Cuneiform Texts from the Folios of W. G. Lambert, Part One General Editor Jerrold S
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Language Contact and Identity in Roman Britain
Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 5-16-2016 12:00 AM Language Contact and Identity in Roman Britain Robert Jackson Woodcock The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Professor Alexander Meyer The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Classics A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Master of Arts © Robert Jackson Woodcock 2016 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, and the Indo- European Linguistics and Philology Commons Recommended Citation Woodcock, Robert Jackson, "Language Contact and Identity in Roman Britain" (2016). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 3775. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/3775 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract Language is one of the most significant aspects of cultural identity. This thesis examines the evidence of languages in contact in Roman Britain in order to determine the role that language played in defining the identities of the inhabitants of this Roman province. All forms of documentary evidence from monumental stone epigraphy to ownership marks scratched onto pottery are analyzed for indications of bilingualism and language contact in Roman Britain. The language and subject matter of the Vindolanda writing tablets from a Roman army fort on the northern frontier are analyzed for indications of bilingual interactions between Roman soldiers and their native surroundings, as well as Celtic interference on the Latin that was written and spoken by the Roman army. -
SUMERIAN LITERATURE and SUMERIAN IDENTITY My Title Puts
CNI Publicati ons 43 SUMERIAN LITERATURE AND SUMERIAN IDENTITY JERROLD S. COOPER PROBLEMS OF C..\NONlCl'TY AND IDENTITY FORMATION IN A NCIENT EGYPT AND MESOPOTAMIA There is evidence of a regional identity in early Babylonia, but it does not seem to be of the Sumerian ethno-lingusitic sort. Sumerian Edited by identity as such appears only as an artifact of the scribal literary KIM RYHOLT curriculum once the Sumerian language had to be acquired through GOJKO B AR .I AMOVIC educati on rather than as a mother tongue. By the late second millennium, it appears there was no notion that a separate Sumerian ethno-lingui stic population had ever existed. My title puts Sumerian literature before Sumerian identity, and in so doing anticipates my conclusion, which will be that there was little or no Sumerian identity as such - in the sense of "We are all Sumerians!" outside of Sumerian literature and the scribal milieu that composed and transmitted it. By "Sumerian literature," I mean the corpus of compositions in Sumerian known from manuscripts that date primarily 1 to the first half of the 18 h century BC. With a few notable exceptions, the compositions themselves originated in the preceding three centuries, that is, in what Assyriologists call the Ur III and Isin-Larsa (or Early Old Babylonian) periods. I purposely eschew the too fraught and contested term "canon," preferring the very neutral "corpus" instead, while recognizing that because nearly all of our manuscripts were produced by students, the term "curriculum" is apt as well. 1 The geographic designation "Babylonia" is used here for the region to the south of present day Baghdad, the territory the ancients would have called "Sumer and Akkad." I will argue that there is indeed evidence for a 3rd millennium pan-Babylonian regional identity, but little or no evidence that it was bound to a Sumerian mother-tongue community. -
Sumerian Lexicon, Version 3.0 1 A
Sumerian Lexicon Version 3.0 by John A. Halloran The following lexicon contains 1,255 Sumerian logogram words and 2,511 Sumerian compound words. A logogram is a reading of a cuneiform sign which represents a word in the spoken language. Sumerian scribes invented the practice of writing in cuneiform on clay tablets sometime around 3400 B.C. in the Uruk/Warka region of southern Iraq. The language that they spoke, Sumerian, is known to us through a large body of texts and through bilingual cuneiform dictionaries of Sumerian and Akkadian, the language of their Semitic successors, to which Sumerian is not related. These bilingual dictionaries date from the Old Babylonian period (1800-1600 B.C.), by which time Sumerian had ceased to be spoken, except by the scribes. The earliest and most important words in Sumerian had their own cuneiform signs, whose origins were pictographic, making an initial repertoire of about a thousand signs or logograms. Beyond these words, two-thirds of this lexicon now consists of words that are transparent compounds of separate logogram words. I have greatly expanded the section containing compounds in this version, but I know that many more compound words could be added. Many cuneiform signs can be pronounced in more than one way and often two or more signs share the same pronunciation, in which case it is necessary to indicate in the transliteration which cuneiform sign is meant; Assyriologists have developed a system whereby the second homophone is marked by an acute accent (´), the third homophone by a grave accent (`), and the remainder by subscript numerals. -
Fifth-Century Nippur: Texts of the Muraňűs and from Their Surroundings
Matthew W. Stolper “Fifth-Century Nippur: Texts of the Muraåûs and from their Surroundings” JOURNAL OF CUNEIFORM STUDIES 53 (2001) [forthcoming] A. Muraåû Texts 2 1. NBC 6148Promissory Note (æarrΩnu)4 Copy pl. 1 2. NBC 6206 Promissory Note (æarrΩnu ) 5 Copy pl. 1 3. NBC 6122 Promissory Note (æarrΩnu ) 6 Copy pl. 2 4. NBC 6147 Bailment (ana zitti) 7 Copypl. 2 5. L-29-554 Animal Inventory 8 Copy pl. 3 6. CBS 5316Sublease9 Copy pl. 4 B. The åaknu and the åandabakku of Nippur 11 7. YBC 11664 Lease 11 Copy pl. 5 8. CBS 7961 Date-Gardening Contract 13 Copy pl. 6 C. Texts with Prosopographic Connections to the Muraåû Texts 9. CBS 1594 Sale (Slaves) 16 Copy pl. 7 Seal Impressions 18 Photographs, Sketches fig. 1-2 10. UM 29-13-729 Receipt (Rent) 21 Copy pl. 8 11. UM 29-15-511 Lease 22 Copy pl. 9 12. YBC 11668 Mandate (Fields) 23 Copy pl. 9 D. The King’s Man 26 13. A. 34117 Receipt (œΩb åarri ) 26 Copy pl. 10 Indexes 36 Personal Names 36 Place Names 39 Canal Names 39 Words Discussed 39 Texts Cited 40 i FIFTH-CENTURY NIPPUR: TEXTS OF THE MURAÅÛS AND FROM THEIR SURROUNDINGS MATTHEW W. STOLPER* The Muraåû archive dominates the published textual record of late Achaemenid Babylonia. The 740 published Muraåû texts and fragments come from a short span of time, 454-404 B.C., with most of them concentrated between 440 and 416 B.C.1 Most are products of a narrow range of operations, agricultural contracting and related short-term credits. -
Special Session: 'Languages, Scripts and Their Uses in Ancient North
Special Session: ‘Languages, scripts and their uses in ancient North Arabia’ Paper Abstracts The Proto-South Semitic Script: A reconstruction of its glyphs and phonemic repertoire Ahmad Al-Jallad (Leiden University) According to majority scholarly opinion, the original alphabet was probably invented in Egypt in the second millennium BC and, sometime after this, split into two branches: the Phoenico-Aramaic branch and the South Semitic branch. The latter was used in Ancient Arabia and the southern Levant. The oldest datable documents (early first millennium BC) come from South Arabia and are composed in the Ancient South Arabian script. Central and north Arabia are home to a variety of scripts belonging to the South Semitic family, conventionally termed ‘Ancient North Arabian’, but most of these texts are not datable. At first, scholars assumed that the Ancient North Arabian alphabets descended from Ancient South Arabian but recent research suggests that the two ‘branches’ developed in a parallel fashion from a common Proto-South Semitic script. This talk will attempt a reconstruction of the Proto-South Semitic script by separating the glyphs that all of the South Semitic scripts have in common from those that exhibit variation. We find that the glyphs that exhibit the greatest variation in form belong to shared phonemic categories, such as voiced interdental (ḏ), the emphatic lateral fricative (ḍ), the velar fricatives (ḫ and ġ) and the emphatic interdental (ẓ). This distribution suggests that the original South Semitic script was designed for a language that underwent many of the sound changes that would characterize later north-west Semitic languages. -
Baseandmodifiedcuneiformsigns.Pdf
12000 CUNEIFORM SIGN A 12001 CUNEIFORM SIGN A TIMES A 12002 CUNEIFORM SIGN A TIMES BAD 12003 CUNEIFORM SIGN A TIMES GAN2 TENU 12004 CUNEIFORM SIGN A TIMES HA 12005 CUNEIFORM SIGN A TIMES IGI 12006 CUNEIFORM SIGN A TIMES LAGAR GUNU 12007 CUNEIFORM SIGN A TIMES MUSH 12008 CUNEIFORM SIGN A TIMES SAG 12009 CUNEIFORM SIGN A2 1200A CUNEIFORM SIGN AB 1200B CUNEIFORM SIGN AB GUNU 1200C CUNEIFORM SIGN AB TIMES ASH2 1200D CUNEIFORM SIGN AB TIMES GIN2 1200E CUNEIFORM SIGN AB TIMES GAL 1200F CUNEIFORM SIGN AB TIMES GAN2 TENU 12010 CUNEIFORM SIGN AB TIMES HA 12011 CUNEIFORM SIGN AB TIMES IMIN 12012 CUNEIFORM SIGN AB TIMES LAGAB 12013 CUNEIFORM SIGN AB TIMES SHESH 12014 CUNEIFORM SIGN AB TIMES SIG7 12015 CUNEIFORM SIGN AB TIMES U PLUS U PLUS U 12016 CUNEIFORM SIGN AB2 12017 CUNEIFORM SIGN AB2 TIMES ASHGAB 12018 CUNEIFORM SIGN AB2 TIMES BALAG 12019 CUNEIFORM SIGN AB2 TIMES BI 1201A CUNEIFORM SIGN AB2 TIMES DUG 1201B CUNEIFORM SIGN AB2 TIMES GAN2 TENU 1201C CUNEIFORM SIGN AB2 TIMES GUD 1201D CUNEIFORM SIGN AB2 TIMES KAD3 1201E CUNEIFORM SIGN AB2 TIMES LA 1201F CUNEIFORM SIGN AB2 TIMES ME PLUS EN 12020 CUNEIFORM SIGN AB2 TIMES NE 12021 CUNEIFORM SIGN AB2 TIMES SHA3 12022 CUNEIFORM SIGN AB2 TIMES SIG7 12023 CUNEIFORM SIGN AB2 TIMES SILA3 12024 CUNEIFORM SIGN AB2 TIMES TAK4 12025 CUNEIFORM SIGN AB2 TIMES U2 12026 CUNEIFORM SIGN AD 12027 CUNEIFORM SIGN AK 12028 CUNEIFORM SIGN AK TIMES ERIN2 12029 CUNEIFORM SIGN AK TIMES SAL PLUS GISH 1202A CUNEIFORM SIGN AK TIMES SHITA PLUS GISH 1202B CUNEIFORM SIGN AL 1202C CUNEIFORM SIGN -
Marten Stol WOMEN in the ANCIENT NEAR EAST
Marten Stol WOMEN IN THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST Marten Stol Women in the Ancient Near East Marten Stol Women in the Ancient Near East Translated by Helen and Mervyn Richardson ISBN 978-1-61451-323-0 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-1-61451-263-9 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-1-5015-0021-3 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivs 3.0 License. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-nd/3.0/ Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. Original edition: Vrouwen van Babylon. Prinsessen, priesteressen, prostituees in de bakermat van de cultuur. Uitgeverij Kok, Utrecht (2012). Translated by Helen and Mervyn Richardson © 2016 Walter de Gruyter Inc., Boston/Berlin Cover Image: Marten Stol Typesetting: Dörlemann Satz GmbH & Co. KG, Lemförde Printing and binding: cpi books GmbH, Leck ♾ Printed on acid-free paper Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com Table of Contents Introduction 1 Map 5 1 Her outward appearance 7 1.1 Phases of life 7 1.2 The girl 10 1.3 The virgin 13 1.4 Women’s clothing 17 1.5 Cosmetics and beauty 47 1.6 The language of women 56 1.7 Women’s names 58 2 Marriage 60 2.1 Preparations 62 2.2 Age for marrying 66 2.3 Regulations 67 2.4 The betrothal 72 2.5 The wedding 93 2.6 -
Neo-Babylonian Texts in the Oriental Institute Collection
oi.uchicago.edu/OI/DEPT/PUB/SRC/OIP/122/OIP122.html i THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO ORIENTAL INSTITUTE PUBLICATIONS VOLUME 122 Series Editors Thomas A. Holland and Thomas G. Urban oi.uchicago.edu/OI/DEPT/PUB/SRC/OIP/122/OIP122.html ii oi.uchicago.edu/OI/DEPT/PUB/SRC/OIP/122/OIP122.html iii NEO-BABYLONIAN TEXTS IN THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE COLLECTION by DAVID B. WEISBERG ORIENTAL INSTITUTE PUBLICATIONS • VOLUME 122 THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO CHICAGO • ILLINOIS oi.uchicago.edu/OI/DEPT/PUB/SRC/OIP/122/OIP122.html iv Library of Congress Control Number: 2003112528 ISBN: 1-885923-28-7 ISSN: 0069-3367 The Oriental Institute, Chicago ©2003 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Published 2003. Printed in the United States of America. Series Editors’ Acknowledgments The assistance of Katherine Strange Burke, Katie Johnson, Adam Miglio, Leslie Schramer, Jonathan S. Tenney, Raymond D. Tindel, and Alexandra Witsell is acknowledged in the production of this volume. Title Page Illustration: Stamp Seal Impression on Text 46 (A1669) Printed by United Graphics Incorporated, Mattoon, Illinois The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Services — Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. oi.uchicago.edu/OI/DEPT/PUB/SRC/OIP/122/OIP122.html v Dedicated to Colleagues at the Oriental Institute Who Provided the Stimulating Atmosphere for Producing this Book and to My Wife Ophra and Our Children Dina, Jonathan, Galia, Oren, and Bram oi.uchicago.edu/OI/DEPT/PUB/SRC/OIP/122/OIP122.html vi oi.uchicago.edu/OI/DEPT/PUB/SRC/OIP/122/OIP122.html vii CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................................... -
Adapa Reconsidered: Life and Death in Contextual Perspective
Scriptura 87 (2004), pp. 267-277 ADAPA RECONSIDERED: LIFE AND DEATH IN CONTEXTUAL PERSPECTIVE William W Hallo Yale University1 In all ages of civilization, men have challenged the brutal reality of death with two uncon- querable dreams: one the hope of longevity, long life, and the other the illusion of immortality, of eternal life. Let us see first what the Bible has to say on the second of these two subjects, and then try to retrace our steps to the older lands of the Fertile Crescent and their traditions. However, far be it from me to survey all the twenty-four books of the Bible or all the vast literature of the cuneiform and hieroglyphic sources. I will confine myself instead to a type of expression common to the whole ancient world, namely epic literature. Epics in the narrow sense are heroic tales of the mighty men of the past, set to poetry or, at least, written with a high degree of literary polish. They differ from myths only in that the latter are poems about gods, not men; they are quite different form legends, which are not poems at all but unsophisticated prose narratives of the popular imagination, or folklore. On this basis, the great classical masterpieces of Homer, Hesiod and Virgil are epics. So are those two most famous works of cuneiform literature, the “Epic (better: myth) of Creation” and the Epic of Gilgamesh. But the Israelites, too, had their epics. About the time that the Iliad and Odyssey were being written in Greece, a royal scribe of the United Monarchy was composing a Hebrew epic recounting the glorious exploits of Saul, Jonathan and David which later became a part of the books of Samuel. -
The Archreology of the Cuneiform Inscriptions
REVERSE OF A TABLET IN THE HITTITE LANGUAGE FROM BOGHAZ KEUI, Frontispiece.] [See Preface, p. vi. The Archreology of the Cuneiform Inscriptions BY THE REv. A. H. SAYCE PROFESSOR OF ASSYRIOLOGY, OXFORD PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE GENERAL LITERATURE COMMITTEE SECOND EDJ'J'ION:.__RE VISED LONDON SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE NORTHUMBERLAND AVENUE, W.C. ; 43, QUEEN VlCTORIA STREET, EoC. BRIGHTON: x29, NORTH STREET NEW YORK: E. S. GORHA:J14 RICHARD CLAY & SONS, LIMITED, BREAD STRE~T HILL, E.C., AND BUNGAY, SUFFOLK, CONTENTS CHAP, PAGE PREFACE v I. THE DECIPHERMENT OF THE CUNEIFORM IN· SCRIPTIONS 7 II. THE ARCHlEOLOGICAL MATERIALS; THE EX• CAVATIONS AT SUSA AND THE ORIGIN OF BRONZE • III. THE SUMERIANS IV, THE RELATION OF BABYLONIAN TO EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION • IOI V. BABYLONIA AND PALESTINE 135 VI. ASIA MINOR • I 60 VU. CANAAN IN THE CENTURY BEFORE THE EXODUS. 187 INDEX • . ' 215 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Facingjage REV.Jl:RSE OF A TABLET IN THE HITTITE LANGUAGE FROM BOGHAZ KEUI (Frontispiece) MAP - THE EASTERN WORLD IN THE SEVENTH CENTURY B.C. • 7 THE TOMB OF DARIUS 16 BLACK OBELISK OF SHALMANESER lI 21 CHALDJEAN HOUSEHOLD l.JTENSILS IN TERRA-COTTA 2 I THE TE;LL OF JERABIS (PROBABLY THE ANCIENT CARCHEMISH) 40 THE TUMULUS OF SUSA, AS IT APPEARED TOWARDS THE MIDDLE OF LA$T CENTURY 46 HEAD OF ONE OF THE STATUES FROM TELLO • 58 VASE OF SILVER, DEDICATED TO NINGIRSU BY ENTENA PATESI OF L~GAS 58 THE TELL OF BORSIPPA, THE PRESENT BIRS-NIMRUD 78 THE SEAL OF SHARGANI-SHAR-ALI (SARGON OF AKKAD) : GILGAMES WATERS THE CELESTIAL OX 88 BAS-RELIEF OF NARAM-SIN 88 SITTING STATUE OF GUDEA' 122 MAP-THE FIRST ASSYRIAN EMPIRE 135 VIEW OF THE TEMPLE OF UR 11;!' ITS PRESENT STATE, ACCORDING TO LOFTUS , 141 THE GARDENS AND HILL OF DHUSPAS OR VAN 163 THE RUINS OF A PALACE OF URARTU AT TOPRAK- KALEH 166 THE RUINS AT BOGHAZ KEUI , I 74 ONE OF THE PROCESSIONS IN THE RAVINE OF BOGHAZ. -
Adam and Adapa: Two Anthropological Characters
Andrews University Seminary Studies, Autumn 1981, Vol. 19, No. 3, 179-194 Copyright @ 1981 by Andrews University Press. ADAM AND ADAPA: TWO ANTHROPOLOGICAL CHARACTERS NIELS-ERIK ANDREASEN Loma Linda University Riverside, California Because of the enormous impact of the Bible upon both the Jewish and Christian communities, any ancient Near Eastern literary discovery that may offer a parallel to some segment of biblical literature is greeted with interest. One such literary discovery is the Adapa myth. Its early discoverers and investigators claimed it as a true Babylonian parallel to the biblical story of Adam. ' However, after the initial flush of excitement, other voices arose to point out the differences between Adam and Adapa, claiming that no parallels exist between them.' This position is retained in some of the more recent examinations of the material, but with the provision that some of the issues raised in the Adapa myth also occur in the biblical material.' Finally, renewed attempts at showing an essential parallel between Adam and Adapa (with due allowances for functional shifts in the material) have been made.4 Such a "seesaw effect" of ancient Near Eastern parallels to the Bible is quite typical and suggests that the word "parallel," 'see conveniently the discussion by A. T. Clay, The Origin of Biblical Traditions, Yale Oriental Series 12 (New Haven, Conn., 1923), pp. 108-116. *This reaction is well illustrated by A. Heidel, The Babylonian Genesis, 2d ed. (Chicago, 1951), p. 124: "The Adapa legend and the Biblical story (of Adam) are fundamentally as far apart as antipodes." This general conclusion had been anticipated by G. -
STUDIA BIBLIJNE Słowa Kluczowe: Stary Testament, Druga Księga Królewska, Asyria, Samaria, Izrael, Nergal, Nergal Z Cuta
2 STUDIA BIBLIJNE Słowa kluczowe: Stary Testament, Druga Księga Królewska, Asyria, Samaria, Izrael, Nergal, Nergal z Cuta 82 Keywords: The Old Testament, 2 Kings, Asyria, Samaria, Israel, Nergal, Nergal of Cuth Ks. Leszek Rasztawicki Warszawskie Studia Teologiczne DOI: 10.30439/WST.2019.4.5 XXXII/4/2019, 82-104 Ks. Leszek Rasztawicki PAPIESKI WYDZIAł TEOLOGICZNY W WARSZAWIE COLLEGIUM JOANNEUM ORCID: 0000-0002-5140-0819 „ THE PEOPLE OF CUTH MADE NERGAL” (2 KINGS 17:30). THE HISTORICITY AND CULT OF NERGAL IN THE ANCIENT MIDDLE EAST. The deity Nergal of Cuth appears only once in the Hebrew Bible (2 Kings 17:30). He is mentioned among a list of some Assyrian gods, which new repopulated settlers in Samaria “made” for themselves after the fall of the Northern Kingdom. In this brief paper, we would like to investigate the historicity of Nergal of Cuth in the context of Mesopotamian literature and religion. REPOPULATION OF SAMARIA The Assyrians after conquering a new territory relocated people from other regions of the empire to newly subjugated provinces (2 Kings 17:24). The people of 83 „ THE PEOPLE OF CUTH MADE NERGAL” (2 KINGS 17:30) Samaria were carried away into exile (2 Kings 17:6, 18:11). The repopulation policy of the Assyrians is well documented from their own records1. Sargon II (722-705 BC) took credit in Assyrian royal inscriptions for deporting 27,290 inhabitants of Sa- maria (Sargon II prism IV:31)2: ... he defeated and conquered Samaria, and carried away as slaves 27290 inhabitants ... he rebuilt the city better than before and settled in it people of other countries ..