GOLDEN JUBILEE CELEBRATIONS Fish and Fisheries of Gulf of Mannar A. Raju Regional Centre of Central Marine Fisheries Reseatch Institute, Marine Fisheries:- 623 520, Ramanathapuram District, Tamilnadu. ". " IntroJluction Thoothukudi. Except Mandapamand Thoothukudi, there is no fish processing plant India has an extensive coastline length in . between. The Mandapam jetty with a of7150 km. The Gulf ofMannar region occupies breakwater in the Gulf of Mannar side is a well­ the southeast coastof In,dia (Latitude - 8° 55'.~ developed one in all weather conditions. It can . 9° 15'N Longitude - 78° _79° 16'E)~ The entire accommodate larger vessels and provide shelter . coastline of Gulf of Mannar from Thoothukudi for small trawlers during heavy winds. About to Dhamlskodi is sheltered from the fury of wind 50 vessels can be berthed at a time. and waves by the e~istence ofa chain of islands orsand cays. The Island system and coral reefs Fishery.resources spread over this region offer shelter for a variety of marine fauna and flora. Both mechanised ' Pelagic·fisheries trawlers and non-mechanised vessels carry out . Several species of fish inhabiting the the fishing throughout the year. But the shore pelagic zone contribute to the fishery in the Gulf seine fishing is seasonal in certain areas of Mannar. The major groups are sardines, particularly in the southern region, When the anchovies, mackerel, carangids, tunas and Gulf of Mannar covering its southern portion seerfishes. Majority of them are caught by becomes rough during April to September, the giIlnet, drift gillnets, drift nets and hook and line. shore seine operations shift to Paik Bay and when The anchovies are caught both by trawl net and the Palk Bay become rough during October­ shore seine. The dominant species are Sardinella March, the units migrate to Gulf of Mannar. a/bella and S. gibbosa among lesser sardines and There are eight trawl fish landing centres such Stolephorus eommersOlU and S. lndleus in as Pam ban (Therkuvadi), Mandapam (boat anchovies. Ethynnus affillis is a common building yard side},Kilakarai, Ervadi, species in tunas. The oil sardine S.longieeps is Valinokkam, Mundal, Vembar and Thoothukudi. a seasonal fishery caught by pair trawl from Rameswaram and Pam ban. Apart from this, the ' Infrastructure facilities rainbow sardine Dussumiera spp. Hi/sa spp. and . Chiroeentrus spp. are occasionally caught and The infrastructure facilities along the form the minor pelagic fishery. The shark is an Gulf ofMannar coast include boat buildingyard, another important pelagic resource in the Gulf fishing jetty, ice, fish meal and processing plants of Mannar. and dry docks. There are three fishing jetties each at Mandapam, Kilakarai and Valinokkam. Demersal fisheries At Thoothukudi, one minor small jetty and a The major demersal fish groups consist· . major fisheries harbour are available. The cargo of silverbellies, rays, perches, goatfishes, boats are berthed in the minor jetty and all the sciaenids and barracudas. Besides, groupers, fishing boats are berthed in the fisheries harbour catfishes, flatfishes and sandwhitings are also at Thooth~kudi. The ice plants are available at cau&ltt in appreciable quantities: The silverbelly Pamban, Mandapam, Kilakarai, Ervadi and is th1 most dominant demersal fishery resource _ i'---"-" 44 45 around Mandapam Region, which is used in prawns in the area betWeen off Ervadi and off fishmeal industry. They exhibit a diurnal Vembar. The trawlers have limited approach in migration resulting in large catches during day' the Gulf ofMannar stock, as the fishing grounds time and full moon periods. are deep when compared to Palk Bay. But along the southern flank trawling is done both, by There are about thirteen species of mechanised imd non-mechanised vessels. The silverbellies contributed in the fishery in 'which area betwe~n the .chain of islands and mainland t Mandapamand Leiognathus dussumlerl is the dominant one .. is trawled by non-mechanised boats taking I fish processing plant Bimantura spp, Da,syatis spp. and Gymnura advantage of the wind force and direction idapam jetty with a spp. are the cOmmon species among the rays. particularly during northeast monsoon. But Mannar side is a well­ The major perches are Li!thrinus spp:, Lutjanus good catches are obtained from the open' sea ther conditions. It can spp.and Psammoperca spp. These are caught beyond the islands. els and provide shelter by gillm;ts, Hook and Line and occasionally in ; heavy winds. About traps; arQund the islands. Cynoglossus The major species contributing in the I at a time. macrolepidotus, C. bilineatus and C. punticeps prawn fishery are Penaeus semisulcatus, are the major species in flatfish. Among the Parapenaeopsis maxilJipedo, P. coramandelica, goatfish, Upeneus sundicus,U. sulphureus and P. uncta, Trachypenaeus pescadorensis and U. tragula in trawl and U. o/igospi/us and Metapenaeus burkenrodi. The dominant . Parupeneus indicus in shore seines are common contribution in the fishery is by of fish inhabiting the I in GulfofMannar. P. semisulcatus. The juveniles of I the fishery in the Gulf P. semisulcatus form the main fishery in groups are sardines, One of the traditional indigenous gear thalluvalai. The dominant species that form in crab fishery is Porlunus pelagicus. They are :arangids, tunas and fishing in Gulf ofMannar is the' Stakenet' locally caught in trawl and non-mechanised vessels. In , them are caught· by . called as 'Kalam Kt:ltti valai'. It is operated trawlers, P. pelagicus form by-catch and Scylla nets and hook and line. throughQut the year in the intertidal areas in the serrata form part of fishery in non-mechanised t both by trawl net and islands around Mandapam and Thoothukudi vessels. The other two species of crab t species are Sardinella taking advlll)tagesofthe tides and lunar phases. P. sanguinolentus and Charybdis cruciata ong lesser sardines and The fishes, which entangle in the net during high sporadically occur in the catch. Prawns are 11i and S; indlcus in ~des, are· harvested in the receding tide. The readily purchased by the agents of the processing a/finis is a common duration of operation varies from 5-6 hours companies right on the beach and taken to the sardine S. longiceps is depending upon the starting of raising and factories in insulated vans. They are exported ilt by pair trawl from receding tide. The dominant fish groups caught to European and Gulf countries, U.S.A. and n. Apart from this, the ' in this gear are the grey mullets (Liza macrolepis; Japan. 'era spp. Hi/sa spp. and Vakimugil seheli and Mugi/ cephalus), followed :casionally caught and by sandwhitings (Sillago sihama), silver biddies shery. The shark is an . (Gerres spp.), Elops Sl'p., the milkfish (Chanos Molluscan fisheries c resource in the Gulf chanos), Rhynchoramphus spp, Belone spp., The molluscan fishery resource consists Tachysurus spp., Lactarlus spp. and crabs. of cuttlefish, squids, chanks, pearl and edible oysters and clams. In cuttlefish, Sepia aculeata, Crustacean fisheries S. in ermis, S. pharaonis and S. breveimana are rsal fish groups consist the major species. Sepioteuthis lessoniana and The crustacean fishery resources of this perches, goatfishes, Loligo duvaucelli are common squids available region include shrimps, crabs and lobsters. s. Besides, groupers, in Gulf of Mannar. Both cuttlefish and squid About 95% of the shrimp resources comprise of sandwhitings are also are export commodities. Cuttlefishes are cleaned penaeid prawns. Pampan and Mandapam based ntities: The silverbelly and their viscera, cuttle bones and tentacles are trawlers fish off Ervadi and trawlers from lersal fishery resource removed. The white fleshy portion of the body Kilakarai, Ervadi, Valinokkam, Mundal fish is deep freezed and exported. The edible oyster of' Crossostrea madrasensis, the great clam The Cymodocea beds (seagrass) offer a good grazing Meretrix -meretrix and blood clam Anadora ground for the dugongs. Dolphins, another marine granosa are commonly occurring at mammal also occur in the GulfofMannarsea. Though Thoothukudi. these are protected animals under Indian Wild Life The Gulf of Mannar is of very great Protection Act, 1972, they are hunted indiscriminately importance for pearl and chank fisheries. The for their flesh. 4 submarine plateau of the inshore areas affords Another unique feature ofisland ecosystem excellent habitat for the growth of pearl oyster in the Gulf ofMannar is the cultivable fin and shellfish Pincttula fucata and the sacred chank XanclIs seed resources. The tidal streams and tidal creeks in pyrum. Chanks prefer fine and soft sandy areas the islands as wen as in the coastal region at,P!lIDban 19Cally called 'Poochimanal' or 'piral' and the offer vast potential grounds for the collection ofseeds. oysters are attached to hard rocky substrata called Seed of milkfish (Chanos chanos), grey mullets 'paar'. There are more than 65 well-known (L macrolepis andL seheJJ), the sandwhitingSi/lago 'paars' and lesser in number of good chank smama, the rabbitfish (Sigalllls spp) and the prawn grounds in the Gulf of Mannar known to (P. indicllS) are occurring in Krusadai, Pullivasai, fishermen by their depth and location fixed by Poomarichan, Manoli, Manoli-puti and Hare islands land bearings. and also at Chinnapalam and Thoppukadu ofPamban. The pearl oysters and chanks are fished Milkfish :fry and fingerlings can be collected from by the age-old skin diving by expert fishermen . March-July and mullets throughout the year. .The craft and accessories