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BUILT-OUT CITY, UNDERUSED MALL: URBAN METABOLISM IN PLANO, TEXAS By LAUREN MECKE A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2016 © 2016 Lauren Mecke ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my committee, Dr. Joseli Macedo and Dr. Kathryn Frank for listening to me talk about my obsession with mall redevelopment and helping to guide me in the writing of this thesis. I am fortunate to have professors that care about sustainability and encourage students to think critically about sustainability and environmental planning. I look forward to using all that I have learned at the University of Florida in my career. I would like to thank my parents for supporting me throughout my life, pushing me always to be the best I can be. Their financial support and encouragement is the primary reason for achieving this degree. Finally, I would like to thank Andrew, for believing in me when I didn’t believe in myself. No words can describe my gratitude for the friendship, support, and several tours of Plano. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 3 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... 6 ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 10 Research Purpose and Significance ....................................................................... 10 Description of Chapters .......................................................................................... 12 2 LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................... 17 Urban Metabolism Literature ................................................................................... 17 Components of Urban Metabolism ................................................................... 19 Energy ....................................................................................................... 19 Water ......................................................................................................... 20 Waste ......................................................................................................... 21 Air quality ................................................................................................... 22 How it is Measured? ......................................................................................... 23 Retrofitting Literature .............................................................................................. 25 Suburban Retrofitting ....................................................................................... 25 EcoDistricts and Relation to Urban Metabolism ............................................... 27 Seaholm District and [re]Manufacturing Hub, Austin, Texas ............................ 28 Reusing Malls ......................................................................................................... 30 History of Suburban Shopping Mall Revitalization ............................................ 30 Denver, Colorado Examples ............................................................................. 33 3 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................... 40 City Selection: Why Plano? ..................................................................................... 40 Research Question ................................................................................................. 42 Urban Metabolism Case Study ............................................................................... 43 Collin Creek Mall Case Study ................................................................................. 44 Proposal .................................................................................................................. 45 Limitations ............................................................................................................... 46 4 URBAN METABOLISM: PLANO ANALYSIS .......................................................... 48 Plano’s Built Environment and Population .............................................................. 48 History of Planning and Population Changes in Plano ..................................... 48 Sustainability in Plano ...................................................................................... 52 4 Evaluation of Plano ................................................................................................. 52 Energy .............................................................................................................. 53 Water ................................................................................................................ 55 Landfill .............................................................................................................. 57 Air Quality ......................................................................................................... 58 Population ........................................................................................................ 61 Public Communication ...................................................................................... 62 Summary of Plano’s Metabolism ............................................................................ 63 5 COLLIN CREEK MALL ANALYSIS ......................................................................... 68 Background on the Collin Creek Mall ...................................................................... 68 Collin Creek Mall Land Use and Surrounding Properties ........................................ 69 Future Land Use ..................................................................................................... 70 Collin Creek Mall Discussion .................................................................................. 71 6 PROPOSAL USING TACHIEVA’S MALL SPRAWL REPAIR METHOD................. 77 Seven Key Factors ................................................................................................. 77 Community and Existing Surroundings ................................................................... 79 Redevelopment ....................................................................................................... 80 Sustainability Best Practices ................................................................................... 82 Summary ................................................................................................................ 84 7 FINDINGS ............................................................................................................... 87 Recommendations Based On This Research ......................................................... 87 Further Research .................................................................................................... 91 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 92 APPENDIX A SCORECARD OF STAR COMMUNITIES CERTIFICATION .................................. 95 B SITE AND LEASE PLANS ...................................................................................... 99 LIST OF REFERENCES ............................................................................................. 103 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .......................................................................................... 108 5 LIST OF FIGURES Figure page 1-1 Plano, Texas....................................................................................................... 15 1-2 Collin Creek Mall Location .................................................................................. 16 2-1 Comparing Linear and Circular Metabolism ....................................................... 35 2-2 From linear to circular: in an urbanizing world the metabolism of cities must become compatible with the ecosystems of planet Earth. .................................. 36 2-3 Project Strategy Matrix. ...................................................................................... 37 2-4 Seaholm District has helped reduce energy and water loads in this area. ......... 38 2-5 Denver Area Malls .............................................................................................. 39 4-1 Rail Crossing near Parker Road Station ............................................................. 65 4-2 Bus Stops Along Coit Road ................................................................................ 65 4-3 Bicycle Route Sign ............................................................................................. 66 4-4 Plano's Mixed Use Developments ...................................................................... 66 4-5 Location of Downtown Plano in Relation to Collin Creek Mall. ........................... 66 4-6 "Subscribe to the City of Plano" form .................................................................. 67 5-1 Collin Creek Mall Location .................................................................................. 73 5-2 Four of the Numerous Store Closed Inside of Collin Creek Mall .......................