Evalua on of Hip Pain: Athletes & Pre-arthri c Hips
John P Salvo, MD Sports Medicine Rothman Ins tute Clinical Associate Professor, Orthopaedic Surgery Thomas Jefferson University Hospital Philadelphia, PA Hip Injuries Hip injuries on the rise around MLB A-Rod, Utley among stars to deal with surgery, recovery Todd Zolecki MLB.com 6/4/09
PHILADELPHIA -- Mike Lowell followed the Marlins' strength and condi oning programs religiously.He worked out properly.He stretched properly.But late in the season he felt ghtness in his right groin. Nobody could figure out why exactly because he had completed every program asked of him. But regardless of how hard he worked, the groin always ghtened.Lowell, who played for the Marlins from 1999-2005 before he joined the Red Sox in 2006, learned later he had a torn labrum in his hip and required surgery.He is not alone. Hip injuries have been diagnosed more frequently in Major League Baseball. Lowell, who had successful surgery to repair the labrum Oct. 20, 2008, is one of several notable players who have had hip surgeries in recent months. Others include Yankees third baseman Alex Rodriguez, Phillies second baseman Chase Utley, Mets first baseman Carlos Delgado and Royals third baseman Alex Gordon. Phillies pitcher Bre Myers had successful hip surgery Thursday."You know, Tommy John got a surgery named a er him. I think they should name this one a er me," Lowell joked.But why all the hip injuries all of a sudden?"I think the main reason is improved recogni on of the pathology," said orthopedic surgeon and hip specialist Bryan T. Kelly, who peformed Myers' surgery at the Hospital for Special Surgery in New York. "They were treated with rest and an - inflammatories, and they would get persistent problems with it. Now we're beginning to recognize that a lot of problems that seem to be muscle strains or muscle pulls are ending up these [hip] problems.""Are these injuries occurring more frequently or are we just more aware of them and more precise at diagnosing them and trea ng them?" said Phillies team physician Michael Cicco , who is in mately familiar with hip injuries because of Utley and Myers. "It could be a combina on of both of those. To answer that ques on, you really need to have an understanding of the injury." Hip Injuries Hip Injuries Evalua on of Hip Pain
• Anatomy • History • Physical Exam • Radiologic studies • Hip arthroscopy- INDICATIONS – Technique Evalua on of Hip Pain • Anatomy – Bony anatomy • Femoral head and acetabulum – So ssue • Capsule and ligaments • Labrum • Ligamentum teres Evalua on of Hip Pain • Anatomy – Hip is a true ball & socket joint – Highly constrained joint – Neurovascular structures • Femoral triangle • Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve • Scia c nerve Evalua on of Hip Pain • Capsule and ligaments – Strongest ligaments in the body and are adapted to transfer forces from lower extremi es to spine • Ligamentum teres • Labrum – Deepens the acetabulum and increases ar cular congruence Labrum • Labrum is fibrocar lage • Has blood supply from the periphery • Previously tears thought to exist only with major trauma (posterior disloca on) Labrum • “Suc on-seal” – Labrum has a suc on-seal effect on joint – When hip is reduced, labrum seals the synovial fluid around ar cular car lage aiding in stabiliza on • Labrum acts as stabilizer and deepends acetabular cup Evalua on of Hip Pain
• Normal hip has approximately 140 degree arc in flexion-extension – Only approximately 40 degree arc is used during jogging, with more during vigorous running Epidemiology • Hip & groin injuries occur less frequently than those of knee and ankle • Account for 5-9 % of injuries in high school athle cs • Rehabilita on & recovery can be significant, so early recogni on and treatment are essen al Common Causes of Hip Pain
• Arthri s • Labral tears/ chondral lesions – Femoroacetabular impingement • Muscle strains • Avulsion/ apophyseal injuries • Snapping hip • Hip disloca on/ subluxa on • Fracture Acute Injuries Causes of Pain Around the Hip Joint Intra-Articular Extra-Articular Hip Mimickers Labral tears* Iliopsoas tendoni s* Athle c pubalgia Loose bodies* Ilio bial band* Sports hernia Femoroacetabular impingement* Gluteus medius or minimus* Ostei s pubis Capsular laxity* Greater trochanteric bursi s* Ligamentum teres rupture* Stress fracture Chondral damage* Adductor strain Piriformis syndrome* Sacroiliac joint pathology *Condi on can be treated arthroscopically From: Tibor & Sekiya Arthroscopy, 2008 24 (12): 1407-1421 Labral Tears • E ology – Femoroacetabular impingement – Acetabular dysplasia – Subluxa on Labral Tears • Femoroacetabular impingement – Impingement between anterior-lateral femoral neck and lateral acetabulum – CAM and “pincer” impingement • Pincer almost always associated with tears • Now thought to be a direct cause of labral tears – May be a precursor to arthri s Labral Tears • Femoroacetabular impingement
Labral Tears • Usually history of minor trauma c injury – Twis ng or slipping type of injury – Can be contact injury (soccer, ice hockey) – Many do not recall any significant injury • Pain is usually sharp or intense and deep in hip joint • Can have catching, popping, and frank locking of hip Labral Tears • Groin pain • Click in hip (can be audible) • Limita on of mo on – especially si ng, internal rota on and flexion Sports Hernia • Tear at distal rectus abdominus and proximal adductor longus • Causes pain at area of symphysis pubis and superior ramus • Pain with rota on and resisted sit-up • Treatment: Conserva ve (rehab, injec ons) – Surgery • Pelvic floor reconstruc on Physical Examina on Physical Examina on Labral Tears • Physical examina on – Gait and posture – Palpa on for any tender areas • Greater trochanter (bursi s) • Superior ramus/ symphysis (sports hernia) • Inferior ramus (adductor strain/ tear) – If pathology is truly intra-ar cular, you cannot reproduce symptoms by palpa on Labral Tears • Physical examina on – Muscle strength – Neurovascular exam – Evaluate for true hernia – Evaluate for sports hernia/ athle c pubalgia • Small tear between distal rectus abdominus and adductor inser on on symphysis • Pain to palpa on in this region that reproduces the symptoms Labral Tears • Physical examina on – Reproduc on of hip pain or pop/click with specific maneuvers – Anterior labrum • Flexion, abduc on, external rota on followed by extension, adduc on, internal rota on (FADDIR) • Usually pain in FABER posi on – Posterior labrum • Passive flexion, posterior load Labral Tears • Physical examina on – Impingement sign • Hip in neutral posi on • Flexion over 90 degrees, internal rota on reproduces pain – O en described as “pinching” sensa on • Can overlap with symptoms of labral tear Labral Tears • Physical examina on – Femoroacetabular Impingement • Usually decreased ROM • Internal rota on in 90 degrees of flexion limited and painful • Hip tends to slide into abduc on with flexion Labral Tears • Physical examina on – “C sign” • Pa ents will cup their hand around their hip when asked where to locate their pain – Piriformis test • Hip flexed to 60 degrees and downward pressure on knee (pain = ght piriformis; radicular = scia c) – Ober test (IT band) – Thomas test (Flexion contracture) Labral Tears • Radiologic studies – X-rays – MRI – Direct MR Arthrogram • Best study, but s ll limited • Have radiologist inject the joint with lidocaine and cor costeroid (diagnos c and therapeu c) MRI MRI Labral Tears • Treatment – Conserva ve • Rehabilita on and recondi oning • NSAIDs • Modify ac vi es • Cor costeroid injec on – Surgical • Open • Arthroscopy Hip Arthroscopy • Indica ons – Labral tears – Loose bodies – Chondral lesions • Lateral impact – Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) – Snapping hip – Sep c hip Hip Arthroscopy • Hip Arthroscopy – Technically demanding procedure – Excellent procedure for intra-ar cular problems in young pa ents – Labral debridement, labral repair – Removal loose bodies – Chondroplasty – Decompression for impingement Hip Arthroscopy • Complica ons – Chondral injury (iatrogenic) – Neurologic injury • Pudendal nerve, lat fem cutaneous nerve – S ffness – Fracture – Blood clot Hip Arthroscopy • Supine or lateral • C-arm • Need trac on to distract the hip joint – 20 to 50 lbs with pelvis stabilized • Specialized instrumenta on to safely work in the highly constrained hip joint – Curved shavers and flexible abla on probes – Long cannulas to safely enter hip joint Hip Arthroscopy Hip Arthroscopy Hip Arthroscopy Hip Arthroscopy Hip Arthroscopy Hip Arthroscopy Hip Arthroscopy Hip Arthroscopy Hip Arthroscopy Hip Arthroscopy Summary • Hip pain is common • Perform a thorough & focused history and physical exam to determine e ology • Younger- think car lage (labrum), FAI, or dysplasia • Older- think DJD, FAI, car lage Summary • Imaging is cri cal – X-rays weight-bearing • <2mm medial or superior joint space DJD – Direct MR Arthrogram • Treatment depends on age, pathology, and status of the joint surface – Young, pre-arthri c, car lage, FAI • Arthroscopy or open joint preserva on – Older, DJD, loss of joint space • THA