really interesting. But then of course, that could've been put there at any time, didn't have to be anything to do with the murder. ANGELA GALLOP [continued]: So then we had to find more of this foreign blood around and about on Lynette's body and around and about on the exit route and so on. And so by carefully looking at other things, and we did some very imaginative things, we had the crime scene photographs of what the blood patterns looked like at the time, and we tried to separate out those blood elements that looked as though they were definitely from Lynette White, ANGELA GALLOP [continued]: from things that might just not be, that might just have come from her attacker.
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