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Contributors

Gary W. Abrams, MD Michael T. Andreoli, MD Jean Bennett, MD, PhD Director, Ligon Research Center of Vitreoretinal Surgery Fellow Professor Vision Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary Co-Director of Center for Advanced Professor, Ophthalmology Department of Ophthalmology and Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics Kresge Eye Institute Visual Sciences University of Illinois, (CAROT) Wayne State University Chicago Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Detroit, MI, USA Chicago, IL, USA Eye Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology; University of Armin R. Afshar, MD, MBA Karen R. Armbrust, MD, PhD Pennsylvania Perelman School of Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology Clinical Fellow Medicine University of California, San Francisco National Eye Institute Philadelphia, PA, USA San Francisco, CA, USA National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA Cagri G. Besirli, MD, PhD Aniruddha Agarwal, MD Assistant Professor Clinical Research Fellow, Ocular Mary E. Aronow, MD Department of Ophthalmology and Imaging Reading and Research Center Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology Visual Sciences (OIRRC) Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University of Michigan Department of Ophthalmology School of Medicine Ann Arbor, MI, USA University of Nebraska Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA Omaha, NE, USA Angela Bessette, MD Mathew W. Aschbrenner, MD Medical Retina and Uveitis Fellow Anita Agarwal, MD Vitreoretinal surgeon Cole Eye Institute Professor of Ophthalmology Eye Clinic of Wisconsin Cleveland Clinic Retina, Vitreous & Uvea Wausau, WI, USA Cleveland, OH, USA Vanderbilt Eye Institute Marcos Ávila, MD, PhD Vanderbilt University School of Susanne Binder Head Professor Medicine Professor Department of Ophthalmology Nashville, TN, USA Department of Ophthalmology Federal University of Goias Rudolph Foundation Hospital Lloyd M. Aiello, MD Goiania, GO, Brazil (Rudolfstiftung) Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology G. W. Aylward, FRCOphth, FRCS, MD Vienna, Austria Harvard Medical School Consultant Ophthalmologist Director Emeritus, Beetham Eye Alan Bird Department of Vitreoretinal Surgery Institute, Joslin Diabetes Center Emeritus Professor Moorfields Eye Hospital Boston, MA, USA Department of Ophthalmic Genetics London, UK Institute of Ophthalmology Lloyd Paul Aiello, MD, PhD, FARVO Angela N. Baldwin, MD University College London Director, Beetham Eye Institute Clinical Research Fellow London, UK Professor of Ophthalmology University of California Berkeley Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Barbara A. Blodi, MD Berkeley, CA, USA Medical School Professor of Ophthalmology and Visual Boston, MA, USA Andrew J. Baldwin, MD Sciences Ophthalmology Resident University of Wisconsin School of Daniel M. Albert, MD Truhlsen Eye Institute Medicine and Public Health Founding Director, UW McPherson Eye University of Nebraska Medical Center Madison, WI, USA Research Institute Omaha, NE, USA F.A. Davis Professor, Department of Mark S. Blumenkranz Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Rubens Belfort, Jr. H.J. Smead Professor of Ophthalmology University of Wisconsin-Madison Head Professor of Ophthalmology Stanford University School of Medicine School of Medicine and Public Health Department of Ophthalmology Palo Alto, CA, USA Madison, WI, USA Federal University of São Paulo H. Culver Boldt São Paulo, Brazil Carlos Alexandre de Amorim Garcia Professor of Ophthalmology Filho, MD Department of Ophthalmology Retina Specialist University of Iowa Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Iowa City, IA, USA Do Norte Durga S. Borkar, MD Natal, RN, Brazil Ophthalmology Resident Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary Department of Ophthalmology Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA i

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ii Contributors

Norbert Bornfeld Gary C. Brown, MD, MBA Usha Chakravarthy, MD Zentrum für Augenheilkunde Professor of Ophthalmology Professor of Ophthalmology and Vision Universitätsklinikum Essen Wills Eye Hospital Science Essen Jefferson Medical University Queens University of Belfast Germany Philadelphia, PA, USA Consultant in Ophthalmology Belfast Health and Social Care Trust Ferdinando Bottoni Melissa M. Brown, MD, MN, MBA Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK Staff Member Professor of Ophthalmology Eye Clinic Wills Eye Hospital Helen Chan, MBBS (Hons) Department of Clinical Science Luigi Jefferson Medical University Ophthalmology Registrar Sacco Philadelphia, PA, USA Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital Sacco Hospital, University of Milan Melbourne, Australia Simor Brunner Milan, Italy Professor of Ophthalmology Steven Charles Michael E. Boulton, PhD Department of Ophthalmology Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology Professor Rudolph Foundation Hospital University of Tennessee Department of Ophthalmology (Rudolfstiftung) College of Medicine Indiana University School of Medicine Vienna, Austria Memphis, TN, USA Indianapolis, IN, USA Christopher K. H. Burris, MD David G. Charteris, MD Sara J. Bowne, PhD Ophthalmic Pathology Fellow Professor of Ophthalmology Faculty Associate Department of Ophthalmology and Institute of Ophthalmology Human Genetics Center, Visual Sciences Consultant Vitreoretinal Surgeon School of Public Health and Ruiz University of Wisconsin-Madison Moorfields Eye Hospital Deptartment of Ophthalmology School of Medicine and Public Health London UK The University of Texas Health Science Madison, WI, USA Jeannie Chen, PhD Center Ronald A. Bush Professor Houston, TX, USA Staff Scientist Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute Christopher J. Brady, MD Section on Translational Research on Departments of Cell & Neurobiology Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology Retinal and Macular Degeneration and Ophthalmology Retina Division – Wilmer Eye Institute National Institute of Deafness and Keck School of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Other Communication Disorders University of Southern California Medicine and Hospital National Institutes of Health Los Angeles, CA, USA Baltimore, MD, USA Bethesda, MD, USA Carol Yim-lui Cheung, PhD Milam Brantley Dingcai Cao, PhD Assistant Professor Assistant Professor Associate Professor Department of Ophthalmology and Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Vanderbilt Eye Institute Visual Sciences The Chinese University of Hong Kong Vanderbilt University University of Illinois at Chicago Hong Kong Nashville, TN, USA Chicago, IL, USA Emily Y. Chew, MD Neil M. Bressler, MD Antonio Capone, Jr., MD Deputy Director of Division of The James P. Gills Professor of Associated Retinal Consultants Epidemiology and Clinical Ophthalmology William Beaumont Hospital Applications The Wilmer Eye Institute Royal Oak, MI, USA Deputy Clinical Director Johns Hopkins University National Eye Institute/National David Carruthers, PhD, FRCP Baltimore, MD, USA Institutes of Health Consultant Rheumatologist Bethesda, MD, USA Susan B. Bressler, MD Sandwell & West Birmingham Hospitals The Julia G. Levy Professor of NHS Trust, Michael F. Chiang Ophthalmology Birmingham, UK Knowles Professor The Wilmer Eye Institute Honorary Senior Lecturer in Departments of Ophthalmology & Johns Hopkins University Rheumatology Medical Informatics and Clinical Baltimore, MD, USA Institute of Inflammation and Ageing Epidemiology University of Birmingham Casey Eye Institute Andreas Bringmann, PhD Birmingham, UK Oregon Health & Science University Associate Professor Portland, OR, USA Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Jerry D. Cavallerano, OD, PhD Hospital Associate Professor of Ophthalmology Dennis O. Clegg University of Leipzig Faculty of Harvard Medical School Professor Medicine Staff Optometrist Wilcox Family Chair in Biomedicine Leipzig, Germany Beetham Eye Institute Center for Stem Cell Biology and Joslin Diabetes Center Engineering, Molecular, Cellular, and Dan Brinton Boston, MA, USA Developmental Biology Assistant Clinical Professor University of California, Santa Barbara Department of Ophthalmology Santa Barbara, CA, USA University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA

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Contributors iii

Ian J. Constable, FRANZCO, FRCSE, Mathew D. Davis, MD Diana V. Do, MD D Sc (hon) Emeritus Professor of Ophthalmology Vice Chair for Education Professor of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Professor of Ophthalmology Lions Eye Institute University of Wisconsin Director of the Carl Camras Center for University of Western Australia School of Medicine and Public Health Innovative Clinical Research Perth, Australia Madison, WI, USA Director of Residency Program Truhlsen Eye Institute Gabriel Coscas, MD Janet L. Davis, MD University of Nebraska Medical Center Professor of Ophthalmology Leach Distinguished Professor of Omaha, NE, USA Department of Ophthalmology Ophthalmology University of Paris XII Bascom Palmer Eye Institute Jay S. Duker, MD Créteil, France University of Miami Professor and Chair of Ophthalmology Miller School of Medicine New England Eye Center Alan F. Cruess Miami, FL, USA Tufts Medical Center Professor and Head Tufts University School of Medicine District Chief, Capital Health Shelley Day Boston, MA, USA Department of Ophthalmology and Associate Visual Sciences Austin Retina Associates Jacque L. Duncan, MD Dalhousie University Austin, TX, USA Professor of Ophthalmology Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada Vice Chair of Medical Student Affairs Marc D. de Smet, MD, CM, PhD, Department of Ophthalmology Emmett Cunningham, Jr., MD, PhD, FRCSC, FRCOphth, FEBOphth University of California, San Francisco MPH Retina and Uveitis Division, MIOS sa. San Francisco, CA, USA Director, The Uveitis Service Lausanne, Switzerland West Coast Retina Justis P. Ehlers, MD Alastair K. Denniston, MRCP, Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology FRCOphth, PhD California Pacific Medical Center Cole Eye Institute Consultant Ophthalmologist San Francisco, CA, USA Cleveland Clinic University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Adjunct Clinical Professor of Cleveland, OH, USA Foundation Trust Ophthalmology Birmingham, UK Lisa J. Faia, MD Stanford University School of Medicine Honorary Reader in Ophthalmology Associate Professor of Ophthalmology Stanford, CA, USA Institute of Inflammation and Ageing Oakland University William Beaumont Christine A. Curcio, PhD, FARVO, University of Birmingham School of Medicine Eminent Scholar in Retina Birmingham, UK Associated Retinal Consultants Director, AMD Histopathology Lab Royal Oak, MI, USA Ranjit S. Dhaliwal, MD, FRCSC, FACS Department of Ophthalmology Adjunct Faculty Benedetto Falsini UAB | The University of Alabama at Department of Ophthalmology Associate Professor of Ophthalmology Birmingham Emory University Department of Ophthalmology Birmingham, AL, USA Atlanta, GA, USA Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, Gisele Soubrane Daguet, MD, PhD Adjunct Faculty Rome, Italy Professor of Ophthalmology Department of Ophthalmology Sharon Fekrat, MD, FACS Department of Ophthalmology Queen’s University Associate Professor of Ophthalmology University of Paris V Kingston, ON, Canada and Surgery Paris, France Ranjit S. Dhaliwal, MD, FRCSC, FACS Duke University Medical Center Stephen P. Daiger, PhD, TS Adjunct Faculty Associate Chief of Staff for Surgical Matney Professor, Department of Ophthalmology Services Human Genetics Center Emory University Durham VA Medical Center School of Public Health and Ruiz Atlanta, GA, USA Durham, NC, USA Deptartment of Ophthalmology Adjunct Faculty Steven E. Feldon, MD MBA The University of Texas Health Science Department of Ophthalmology Professor and Chair Center Queen’s University Department of Ophthalmology Houston, TX, USA Kingston, ON, Canada Flaum Eye Institute Bertil E. Damato, MD, PhD Andrew D. Dick, MBBS, MD University of Rochester School of Professor of Ophthalmology and Professor of Ophthalmology Medicine and Dentistry Radiation Oncology Academic Unit of Ophthalmology Rochester, NY, USA University of California, San Francisco University of Bristol Henry A. Ferreyra, MD San Francisco, CA, USA Bristol, UK Associate Clinical Professor Duke Elder Chair of Ophthalmology Sudipta Das, MS Department of Ophthalmology Institute of Ophthalmology International Faculty UC San Diego School of Medicine University College London C-MER (Shenzhen) Dennis Lam Eye La Jolla, CA, USA London, UK Hospital Deborah A. Ferrington Shenzhen, China Xiaoyan Ding, MD,PhD Associate Professor Professor, Retina Division Department of Ophthalmology Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center University of Minnesota Sun Yat-sen University Minneapolis, MN, USA Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

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iv Contributors

Frederick L. Ferris, III, MD Laura J. Frishman, PhD Morton F. Goldberg, MD Director, Division of Epidemiology and Professor Joseph Green Professor of Clinical Applications Department of Basic Vision Science Ophthalmology and Director Clinical Director, National Eye Institute College of Optometry Emeritus National Institutes of Health University of Houston Wilmer Eye Institute Bethesda, MD, USA Houston, TX, USA Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Paul T. Finger, MD Arthur Fu, MD Baltimore, MD, USA Director, The New York Eye Cancer West Coast Retina Center Chief of Retina Service Lingam Gopal Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology Consultant New York University School of California Pacific Medical Center Vitreo-Retinal Services Medicine San Francisco, CA, USA Sankara Nethralaya New York, NY, USA Medical and Vision Research David M. Gamm, MD PhD Foundations Steven K. Fisher, PhD Associate Professor Chennai, India Research Professor Department of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience Research Institute Visual Sciences Caroline Gordon, MD, FRCP Professor Emeritus Emmett A. Humble Distinguished Professor of Rheumatology Mollecular, Cellular and Developmental Director Institute of Inflammation and Ageing Biology McPherson Eye Research Institute University of Birmingham University of California, Santa Barbara Sandra Lemke Chair in Eye Research Birmingham, UK Santa Barbara, CA, USA Waisman Center Stem Cell Research Honorary Consultant Rheumatologist, Program Sandwell & West Birmingham Gerald A. Fishman, MD University of Wisconsin Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, Professor Emeritus Madison, WI, USA UK Department of Ophthalmology University of Illinois at Chicago Enrique Garcia-Valenzuela, MD, PhD Hiroshi Goto, MD Chicago, IL, USA Vitreoretinal Surgeon Chirman/Professor Director, The Pangere Center for Midwest Retina Consultants, SC Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Hereditary Retinal Diseases Des Plaines, IL, USA Medical University Chicago, IL, USA Tokyo, Japan Sunir J. Garg, MD, FACS Monika Fleckenstein, MD The Retina Service of Wills Eye Hospital Evangelos S. Gragoudas, MD Consultant Associate Professor of Ophthalmology Professor of Ophthalmology Department of Ophthalmology Thomas Jefferson University Department of Ophthalmology University of Bonn Philadelphia, PA, USA Harvard Medical School Bonn, Germany Retina Service Alain Gaudric, MD Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary Harry W. Flynn, Jr., MD Emeritus Professor of Ophthalmology Boston, MA, USA J. Donald M. Gass Chair in Université Paris Diderot Ophthalmology Sorbonne Paris Cité Maria B. Grant Bascom Palmer Eye Institute AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière Professor University of Miami Paris, France Department of Pharmacology and Miller School of Medicine Therapeutics Mary Gayed, MRes, MRCP Miami, FL, USA University of Florida, Gainesville Specialist Registrar in Rheumatology Director of Translational Research Wallace Foulds, CBE, MD, FRCS University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Department of Ophthalmology Emeritus Professor of Ophthalmology Foundation Trust Gainesville, FL, USA University of Glasgow Birmingham, UK Glasgow UK Honorary Research Associate Ronald G. Gregg, PhD Senior Consultant (Research) Institute of Inflammation and Ageing Professor & Chair Singapore Eye Research Institute University of Birmingham Department of Biochemistry & & Advisor Singapore National Birmingham, UK Molecular Biology Eye Centre University of Louisville Heinrich Gerding, MD, FEBO, FMH Singapore Louisville, KY, USA Professor of Ophthalmology Austin R. Fox, BS Head of the Department Kevin Gregory-Evans, MD, PhD, FRCS, Research Fellow Department of Ophthalmology FRCOphth, FRCS(C) Laboratory of Immunology Pallas Clinics Olten Professor and Julia Levy BC Leadership National Eye Institute Olten, SO, Switzerland Chair in Macular Research National Institutes of Health Department of Ophthalmology and Andrea Giani Bethesda, MD, USA Visual Science Ophthalmologist University of British Columbia William R. Freeman, MD Vitreo-Retinal Service Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Distinguished Professor of Eye Clinic Ophthalmology Department of Clinical Science Luigi Carl Groenewald, MD Director of the Jacobs Retina Center Sacco Consultant Ophthalmologist University of California, San Diego Sacco Hospital Department of Ophthalmology La Jolla, CA, USA University of Milan Royal Liverpool University Hospital Milan, Italy Liverpool, UK

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Contributors v

Hans E. Grossniklaus, MD Martina C. Herwig, MD, FEBO Lee M. Jampol, MD Professor Assistant professor Louis Feinberg Professor in Department of Ophthalmology University Eye Hospital Bonn Ophthalmology Emory University School of Medicine Bonn, Germany Department of Ophthalmology Atlanta, GA, USA Northwestern University Florian M.A. Heussen, MD Feinberg School of Medicine Sandeep Grover, MD Ophthalmology Fellow Chicago, IL, USA Associate Professor, Ophthalmology St. Paul’s Eye Unit Director, Inherited Retinal Diseases & Royal Liverpool University Hospital Leonard Joffe, MD, MB, BCH, FCS Electrophysiology Liverpool, UK (SA), FRCS University of Florida at Jacksonville Retina Specialists of Southern Arizona, Nickisa M. Hodgson, MD, MAS Jacksonville, FL, USA Tuczon, AZ, USA Resident Physician Vamsi K. Gullapalli, MD, PhD Department of Ophthalmology Robert Johnson, MD Associate UC San Diego School of Medicine West Coast Retina Central Minnesota Retina Specialists La Jolla, CA, USA Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology Sartell, MN, USA California Pacific Medical Center Frank G. Holz, MD, FEBO San Francisco, CA, USA Rudolph F. Guthoff, MD Head of Department Professor of Ophthalmology Department of Ophthalmology Mark W. Johnson, MD Department of Ophthalmology University of Bonn Professor University of Rostock Bonn, Germany Department of Ophthalmology and Germany Visual Sciences Yan-Nian Hui, MD University of Michigan J. Silvio Gutkind, PhD Professor Ann Arbor, MI, USA Professor, Department of Pharmacology Department of Ophthalmology Associate Director of Basic Science Xijing Hospital Antonia M. Joussen, MD Moores Cancer Center Fourth Military Medical University Professor and Chair University of California, San Diego Xi’an, PR China Department of Ophthalmology San Diego, CA, USA Charité, University Medicine Berlin Mark Humayun, MD, PhD Berlin, Germany Paul Hahn, MD, PhD Cornelius J. Pings Chair in Biomedical Assistant Professor in Ophthalmology Sciences Karina Julian, MD Duke University Medical Center Director, Institute for Biomedical Uveitis Department Durham, NC, USA Therapeutics Instituto de la Visión USC Eye Institute Austral University Julia A. Haller, MD University of Southern California School of Medicine Ophthalmologist in Chief Los Angeles, CA, USA Buenos Aires, Argentina Wills Eye Hospital Philadelphia, PA, USA Yasushi Ikuno, MD J. Michael Jumper Director and Founder West Coast Retina James T. Handa, MD Ikuno Eye Center Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology Robert Bond Welch Professor Osaka, Japan California Pacific Medical Center Wilmer Eye Institute Co-Director, Vitreoretinal Fellowship Johns Hopkins School of Medicine David Isaac, MD, PhD Program Baltimore, MD, USA Associate Professor San Francisco, CA, USA Department of Ophthalmology Sara Haug, MD, PhD Federal University of Goias Peter K. Kaiser, MD West Coast Retina Goiania, GO, Brazil Chaney Family Endowed Chair in Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology Ophthalmology Research California Pacific Medical Center Tatsuro Ishibashi, MD, PhD Professor of Ophthalmology, Cleveland San Francisco, CA, USA Vice Dean Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Department of Ophthalmology Barbara S. Hawkins, PhD, FSCT Cleveland, OH, USA Kyushu University Professor Emeritus of Ophthalmology Fukuoka City, Japan Maarten Kamermans (School of Medicine) Professor Professor of Epidemiology (Bloomberg Douglas Jabs, MD Retinal Signal Processing Lab, School of Public Health) Professor and Chairman, Department Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, The Wilmer Eye Institute of Ophthalmology Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Johns Hopkins University; Professor of Medicine, Mount Sinai Baltimore, MD, USA School of Medicine, New York Anselm Kampik Adjunct Professor of Epidemiology, Chairman Shikun He, MD Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Department of Ophthalmology Associate professor Public Health Ludwig Maximilians University Departments of Pathology and Baltimore, MD, USA Munich, Germany Ophthalmology Keck School of Medicine Glenn J. Jaffe, MD Rustum Karanjia, MD, PhD USC Eye Institute Duke University Eye Center Department of Ophthalmology University of Southern California Durham, NC, USA Doheny Eye Centers UCLA Los Angeles, CA, USA David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA, USA

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vi Contributors

Amir H. Kashani, MD, PhD Michael A. Klufas, MD Anne Marie Lane, MPH Assistant Professor of Clinical Retina Division Instructor in Ophthalmology Ophthalmology Stein Eye Institute Department of Ophthalmology USC Eye Institute University of California, Los Angeles Harvard Medical School Department of Ophthalmology Los Angeles, CA, USA Retina Service University of Southern California Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary Anton M. Kolomeyer, MD, PhD Keck School of Medicine Boston, MA, USA Resident Los Angeles, CA, USA Eye and Ear Institute, University of Erin Lavik, ScD M. Cristina Kenney Pittsburgh Medical Center Professor Professor Pittsburgh, PA, USA Department of Chemical, Biochemical, Director of Research and Environmental Engineering Lazaros Konstantinidis, MD Gavin Herbert Eye Institute University of Maryland Hôpital Ophtalmique Jules-Gonin Ophthalmology Research Laboratories Baltimore, MD, USA University of Lausanne University of California, Irvine Lausanne, Switzerland James F. Leary, PhD Irvine, CA, USA Professor Emeritus Renu Kowluru, PhD, FARVO S. Khizer R. Khaderi, MD, MPH Purdue University Professor Director of Neuro-Ophthalmology West Lafayette, IN, USA Ophthalmology, Anatomy/Cell Biology Services & Endocrinology Richard W. Lee, BMedSci (Hons), UC Davis Health System Eye Center Wayne State University BMBS, MRCS (Eng), MRCOphth, PhD Sacramento, CA, USA Kresge Eye Institute Consultant Senior Lecturer Mohamad A. Khodair, PhD Detroit, MI, USA University of Bristol Pharmacology, Physiology and Bristol, UK Igor Kozak, MD, PhD Neuroscience Lead for Experimental Medicine Senior Academic Consultant New Jersey Medical School (Inflammation and Immunotherapy) King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital Rutgers University National Institute for Health Research Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Newark, NJ, USA Biomedical Research Centre at Baruch D. Kuppermann Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Jonathan W. Kim Professor of Ophthalmology and Foundation Trust Director of Retinoblastoma Service Biomedical Engineering UCL Institute of Ophthalmology Children’s Hospital Los Angeles University of California, Irvine London, UK Associate Professor of ophthalmology The Gavin Herbert Eye Institute USC Keck School of Medicine Thomas C. Lee, MD University of California, Irvine Los Angeles, CA, USA Associate Professor of Ophthalmology Irvine, CA, USA Vision Center, Children’s Hospital Los Ivana K. Kim, MD Ajay E. Kuriyan, MD, MSc Angeles and USC Eye Institute Associate Professor of Ophthalmology Co-Director of Ocular Trauma Los Angeles, CA, USA Department of Ophthalmology Chief Resident Harvard Medical School Vincent Lee, FRCSEd, FCSHK Bascom Palmer Eye Institute Retina Service Faculty University of Miami Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary Dennis Lam & Partners Eye Center Miller School of Medicine Boston, MA, USA Central Miami, FL, USA Hong Kong Bernd Kirchhof, MD, PhD Leanne T. Labriola, MD Department of Vitreo-Retinal Surgery Sun Young Lee Clinical Assistant Professor of Center of Ophthalmology Clinical Instructor Ophthalmology University of Cologne, Doheny Eye Institute Medical Retina Service Koln, Germany Keck School of Medicine University of Pittsburgh University of Southern California Szilard Kiss, MD School of Medicine Los Angeles, CA, USA Department of Ophthalmology Pittsburgh, PA, USA Weill Cornell Medical College Loh-Shan B. Leung, MD Linda A. Lam, MD New York-Presbyterian Hospital Clinical Assistant Professor of Associate Professor New York, NY, USA Ophthalmology Vice Chair of Clinical Satellite Affairs Department of Ophthalmology Ronald Klein, MD, MPH Department of Ophthalmology Stanford University School of Medicine. Professor USC Keck School of Medicine Palo Alto, CA, USA Department of Ophthalmology and Los Angeles, California, USA Visual Sciences Geoffrey P. Lewis, PhD Dennis Lam, MD University of Wisconsin School of Research Biologist Director Medicine and Public Health Neuroscience Research Institute Dennis Lam & Partners Eye Center Madison, WI, USA University of California, Santa Barbara, Central, Hong Kong Santa Barbara, CA, USA Barbara E. K. Klein, MD, MPH Director Professor C-MER (Shenzhen) Dennis Lam Eye Anita Leys, MD, PhD Department of Ophthalmology and Hospital Professor of Ophthalmology Visual Sciences Shenzhen, China Department of Medical Retina University of Wisconsin School of Director Department of Ophthalmology Medicine and Public Health State Key Laboratory (Ophthalmology) Catholic University of Leuven Madison, WI, USA Sun Yat-Sen University Leuven, Belgium Guangzhou, China

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Contributors vii

Xiaoxin Li Gerard A. Lutty, PhD Maureen A. McCall, PhD Professor of Ophthalmology G. Edward and G. Britton Durell Professor People’s Eye Centre of People’s Hospital Professor of Ophthalmology Department of Ophthalmology & Peking University Wilmer Eye Institute Visual Sciences Beijing, PR China Johns Hopkins University University of Louisville School of Medicine Louisville, KY, USA Sandra Liakopoulos, MD Baltimore, MD, USA Assistant Professor J. Allen McCutchan, MD, MAS Department of Ophthalmology Robert MacLaren, FRCOphth Professor of Medicine University of Cologne Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology University of California, San Diego Cologne, Germany Department of Clinical Neurosciences Medical Center University of Oxford San Diego, CA, USA Phoebe Lin, MD, PhD Oxford University Eye Hospital Oregon Health & Science University H. Richard McDonald Oxford, UK Casey Eye Institute West Coast Retina Moorfields Eye Hospital Portland, OR, USA Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology London, UK California Pacific Medical Center Chang-Ping Lin, MD Steven Madreperla, MD, PhD Co-Director, Vitreoretinal Fellowship Lecturer Assistant Clinical Professor Program Department of Ophthalmology Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual San Francisco, CA, USA National Taiwan University College of Science, New Jersey Medical School Medicine Petra Meier Rutgers University National Taiwan University Hospital Associate Professor Newark, NJ, USA Taipei, Taiwan Department of Ophthalmology Albert Maguire, MD University of Leipzig Shirley Liu, PhD Professor Leipzig, Germany Resident Co-Director of Center for Advanced C-MER (Shenzhen) Dennis Lam Eye Travis A. Meredith, MD Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics Hospital Professor and Chair Emeritus (CAROT) Shenzhen, China Department of Ophthalmology Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie University of North Carolina, Chapel Enchun M. Liu, MD Eye Institute Hill Vitreoretinal surgeon University of Pennsylvania Perelman Chapel Hill, NC, USA Retina Associates of South Texas School of Medicine San Antonio, TX, USA Philadelphia, PA, USA Carsten H. Meyer, MD, FEBO, FMH Professor of Ophthalmology Noemi Lois, MD, PhD, FRCS(Ed), Martin A. Mainster, PhD, MD, Head of the Department FRCOphth FRCOphth Department of Ophthalmology Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology Luther and Ardis Fry Professor Emeritus Pallas Clinics Aarau Queen’s University of Ophthalmology Aarau, AR, Switzerland Honorary Consultant Ophthalmic University of Kansas School of Surgeon Medicine William F. Mieler, MD The Belfast Health and Social Care Kansas City, KS, USA Cless Family Professor and Trust Vice-Chairman Nancy C. Mansfield Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary Retinoblastoma service Department of Ophthalmology and Nikolas J.S. London, MD, FACS Children’s Hospital Los Angeles Visual Sciences Retina Consultants San Diego Los Angeles, CA, USA University of Illinois, Chicago Poway, CA, USA Michael F. Marmor, MD Chicago, IL, USA Lin Lu, PhD Professor of Ophthalmology Joan W. Miller, MD Professor Department of Ophthalmology and Henry Willard Williams Professor of Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center Byers Eye Institute Ophthalmology Sun Yat-Sen University Stanford University School of Medicine Chief of Ophthalmology Guangzhou, China Palo Alto, CA, USA Mass Eye and Ear and Massachusetts Brandon Lujan, MD Daniel F. Martin General Hospital West Coast Retina Professor and Chairman Chair, Department of Ophthalmology Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology Cleveland Clinic Cole Eye Institute Harvard Medical School California Pacific Medical Center Cleveland, OH, USA Boston, MA, USA San Francisco, CA, USA Stephen C. Massey, PhD Rukhsana G. Mirza, MD Assistant Clinical Professor Elizabeth Morford Professor and Associate Professor University of California, San Francisco Research Director Department of Ophthalmology San Francisco, CA USA Department of Ophthalmology and Northwestern University Yan Luo, MD, PhD Visual Science Feinberg School of Medicine Professor, Retina division University of Texas Medical School Chicago, IL, USA Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center Houston, TX, USA Sayak K. Mitter, PhD Sun Yat-sen University Research Fellow Guangzhou, Guangdong, China Department of Ophthalmology Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, IN, USA

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viii Contributors

Robert A. Mittra, MD Perumalsamy Namperumalsamy, Louise Pay, BSc Assistant Clinical Professor MS, FAMS Graduate Student University of Minnesota, Chairman Emeritus and Professor of Department of Ophthalmology Minneapolis, MN, USA Ophthalmology Indiana University School of Medicine Retina-Vitreous Service Indianapolis, IN, USA Yozo Miyake Aravind Eye Care System Chairman of the Board of Directors David M. Peereboom, MD Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India Aichi Medical University Professor of Medicine and Director of Aichi, Japan Sumit K. Nanda, MD Clinical Research Department of Ophthalmology The Rose Ella Burkhardt Brain Tumor Carlo Montemagno, PhD Integris Baptist Medical Center and Neuro-Oncology Center Director, Ingenuity Lab Oklahoma City, OK, USA Cleveland Clinic Professor of Chemical Engineering and Cleveland, OH, USA Material Science Quan Dong Nguyen, MD, MSc University of Alberta McGaw Memorial Endowed Chair in Mark E. Pennesi, MD, PhD Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Ophthalmology Associate Professor Professor and Chairman of Department of Ophthalmology Anthony T. Moore, MD Ophthalmology Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Professor of Ophthalmology Director of the Truhlsen Eye Institute Science University Department of Ophthalmology University of Nebraska Medical Center Portland, OR, USA University of California, San Francisco Omaha, NE, USA San Francisco, CA, USA Jay S. Pepose, MD, PhD Robert B. Nussenblatt, MD, MPH Medical Director Prithvi Mruthyunjaya Chief PeposeVision Institute Associate Professor of Ophthalmology Laboratory of Immunology Professor of Clinical Ophthalmology Associate Professor of Radiation National Eye Institute, NIH Washington University School of Oncology Bethesda, MD, USA Medicine Director, Ocular Oncology Service St. Louis, MO, USA Duke University Eye Center Patrick Oellers, MD Durham, NC, USA Ophthalmology Resident Julian D. Perry Duke University Medical Center Director Robert F. Mullins, PhD Durham, NC, USA Orbital and Oculoplastic Surgery Associate Professor Cole Eye Institute Department of Ophthalmology and Masahito Ohji, MD Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Visual Sciences Professor and Chairman Cleveland, OH, USA The University of Iowa Department of Ophthalmology Iowa City, IA, USA Shiga University of Medical Science Patrick De Potter, MD, PhD Otsu, Shiga, Japan Professor of Ophthalmology A. Linn Murphree Chairman of Ophthalmology Professor Kyoko Ohno-Matsui Ocular Oncology Unit Emeritus Professor Saint Luc University Hospital Children’s Hospital Los Angeles Department of Ophthalmology and Catholic University of Leuven USC Keck School of Medicine Visual Sciences Brussels, Belgium Los Angeles, CA, USA Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo, Japan Polly A. Quiram, MD, PhD Robert P. Murphy, MD Vitreoretinal Surgery, PA Retina Group of Washington Daniel Palanker Minneapolis, MN, USA Washington, DC, USA Associate Professor Department of Ophthalmology and Rajeev Ramchandran, MD, MBA Philip I. Murray, PhD, FRCP, FRCS, Hansen Experimental Physics Assistant Professor FRCOphth Laboratory Department of Ophthalmology Professor of Ophthalmology Stanford University Flaum Eye Institute Institute of Inflammation and Ageing Stanford, CA, USA University of Rochester University of Birmingham School of Medicine and Dentistry Birmingham, UK Avni V. Patel, MD, MBA Rochester, NY, USA Honorary Consultant Ophthalmologist Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary Sandwell & West Birmingham Hospitals Department of Ophthalmology Rajiv Raman NHS Trust Harvard Medical School Consultant Birmingham, UK Boston, MA, USA Department of Vitreo-Retinal Services Sankara Nethralaya Timothy G. Murray Purnima S. Patel, MD Chennai, India Professor Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology Department of Ophthalmology Emory Unviersity School of Medicine Narsing A. Rao, MD Bascom Palmer Eye Institute Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center Professor of Ophthalmology and Miami, FL, USA Atlanta, GA, USA Pathology USC Eye Institute Manish Nagpal, MS, DO, FRCS(UK) Anna C. Pavlick, MD Keck School of Medicine Vitreoretinal Consultant Professor of Medicine and Dermatology University of Southern California Retina Foundation Department of Medicine Los Angeles, CA, USA Shahibag, Ahmedabad, India New York University School of Medicine New York, NY, USA

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Contributors ix

Sivakumar R. Rathinam Philip J. Rosenfeld, MD, PhD Steffen Schmitz-Valckenberg, Professor of Ophthalmology Professor of Ophthalmology MD, FEBO Head of Uveitis Service Bascom Palmer Eye Institute Senior Consultant Uveitis Service Department of Ophthalmology Department of Ophthalmology Aravind Eye Hospital & Postgraduate University of Miami University of Bonn Institute of Ophthalmology Miller School of Medicine Bonn, Germany Madurai, India Miami, FL, USA Stephen G. Schwartz, MD, MBA Franco M. Recchia, MD Teisha J. Rowland Associate Professor and Medical Vitreoretinal Surgeon Postdoctoral fellow Director, Naples Tennessee Retina, P.C. Cardiovascular Institute and Adult Bascom Palmer Eye Institute Nashville, TN USA Medical Genetics Program University of Miami University of Colorado Denver Miller School of Medicine Kristin J. Redmond Anschutz Medical Campus Naples, FL, USA Instructor Aurora, CO, USA Department of Radiation Oncology and Adrienne W. Scott, MD Molecular Radiation Sciences Gary S. Rubin, PhD Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology Johns Hopkins University Department of Visual Neuroscience Retina Division, Wilmer Eye Institute School of Medicine UCL Institute of Ophthalmology Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA London, UK School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA David Reed, MD Srinivas Sadda Attending Physician Associate Professor of Ophthalmology J. Sebag, MD, FACS, FRCOphth, Ophthalmic Consultants of Boston Doheny Eye Institute FARVO Boston, MA, USA Associate Professor Professor of Clinical Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology Doheny Eye Institute Thomas A. Reh, PhD Keck School of Medicine Founding Director, VMR Institute for Professor University of Southern California Vitreous Macula Retina Department of Biological Structure Los Angeles, CA, USA Huntington Beach, CA, USA University of Washington School of Medicine Alfredo A. Sadun, MD, PhD Johanna M. Seddon, MD, ScM Seattle, WA, USA Professor and Vice-Chair Founding Director, Ophthalmic Doheny Eye Centers UCLA Epidemiology and Genetics Service Andreas Reichenbach, MD Department of Ophthalmology New England Eye Center Professor David Geffen School of Medicine Tufts Medical Center Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research University of California, Los Angeles Professor of Ophthalmology University of Leipzig Los Angeles CA, USA Professor in Department of Medicine Faculty of Medicine Tufts University School of Medicine Leipzig, Germany Alapakkam P. Sampath, PhD Professor, Tufts Clinical and Introduction William R. Rhoades, MD Translational Science Institute Associate Professor Vitreo-Retinal Fellow Tufts University Jules Stein Eye Institute Truhlsen Eye Institute Boston, MA, USA Department of Ophthalmology University of Nebraska Medical Center David Geffen School of Medicine Michael I. Seider Omaha, NE, USA University of California, Los Angeles Vitreoretinal Fellow and Clinical Benjamin Rhodes Los Angeles, CA, USA Associate Consultant Rheumatologist Duke University Eye Center Amit Sangave, MD University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Durham, NC, USA PGY-4 Ophthalmology Resident Foundation Trust Flaum Eye Institute H. Nida Sen, MD, MHS Birmingham, UK University of Rochester Director, Uveitis and Ocular Robert Ritch, MD School of Medicine and Dentistry Immunology Fellowship Program Shelley and Steven Einhorn Rochester, NY, USA National Eye Institute Distinguished Chair National Institutes of Health Andrew P. Schachat, MD Professor of Ophthalmology Bethesda, MD, USA Professor of Ophthalmology and Vice Surgeon Director Emeritus and Chief, Chairman for Clinical Affairs Yasir Jamal Sepah, MBBS Glaucoma Services Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Director, Ocular Imaging Reading and The New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Cleveland, OH, USA Research Center (OIRRC), Mount Sinai Department of Ophthalmology New York, NY, USA Sid Schechet, MD University of Nebraska Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Anthony G. Robson, PhD Omaha, NE, USA Vision Sciences, Consultant Electrophysiologist & University of Maryland Sanjay Sharma, MD, MSc (epid), MBA Honorary Senior Lecturer School of Medicine Professor of Ophthalmology and Moorfields Eye Hospital & Institute of Baltimore, MD, USA Epidemiology Ophthalmology Queen’s Medical College University College London Kingston, Ontario, Canada London, UK

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x Contributors

Shwu-Jiuan Sheu, MD Sylvia B. Smith Jay M. Stewart, MD Chair Professor of Cellular Biology/Anatomy, Associate Professor of Ophthalmology Department of Ophthalmology Ophthalmology and Graduate University of California, San Francisco Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital in Studies Chief of Ophthalmology Kaohsiung Basic Science Co-Director, Vision San Francisco General Hospital Professor Discovery Institute San Francisco, CA, USA National Yang-Ming University Medical College of Georgia Alan Stitt, PhD Taipei, Taiwan Augusta, GA, USA Professor and McCauley Chair of Carol L. Shields, MD Lucia Sobrin, MD, MPH Experimental Ophthalmology Co-Director, Ocular Oncology Service, Associate Professor of Ophthalmology Centre for Experimental Medicine Wills Eye Hospital Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary Queen’s University Belfast Thomas Jefferson University, Harvard Medical School Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK Philadelphia, PA, USA Boston, MA, USA Edwin Stone Jerry A. Shields Akrit Sodhi, MD, PhD Professor Co-Director, Ocular Oncology Service, Assistant Professor Department of Ophthalmology Wills Eye Hospital Retina Division University of Iowa Thomas Jefferson University, Wilmer Eye Institute Iowa City, IA, USA Philadelphia, PA, USA Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Ilene K. Sugino, MA Baltimore, MD, USA Kei Shinoda Principal Research Associate Associate Professor Elliott H. Sohn, MD Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Department of Ophthalmology Assistant Professor Science, New Jersey Medical School Teikyo University School of Medicine Department of Ophthalmology Rutgers University Tokyo, Japan University of Iowa Hospitals and Newark, NJ, USA Clinics Dhananjay Shukla, MS, MAMS Lori S. Sullivan, PhD Iowa City, IA, USA Senior Consultant and Director, Faculty Associate Retina-Vitreous Service Leigh Spielberg, MD, FEBO Human Genetics Center, Ratan Jyoti Netralaya Vitreoretinal Surgeon School of Public Health, and Ruiz Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India Department of Ophthalmology Dept. of Ophthalmology, Ghent University Hospital Univ. of Texas Health Science Center Paul Sieving Ghent, Belgium Houston, TX, USA Director National Eye Institute Sunil K. Srivastava Paul Sullivan National Institutes of Health Staff Physician Consultant Ophthalmic Surgeon Bethesda, MD, USA Cole Eye Institute Director of Education Cleveland Clinic Foundation Moorfields Eye Hospital Paolo S. Silva, MD Cleveland, OH, USA London, UK Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology Harvard Medical School Oliver Stachs, PhD Jennifer K. Sun, MD, MPH Staff Ophthalmologist and Assistant Professor of Experimental Associate Professor of Ophthalmology, Chief of Telemedicine Ophthalmology Harvard Medical School Beetham Eye Institute Department of Ophthalmology Staff Ophthalmologist and Chief, Joslin Diabetes Center University of Rostock Center for Clinical Eye Research and Boston, MA, USA Germany Trials Beetham Eye Institute, Joslin Diabetes Joshua Singer Giovanni Staurenghi, MD, FARVO Center Associate Professor Professor of Ophthalmology Boston, MA, USA Department of Biology, Chairman Eye Clinic University of Maryland College Park, Director, Residency Program Janet S. Sunness, MD College Park, MD, USA Department of Biomedical and Clinical Medical Director Sciences “Luigi Sacco” Richard E. Hoover Low Vision Arun D. Singh, MD Sacco Hospital Rehabilitation Services, Greater Professor of Ophthalmology and University of Milan Baltimore Medical Center Director of Ophthalmic Oncology Milan, Italy Clinical Professor, Department of Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences Cleveland, OH, USA Paul Sternberg, Jr., MD University of Maryland School of G. W. Hale Professor and Chair, Alison Skalet, MD, PhD Medicine Vanderbilt Eye Institute Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology Baltimore, MD, USA Chief Medical Officer, Vanderbilt Casey Eye Institute Medical Group R. C. Andrew Symons, MBBS, PhD, Oregon Health & Science University Chief Patient Experience Officer FRANZCO Portland, OR, USA Associate Dean for Clinical Affairs Head of Ophthalmology Mario Skugor, MD, FACE Assistant Vice Chancellor for Adult Royal Melbourne Hospital Associated Professor of Medicine at Health Affairs Clinical Associate Professor CCLCM of CWRU Nashville, TN, USA University of Melbourne Endocrinology and Metabolism Melbourne, Australia Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, OH, USA

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Contributors xi

Ramin Tadayoni, MD, PhD J. Niklas Ulrich, MD Louisa Wickham, FRCOphth, MSc, MD Professor of Ophthalmology Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology Consultant Ophthalmologist Université Paris Diderot Department of Ophthalmology Department of Vitreoretinal Surgery Sorbonne Paris Cité University of North Carolina, Chapel Moorfields Eye Hospital AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière Hill London, UK Chairman of the Department of Chapel Hill, NC, USA Peter Wiedemann Ophthalmology Russell N. Van Gelder, MD, PhD Professor of Ophthalmology Paris, France Professor and Boyd K. Bucey Memorial Department of Ophthalmology Shibo Tang, MD, PhD Chair University of Leipzig Professor of Ophthalmology Department of Ophthalmology Faculty of Medicine Dean, Aier School of Ophthalmology Adjunct Professor Leipzig, Germany Central South University Departments of Biological Structure Henry E. Wiley, MD Director, Aier Eye Institute and Pathology Staff Clinician Central South University University of Washington Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Changsha, Hunan, China School of Medicine Applications Seattle, WA, USA Hiroko Terasaki, MD National Eye Institute Professor and Chair Jan C. van Meurs, MD, PhD National Institutes of Health Department of Ophthalmology The Rotterdam Eye Hospital Bethesda, MD, USA Nagoya University Graduate School of Erasmus University C. P. Wilkinson Medicine Rotterdam, The Netherlands Chairman Nagoya, Japan Daniel Vítor Vasconcelos-Santos, Department of Ophthalmology Aristomenis Thanos, M.D MD, PhD Greater Baltimore Medical Center Associated Retinal Consultants Adjunct Professor of Ophthalmology Professor William Beaumont Hospital Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Department of Ophthalmology Royal Oak, MI, USA Hospital São Geraldo / HC-UFMG Johns Hopkins University Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil Baltimore, MD, USA Matthew A. Thomas, MD Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology Demetrios G. Vavvas, MD, PhD David Wilson, MD The Retina Institute Associate Professor of Ophthalmology Professor and Chair of Ophthalmology Washington University Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary Director, Casey Eye Institute St Louis, MO, USA Department of Ophthalmology Oregon Health & Science University Harvard Medical School Portland, OR, USA John T. Thompson, MD Boston, MA, USA Partner, Retina Specialists Sebastian Wolf Department of Ophthalmology G. Atma Vemulakonda, MD Department of Ophthalmology Greater Baltimore Medical Center Associate Professor University Hospital Bern, Inselspital Baltimore, MD, USA Department of Ophthalmology University Bern University of Washington Bern, Switzerland Cynthia A. Toth, MD School of Medicine Joseph A.C. Wadsworth Professor of Thomas J. Wolfensberger, MD, MBA Seattle, WA, USA Ophthalmology Hôpital Ophtalmique Jules-Gonin Professor of Biomedical Engineering Nadia Waheed, MD, MPH University of Lausanne Duke University Associate Professor of Ophthalmology Lausanne, Switzerland Durham, NC, USA New England Eye Center Tien Yin Wong, MD, PhD Department of Ophthalmology Cynthia A. Toth, MD Professor and Medical Director Tufts University School of Medicine Joseph A.C. Wadsworth Professor of Singapore National Eye Center Boston, MA, USA Ophthalmology Singapore Professor of Biomedical Engineering Richard G. Weleber, MD Ian Y. Wong, FRCOphth Duke University Medical Center Department of Ophthalmology Clinical Assistant Professor Durham, NC, USA Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Department of Ophthalmology, LKS Science University Brian Toy, MD Faculty of Medicine Portland, OR, USA Department of Ophthalmology The University of Hong Kong Stanford University School of Medicine Adam S. Wenick, MD, PhD Hong Kong, China Palo Alto, CA, USA Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology David Wong, FRCOphth The Wilmer Eye Institute Michael T. Trese, MD Honorary Clinical Professor Johns Hopkins University Professor of Ophthalmology Department of Ophthalmology, LKS Baltimore, MD, USA Oakland University William Beaumont Faculty of Medicine, The University School of Medicine Moody D. Wharam, Jr. of Hong Kong Associated Retinal Consultants Professor of Radiation Oncology Hong Kong, China Royal Oak, MI, USA Department of Radiation Oncology and Frances Wu, BS Molecular Radiation Sciences Julie H. Tsai, MD Medical Student The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Assistant Professor of Clinical UC San Diego School of Medicine Cancer Center Ophthalmology La Jolla, CA, USA Johns Hopkins CRB II Albany, NY, USA Baltimore, MD, USA

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xii Contributors

Yanors Yandiev, MD, PhD Po-Ting Yeh, MD, MMS Marco A. Zarbin, MD, PhD Department of Ophthalmology Clinical Assistant Professor Professor and Chair University of Leipzig Department of Ophthalmology Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual School of Medicine National Taiwan University College of Science Leipzig, Germany Medicine New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers National Taiwan University Hospital University Chung-May Yang, MD Taipei, Taiwan Newark, NJ, USA Professor Department of Ophthalmology Yoshihiro Yonekawa, MD Kang Zhang, MD, PhD National Taiwan University College of Adult and Pediatric Vitreoretinal Professor of Ophthalmology Medicine Surgery Fellow Department of Ophthalmology National Taiwan University Hospital Associated Retinal Consultants UC San Diego School of Medicine Taipei, Taiwan William Beaumont Hospital La Jolla, CA, USA Royal Oak, MI, USA Chang-Hao Yang, MD, PhD Jie Zhu, MD, PhD Professor Young Hee Yoon, MD Department of Ophthalmology Department of Ophthalmology Professor UC San Diego School of Medicine National Taiwan University College of Department of Ophthalmology La Jolla, CA, USA Medicine, National Taiwan University Asan Medical Center Martin Zinkernagel Hospital University of Ulsan College of Medicine Department of Ophthalmology Taipei, Taiwan Seoul, Korea University Hospital Bern, Inselspital, Lawrence A. Yannuzzi, MD Hyeong Gon Yu University Bern Vitreous-Retina-Macula Consultants of Professor Bern, Switzerland New York Department of Ophthalmology New York Eye and Ear Infirmary Seoul National University New York, NY, USA Seoul, South Korea

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