Е. Б. ЯСТРЕБОВА
AS YOU WRITE IT
УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ ДЛЯ РАЗВИТИЯ НАВЫКОВ ПИСЬМЕННОЙ РЕЧИ
Уровень A2 B2
Компетентностный подход
МГИМО 2012 ББК 81.2 Англ Я 85
Ястребова Е. Б. Я 85 As you write it. Part 1. From sentence to paragraph : Учебное пособие для развития навыков пись- менной речи. Часть I. Уровень B1. / Е. Б. Ястребова, М.: МГИМО — Университет, 2010. — 54 с. ISBN 978-5-9228-0604-6
Пособие, состоящее из четырех частей, предназначено для развития умений и навы- ков письменной речи как компонента коммуникативной компетенции студентов первого и второго курсов факультетов и отделений МО, регионоведения, межкультурной комму- никации с исходным уровнем коммуникативной компетенции не ниже А2 (первый курс) и В1 (второй курс).
ББК 81.2 Англ
ISBN 978-5-9228-0604-6 © МГИМО (У) МИД России, 2012 © Ястребова Е. Б., 2012 CONTENTS
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ ...... 5
PART I. FROM SENTENCE TO PARAGRAPH UNIT 1 SECTION 1. WRITING A SIMPLE SENTENCE ...... 8 SECTION 2. READING A PARAGRAPH AND LEARNING TO THINK CRITICALLY ...... 15
UNIT 2 SECTION 1. WRITING COMPOUND AND COMPLEX SENTENCES ...... 17 SECTION 2. READING A PARAGRAPH AND BUILDING YOUR OWN ...... 23
UNIT 3 SECTION 1. WRITING A PARAGRAPH: AVOIDING REPETITION ...... 26 SECTION 2. WRITING A PARAGRAPH: NARRATION ...... 28
UNIT4 SECTION 1. WRITING A PARAGRAPH: MAKING USE OF RELATIVE CLAUSES ...... 32 SECTION 2. WRITING A PARAGRAPH: DESCRIPTION ...... 36
UNIT 5 SECTION 1. WRITING A PARAGRAPH: MAKING USE OF ADVERBIAL CLAUSES ...... 40 SECTION 2. WRITING AN ARGUMENTATIVE PARAGRAPH BASED ON FACTS ...... 43
UNIT 6 SECTION 1. WRITING A PARAGRAPH: MAKING USE OF PARTICIPLES ...... 46 SECTION 2. WRITING ARGUMENTATIVE PARAGRAPH BASED ON OPINION ...... 50
PART II. STAYING IN TOUCH UNIT 1. SECTION 1. STYLE MATTERS: FORMAL VS INFORMAL ...... 57 SECTION 2. WRITING AN INFORMAL LETTER ...... 60
UNIT 2. SECTION 1. LANGUAGE OF COMPARISON ...... 65 SECTION 2. WRITING FORMAL LETTERS BASED ON ARGUMENTATIVE PARAGRAPHS; LETTERS TO THE EDITOR ...... 70
UNIT 3. SECTION 1. LANGUAGE FOR EMAILS ...... 78 SECTION 2. WRITING EMAILS: BASIC RULES; INQUIRIES, REQUESTS, ARRANGEMENTS ...82
UNIT 4. SECTION 1. LANGUAGE FOR COMPLAINTS AND APOLOGIES ...... 91 SECTION 2. WRITING COMPLAINTS AND APOLOGIES ...... 98 UNIT 5. SECTION 1. LANGUAGE MATTERS ...... 103 SECTION 2. WRITING LETTERS FOR DIFFERENT OCCASIONS ...... 107
PART III. FROM PARAGRAPH TO ESSAY UNIT 1. SECTION 1. LANGUAGE MATTERS: JOINING SENTENCES AND IDEAS (1) ...... 113 SECTION 2. PARAGRAPH WRITING ...... 118
UNIT 2. SECTION 1. WRITING IN STYLE: ACADEMIC WRITING ...... 121 SECTION 2. WRITING ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAYS (FOR and AGAINST). WRITING A GOOD INTRODUCTION ...... 125
UNIT 3. SECTION 1. LANGUAGE MATTERS: JOINING SENTENCES AND IDEAS (2) ...... 130 SECTION 2. PARAGRAPH WRITING: EXPRESSING OPINION. WRITING A GOOD CONCLUSION ...... 133
UNIT 4. SECTION 1. WRITING IN ACADEMIC STYLE ...... 137 SECTION 2. WRITING AN ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY EXPRESSING OPINION ...... 141
UNIT 5. SECTION 1. LANGUAGE MATTERS: APPLICATIONS...... 146 SECTION 2. WRITING TO GET A JOB. WRITING AN OPINION ESSAY WITH ELEMENTS OF DESCRIPTION ...... 153
PART IV. WRITING A SURVEY REPORT AND A SUMMARY UNIT 1. SECTION 1. LANGUAGE FOR SURVEY REPORTS (1): COMPARISON & CONTRAST ...... 169 SECTION 2. WRITING A SURVEY REPORT: STRUCTURE AND CONTENT ...... 174
UNIT 2. SECTION 1. LANGUAGE FOR SURVEY REPORTS: GENERALISATION, QUALIFICATION AND CAUTION ...... 179 SECTION 2. WRITING SURVEY REPORTS ...... 183
UNIT 3. SECTION 1. LANGUAGE FOR SUMMARIES: PARAPHRASING ...... 189 SECTION 2. WRITING A SUMMARY: THE BASICS ...... 197
UNIT 4. SECTION 1. USEFUL LANGUAGE FOR SUMMARIES ...... 210 SECTION 2. WRITING A SUMMARY: THE PARTICULARS ...... 219
REVISION ...... 229
CПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ ...... 235 * уровень2обозначен знаком Текстовой материал собой связныетексты. обоихразделоввосновномпредставляет оноведов” Е. Б. О. Ястребовой, А. Кравцовой, Д. А. Крячкова, Л. Г. Владыкиной иучебник “Курс английс- частью работычастью текстов является написаниесобственных ваудитории (“paragraphs”, эссе, кратких часов внеделю;наобучение письменнойречи рекомендуется отводить аудитор- 30–40минут сложных предложений разногосложных типа. Вторая часть структуры текста иотработкиструктуры написаниеотдельных навыка элементов текста (например,тезиса, написаниякраткого атакже назакреплениенавыка связанных снаймомнаработу; письмен- сиональный интерес,сиональный тексты втом лингвокульторологического числе истрановедческого плана. современных вгазетах англоязычных публикации ижурналах, произведений разныхжанров: кого студентов для языковых вузов” языка Л. Ястребовой, Е. Г.Б. Ермаковой,Владыкиной иМ. однако В. ность доцентамность О. А. КравцовойиД. А. Крячкову занеоценимую помощьвподготовке пособия. может использоваться самостоятельного ивкачестве пособия. Автор глубокую благодар- выражает обеспечивают развитие общекультурных компетенций. Таким образом,пособие способствует факультетов иотделений отношений, регионоведения международных имежкультурной ком- официальных писем в разных ситуациях письменного писем вразныхситуациях официальных общения.Третья часть основных положений, аргументов; Текстовой вводной части). и заключительной материал посо- опросов статистических ианализа данных,ирезюметекстов Вконце пособия разныхжанров. обзоров ирезюме).Вовсех разделахпредусмо бия является аутентичным исовременным; источников вкачестве отрывки использовались из Sentence toParagraphSentence курс) и В1 (второй курс) по классификации Совета иВ1(второйкурс) Европы. поклассификации курс) грамотной письменнойречи, втом числе “академической”. Заданиявовтором разделенаправ- вой компетенции фундамента как речевой; крометого, содержание текстов и система заданий ции студента. Одновременно, обязательной промежуточной цельюявляется развитие языко- ведения официальной переписки, в том числе электронной, изакрепляетнавыкнаписанияне- электронной, переписки,втомведения официальной числе щения, эссе, образцовсточки деловыеписьма, обзоры ирезюме)наосновеанализа зрения предлагаются пройденного активизации (раздел заданиядля посвящена наиболеепрофессиональнозначимым обзору,“жанрам”: написанномунаоснове ного сообщения (Paragraph). Четвертая часть ной переписки. В пособие включены ной переписки.Впособие включены interest“human stories” и тексты, профес- представляющие но отрабатывается типичных самостоятельно анализом ошибок.Важной дома,споследующим ного временивнеделю.Языковой материал впервом муникации, имеющихисходныймуникации, уровенькоммуникативной компетенции нениже А2(первый лены наобучение текстов написаниюсобственных (разныетипы краткого письменного сооб- мостоятельной работы студентов. Каждая часть рассчитанамостоятельной часть наодин работы присетке семестр студентов. шесть Каждая ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ художественная инаучно-популярная литература, интернет иобразцыделовойлич- ресурсы Essay развитию профессиональныхкомпетенцийнаправлениям. поуказанным бакалавра Структура исодержание пособия. Методические рекомендации. Конечная Конечная Настоящее изданиедополняетучебник “Курс английского и международников для языка реги- Настоящее пособие предназначено работы для со студентами первого ивторого курсов Первый раздел (Section 1) каждого урока посвящен языковым явлениям, лежащим воснове лежащим посвященязыковым явлениям, урока 1)каждого Первый раздел(Section PART 1.FROMSENTENCETOPARAGRAPH (5 уроков) направлена наразвитие (5уроков) направлена навыков написанияразныхтипов эссе идокументов, цель пособия —развитие компонента письменнойречи как речевой компетен- (6 уроков) обучает основамнаписаниякратких текстов сиспользованием
Работа способием предполагает сочетание аудиторной и са- Пособие состоит изчетырех часть частей. Первая трены упражнения для болеесильныхстудентов*.трены упражнениядля Writing a Survey Report andaSummary Report Writing aSurvey Staying intouch разделе (Section 1)вводится назанятии, разделе (Section Revision (5уроков) обучает основам ). From Paragraph to (4 урока) (4урока) From 5
Предисловие PART I
FROM SENTENCE TO PARAGRAPH 1. John Quincy Adams wasthefirstUS JohnQuincy representative Russia. to 1. THE OF STRUCTURE A STATEMENT . The warbroke out[in1914]. 6. . He[first]visited Russia[in1781]. 2. SECTION SECTION 1. WRITING A SIMPLE SENTENCE UNIT 1 4. [In the above patterns. 1 . [Later] President Adams becamesixth oftheUnited States. 3. Ex. 1.Readthesentences andidentifytheirbasicstructure. Group them according to . [On July13,1935,]theU.S.S.R. andtheU.S. signed theirfirsttradeagreement. 5. RECOGNIZING THE PREDICATE IN A SENTENCE was, were was, shall, will uiire oasendings modals am, is, are auxiliaries have, has, had do, does, did Именная часть составного часть Именная именного сказуемого. The experimentfailed. Theresearchers were disappointed. The expeditionwas asuccess. A brideshouldlookhappy. Columbus discovered America Study thepatterns ofabasicsentence Look for ‘signals’: e.g. e.g. e.g. Pattern 3 Pattern +Predicate 2.Subject (verb Pattern +Predicate 1.Subject (verb
1989], theBerlin Wall fell. atr atr Pattern 3 Pattern 2 Pattern 1 . Subject +PredicateSubject (verb a more rigid thanaRussiansentence. structure Remember . He didnotreach India. ought to, would can, could, must, should, may, might thatanEnglishsentence has or or or Basic Sentence aux+verb /aux”be”+predicative/ complement aux+verb) aux+verb) +Object : -(e)s ( can bemisleading but are worth a secondbut are glance worth do you know and-( e)d
why ? ) 1 ) 9
UNIT 1 UNIT 1 0 John, beinganonlychild, grew uphatinghisfather. 10. 1. The subject is The subject 1. The minuteman istheAmericanofsoldiersymbol. 1. . The Parliament adopted Act privileges. in1998granted Scotlandcertain 7. . This imageassociated withtheAmericanisRevolution. 2. 10. . The Englishstilltake care oftheweak andthepoor. 4. . The minutemen were thefirstpeople to fightinamongtheAmericanRevolution. 3. . They ahighlymobileforce provided. 5. . The Englishcould never beslaves. 9. . Iamproud Bywater) to beEnglish.(Michael 1. 4. A quarter oftheentire colonial militiatheirteams Aquarter constituted. 4. . Hence these “minutemen” were men. nicknamed 7. . The minutemen equipped and prepared to fightshouldbe “on aminute’s notice”. 6. 6. The English sense of humour has never deserted him. The Englishsenseofhumourhasnever deserted 6. 8. The first military attack failed against the Indians. attackfailedagainstthe The firstmilitary 8. 2. Most subjects are subjects Most 2. 3. Some subjects are subjects Some 3. . Iamashamedto bewhite andmiddle-class. 2. 10 Ex. 3.Find thepredicate inthesentences. indoubt,doitby elimination(findtheonly If Ex. 4.Checktheword order inthefollowing sentences. Make corrections. necessary Ex. 2. Decide whichofthesewords/phrasesEx. 2.Decide are predicates, can bepredicates, are not In eachfindthebasicsentence. . Educated atanelitistuniversity hespeaksReceived Pronunciation. 3. PRACTICE 1 PRACTICE am proud, educated, have beeneducated, adopts, stress ,wasashamed, dislikes, donotshow, proud, RECOGNIZING THE IN SUBJECT A SENTENCE Englishmendohotshow emotionanddonotcry. 5. 9. Every American soldier was a minuteman killed atthebattleofLexington Americansoldierwasaminuteman killed Every (1775). 9. known, mustsuffer,known, appeared, fall, improving, cut, to bemade, care. can communicate, are competing, adopted, hasfought, being, hadto bedone, wishes, to dress, un- likely candidate). predicates. . Englishmenno longerdress upfor dinner. 8. Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи a clause( — groups ofwords like nouns( thatfunction — pronouns ( — nouns( — The monument to the Minute Man The monumenttotheMinute NB a icse +1 icse +)bediscussed(+6) discussed(+8) was discussed(+11)
rdct rdct?notpredicate predicate? predicate
Note The secretary She e.g. table, people, history, news : Noverbal ( what Iliked most is writing to theleft I, he, we, they, someone, nobody writing aletter. (predicate) to do ofthepredicate or …), etc aletter …(nopredicate) doing) depicts a typical minuteman erected atypical in1875. depicts ); can beapredicate. ) to learnalanguage, moving totheEast ), _____ (1)Covent Gardenontheirfirsttrip isamustforto everybody London. _____(2)used to bea _____ (7)isaseparate covered and OnSundays marketcalledtheJubileeMarket. _____(8)sellsart . St.Paul’s Cathedral wasbuiltbetween 1675and1710. 1. . To seeLondon washislifelong dream. 4. . To reach the onehasto climb 259steps. Whispering Gallery 3. . What IlikeaboutLondon isitsinfinite variety. 7. 10. Expecting noproblems thegroup Expecting arrived atHeathrow Airport. 10. . Today hisdream isto singattheLondon’s Wembley. 5. . There have always beenmany theatres around theConvent Garden. 8. . For oneofthebestviews ofLondon you mustclimb650steps upto thetop. 2. (3) are lotsofsmallspecialistshops. equipmentandgarden _____(4)isonsalefrom herbsto kitchen Ex. 7.Write tensimplesentences usingtheabove patternsandtheprompts. byEx. 6.Complete from choosinganappropriate thetext thelistbelow subject tofill Ex. 5.Find withfindingthepredicate inthesentences. thesubject Start PRACTICE 2 PRACTICE toys suchashandmadepottery, work, andclothes. andcraft _____(5)are alsostallssellingoriginal art in thegapssentences. Insomecases more thanonevariant ispossible. 9. Looking through the north through Looking thenorth Victoria Gate inHyde Park discovers Pet Century aNineteenth 9. jewellery and knitting. _____(6)are andknitting. displayedjewellery on Victorian standsfrom theold flower market. everything, they, to visit But_____(9)istheRoyal work. OperaHouse.craft market supplyingfruitandvegetables to Westminster Abbey. therestored In marketbuildings_____ 6. It canseatupto 12,500people. It 6. Subjects: avisitto,Subjects: there (3),it,visiting, Covent Garden, whatCovent Garden ismostfamousfor, His most admirable quality=What IadmireHis mostadmirable mostabouthim quality=What Learning English=To learnEnglish; Europe e.g. e.g. NB Cemetery Muscovite Russia become the Northern theNorthern War become Muscovite Russia usawnprovinces empire win proclaim Russia Peter theGreat subject verb object object verb subject PART 1.FROMSENTENCETOPARAGRAPH Thecar imports Note 1 There 2. It It It or nonexistent). prise.) e.g. . The pronoun . The is difficult to understand your idea. (T is difficult tounderstand youridea. snows alotinwinter. is anice surprisethatyou canspeakChinese. ( There . imports : issomeoneatthedoor mostofitsoilandgas.(‘imports’ —predicate; ‘Europe’ —subject) is alsoadummy subject have goneupdespitethecrisis. ) (‘have— subject goneup’— predicate; ‘imports’ it is often usedasa isoften “dummy” isunknown (whenthetruesubject subject It wascold yesterday. . There .
were alotofnewpeopleattheparty. o understandyour idea [hishonesty]) That you can speakChinese isdifficult.) isanice sur- 11
UNIT 1 UNIT 1 1. The walks described in the leaflet reflects/reflect the history and architecture ofthe The thehistory walksdescribedintheleaflet greatcapital.reflects/reflect 1. 2. The history and architecture The ofLondon history is/are amazing. 2. . The HousesofParliament sometimes referred to asthePalace of Westminster is/are thevery 3. SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENTSUBJECT-VERB Useful Hints: 12 Ex. 8.Choosetherightformofverb. PRACTICE 3 PRACTICE in itfor thesubject lows it. The USA The BritishIsle Your clothes Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи 1. There There The problems 2. Sometimes thepleasuresSometimes of 3. e.g. e.g. NB heart ofBritishpolitical life.heart onr cur access to thesea acquire Country iiayrfr e newcapital get reform Military iemme eaebidgovernment build senate Nine-member subject verb object object verb subject Make averb Make agree in withitssubject If there If is If asentenceIf begins with subject subject verb is are is a theatre andtwo filmsbasedonthisbook. production
Number abigcountry. Remember there are nounswiththeending Note two filmsandatheatre based onthisbook. production need a phrase s
: are that many studentsface intheirfirst year cleaning. subject verb subject (singularorplural) to thewest ofEurope. or a clause a seacruise there is/are between the subject andtheverb, between thesubject donotmistakethelastword eraieprovinces anddistricts modernstate replace be successful be dividedinto reorganize a h onain theoldboyar Duma lay thefoundations includebeingseasick the verb “be” agrees withthenounthatimmediately fol- The news* Physics He I don’t like doesn’t like -s are psychological Person thathave asingularmeaning. is a difficultsubject. tea. hasn’t (he/she/it/ . coffee. come yet. . vs I/we/you/they) 0 The USAwas/were to reduce expected itscarbonemissionsby 7%by 2012. 10. . The police was/were investigating thedisappearance oftwo teenagers. 7. 2 Advice is/are more agreeable inthemouththanear. 12. 1 Paper moneywere/was firstusedinChina. 11. 5. The city is lively and its outskirts seem/seemsto stretch for islively The miles. city anditsoutskirts 5. . There is/are rooms agreat inthehotel. halland30luxury 6. 8. The riches of a country depend/depends upon its territory andpopulationdensity. depend/dependsuponitsterritory The richesofacountry 8. Adjuncts inasentenceAdjuncts addinformation aboutplace, time, manner, frequency, reason, etc. The 4. Extra facilitiesfor MPs Extra is/are provided inPortcullis Houseopenedin2001. 4. ADJUNCTS Ex. 9.Fill inthegapswithrightformofverb. Ex. 11. Study the chart andfillinthethird column withexamplesEx. 11.Studythechart from the listbelow. Ex. 10.Write tensimplesentences ononeofthetopicsgiven below: adjunct may beanadverbadjunct phrase( . Newarmshas/have beendeveloped since theMontreux Convention. 9. 2 in themorning 3 h oa pr n altcmais___o t tg.perform enjoy There _____thefamous Theatre Royal andagreat inCovent many other attractions have with productions The classoperasingers. world audience _____first-class The royal OperaandBalletcompanies _____onitsstage. There _____always beenmany theatres around theCovent Garden Area. The first infrontPunch andJudyshowofSt inEngland_____performed Paul’s n ftems aos___teRylOeaHue be Garden. One ofthemostfamous_____Royal OperaHouse. Church. and many others. time odadrfehet___poie nnmru etuat n ae.be Food andrefreshment _____provided innumerous restaurants andcafes. rmtm otm coso efrac __ er ntesre eo.be From _____heard timeto inthestreet timeechoesofaperformance below. vrsnetePaz __be aosfrsre har.have Everyone jugglers, _____somethingto theirtaste: dancers, mimeartists, buskers Ever since thePiazza ____beenfamousfor street theatre. place Обстоятельство илиопределение. inpublicplaces for buskersare peoplewhoperform tips. A day attheuniversity A popularfestival A place you likebest Adjuncts are usedinthreeAdjuncts typically positions:end, front, midposition. PART 1.FROMSENTENCETOPARAGRAPH ducso oiinExample Position of Adjuncts ), oranounphrase ( 3 2 Front* END or this week recently, quiteunexpectedly ). The industrialrevolution begandur- The industrialrevolution beganin Great Britain. ing the1700s. ), aprepositional phrase( 2
on thetable, find be be 13
UNIT 1 UNIT 1 . The officer smiledatusinafriendly way. 1. The listofsentences tochoose from: withadjuncts . They found onSt.George’s island, Bermudashelter. 2. 3. The . Duringthedaylight hoursofJuly28,1609,150 men,women the andchildren, andadogleft 1. 5. They left theshipfor They left safety reasons. 5. 2. Most studentsusuallyhave Most lunchatUniversity. 2. . We have already hadlunch. 3. . Captain Cook shouldnever have returned to Hawaii. 4. 14 Ex. 12.Put thesesentences rightby changingtheword order where necessary. PRACTICE 4 PRACTICE 4 indefinite frequency purpose reason manner Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи
always, ever, usually, normally, frequently, often, seldom,never, etc. NB wreck ofthemerchant ship ducso oiinExample Position of Adjuncts Sea VentureSea The University ofIdahoinMoscow, Idaho, offers awide range of graduate programmes. Note onpunctuation Note Commas setoffelementsofanaddress. On April12,1961, Yuri becamethefirsthuman to orbitEarth. Gagarin Commas setoffthe year inafulldate. e.g. e.g. In April1961,anewera inspaceIn explorationbegan. Adjuncts normally doNOTAdjuncts come between averb andanobject. years later.) NOT inGreat Britain) Fifty years later industrialrevolution beganintheNetherlands. (NOT inthe1750s, but50 e.g. e.g. DO: DO NOT In theNetherlandsindustrialrevolutionIn began50years later. (intheNetherlands, Columbus reached Americainstead ofIndia. : Front : Columbus reached America. instead ofIndia carriedto theEnglishsettlementJamestown supplies andsettlersin Virginia. 4 positiongives greater theadjunct emphasis. ( the verb) Mid between the subject and between thesubject Sea VentureSea OR used with adjuncts oftimeandplace: usedwithadjuncts The Birth ofBermuda(1) The Birth . The settlershadto cuttheirrationsto survive theharshwinter.survive = To survive Columbus never reached theland that is known astheUnited States.that isknown the harshwinter thesettlershadto cut theirrations. 4 OR 1. The survivors of/pleasantlysurprisedby theisland’s The survivors climate/ were/ the 1. . The Bermudaswere namedfor theSpanishnavigator JuandeBermudez. 7. . Another group/ the 7. . To takethemon/thecommander made/buildacraft 4. 0 Ontheislandtheybrought hogsashore to establishasupplydepot. 10. 0 For fish,hogsand foul/ the commander/ had to return to /SirGeorgeSommers /Bermuda. 10. The mostneutral order inthiscaseis: manner—place —time. . The settlersin Virginia/ becauseof/a to plantcrops. had/theirneglect ‘starving winter’/ 9. 6. The survivors were The survivors from Englandwithinanarchipelago 600milesfrom Americaand3,500miles 6. 8. The . Even more/ were delighted/ theyto findwildhogsandseasfulloffish. 2. 4. Hit by adreadful Hit storm theymanagedto sailthrough thereef surrounding agapintheisland. 4. White Tower IIIthe atfirst.Duringthe reign ofHenry White Tower was rebuilt substantiallywithanew . Work /from timeto time/thesailors/would stop. 5. Ex. 13.Make upsentences outoftheseblocks. Ex. 14.Put rightby changingtheword thetext order inthesentences where necessary. Ex. 15.Complete thesentences by intheappropriate position. putting adjunct(s) . Birds/with ease/thenewcomers could/unused to humans/kill. 3. was extended andfloodedsuccessfullywas extended withwaterRiver from the Thames. PRACTICE 5 PRACTICE Great Hallandkitchens 5. Over the next days, thenext Over theirshipwasdestroyed onthereef completely. 5. MORE THAN ONE IN ADJUNCT END POSITION arms andarmourtoday. The Tower over year attracts two every andahalfmilliontourists. as aprisonmostregularly inthereign ofHenry VIII. Prisoners accused oftreason were beheaded to makeitinto alarge over fortress theyears withtwo walls and several towers. lived Royalty inthe . Becauseofitsdangerous reef thearchipelago system theIsleofDevils. theSpanishnicknamed 9. usually on Tower Hill. reason theCrown jewels are stillkeptinthe Tower. . Ontheisland/they/demanded/for therest oftheirlife/ to stay. 6. 8. In 1503theSpanishvisited theisland. In 8. .Tesugesqarldo h ekms ftengt angrily 1. The smugglersquarreled onthedeckmost ofthenight. To to use the keepstate prisonerstheystarted Tower duringthe15 The two armiesmetattheRiver Boyne onthe1stofJuly. They fought fiercely tillnight. The crowd cheered loudly inRedSquare on Day.Victory In the In Tower theyalsousedto store weapons. The Tower Armouriesare thenationalMuseumof She played brilliantlyatthecontest. William theConqueror inthe11 From the Tower to orQueenwalkedfor theplace ofcoronation King over every 250years. For this e.g. on anuninhabited island. PART 1.FROMSENTENCETOPARAGRAPH Deliverance arrived/May, finally/on23 1610/atJamestown. . Henry IIIaddedten newtowers,Henry gateways anddrawbridges. The moat(ров) Patience /theirown boat/decidedto build/to sailbackto England. th century started to buildthe started century Tower. Different peopleaddedbits The Birth ofBermuda(2) The Birth The Tower ofLondon Deliverance/ th to Virginia/the survivors. century. The Tower wasused Sea Venture Sea . 15
UNIT 1 UNIT 1 TOCRITICALLY THINK 1 After thebellsomenever getupfrom theirdeskseven. 11. . The teacher arrives at8:15punctually. 2. 0 Using amobilephonenooneunderthedesksendssmsmessages. 10. . Without puttingtheirhandsupnoonespeaksduringthewholeclass. 7. 2 Isn’t itawaste to spendyour day insuchaboringclass insuchaboringway? 12. smoothlyworks. thisclassroom In everything 1. . The studentsfor 80minutes are withoutany interruption doingassignments. 6. . The students can’t talkallthrough theclassperiodto eachothereven inawhisper. 8. SECTION SECTION 2. READING A PARAGRAPH AND LEARNING VI, hisrivalinthe War oftheRoses. Untilthenmonarchs adopted second namessuchas “Fair”, “Iron- writer develops theirideasmosteffectively. 16 Ex. 4. Looking for Looking hisnotes onthedeskorinhisbagteacher never losestime. 4. . Quietlythestudents are already sittingat8sharptheirdesks. 3. Ex. 18.ReadtheparagraphsDecide inwhichparagraph andfindthemainidea. the Ex. 16.Checktheword order inthefollowing sentences. Make corrections. necessary . Outofthewindow noonedreamily gazes. 9. 5. He exactly starts theclassat8:30 starts Heexactly 5. genet to emphasise that he was descended from the elder branch of the royal family — unlike Henry genet to emphasisethat hewasdescended— unlikeHenry from theelderbranch oftheroyal family monarch surnamewasEdward IV(1442–1483 ).HeusedthesurnamePlanta- to useahereditary 10. treaty wassigned The mostimportant .Teodmnue owl ilsl hog h os. atalltimesof theday andnight 7. The oldmanusedto walkaimlesslythrough thehouse. .Te ettesi nhu ha fteplc.inahurry 2. theshipanhouraheadofpolice. They left 4. Hallwent outaloneonto thesquare .Tecnprtr e ertydrn h al 80.intheCasa deCorregidora 3. The conspirators metsecretly duringtheearly1800s. .Tengtain eto o w ots withlittlesuccess 5. The negotiationswent onfor two months. 9. The archeologist discovered the tomb by chance. In May, In attheabandoned 9. The archeologist discovered thetomb by chance. 6. The general spoke without a pause for an hour. in a half empty theatre inahalfempty 6. The generalspokewithoutapausefor anhour. .Afwpol ida h xaainst h etmnh unexpectedly 8. Afew peopledied attheexcavation month. site thenext Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи An episode in the history ofGreat Britain/Russia/the USA An episodeinthehistory Geographical discoveries I. 17. Write tensentences on one ofthetopicsgiven usingadjuncts below. English monarchs started usingsurnamesinformal Englishmonarchs documents ratherlate. started The firstEnglish A paragraph text that presents isashort ONEmainidea. This ideais not always stated at the start. Other sentences stated Other develop at thestart. themainidea. An idealclassroom? . .
in broad daylight on 28 excavation site. th June1919,at Versailles usually but The lastoneistheageofdeclineandcollapse. Great empires ofthepastsuchasthoseBabylon, (How can you changethesequence ofsentences?) Virginia. What ismore, hewrote abillestablishingreligious freedom, in1786.Even enacted inanage (102 words) (west ofLondon). Hewaved apiece ofpaperintheairanddeclared thatthere would be “peace in Decide whatiswrong withtheotherparagraphs.Decide Suggestways toimprove them. writings andideashelpedto shapethemodernUSA.Hewasnopublicspeaker, sohecontributed his was aprivate accord signed earlierthatday by ChamberlainandHitler. paragraphs three short Its side”, “Harefoot”. The namePlantagenetrefers II,whocameto thethrone in1154.It backto Henry so farfrom home. After sometime, theempire weakens andbreaks upinto smallerstates again.(132) stressed the importance of Anglo-German relations, expressed the ofAnglo-German stressed theimportance “desire ofourtwo peoplesnever first istheageofpioneers, thesecond istheageof conquests, thethird —theageof commerce. Persia, Rome, Islam,SpainandBritainwent through thiscycle. as Eachstagehelpsto lead to thenext comes theageofaffluenceNext followed then comestheageofdecadence.by theageofintellect; the valuesofempire’s peoplechangeover time. Military, political, economic, andreligious devel- to goto warwithoneanotheragain” and stated thecommon resolve to usenegotiationsin all future it meetsneighborswhoare stronger thanitis, butmore justbecauseitisinconvenient often to fight joined together. thesestates are Sometimes stillmostlyindependent,sometimestheyare totally opments allinfluence anempire’s andbelieve people differently act to over time. (118) conquers more andmore ofitsneighbors. Eventually theempire stops growing, sometimesbecause our time”. wasnotacopy written oftheMunichAgreement. onthepaper?It What wasactually It of titaniccontemporaries, Jefferson standsout.(104) drafted the Declaration of Independence. In years theDeclaration ofIndependence.drafted following In heworked to makeitswords areality in disagreements. This accord wascentral to Chamberlain’s attempt to stop Hitler. (113) must have beenininformal useover benefit Edwardto thatperiodasitwasclearlyofpractical IV. bors andconquers them,creating anempire. The more itconquers, thestronger itgets, andsoit oftheempire. part The usualpattern of empires isthatonestate becomes stronger thanitsneigh- pen ratherthanhisvoice to thepatriotcause. As the “silent member” oftheCongress, Jefferson, at33, least four levels ofadministration;empires have five. Anempire isgenerally madeupofmany states from andpoliticalbrilliance. intellectual Virginian— isasagaofremarkable His farmerto presidency V. II. III. IV. PART 1.FROMSENTENCETOPARAGRAPH — Thomas Jefferson dominatesHis personalstory thehistorical landscapeofmodernAmerica. Different empires gothroughcycle. asimilarlife Eachhasseven stagesofdevelopment. The In theautumnof1938,BritishPrime Chamberlainarrived In Minister atHeston aerodrome Anempire islikeastate onlywithonemore layer ofgovernment. States generallyhave at
UNIT 1 UNIT 2 1. with a An 2. with a SECTION SECTION 1. WRITING COMPOUND AND COMPLEX SENTENCES UNIT 2 18 they were produced. Ex. 1. Read the text andexplainthetitle.Ex. 1.Readthetext Find compound sentences andexplainhow COMPOUND SENTENCE: JOINING INDEPENDENT CLAUSES stand aloneasafullsentence. answered it. That wasJohn’s shesaidJohnwas amarriedmanwithwife mother; andababy at asked meto dance. Ihadn’t noticed himearlier, noticed himthen.Hewasn’t butIcertainly tall, very INDEPENDENT CLAUSE to hotel barsorto watch films, or we kissing inthecar.took day trips theseasideandspendhours to home. my In mother’s eyes Ishouldbeashamedofmyself. Iwasashamed, butIcouldn’t understand made, andhewasto Friday arrive thenext evening at7:30.At sixthetelephone rang, andmy mother nor was he particularly good looking; themosta goodlooking; nor washeparticularly neither ofusgotaskedto dance any too Ihadlittle romantic often. success untiltheevening John 5 6 сompound—сложносочиненное; complex —сложноподчиненное. Are, but, or A lotofmy friendshave beentoGreat Britain Most peopleenjoy summerholidays, Most peopleenjoy summerholidays. Do you enjoyDo summerholidays? Have theycome toagreement, Enjoy your summerholidays! He and his friend Mike hadacar,He andhisfriendMike soheoffered to drive— usbackhome. Since then we went outalot e.g. e.g. e.g. I wasmadlyinlove, and, eventually, Idecidedto in I metJohnatadisco inasmalltown nearEdinburgh. friendAnnandIwent My there regularly, yet independent NB coordinating semicolon Note independent clause1 are themostcommon coordinating someauthorsconsider conjunctions; (no conjunction or punctuation isusedto jointhetwo clauses) orpunctuation (no conjunction PRACTICE 1 PRACTICE DO DO NOT : Theywere toarrive yesterday : avoid a run-on sentence: avoid arun-on clauseisagrammatically complete statement, can questionorexclamation. It : Theywere toarrive yesterday theymissedtheirflight : conjunction ( conjunction or , + are theystill arguing? coordinating conjunction and, but, and Cautionary TaleCautionary Iamnoexception. , but ; a fewhave visitedIreland. for theymissedtheirflight. ttractive thingabouthim was thathechose ttractive , or troduce himto my parents. Arrangementswere , nor, so, yet +independentclause2 6 ): for . acoordinating aswell. conjunction 5
me . . Today parents fear for theirchildren’s safety theykeepthemindoors. 1. 10. American Indians live inratherprimitive inreservations, American Indians conditions _____theyhave become 10. . Many first-year studentscan’t balance theirstudiesandsociallife, and… 1. gradual to _____thecoming Migration Americainthe1790swasvery ofindependence did not 1. are Mothers more careful drivers theirchildren feel safer inthecar withthemotherbehind 10. . The Germans, mainlyProtestants, were allCatholics, assimilated easilyenough_____theIrish, 5. . Onaverage children today canwalkto schoolontheirown by theageof11theycanusepublic 7. . Many studentstend to and…. putoffdoing homework, 7. . Adjusting to university life canbedifficult, and… 4. . About1820theflow ofnewsettlersbegan increaseto dramatically____many were from 3. . The Government imposed139regulations onschoolsonly24relate to education. 8. 7. Immigrants from Immigrants eastern Europe were andItaly regarded asinferiors _____moststayed in 7. . University life may seemeasy, so… 2. 2. Most immigrants came from England _____ they assimilated quickly in English speaking immigrants inEnglishspeaking camefrom Most England_____theyassimilated quickly 2. . Parents viewtheworld asadangerous place ‘stranger danger’ istheirbiggestworry. 2. . Many ofthemigrants camefrom Germany 4. . Parents’ ‘safety mania’ skills. canseriouslyaffecttheirchildren theydonotlearnsurvival 4. . Many parents thinkbullyingisaseriousproblem theycan’t domuchaboutit. 3. Ex. 2. Correct run-on sentences. Ex. 2.Correct run-on Ex. 4.Complete thefollowing sentences. Ex. 3.Combine thesentences usingappropriate conjunctions orasemicolon. Add why sheblamedme, nothim.Ithoughtwe were RomeoandJuliet,butwe were justtwo idioticteen- . Life atuniversity canbecostly, for … 3. agers making amessofourlives.agers making . Many students come ofEnglish,yet to theuniversity … withagoodknowledge 5. . Students ofinternational r 6. . Many ofthenewarrivalsfollowed theirfriendsandrelatives_____ many hadheard news of 9. . Parents about thedangersoutsidehometheyignore worry statisticsaboutaccidents inthe 5. . Parents shouldchangetheirattitudewe willhave 9. . Studentsshouldhandintheir papersontime, or… 8. 8. Some immigrants _____didtheyhave failedto Some assimilate into themoneyto anewcountry go 8. . Many children aged15are notallowed to sleepover atafriend’s housetheyare notallowed to 6. commas where necessary. 6. Irish immigrants met some hostility _____ immigrants metsomehostility Irish 6. America andhelpedtheirrelations to come andjoin them. visit theirclosestparkalone. wheel. assimilated into the ordinary Americancommunity.assimilated into theordinary transport aloneat12. transport home. kept themselves rathermore separate. communities. continental Europe. back home. possibilities ofemployment. lead immediately to agreat newwave ofpeople. PART 1.FROMSENTENCETOPARAGRAPH elations canstudyathird language, but…
_____ they threatened theProtestant domination. agenerationofcotton-wool kids. there were alsogreat numbers from Ireland. 19
UNIT 2 UNIT 2 0 Cutting down onsleepduringtheexamperiodiscommon, … 10. The Pilgrim Fathers, whointendedtogoVirginia, hadtostayatCape Cod. . Taking examsisstressful; moststudents…. 9. A Although summerholidaysare more popular, Iprefer totake mineinwinter Although summerholidaysare more popular Who intendedtogoVirginia…Who 20 (that), since, so(that),that, though,till, unless, until, whenever, where, wherever, while, why . Ex. 6.Combine thepunctuation. clauseswiththeconjunction. Mind two Point outthesubordinate conjunctions. Ex. 5.Readthesentences andgroup themaccording tothetype: I prefer totake mineinwinteralthoughsummerholidaysare more popular. COMPLEX SENTENCE situation. While Georgie andOlliewere inhospital, peopleadvisedtheparents to putthebaby away PRACTICE 2 PRACTICE and getonwiththeirlives. Instead, theytook Olliehome. As theyinvested limitlesscare inOliver, he Down’s syndrome, theywere littleofhim. told to expect The broke doctor thenews asiftheworld hope he will marry oneday andlive asemi-independentlife.hope hewillmarry had ended. Life hadprepared Damonfor suchshocks, sohewasready to dealwiththeunexpected 7 etc girls. Heisafabulousdancer anddrummer, andheloves Heis notmaterialistic; skiing. hecares nothing clause to makeafullsentence: developed into acharming, sweet-tempered andcaringchild. e.g. a) simple for status, nordoesheunderstandtheconcept offame. Hedoesn’t wantthelatest brandsandfashions. c) complex b) compound Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи .theUSAissobiganditspeoplehave 1. Other subordinating include:after, conjunctions Other asif, aslongas, assoonas, asthough,before, inorder that,provided subordinate Today, Ollie’s life teenage. istypically Heenjoys tennis andswimming, andheisalsopopularwith When Damon Hill (aBritishracinghero)When DamonHill andhiswife Georgie’s firstchild, Ollie, was bornwith 7 Ollie goesto aspecialschool, where heislearningthebasics ofindependentliving. parents His ) ora different ethnicorigins relative Note onpunctuation we useacomma. clause isintroduced by a pronoun ( who, which,that,etc. Main (independentclause)+ Main subordinate clause conjunction/relative pronoun : after asubordinate: after clauseatthebeginning ofacomplex sentence subordinate (dependent)clause subordinating conjunction subordinating , …. ti esvre hnErp although it islessvariedthanEurope OR ). It isasentence fragment). It whichneedsamain , +mainclause conjunction ( conjunction subordinating + + as, because, although,if, when . = , 7. The MTV Generationreads books(onlywhen)… The MTV 7. . Althoughoilprices went down … 1. . Today studentsspendlesstimereading (though)… 2. . As more peoplebuycars… 7. 0 …though theRussianfootball team didn’t inthe takepart World Cup. 10. 10. Most boys/girls Most love reading … 10. Many studentsdonotread for pleasure (because 1. They are usedto addinformation, express result, concession, contrast. . Teenagers … buildbetter often reading habitsandalove ofreading (if) 5. . The Internet may alsoprovide reading somequality material … 9. . Since theglobalfinancialcrisishit world …. 2. . As longasparents decidefor theirchildren…. 5. . After theattempts to stop Gulffailed… theoilleakinMexican 9. . Whenthegovernment introduced atschool….. USE(ЕГЭ) 4. . ……becausethey(many people)have losttheirjobs. 3. students’ reading habits. Ex. . Few young peoplewillchooseto read books(which)…. 4. Ex. 8.Add asubordinate clausetoproduce acomplex sentence. Ex. 7.Complete thesentences addingamainclause. Add acomma where necessary. . Readinghabitshave changeddramatically(since) … 3. . Parents (that)… andteachers worry 6. . More andmore young peoplechooseonlinesites asareading source … 8. 6. If alluniversities If accept USEresults… 6. 8. If drivers If donotfollow trafficrules... 8. 0 today many women withyoung chil- 10. .HradCleewsfudd10yasAmericagainedindependence from College wasfounded Harvard 140years 7. .NrhAeiablnst epecm hr costeAlni who came there across theAtlantic America belongsto people North 2. .teclnssgie hi neednetheiraimwasgreater freedom from thecolonists gainedtheirindependence 4. .theAmericansgotridofEnglish 3. .tenwstlr eeloigfrlns theclimate wasmild, thesoilfertile thenewsettlerswere for lands looking 5. .large familiescanfindthemselves below 9. .act rw itssuburbstend to spread outbe- grows acity 6. .rsac a hw hr r eea asso oet that there are several causesofpoverty research hasshown 8. Linking adjuncts clearly indicate therelationship adjuncts bet Linking 9. Write tensentences (complex andcompound) aboutuniversity PART 1.FROMSENTENCETOPARAGRAPH dren work pound in1787 poverty line poverty Linking adjuncts Linking yond limits thecity Great Britain and Indians friendly and Indians authorities they took theword ‘dollar’ from the hyhv o noe if they have low incomes their husbandscan’t provide for the old German ‘thaler’ family )… ween clauses, sentences andparagraphs. where when when as before because 21
UNIT 2 UNIT 2 1. The time was very limited. The time wasvery The presenter managedto produce someinteresting arguments. 1. Teenagers love and reading fiction Study the chart anddoexercises inPracticeStudy thechart 3 . Many teenagers findnews programs boring. They never watch any. 2. Add marks. punctuation First isappropriate: ofadjunct decidewhattype a) Addition 22 Ex. 10. Connect the two clauses with a suitable linking adjunct from adjunct thetable above. clauseswithasuitablelinking Ex. 10.Connect thetwo PRACTICE 3 PRACTICE are aturn-off books setforhomework are aturn-off e.g. c) Concession/contrast b) Result 8 Addition similarly, whatismore, etc. also, above all, besides, further- Contrast anyway, atthesametime, how- Concession accordingly, asaresult, conse- trast, onthecontrary, onthe though thus in/by comparison, in/by con- etc. rather,other hand, otherwise, ever, nonetheless, nevertheless, more, inaddition,moreover, Result quently, hence, so, therefore, Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи End positionfor ‘though’ inthismeaningismore typical. NB ikn ducso oiinExample Position of Adjuncts Linking 8
, yet Note The jobwaswell-paid. At thesametime, itinvolved responsibilities hewasnotwillingto Learning athird languageisdifficult, e.g. Note onpunctuation Between two independentclauseswe useacombination ofasemicolon andacomma. take. Linking adjuncts between sentences placed adjuncts atthefront ofthesentenceLinking are setoff a by comma. destination. e.g. e.g. e.g. . =Teenagers love reading : They travelled allnight;however, daybreak stillfound themalongway from their Linking adjuncts adjuncts Linking :
follow stories onreal-life topics. orbooksset Nonfiction for homework FRONT or FRONT or FRONT or FRONT or Mid (midis Mid Mid (midis Mid Mid (midis Mid Mid (midis Mid more formal) more formal) more formal) more formal) . /…
fiction andstories on real-life topics.fiction on real-life topics; conjunctions. but E.g. atthesametimeitgives advantage. you anextra We invited them They refused to join,though. The girls were notfeeling well; however, All papersmustbesubmitted by the1 Spontaneous peopleare lively andopen- She didn’t understandany Dutch. There- Our problems are man-made, therefore, a successful businessman Put the articles into thecorrectPut forums, thearticles Redford isatalented actor. Besides, heis they hadnofever. they may besolved by man. He passedhisexamssuccessfully, besides he got a part-time jobfor thesummer.he gotapart-time cepted. of May. theywillnotbeac- Otherwise, otherwise, theywillbedeleted.otherwise, minded. However, theycangetbored fore, shenever watched inAmsterdam. TV quickly. 8 in contrast , nonfiction In contrast … , nonfiction or , nonfiction st
0 The candidate didnotlookdefeated. Heseemedfullofenergy. 10. . The expeditionfaced alotofhardships. ____, (therefore/nevertheless), theysucceeded in 1. . They’d better agree to ourproposal. They mightlosetheelection. 7. 2 Any reform shouldaimto improve thesituation. The schoolreform shouldfocus onimproving 12. . African waters account for 56%ofallpirate attacks, _____,(onthecontrary/moreover) theattacks 7. 0 notes thatreadingThe to NationalEducationAssociation andwithone'schildren (UK) is 10. 1 Shehadtherightqualificationsandexper 11. . The trafficwasheavy.We missedthetrain. 4. . JohnKennedywanted to makeasuccessful career. Hewanted hisfamilyto beproud ofhim. 5. 4. As better performers atschoolanduniversity girls As have better performers thepickofprofessions thatare 4. . WhileLewis Louisiana andClarkwere Riverinnorth-west battlingwiththeMissouri Territory, 2. . Women are stillunderrepresented inanumberofprofessions. ______,(above all/thus)women 3. . At firsttheyseemedataloss. recovered. They quickly 8. . Since thesummerof2008,Russianeconomy amajoreconomic meltdown. underwent 5. 9. Solar energy isarenewable Solar doesnotcauseany source pollution.It ofenergy. 9. Ex. 12. Complete the text by adding a suitable linking adjunct between sentences. between adjunct byEx. 12.Complete addingasuitablelinking thetext sentences. between adjunct Ex. 11.Chooseasuitablelinking . Readingonlineisbetter thannotreading encourages atall.teenagers to It write for theirown 3. cord. 1)_____, theAmerican War began.2)_____ ofIndependence nists showed themselves unwilling extremely to sever theirlinkswiththemotherland. 9. In the1980s Moscow hadonlyabout300,000cars;today In Moscow hasover 3millioncars. Butthe 9. . By2008,Russiahadbecome oneofthe10largest economies intheworld. only10years, In 6. . Moscow’s underground railway system isamodelofspeedandefficiency, whichputs Londonto 8. 6. It wassnowing. It We decidedto stay indoors. 6. I. In 1775thefirstshots I. In were fired in Lexington bytheBritish; firstfighting occurred at Con- ______,(consequently/however) economic growth of2009. resumed inthesecond quarter 172 hostagesinthefirsthalfof year. discussing books and magazine articles read by youngdiscussing booksandmagazinearticles adultsisalsolikelyto produce fruitful results. likely to increase theirreading success inthefuture. _____,(similarly/atthesametime) was uneventful. Butrainand fog reminded them student achievement. shame. _____,(atthesametime/incontrast) itsuffers from overcrowding. The rushhourseems and pay. are stillfarfrom attainingreal equality. are more violentthaninAsia. Pirates theGulfofAden, and nearSomalia, Nigeria Tanzania took Pike ledhisteam to explore thesouthwest. _____,(by comparison/in addition) Pike’s journey therefore) inmid-October, Pike sethismento work onawinter camp. increased significantly, from $62in1999 $529in2007. to its GDPhadincreased more thaneightfold. ______,(whatismore/in contrast) real wages jams are presumably theworst intheworld atpresent. competitive, ______,(yet/besides) to thoseareas they seemattracted thatbringlower status government hasnotadjusted to thenew situation._____,(similarly/asaresult) Moscow’s traffic reaching the fort beforereaching thefort winter. blogs. never to end. PART 1.FROMSENTENCETOPARAGRAPH North America: a potpourrioffacts North ience. Herappointmentwaslogical. that winter wasapproaching _____,(however/ , for more thanayear the colo- 23
UNIT 2 UNIT 2 YOUR OWN. 10) _____, farmers could not meet the mortgage payments ontheirland.10) _____,farmerscould notmeetthemortgage These farmersheadedfor To allthesepeoplethe West was, 13)_____,ameansto achieve health,wealth andhappiness. SECTION SECTION 2. READING A PARAGRAPH AND BUILDING (change theorder ofsentences, adjuncts: theuseoflinking theposition ofadjuncts; year —thesouthshore oftheGreat SaltLake. 24 Ex. too economical orliberal). Decide whatiswrong withtheotherparagraphs.Decide Suggestways toimprove them wise would notmake. Thus, comparing theUnited States withpastempires isstillsound. (115) the world today, Americanpoliticalpower canpersuadepeopleto makedecisionstheyother- Ex. 14.Readtheparagraphs anddecidewhich is more effective. United States history. was, 7)_____,aperiodofgreat It hardship andsuffering. and themechanismsof “informal empire,” America’s thanjust influence spreads muchfurther Canada’s French populationhaddropped to under30%.6)_____,by speaking themid-20 Quebec wasbecoming anever smallerelementinanever growing Canadian state. for longtime periodslarge numbersofalienpeoplehaving different cultures andlanguages. had ever attempted. The ideawasto divest itself(getrid)ofitsformer colonies andstillkeepsomehold had come over the most inhospitable mountains and the wildest desert inAmericawithnoinstru- had come over themostinhospitablemountainsandwildestdesert country was 4) _____forced to export millions of people to its colonies — includingCanada. 5)_____, was4)_____forced millionsofpeopleto itscoloniescountry to export over them.Bycomparison, noonehasever managedthat,theRomansdidn’t manageit;it’s hard to union ofindependentsovereign States. Canada, 3)_____,remained loyal to theBritishflag. However, anation alsocanhave influence without conquering andthen controlling anarea with ments, noguides, notrailsto follow. theprevious spothehadleft 9)_____,hearrived attheexact Smithcircled senseofdirection. throughnia. 8)_____,hehadaremarkable theCalifornia interior, per yolk.11) _____,mulesmightbeasmuch$100each.12)oxenper yolk.11) onlittlefood. could survive its own officials. By using occasional military interventions,its own economic aid, officials. business Byusing occasional military investment, adjuncts. over theareas theCaribbean, it hasnow LatinAmerica,andelsewhere orhadinthepast.In in for atour oftheCommonwealth. on aPRexercise Britainwasembarking that nootherempire inhistory free landonthewest coast. Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи America’s advance to the West (thePacific) After theAmericanCivil War, thousandsofpeoplelookedfor anescapefrom theirdevastated homes. One ofAmerica’s mostbrilliantexplorers wasJedediah Migration inRussia/theUSA Migration Most emigrants usedoxenMost animals;theywere asdraft relatively cheap:theycost only$55to $65 Russia’s advance to theEast(thePacific) I. IsAmericaan “empire”? After all, thisnationdidnotsystematically conquer rule anddirectly In the19 In 1783peace wasmadeinParis,In andthe ColoniesThirteen from to Maine Georgia becamea II. In NovemberII. In 1953, thenewlycrowned London QueenElizabethIIand theDukeofEdinburgh left II. The openingofthe West intheearlyandmiddle1800’s wasoneofthemostexciting timesin In 1837theAmericannationsufferedIn itsfirstmajorfinancial collapse;thedepression followed. 13. Write tensentences ononeofthetopicsusingsuitablelinking th andearly20 th century, England’s populationrose from 8millionto 40million. The Smith, whofound atraderoute to Califor- th century century . There are many reasons why peoplewould wantto studyhistory. A. . We becauseit’s studyhistory essentialto understandthepastinorder to understandthepresent. J. . Readthesentences andpick upthosewhichare relevant to thetopic. 2. . Make alistofpointsyou’d like to say onthesubject. 1. . Make alistofpointsyou’d like to say onthesubject. 1. . The mostcompelling isto reason learnfrom to thepast. studyhistory G. E. The study of history (it)canteach ushow The to avoid studyofhistory repeating themistakesofpast. E. L. The knowledge of history is an integral part ofone’s isanintegral part ofhistory The knowledge becausewithouthistory nationalidentity L. . Write your version ofaparagraph. 4. D. Another aspect of the study of history isthatiteducational. ofthestudyhistory Anotheraspect D. Ex. . Readthesentences below. Choosethosewhichreflect your understanding ofthe topic. 2. Ex. 15. Build up a paragraph on the topic “Why we should study history” outofthe weEx. 15.Buildupaparagraph shouldstudyhistory” onthetopic“Why following blocks. war over Germany, theLuftwaffe’s theNormandy Otherwise, hadalsolonggone. aerialsuperiority successful idea,andtheQueen’s tour managedto cement thislooseunionofnations. Consequently, fices between 1941and1945surely (129) isnot too much to ask. Moreover, between 22Juneand29August 1944theRedArmy destroyed Hitler’s Army Group Centre . Use appropriate adjuncts. linking 3. K. Studying history broadens hasahistory, themind;since everything Studyinghistory ithelpsusunderstand K. today there are more countries intheCommonwealth thanthere ever were intheempire. (152) think ofanempire that would even Britaincould attempt nolon- to dothat.Bombedoutandbankrupt in Belarus, costing the Wehrmacht over 300,000soldiers. There were 165Nazidivisions intheeast; campaign mighthave beeneven more difficultthanitwas.To rememberthe giganticRussiansacri- contrast, theNazishadjustover 30inthewest. Thanks andalsotheair to boththeRussianwareffort other halfofthewarinEurope ontheresult oftheNormandylandings. whichhadahugeimpact out ofthepram”, butcameupwithaneworganization, theCommonwealth. hasbeenaremarkably It ger afford to keepits colonies. However, unlike France and BritaindidnotPortugal, “throw outthe toys 3. Build up a paragraph arranging them logically and using linking adjuncts. If necessary add Build upaparagraph necessary If adjuncts. arranging themlogicallyandusing linking 3. I. Without history a country would lose itsidentity, acountry Without explainsthe traditions history itsculture. History I. . Readyour paragraph criticallyto make sure itislogical. 5. . Ourpastisfullofinformation thatwe canuseto piece together how peopleusedto live. H. Learning aboutpastevents andpeoplewhoshapedthecountries andsocietiesisfascinating. C. . People becauseitisinteresting andeducational;itgives generally studyhistory anunderstanding B. F. It (the study of history) is also educational because there are important peoplethroughout isalsoeducationalbecausethere are (thestudyofhistory) important It F. III. 2009)isanyWhat ismissinginthecurrent mentionofthe (June commemoration ofD-Day 16. Build up a paragraph on the topic “Why theRussianssoldAlaska”. 16.Buildupaparagraph onthetopic“Why We canlearnhow events from thepast affected us today, andfrom that we canperceive how the and hisbackground. things we donow can affectthefuture. history thathave inspiredhistory andmotivated usto dothethingswe do. of theworld we live in. countries andindividualsalike lose theirculture and theiridentity. sentences ofyour own. preserved in that country. A person is defined by his history; itexplainshis religion, hisactions, inthatcountry.preserved Apersonisdefined hishistory; by people andsocieties. PART 1.FROMSENTENCETOPARAGRAPH 25
UNIT 2 UNIT 2 J. Alaska was a very minor part oftheRussianEmpire; there were minorpart nomore wasavery than500Russiansin Alaska J. C. The Russians who came to Alaska between 1741and1867always The Russianswhocameto hadtrouble Alaska gettingthefood C. . The Crimean War madeRussiaconcentrate in Europe. itseffort M. N. The purchase of Alaska completed the national territory on the North Americancontinent. ontheNorth completed The purchase thenationalterritory ofAlaska N. The transfer wasoneofthegreatest bargains ofalltime. B. . The great andtheRussiancapitalofSt.Petersburg distance between Alaska madeitvirtually L. The Russiangovernment andcontrol could thewaters notmaintainafurmonopolyinAlaska F. This venture never becameprofitable, and Rosswasabandonedin1841. Fort E. A. Over a hundred and forty years ago, ahundred Over andforty sovereignty wastransferred over Alaska from theRussian A. . Alaska’s mineralresources hadn’t beendiscovered thesale. untilafter K. I. Alaska was very difficult fortheRussians wasvery to defend. Alaska I. D. Since the Russians in Alaska were Since theRussiansinAlaska unableto makethemselves self-sufficientin agriculture, they D. . Russiadidn’t to keepAlaska. wantto spendthemoneynecessary G. O. In 1867 the Russians sold Alaska to theUnited States for 1867the RussianssoldAlaska In $7.2million. O. H. It was fur trade that first drew the Russians to Alaska. wasfur tradethatfirstdrew theRussians Alaska. to It H. Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи Alaska atany givenAlaska time. surrounding Europeans thecolony; andAmericansbeganto move into theregion duringthe first halfofthe19th century. they wanted andneeded. Empire to theUnited States. impossible for theRussiangovernment to control itscolony. founded anewcolony, California Fort Ross, in1811–12. innorthern 1. 2. SECTION SECTION 1. WRITING A PARAGRAPH: AVOIDING (singular orplural) andgender(masculine, feminine, orneuter) withthewords theyrepresent. UNIT 3 AVOIDING REPETITION: USE OF PRONOUNS the text againandfillinthetablebelow withtheexamplesthe text ofpronoun forms. Read the extract. Which facts about Mahatma Gandhi are newtoyou? facts aboutMahatmaGandhi Which Read theextract. Look through REPETITION Pronouns are usedinstead ofnounsandnounphrases to avoid repetition. They mustagree innumber inspired movements for civilrightsandfreedom across theworld. country astheFathercountry oftheNation. e.g. Subjective Objective Reflexive* Possessive rnu om Examples Pronoun forms Though alawyer, saw politician,andjournalist,Gandhi himselfasasimple, poormanofthepeople. Gandhi himselfbelievedGandhi thathisown Supreme Godwas Truth. Gandhi’s concept ofnon-violentcivildisobedience wasfirstemployedHis ideas South in Africa. spentthreeGandhi years mothersenthimto inEngland. studylaw His atUniversity College, London. Mahatma Gandhi was the political and spiritual leader of India. He isofficiallyhonoured wasthepoliticalandspiritualleaderofIndia. in Gandhi Mahatma NB NB Americans are seldomimpressed by government officials. Theydistrustpeoplewho call themselves Margaret Thatcherwas Britain’s firstfemaleprimeminister. Sheisoneofthedominantpolitical fig- ures ofthe20 experts. The cat mustbehungry. Let’s take ithome. The nearest green spotwas Victoria Park. was It beautiful. She hadherchildatamotherandbaby home. Thenitwas taken from herandadopted. Note Note a) when subject and object are thesameperson/thing andobject whensubject a) e.g. b) for emphasis : : Reflexive th It century Britain. century =anobject,animal,ababy/child pronouns are used Pronouns have subjective, objective, possessive andreflexive forms 27
UNIT 3 UNIT 3 . Fifteen peoplein 1. . Fifteen peoplein 2. 28 Can you further improveCan aboutStanleyusingdifferent nouns you thetext further Stanley’s mumwasaprostitute, Stanley’s andStanleyhadto stay dadwasadrunkard inthework- Ex. 3. Write the same story in the third person singular: thewriterisBritish inthethird personsingular: Ex. 3.Write thesamestory Ex. 2.Readthefollowing paragraphs andimprove themby usingpronouns. Ex. 1.Readthefollowing andsaywhatnounsthepronouns initalicsrepresent. selves was whenatigerattacked were always hungry. Children’s parents were notnecessarily badparents. The parents were probably Compare anddecidewhichisclearer: PRACTICE terrible to childhood. makeStanley’s Stanleywasalways trying name, to prove Stanleyasatrue the housegoingmad. doesn’t Lucy understandand Isitnoddingasshetells meaboutherday. After instead ofhisname? Lucy kisses me atthedoorandleaves. kisses Lucy The day ishell. Iamafraidto leave thehousefor fear ofgetting have beenattackedby tigersthisyear; sixattackswere fatal. Yet, thevillagerscannotbring into aconversation. house for thepoor. Stanleyranaway anewlife inAmerica.Stanleynever to quite start gotover that over explorer. girlfriend, mademea£20betandlaughed: “You won’t lastaday.” dinner we watch insilence. TV doing whatparents could, butitwasn’t always enough. no shoesonchildren’s feet. Children sleptfour andfive bedrooms.to abed infreezing-cold Children comedian Alex Kirk. Make changes.comedian allthenecessary Alex Kirk. Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи “Morning,” shesays. Iwave Shegoesoff theshower.to back. I issilentatbreakfast.It remain inbed. There waslittlework andeven lessmoney. There were children neglected, dressed inrags, with When Lucy comes aseriesofgesturesWhen Lucy home, to explainhow Iperform I’ve beenwanderingabout On Monday Iawake atseven getsready asLucy for work. Fatik managedto escapedeath,buttheattacksare ontheincrease. Fifteen peoplein Henry Morton Stanley was a very confused man, a sad man. Stanley was practically anorphan: confused man,asadman.Stanleywaspractically Stanleywasavery Morton Henry Fatik, catchto someprawns Bengalifisherman,wasintheriver a35-yer-old trying for lunch. That I amthefirst I’veSo admitthatItalk to too much. decided shutup to for awhole week. Lucy, my six tigers?) people died. my to hate thetigers. of ofthejungleandpart The animalsare part shoulderandatthatmoment Henry Morton Stanley, Morton Henry ajournalistandanexplorer ofAfrica his his villagehave beenattackedby tigersthisyear; sixof villagehave beenattackedby tigersthisyear; sixattackswere fatal/six him it stand too far apart, thereader may beconfused.it standtoo farapart, . Fatik felt If thenounandpronounIf whichreplaces the sentence orrepeat thenoun. it To avoid confusion rephrase bit its Life inthe1930s weight landon me .” .” his shoulders. their His lives, theyexplain. them legs buckled. legs buckled. “I looked died. (sixpeople? his village them- Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday?Eachstudentisresponsible forONEday. SECTION SECTION 2. WRITING A PARAGRAPH: NARRATION (use nouns if necessary). Rephrase(use nounsifnecessary). awkward sentences. Ex. 4.Continue thestory. doyou What thinkhappensonTuesday, Wednesday, 10 Ex. 5.Replace thenounswithpronouns where appropriate. Make sure itisclearwhich Ex. 7. Analyze the text anddecide whetherithasthefeatures describedabove. thetext Ex. 7.Analyze Ex. 6.Improve thispassage. Make sure thepronouns are usedappropriately when theDanishinvaded England. Henever forgot thewelcome hehadreceived from the Dukeof slav, GrandPrince ofKiev, and Yaroslav’s wife Princess ofSweden. Ingegerd Annawastheyoungest as Edward theConfessor. his childhoodhisfather, In Ethelred theUnready, took himto Normandy andAnna’sas regent for Henry sonPhilip, who a suitablebride, but could notlocate aprincess whowasnotrelated Henry. to King At lastKing May 19, 1051. Anna and Henry hadthree sons. ForMay 19,1051.AnnaandHenry sixyears Henry’s after deathin1060,Annaserved Normandy. Hehadnochildren, sohechosehisnephew William, theyoung dukeofNormandy, as that once revolutionary document. that once revolutionary tion ofrightswhenhereturned to France. alsohasclearechoesof AndtheUnited NationsCharter the United States. Several othernationshave basedtheir own forms isinter- ofgovernment onit.It Henry sentanembassyto distantKiev,Henry whichretur heir to its throne. esting to note thatLafayette, ahero oftheAmericanRevolution, (wrote) drafted theFrench declara- of France asregent. to serve of Yaroslav andIngergerd’s were daughters. marriedatthecathedralofReimson AnnaandHenry noun thepronoun refers to. land was a country invaded byland wasacountry theDanishanddividedbyknown internal conflicts. Later hebecame 9 сотступом. butnotnecessarily. There inEnglanduntilEdward hadbeennostability wascrowned ofEnglandin1043.Eng- King After the death of King Henry’s first wife, Matilda, King Henry searched the courts of Henry’sEurope searchedAfter thedeathofKing the firstwife,courts for King Henry Matilda, Over thepast two centuries,Over theAmerican Constitution hashadconsiderable influence outside NB PART 1.FROMSENTENCETOPARAGRAPH Note Such paragraphs have an e.g. This ishow itwas. That iswhat itislike. :
Some paragraphs (narrative,Some descriptive ) The lastsentence may restate themainidea The sentences orillustrate thatfollow thisidea. support The topic sentence presents themainidea. A paragraph isamini-essay. Only thefirstsentence isindented It isusuallyatthebeginning oftheparagraph. It consists of3–8sentencesIt onONEtopic. 910 implied /after /after mainsentence. was onlyseven atthetime. Annawasthefirstqueen American LifeandInstitutions ned withAnna.Annawasthedaughter of Yaro- 10 . may contain nosingletopic sentence. 9 . by D. Stevenson p. 34/ 29
UNIT 3 UNIT 3 1. More than fifty differentyears agoeastof More thanfifty London wasa placevery from theonewe see today. 1. There were pubsonmoststreet corners andsmalllocalshops. favourite My shopwasthebaker’s . EastEndersinthe1950swere poorandlived asimplelife. 2. 30 argumentative. willhelpyou writeThese effective skills essays, andletters. reports 11 Ex. 8.Readandchoosethemainideaofthisparagraph from thelistbelow. Ex. 9.Look through theseparagraphs ofwrittenproductthey anddecidewhattype were lossesamongpilots. heavy . Life in The EastEndinthe1950swasdifferent from thingstaken theonepeoplelivefor now; 3. stations, andfighter airfields factories aircraft In this book, you are thisbook, toIn learnto write three ofparagraphs: narrative, types descriptive, Once theywere inbed, Ihad to clean theirparents’ shops. Friday, Every theirfishandchicken after and earn some extra money.and earnsomeextra Notmany peoplehadtelephones thosedays, wereTVs rare andprivate as Assistant Secretary oftheNavy.as Assistant Secretary When hewasstricken withpoliomyelitis in1921,shetended him Road. Few familieshadholidays, butlotsofuswent hop they were cooked. A lot of traffic was still horse-drawn, and they weretrolley busesranpastourhousein Grove cooked. Alotoftrafficwasstillhorse-drawn, interest inpoliticsalive. From hissuccessful campaign for governor in 1928 to theday ofhisdeath,she had beencooked, andclean it.Inever gothome untileleven Ihadto taketheir cooker o’clock. apart owned by Alice jaminto andGeorge, thedoughnutsbefore becausetheyletmehelpthemsquirt cars were almostunheard ofwhere we lived. career aspoliticalhelpmate. of Shegainedaknowledge Washington anditsways whileheserved on Britain. In thesecond half ofthemonthmoreon Britain.In were aircraft destroyed thanproduced and there dedicated herlife to hispurposes. Shebecameeyes andearsfor him,atrusted andtireless reporter. devotedly. inthewomen’s Shebecameactive divisionoftheState DemocraticCommittee to keephis badly damaged and twenty-two RAFplaneswerebadly damagedandtwenty-two destroyed. This attackwasfollowed by dailyraids are a part of.are apart Can you findthetopicsentence ineach? Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи hop—хмель The mainideais: Text 1 Text Text 2 Text Text 3 Text On the12 More than fifty differentyears agoeastof More thanfifty London wasa placevery from theonewe see today. Narrative paragraphs are usedinwriting granted today were notaffordable atthattime. In Albany,In where inthestate Franklin herlong from Senate served 1910to 1913,Eleanorstarted I never hadachildhood. Bytheageofeleven, Iwascaringfor school. night after two children every NB Note story. th August, 1940,theGermanairforce beganitsmassbomberattacksonBritishradar :
In a story the topic sentence issometimesattheendandtells astory themoralof In A experience in story formexperience inthechronological instory order. narrative paragraph describesanevent, feeling or The EastEndinthe 1950s Simple Past isusuallyused. stories, biographies, historicalaccounts . During these raids radar stations and airfields were . Duringtheseraidsradarstationsandairfields 11 -picking eachyear to enjoy-picking thecountryside /from East EndTales by GildaO’Neill/ . . The U.S. —Russiarelations gobackalongway. 3. . Even before formal diplomaticrelations were establishedthere linksbetween were important 1. . Amongthepeoplewhocontributed greatly to developing therelations were BenjaminFranklin, 2. . As aresult ofthis meetingFranklin invited Dashkova to become thefirst woman jointhe to 5. . They metonlyonce, inParis in1781.Franklin was75andDashkova was37. 7. with thatofyour partner. Ex. 11.Put thesentences ineachparagraph in therightorder. Decide 12 Ex. 10.Find thetopicsentence. sentences logically. Arrange supporting Ex. 12. Make up a story outofthefollowingEx. 12.Make blocks. For Add upastory missingparts. extra would thinkandsay. harmful. Gossipcanbevery with the Quebec Act of1774,Britainwonwith theQuebecAct thebattlefor theQuebec’s elite loyalty. 4. The American west part ofthecolony,west part asOntario. now known 6. What’s more, thenewarrivalsdemandedamore 4. In theirown way, In theyhelpedto establishformal relations between RussiaandtheUSAin1807. 4. Canada in1759/60.2.Graduallythat situationchanged, creating conditions for French Canadian Quebec. 2.First, Britaindesperately neededto keeptheFrench Canadians onitsside. theend, 3.In Canada. 5. immigrants The newEnglish-speaking allProtestants— virtually — settledinthesouth- a century andahalfofAnglo-French intheregion,a endingin theBritishconquestcentury warfare ofFrench away to amotherandbaby home, where shehadherchild. Then itwastakenfrom herandadopted. Revolution intwo profound hadagreat onCanadian history ways. impact 5. The Britishgave the Rosebury. in whichorder theparagraphs make alogical story. Compare your version information use the texts onp.p.information usethetexts 25and116 French-speaking. 4. It was part oftheworld’sFrench-speaking. waspart Seven 4.It the conflict, firsttrulyglobalmilitary Years’ War. French-speaking Canadians therightto freely RomanCatholicism, practice to continue usingtheir English-speaking Canada. 3. English-speaking They hadnowishto live underFrench-style laws inaRomanCatholic own system. civillaw andtheirland-owning country. 4.So, in1791,Britaindividedtheformer French Upper andLower into two parts: territory nationalism. 3. At that stage virtually allformer Frenchnationalism. 3.At thatstagevirtually Canada’s 70,000European inhabitantswere representative form ofcolonial government. 7. The AmericanRevolution hadasecond crucialimpact. newly formed USAto thenewlyconquered territories. asense, 2.In thismarkedthebeginning of It seemssocruelto thinkofitnow,It butshewasnotmarried andhermumwasworried whatpeople prompts below. . Later, Dashkova madehimthefirstAmericanmemberofRussian AcademySciences. of 6. See «Курс See английского I.МГИМО.2009. ирегионоведов». Часть международников для языка 1884/ whilevisitingAustralia/ to describetheBritish Empire/ Commonwealth ofNations/ Lord Text 4 My cousin disappearedMy for afew wasonlylater months. inlife It thatIfound outshehadbeensent III II I. American Philosophical Society andtheonlywoman toAmerican PhilosophicalSociety besohonored for another80years. the Americanpatriotandrevolutionary, Dashkova, theRussianprincess andEkaterina andone the two countries. of . 1.From theearly17 PART 1.FROMSENTENCETOPARAGRAPH 1. BothAmericanrevolutionaries andtheBritishgo . 1.After therebels hadwon theday, Americansemigrated some10,000pro-British from the
the century’s mostimpressive women. th century onwards, century EnglishandFrench colonial expansionledto almost Commonwealth of Nations Canada’s Nation Other 12 andtheinternet.Make useofthe vernment triedto winover thepeopleof 31
UNIT 3 UNIT 3 Spellingerrors — Sentence (simple, structure compound orcomplex) — Word order (identifypredicate —adjunct) —subject — Use ofpronouns — Use oftenses — Paragraph structure — See ex.3(Alex Kirk’sSee experience ofkeeping silent)forreference. Ex. 15. Write a story inPresentEx. 15.Write Simpletomake astory itmore dramatic. Ex. 13.Write ONEparagraph a)historical account, whichisashort b)story, Exchange your comments. read your HaveEx. 14.Pairwork. paragraph, your partner whileyou read theirs. independence of/ odically. be dropped from. NB! Proofreading. Checkyour paragraph for Make the necessary corrections Make thenecessary c) biography Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи
To berecognized/ theself-governing colonies/ especiallyofdominions/attheseconferences/ April 1949/theword “British”/ thetitleofCommonwealth/ to itschanging reflect nature/ to After World War II,to remain/ 14Britishoverseas territories/only Sixteen membersoftheCommonwealth/theSixteen Queen/theirheadofstate/ recognize Since 1887/atcolonial (imperial)conferences /Britishandcolonial Prime to Ministers/ meetperi- Conference two years/to every beheld/rotating by/ invitation amongstitsmembers. Queen Elisabeth/headof Republics/ the majority ofmembers/to be/,thirty-three, Republics/ themajority 10. If one knew thefuture, oneknew life If would beboring. 10. . _____thinklife willnotimprove inpoor countries by _____sending food parcels. (internet forum) 7. . Never apologize for showing feeling. When _____ doso, ______apologize for the truth. 1. 1. Innovation! Onecannot beforever Innovation! innovating. Iwantto create classics. (Coco Chanel) 1. . One shouldnever appearances. judgeapersonby external 7. . Habitcanpush_____upto success ordown to failure.(from thearticle Nature ofHabit”) “The 2. SECTION SECTION 1. WRITING A PARAGRAPH: MAKING USE 3. When one acts asifheloves Whenoneacts others, hewillpresently come to love them.(Lewis) 3. UNIT 4 2. If one expects nothingandasksnothing, oneexpects hecannever If bedeceived ordisappointed. 2. . Onemustnotforget thatthepatience oflanguageisnotunlimited. (Nikolai Trubetzkoi) 4. . _____canassumethatthemainreason GoldingusedBritish schoolboys inhis “Lord ofthe 5. Ex. 2.Fill inthegapswithapronoun (I,you, oneandtheirappropriate forms).When Ex. 1.Make thesentences lessformalreplacing “ OF RELATIVE CLAUSES 4. If _____’re If likeme, you don’t wantto spendmoneyif_____candoityourself andgetthesame 4. PRACTICE 1 PRACTICE MORE ABOUT THE USE OF PRONOUNS + REVISION . Muslimwomen have more rightsthanonemightthink. 5. . _____can be_____greatest enemy. (Buddha’s advice to lay followers) 6. 3. If _____enroll If more ethnicminorities inyour college, itdoesn’t mean_____’re the making 3. in doubtpayattentiontothesource given inbrackets. 6. instead of 9. If onewishesto learnto If play guitar, there are several choices thatshouldbemadepriorto 9. . Onewillhave to ensure thatthedogisprovided withfresh water allthetime. 8. You shouldcheckyour writingfor spellingmistakes. One shouldcheckone’s writingfor spellingmistakes. NB e.g. e.g. I believe you/one willenjoy watching thisfilm. In writing In (Benjamin Disraeli) One Does Not Does One a purchase. ( attending... review) (literary Flies” ofschoolsthattheseboys were isthathewas himselfBritish.Hehadattended thesort results. (blog) playing fieldeven. (internet forum) you Note I . always represents the : thepossessive form of a beginner’s guidetopurchasing aguitar
Play withLove isa1926silentGermandramafilmdirected by Georg Wilhelm Pabst. writer one and I you one is one’s you or the his one ) reader ” with“ . In formal. In writing you ” where appropriate. one is often used isoften 33
UNIT 4 UNIT 4 10. In theUnited orpretentious States, In feel _____sometimeshasaliterary to it;themore itisused, 10. 34 . “Be _____” istheworst advice _____cangive somepeople. (Tom Masson) 9. 13 Ex. 3.Proofreading: checkifthepronouns are usedconsistently andcorrectly. a meeting. Onemay wantto share information withhercolleagues (employees), orto gaininforma- tion from hisemployees you (colleagues).If work for amultinationalcorporation, thismay involve a However, thefirstthingIshoulddois to findoutiftimedifferencebetween countrieswillmakeit RELATIVE CLAUSES: THE BASICS holding ameeting, askoneselfiftheyare really necessary. There are anumberofreasons for holding . _____greatest inlifepeople. comfort _____worst ishelpingunlucky failure inlife ishisarrogance. 8. possible; you may also need expert advice.possible; you may alsoneedexpert lot oftraveling. Heshouldthensuggestanonlineconference. They willsave bothtimeandmoney. Type 2 Type Type 3 Type Type 1. Subject (1) Subject subject (1) subject Object(2) the noun(give extra the wholesentence the noun: information aboutit): clauses that clauses thatrefer to object (2) object clauses that Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи
whom There are timeswhenyou shouldcallameeting, andtimeswhenoneshouldn’t. timeyou are Next (The NewFowler’s(The ModernEnglishUsage) (ancient orientalwisdom) the more pretentious itfeels. BritishEnglish,theuseofimpersonalorgeneric_____is In more common and has no such stigma (клеймо). In theU.S., In more replaced common _____isoften andhasnosuchstigma (клеймо). by_____ yeo lueCnucinExample Conjunction Type ofclause isusedinmore formal than style . Relative . Relative Relative describe define Relative ofparagraphs, clausesare essentialinallkinds whose who which which* whose* whom who which that who particularly descriptive. particularly or that 13
1800, istheofficial residence oftheUS President. (1) They invited SirPaul McCartney, The meetingtook Study, place intheOval This filmhasmademillions worldwide, whichis not The Sigourney actress Weaver, House, The White The actress The house The actress The house Sigourney Weaver.(2) Stanley, We invited thepeople Weaver. (1) surprising. stands onthehill. (2) at once.(2) the public, to openthemeeting.(2) the MacPhersons. (1) here longbefore us. (2) celebrated her 60 displayed thepresident’s ofshipmodels. collection (2) whose which/ that/ 0 which/ that who/that/whom who/that bravery is well-known, volunteered iswell-known, bravery which th birthday. (1) starsinAvatar isSigourney whose standsonthehillbelongsto was built between 1792 and was builtbetween 1792and the MacPhersons livethe MacPhersons in 13 familieshadsettled /0 who who I likebestis starsinAvatar, is popular with ispopularwith which
. 1. The problem 7. Any pain 10. Lady Health Workers, Today itsraw about1billiondollars. weight hasavalueof125millionpoundswhichmeansitisworth . There isagapbetween independentschoolsandthebeststate schools 5. 4. Schools were Schools askedto nominate support brightpupilsfor extra 4. Victory project. Victory 2. In 2. In where necessary; more thanonevariantwhere ispossible. necessary; where necessary. relative Which pronoun can beomitted? Ex. 6.Complete by theextracts addinganappropriate relative pronoun andcommas Ex. 5.Chooseanappropriate relative pronoun tocomplete thefollowing sentences. Ex. 4. Analyze thefollowing theyare. sentencesEx. 4.Analyze anddecidewhichtype Add commas . Brightchildren instate schoolsare beingfailedby teachers 3. worth ofgold. worth The shipwreck, agrave to 1,100sailorswhowent down withtheship, wasdiscovered More thanonevariant can becorrect. Leave ablankwhere possible. PRACTICE 2 PRACTICE tion helpedto identifythewreck astheHMS Victory. The company withSpainmade whoseconflict 9. Henry was an extraordinarily charismatic king charismaticking wasanextraordinarily Henry 9. ideal English garden was John Ruskin. ideal Englishgarden was JohnRuskin. in 2008. four tonsThe ofgoldthatitpickedupinLisbonontheway shipwascarrying to Gibraltar. headlines 2years agoiscurrently negotiatingwiththeBr greatest contribution to thevisualculture ofEurope. Amongthose_____ideas helpedto shapethe 6. Bill Gates, 8. Even Henry VIII, The Victoria Thirty onebrasscannonsthatwere foundThirty by theFlorida-based company OdysseyExplora- Marine I NB . Englishgardens _____ have beendescribedas often ‘picturesque’ are probably Great Britain’s after-school andweekendafter-school classesinorder to ensure thattheyrealize theirpotential. Brad Pitt plays aman Pakistan selects individually,Pakistan selects have aminimumofeightyears ofeducationandpermanentlylive information. in the community in thecommunity extra helpfor fearextra ofpromoting “elitism”. broke withtheRomanCatholic Church. problems, isdonatingmore thanusualto hisfundthisyear. rigorous tuitionandexaminationfailingstate schools. forever. PART 1.FROMSENTENCETOPARAGRAPH The Curious Case ofBenjaminButton 1. 2. 3. Relative pronouns are never omitted inrelative clausesof Note onpunctuation Notes commas.
Whose Whose What that/which who/whom/whose whichsankintheEnglishChannelonastormy nightin1744took withit$1billion :
what/that/ isnotusedinstead of who/whom/that can applyto bothpeopleandto things. that/which _____medicationdoesnothelpisthemostdifficultto bear. that/who/what whom ____ allinternet usersface fundGates Foundation addresses theworld’s healthandeducation : inrelative clausesof / _____theyserve. / whose believed favoured himselfdirectly by God, could notstay young isbornoldandthenagesbackwards. which* / _____theNationalHealthProgramme committee in , which/who inrelative clauses! who type 2 /_____ hasgathered 13Oscarnominations, itish government over collaboration onthe
/ today isthatGoogleprovides too much which and /_____ marriedsixtimesandwho which/that/who 3 relative pronouns are setoff by type 2 that / which and which/that/who refuse to give them 3 /_____ included . 35 offer
UNIT 4 UNIT 4 _____ might react to_____ mightreact Washington’s protectionism,for the withdrew theirfinancialsupport West’s _____ went withthem. Jiabao _____proclaims himselfafanofAdam Smithresists any attempt by the West to makeChina The government shouldcontinue bilateral exchanges between London andBeijing_____beganin The filmcanimpress butnever trulymove us. 2004. The appetite for cheapconsumer goods_____the West hasdeveloped over thepastdecades American novelist and short-story writer.American novelist andshort-story This film reunites Leonardo DiCaprio (Frank)Kate and Win- 36 today or literary characterstoday orliterary from thebookyou are reading. Ex. 8.Write tensentences withrelative clausesabouthistorical figures/politicians of Ex. 7.Proofreading. Correct mistakes intheuseofrelative pronouns and slet (April) for thefirsttimesince a suburban housewife looking after two young after a suburbanhousewife children. Shecan’t looking standlivingthere. Shetells Frank and Aprillive inmid-Fifties Heisasalesmanfor Connecticut. acorporation whichwork hecan’t fully and iconic paintings. Too itfeels many: removed from themessyenergy and emotionshedepicts. the emotionalcentre ofany filminwhichsheisstarring. DiCaprio doesn’t have reach or heracting ties _____gowithbeingamodernglobalpower. the scapegoatfor theglobalcrisis. they shouldgoto Paris, aplace theyloved whentheyvisited itbefore, whosebrightlights, andacity the office. European glamourandurban energy shelongsfor ing bitterly. Apriltells himtruthsabouttheirmarriagethat appallhim. They rageendlessly. keeping withsocialconformism from whomshewantsto break away. thecouple Soon are quarrel- has beenthedrivingforce behindChina’s rapideconomic growth. recent In years Chinahasbeen complains aboutfeeling oldandtrapped. economies, therecession could rapidlyturninto somethingmuchworse. The Chinesepremier Wen one ofthehighestbuyers oftheUSdebt_____Beijingregarded asasafe investment. theChinese If explain; yet, heisseenby his bossesasafast-risingstar. Aprilthatusedto isnow beastageactress eval architecture for itsengineering, valuedthestones _____itwasmadefrom. Ruskin William Mor- of theAlps, visited, where _____heoften helived. andoftheLakeDistrict, Heinsisted thatnatural down, hasdiscovered withthe thebenefits of working West, soChinahas woken to the responsibili- power yet. Partly thisisdown to hisboyish lookswhatmakesithard to takehimseriouslywhenhe nomic turndown, there are more pressing issues_____shouldbeatthetop ofthe West’s agenda. manor houses of the countryside. His followers His manor housesofthecountryside. alsoidealized gardens cottages andthefree-blowing ris, influenced by Ruskin’s ideasadmired theold-fashionedgardens _____surrounded theancient ofindustrialization. istheantidote tobeauty themisery While theFrench theoristsadmired medi- punctuation. Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи Sam Mendes’s Winslet, ofhergeneration,hasalways oneofthemostgifted actresses beenableto getrightto Revolutionary Road Revolutionary But justasRussianPrime Minister isalsosufferingVladimir Putin economic _____country turn- Ruskin _____ name is associated with Pre-Raphaelites supported naturalism in art. Hewasalover naturalisminart. supported _____nameisassociated withPre-Raphaelites Ruskin Barack Obama,whoisthe 44 He agrees, butthenafear, thatheprefers to excuses callgoodreason, setsin.His are absolutely in e.g. II. China’s approach to humanrightsmightbeaseriousconcern, butinthesedays ofglobaleco- Revolutionary Road Revolutionary is thework ofatotally thorough director whichhasstudiedalotofgoodfilms That feeling inthe suburbs sinking th President ofthe United States, isthefirst American African hold to The Titanic. is an adaptation of the best-known fiction by Richard by fiction isanadaptationofthebest-known Yates, an isamarriage.This Frank timetheshipwhichissinking . /from areview ofthefilm Revolutionary Road Revolutionary / . Adetaileddescriptionincludes: 1. . You neednotgive suchadetaileddescriptionto produce ofaperson,though. aclearpicture 2. SECTION SECTION 2. WRITING A PARAGRAPH: DESCRIPTION Useful tips: Ex. 9.Write tensentences withrelative clausestodescribeaplace Ex. 10.Readthedescriptionsbelow andsaywhatwe learnabouteachperson. would walkinto aroom would andeveryone takenotice. Shedidn’t needto wear though; make-up, stubborn, andincredibly self-centered —thehub oftheuniverse. she was a natural beauty whopossessedtheincredibleshe wasanaturalbeauty grace thatcomes withbeing aballetdancer. a time. Hewasalsoagreat patron ofmusicians, andwasanotablygifted musicianhimself. was Henry athletic events. Heloved to dance anddiditwell; tennis player. hewasaremarkable also Henry More. LatinandFrench,The knew andSpanish,even young studied Greek king alittleItalian for I. DESCRIBING A PERSON the heatofday. of awell-bred Hewasthepicture Englishmanabroad. The young manintroduced himself andcameacross the room to shakeGeorge’s hand. George thought had never from stopped working theday shewasborn. Virginia watched hermove aboutthekitch- enjoyed pursuits, discussingmathematics, intellectual often astronomy andtheologywith Thomas good-humoured. andquickwishedhermotherwereen, deft and justlikethat,asea ofcalminany crisis, cheerful bold, outgoing, and energetic; hecould becharming, generous Hewasalsohot-tempered, andkind. eye, absolutelyreliable lar businesssuit,andastiffwhite collar andatie, and yet hemanaged to lookfresh and cool despite or an object . or anobject You withthename, your relationship canstart withtheperson,his/heroccupation, etc. interests, hobbies. personality characteristics, personality physical appearance, e.g. IV. Young figure. wasastriking built,heexcelled Six feet tallandpowerfully inmany Henry King In thecorner thereIn isanoldOlympiatypewriter, whichbelongedto my grandfather. I. my hairandredWith grandmother, lipstick, pin-curled ofpersonwho JaneHale, wasthekind III. The manwhostood inthedoorwasyoung, Hewore good-looking. tall, andvery asuit,regu- Philipswassmallashersonlarge,II. Mrs. grey-haired, neat.Shelookedasthoughshe very Instead, you may inyour concentrate view, onthemostimportant, characteristics. NB PART 1.FROMSENTENCETOPARAGRAPH Note Whatever you are going to describe, start with a draft, make a list of the most important Whatever you makealistofthemostimportant are withadraft, goingto describe, start things you wantto mention. : . And then, as an afterthought, . Andthen,asanafterthought, A a place, athing, anevent, oranidea a single, ofaperson, clearpicture descriptive paragraph presents Dead bore Dead . Firm grip. Keen, straight 37
UNIT 4 UNIT 4 An actress/actor? A historical figure/politician? Analyze theparagraphsAnalyze tofindouthow thewriterachieves thedesired effect. 38 Ex. 13a)Readthethree descriptionsanddecidewhichofthesebetter Ex. 14.Write adescriptionofpersonyou admire. Ex. 12.Write adescriptionbasedonyour discussion ComparePairwork. your findingswiththoseof your partner. theparagraphsEx. 11.a)Analyze above tofindoutwhatmakes themeffective. Ex. 15.Readtheparagraph thewriteraimsatinher andexplainwhateffect wanted order andprivacy. Hechoseshrubswhichmadegoodblockades. with plantsshelabelledpompous. corner Despite ofhernaturalpara- allhertalkshe wanted every state. Any plant too short, stunted or not colourful enoughwasdugupandwentstate. to thecompost. stunted He ornotcolourful Any planttoo short, something brightpink. she realized Iwasagardener, shebecamealotmore meto goround briskandinstructed to theback an accent thatmadehimsoundlikeaRussianspy. allhewanted wasa contrast to Robertson, Mrs. In adverb ( +adjective +noun(e.g.adjective II. DESCRIBING AN OBJECT thing of a dictator aboutMr.thing ofadictator Walters, the flower whoinspected bedsasifhe were avisitingheadof that thewood of thepointshows— butto methat’s through thetoe becauseitshows thebestpart, to ( be/look/seem+adjective illustrate(s) thefollowing idea: Literary character? Literary if shewere notthere. “Mrs. Walters likesherflowers in rows sixinchesapart,” hesaid. There wassome- how muchmy grandmother achieved. (LilyCollins) of green; even theflowers had green blooms. Hedidnotwant to come outonemorningandfind b) findthefollowing combinations: b) Which ofthecharactersb) Which doyou like/dislike most? dise to have ajobdescription,inotherwords, apurpose. to serve wanteddoor. nothingto do what shewanted: Robertson anaturalhabitat.Mrs. exactly Sheknew reminded meofawell-trimmed poodle. Shestood obedientlyathissideandyet hespokeofheras peaceful life, calmandorder. Hewanted nosurprises. plantinhisgarden Every wasadifferent shade metaphor ( relative clause(who…) let shoesare madefrom palepinksatinwithribbonsthatlace upthedancer’s legs. They are soworn look much;theyare inside anoldbluefelt bagwiththename “Jane Hale” handwritten onit. The bal- description: Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи When Iinherited my grandmother’s balletpointshoes, Iwasthrilled. From theoutsidetheydon’t Gardens likecarsanddogstell thetruthabouttheirowners. Mrs. Robertson was a woman of charm and warmth when I knocked onherfront wasawoman door. ofcharmandwarmthwhenIknocked Robertson Mrs. Butwhen Next doorto himwasMr.Next Walters. Hewasathinmanwithlongfingers, married to a woman who doorlived DrDormskory,Next of physics whowore adoctor in hissixties ahatindoorsandhad a seaofcalm very neat very red lipstick ) ) was tall /from ) …) A Rake’s Progress by Mar Wallington, Reader’s DigestJuly2006/ . Say whatitisandexplainitssignificance to you. (topic sentence). 1. . Where isit? 1. . Whatisitlike? 2. As Virginia approached itwas theylookedupandsmiledgood morning, Inside andshesmiledback. A manandawoman inholiday clothessatanddranktheirbeer, theirlittleboy played withapuppy. you would like tochange/improve? 2. Describe the object in 4-5 sentences, using the important details (use your draft: shape, details(useyour in4-5sentences, draft: size, Describetheobject usingtheimportant 2. Useful tips: . How does thewriter usethesenses(sight, hearing, taste, smell, andtouch) inthedescription? 4. 14 very big and busy city with a lot of sky-scrapes in thecentre. issituated withalotofsky-scrapes at themouthofHudson bigandbusycity It very . Conclude withasentence thatexplainswhy itissospecialto you. 3. Ex. 17. Read the descriptions of the two placesEx. 17.Readthedescriptionsoftwo Virginia anitemyou cherishinasimilarway.Ex. 16.Describe Ex. 19.Readtheparagraph andcheckitagainstthetipsbelow. Suggestways to theparagraphsEx. 18.a).Analyze above tofindouthow the writerachieves theeffect went alongamuddypathway whichledto theonce darkred front doorandunlockedit.Shesaw a washed pubcalled The Mermaid’s Arms. Becauseofthefine weather, there were tablesandchairs Can you divideeachparagraph intotwo? Can you answer thequestions: . How doesthewriter feel abouttheplace? 3. set upoutsidethepub, alongwithbrightlycoloured sun-umbrellas andtubsoforangenasturtiums. above thesea,likebridgeofaship. wasanextraordinary, aterrible It house. III. DESCRIBING A PLACE River andifyou arrive by seathefirstthing It consists offiveyou seeistheStatueof Liberty. boroughs, the mouthofitscave. Upstairsthebedrooms were dimwithtiny windows andunsuitablepieces of tiny flightofstairs, a worn rugonthebare boards, whichwasdampandsmelledofmice. Shehada improve it. ill-matching fire chairs. satinthecavern Anelectric ofthehugeoldfireplace, likea savage animalat in short-sleeves andacheckered pullover,in short-sleeves waspolishingglasseswithadishcloth. glance thesittingroom atthetiny withitsancientcooker cluttered andstainedsink; kitchen with of lightwasdazzling. The room wassmall, completely square, windowed onthree stood walls. high It dark-panelled, low-ceilinged, dimlyilluminated by tiny windows there veiled wasa inlace curtains; pleasant smell, cool andmusty. Behindthebar, framedby rows ofhanging beer-mugs, thebarman, produced. b)Make effective. alistofthephrases Isthere you findparticularly anything furniture, too large for therooms. At thetop ofthestairswasacloseddoor. Sheopenedthis; theblast on holidayinCornwall. place Which doyou like better?Why? A character from Acharacter RosamundePilcher’s New York isnotthecapitalof theUSAbutIhave beenthere many timesandIlove it.New York isa I. The housestood atthetop ofthehill. windwasblowing Acool from salty thesea. Virginia It waspeaceful andquiet. It II. Tired andhot, Virginia drove to Lanyon village, upthenarrow mainstreet to asmallwhite- colour, etc.). PART 1.FROMSENTENCETOPARAGRAPH The Empty House.The Empty New York 14 visitedonthesamedaywhile 39
UNIT 4 UNIT 4 Japanese, even Russian.So, there mustvisit. issomethingfor isaplace everybody everyone. It . First decideonthedominantimpression. 1. . Avoid usingsuchcommon as adjectives 3. . Say whatplace you wantto describeandwhy (topic sentence). 2. you’d recommend your friendtovisit. Useful tips: . Conclude withyour feelings/final thoughtsabouttheplace or your recommendations. 4. Ex. 22.Write aparagraph describingyour favourite place oraplace Ex. 21.Write adescriptionofplace basedonthebrainstorming session. Ex. 20.Warm up:brainstorming. Teamwork Metropolitan Museum, which has one of the richest collections ofpaintings.Metropolitan Museum,whichhasoneoftherichestcollections Or you canjustrelax in theparkoratarestaurant. New York isfamousf go to Broadway andchooseamusicalorplay. There galleries, and, are ofcourse, alotofart the isthemostinteresting.of whichManhattan There are alotofinteresting places to seethere: theEm- pire State Building, Central Park, Times Square andmany others. you love If thetheatre you should Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи Team isanew large 2:It /house/town Team isanoldsmallhouse/town 1:It Describe a house/town starting from scratch.Describe ahouse/town starting good, nice or agreat ofrestaurants, Chinese, variety Italian, , etc. SECTION SECTION 1. WRITING A PARAGRAPH: MAKING USE OF ADVERBIAL CLAUSES UNIT 5 15 Ex. 1. Complete the chart. Match the type ofadverbial clauseswithappropriate Matchthetype Ex. 1.Complete thechart. before themainclause. orafter conjunctions from listAandsupplyexamples from listB. Thefirstisdonefor you. 1. 7. 1. Adverbial clauses 2. 4. 5. 2. Adverbial clauses 3. 6. itAListB List A of concession of purpose of reason of condition of time of result of contrast of place the mainclause the mainclause placed before orafter placed mostly after placed mostlyafter Normallynotusedinthefront position.
Adverbial clausesmodify(give more information about)themainclause. They may beplaced as ( while, whereas so, so…that in order to/that, where, wherever if, unless, as/solongas, (al)though, even since), because so asto wherever, whoever though; whatever, for provided, incase (very formal); (very more formal than 15 , since,
10. 1. 7. whenever, since till, until, while, when, as, after, assoonas, before, 2. 4. 3. 5. 9. 6. 8.
The Germans are pedantic and punctual, while the Italians areThe Germansare not. whiletheItalians pedanticandpunctual, He always carriedhisumbrella wherever hewent. She keptcatstoo, thoughhernumberone passionwasdogs. One mustgonative inorder inthejungle. to survive order inthejungle, toIn onemustgonative. survive The travelers were sotired thattheycouldn’t sleep. Unless thesituationimproves, we willnotgoabroad for the We are not going onholiday thisyear, asthesituation hasnot As thesituationhasnotimproved, we are notgoingonholiday We willnotgoabroad for theholiday unlessthesituationimproves. this year. improved. holiday. 15 ojntosexample conjunctions As Ientered theroom, my mobilerang. My mobilerangasIenteredMy theroom. 41
UNIT 5 UNIT 5 . ‘Posh’ word. isalower-class wordThe correct upper-class is ‘smart’. 1. . ‘Tea’, for theupperclasses, istakenataround four o’clock andconsists oftea andcakes, perhaps 7. 0 The sweet course attheendofamealiscalled ‘the pudding’ by theupperclasses(whatever it 10. . The African slaves continued to work thefields, _____there wasnootheroptionopen to them. 7. . ‘Settees’ are found in rooms’‘living or ‘lounges’.’Sofas’ belongto 9. ‘sitting rooms’ or ‘drawing rooms’ The firstisdonefor you. . The lower classpeoplesay “Pardon?” iftheycan’t hearyou properly. The upperclasspeoplesay 2. . The Britishlost_____thewarwasexpensive, too faraway, athome. andlackedsupport 2. . _____women account for athird ofthelabourforce, menare stillusuallypaidhighersalaries. 1. . The French lower classesuseafancy word ‘serviette’. The upperclassesinsistonusing ‘napkins’. 4. . The higherclassesusethewords ‘loo’ or ‘lavatory’. peopleallsay The working-class ‘toilet’. 3. . The battlewaslost_____thearmy fought bravely. 3. 0 Nixon’s attempt failed_____noonewasprepared to dothejobfor him. 10. . The uppersalways refer to theirmidday mealas ‘lunch’. callit The classesoften working ‘dinner’. 5. 5. The country mightface onthefarms adisastrous The farmingseason_____there country waslittleactivity 5. . many believe there are “major problems” ahead /mostAmericansdon’t believe thecountry 1. . The middle classeshave a ‘settee’ or ‘couch’ intheir livingroom. The upperclassessitona ‘sofa’.8. 4. _____ the bank went bankrupt there _____thebankwent islittlechance to bankrupt getourmoneyback. 4. . China’s economy grew hasdropped by 6.8per cent considerably. lastyear /itsexport 2. 42 Ex. 4.Make upcomplex sentences out oftheseblocksusingconjunctions: ( Ex. 3.Supplyconjunctions tomake clausesofreason orconcession. Ex. 2.Combine thesimplesentences tomake acomplex onewithaclauseofcontrast. . BP(British Petroleum) could pipe? not/how was Obamasupposedto pluguptheleaking 3. PRACTICE 9. Most peopleprefer Most to dotheirshoppinginsupermarkets_____theprices are higher. 9. . We whotheFrench allknow produced are _____they’ve aculture thatthewholeworld wants 6. . _____Americawasfounded ontheprinciplesofdemocracy, thefounding fatherswere thinking 8. even though; whatever, wherever, whoever 6. In working-class familiestheevening mealisoften working-class In ‘tea’. The upperscall thismeal ‘dinner’ or 6. Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи ‘Posh’ word, isalower-class while ‘smart’ word. isthecorrect upper-class “Sorry?” ‘supper’. (short for (short ‘withdrawing room’). solely ofthemselves. to imitate. consists of). The lower classessay the consists of). ‘sweet’, ‘desert’ or ‘afters’. due to therains. e.g. little sandwiches. The lower classescallthis ‘afternoon tea’. faces anenergy crisis.
Note onpunctuation Comma isnormallyplaced theadverbial after clauseifitcomes before themainclause. If the adverbial cause is short, thecomma maythe adverbialbeomitted. causeisshort, : English Class-Indicator Words . Add commas where necessary. / after / after Watching theEnglish al)though, by Fox/ Kate _____they lostcontrol oftheirgovernments. 10. your destination is / travelling on Queen Mary 2isan unforgettable your destinationis/travelling experience. onQueenMary 10. . Some(women) are /attheendofday athome/ that/goingbackto work/ soexhausted/ they 7. . to meetstate graduation requirements /allpublichighschoolstudents/to earnadiploma/are 1. . As longastheAmericansstay inAfghanistan, thewarwillcontinue. 2. 1. If thecrisis continues thegovernment If willhave nomoneyto pay higherpensions andsalaries. 1. 7. Russia is nearly twice thesize Russiaisnearlytwice oftheUnited States /itspopulationisonlyalittlemore thanhalf 7. . inorder /majorchanges/to save jobs/mustbemade. 2. . Alotof women/ canbeagoodmother/sacrifice theircareer /sothatthey. Does itpay? 6. ( . you go/you can’t getridofyourself. 5. . Malaysia/ inorder mustdo something/by notto beovertaken/ othercountries. 4. Ex. 5.Write tensentences orany aboutstereotyping otherrelevant topic . President Obamaseems to becontinuing many ofex-President’s policies/hisreasons may be. 4. Western Europe. _____thathappens, thenationsofEastern Europe may wantto break away from the two aretwo doneforyou. Ex. 6. Complete the text byEx. 6.Complete supplyingconjunctions oftime, thetext condition andconcession Ex. 8.Construct sentences out of theseblocks. Ex. 7.Make predictionsaboutthefuture usingclausesofcondition andtime. Thefirst will lookmore appealing. . to adapt/inorder/ USnewspapers /need/to survive. 3. anywhere intheworld?now few Right peoplewould go, but_____Russiaimproves itsjudicialsys- using clausesofcontrast andconcession. tem and_____Europe andinfrastructure andtheUScontinue theirdemographic changes, Russia European Unionbefore itistoo late andembrace afree andprosperous Russia.As earlyas2050Russia could betherichestandnicest place intheworld _____theU.S. would beinhopelessdecline. . one/to achieve acompromise/ hasto negotiate. 5. 8. South Africa’s South ruledthatthesongwashate speech/ANC highestcourt Youth League leader 8. refuge inRussiaaround themiddleofthiscentury. This willcauseaneconomic crisisintheU.S. and leave. ofthewhiteSouth There flightinAmericancities and alsoin Africa andZimbabwe isahistory . livingstandards are steadily rising/oneinfour children inScotland lives inpoverty. 9. . theymustbeopento change/takesover. 6. when, if, while _____ demographic trends continue inEurope andtheUSA,asmany as100millionpeople may seek _____Christian Europeans inEurope, become aminority whichisinevitable, many willwantto The Polish language, even thoughitsoundssimilar, isdifferent from Russian. What ifRussiadecidesto keepoutthird world immigrants andinstead welcome Europeans from Russian hasaCyrillic alphabetwhilePolish has aLatinalphabet. e.g. e.g. Julius Malema keeps singing the apartheid-era song «Kill the Boer» . theBoer» song«Kill keepssingingJulius Malema theapartheid-era When thesituationimproves, Russia’s to grow. GDPwillstart the U.S. total. dream of. required /inorder . PART 1.FROMSENTENCETOPARAGRAPH ). /after JamesSchneider/ /after 43
UNIT 5 UNIT 5 ____ thelower classeslikerottweilers, alsatians, poodlesandcocker spaniels. Cats are lesspopular THERE ARE TWO OFTYPES ARGUMENTATIVE PARAGRAPHS: 10. a working woman aworking hasto share/ sothatshecancontinue hercareer/ to benefitfrom familylife/ 10. . topic sentence (statement ofthesisoropinion) 1. 2. supporting sentences (facts/illustrations/reasons) supporting 2. A SAMPLE OF ARGUMENTATIVE PARAGRAPH BASED ON OPINION: A SAMPLE OF ARGUMENTATIVE PARAGRAPH BASED ON FACTS: STRUCTURE SECTION SECTION 2. WRITING AN ARGUMENTATIVE 44 17 16 versally popular, ____theupperclassesprefer Labradors, goldenretrievers Charlesspaniels, andKing Ex. 9.Make complete by thetext supplyingthemissingconjunctions incompound and will benomice orrats. The lower socialranks, by contrast, may keepmice andratsaspets — aswell want to buymore andmore tickets. Finally, inmy view, there islittlechance to makemoneyinalot- 9. with the money /a stay-at- home mom/ to survive on one income/ has to be very careful. ononeincome/ withthemoney/astay-at- hasto homemom/to bevery survive 9. . concluding ofthethesis/opinion) sentence (re-statement 3. a longprocess, by says easyMoney.com. thesurvey They justdonotwantto queue. (87words) ated withhuntingandracing, thefavourite as guineapigs, hamsters andgoldfish.____theykeepexpensive exotic fishintheirgarden pond, the age to perfect theappropriate accentage to andvocabulary, perfect mannersanddress, theydonotfool anybody addition, playing the lottery is very addictive. isvery addition, playing thelottery ticket,butdonotwin,weWhen we may buyalottery PARAGRAPH BASED ON FACTS they cannot bear waiting for an appointment. A sixth havethey cannotbearwaitingfor anappointment.Asixth become illasaresult. Around athird donot than dogswiththeupperclass, ____thoselive houses keepthem____there ingrand country have timeto percent getto planto thedentistandtwenty stay singlebecausegettingmarriedissuch even the most important thingsinlife.even themostimportant Two-fifths because donotgo of18-to thedoctor to 29-year-olds owners are definitely middleclass. Horsesare widely regarded as ‘posh’ animals____theyare associ- up ridingorbuyponiesfor ofthe theirchildren ____become part ‘horsey’ set buy a lottery ticket,we havebuy alottery lessmoneyto buythingswe really needsuchasfood ormedicine. In complex sentences (adverbial andrelative clauses). . afew /willnotbebored /sothatthey/takeupvolunteer work. 8. Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи People involving whoare enthusiastic abouthorses, horses;usuallybelonging sports to upperclasses. whotriesto Someone move into ahighersocialclass. The type andbreedThe type ofpetEnglishmenkeepisareliable classindicator. Dogs, for example, are uni- A generationusedto ready mealsandinstantinforma II. argumentative paragraph basedonopinion I. argumentative paragraph basedonfacts In myIn opinion,lotteries shouldbebanned. Firstly, lotteries are awaste ofmoney. timewe Every the familyrole withherhusband. Can’t Queue, Won’t Queue Banning Lotteries entertainment ofaristocracy.entertainment climbers Social tion from theinternet now willnotwaitfor /after Watching theEnglish 17 . ____theyalsoman- by Fox/ Kate 16 often take often . Ademographic studyreveals in Great Britainisondecline. that birthrate 1. . The growing cost theBritishfamily. ofbringing upababy isshrinking 2. WRITING AN ARGUMENTATIVE PARAGRAPH BASED ON FACTS Useful tips: zine appearseachweek inseveral international editions. There ofthe are some for variousparts 3. Most familiesinGreat Most Britaincannotafford to have many children. 3. Ex. 10.Readtheparagraph itis. Answer anddecidewhichtype thequestions: Ex. 12.Readtheparagraph andwriteaconcluding sentence. Ex. 11.Read, chooseatopicsentence whichbestpresents themainideaof Report USA, for theFar East,for Australia, for Europe andsoon.Secondly, several leadingnewsmagazines started to buyready preparedstarted food alongtimeago, butobviously itwasbetter quality. (128words) struggled withthecost oflivingsomuchthatoneinfive hasdecidednot haveto children andaquar- and thefood wassoldto eatathome. Oldpeoplesay itsmelledgoodandtasted delicious. So, people all, themselves. Fish theydidnothave andchipshopswere popular; benchesortables, alsovery though, ter have hadto waitatleastfive afamily. years thosewhoalreadyOf start to havekids,twenty one the numberofchildren intheaverage householdhasfallenfrom cites (gives) 2,4to 1,3.It financial tery. We orabilitiesto win;theonlythingwe candependonisluck. cannotuseourskills To sumitup, of peoplewould appear outside. The food could betakenaway to eatathome, oreaten intheshops or hotstewed eels (угорь) allcovered withthickgreen sauce. As soonastheshopswere open,aline pie andmashshopswere allover theEastEnd, London. They soldmeatpiesandmashedpotatoes, per cent saidtheycan’t afford haveto any more. seemsGreatIt Britain percent reason. ofthestudy’s ninety pressures Some saidthey astheprimary 2,428participants paragraph. for thesereasons, Ibelieve thatbanninglotteries isagoodidea.(110) f) vary thewords you andstructures vary use f) a) clear writing in the active voice clearwritingintheactive a) ) always write informal tone — avoid usingwords thatare too strong (ineitherapositive ora g) ) numbersunder100mustbewritten aswords sentences mustbe — all numbersthatstart e) (can’t, nocontractions won’t) c) d) no short forms orsymbols(etc., noshort eg., &,%) d) ) nopersonalpronouns (I,me, my, you, your, we, our) b) The USnewsmagazines weekly are— thebestknown The topic sentence:______. A report by Skipton Building Society hasfoundThe that topicBuildingSociety by sentence:______Skipton .Areport The topic sentence: What facts support it? What support facts What isthetopicsentence? Fast food isnotanewthing, thoughitwasdifferent from whatpeoplebuy today.In the1950s, Is the structure clear? Is thestructure Time written aswords negative sense)—avoid beingtoo dramatic PART 1.FROMSENTENCETOPARAGRAPH — serve as a type ofnationalpress. asatype — serve They alsohave above considerable international impact, . There are three reasons why Time , aninternational magazine Time Baby isOver Boom hassuchinternational influence. First, this newsmaga- Fast Food Time, Newsweek is runningoutofchildren. (108) , and U.S. NewsandWorld 45
UNIT 5 UNIT 6 1. The entertainment companies look at the teen market as part oftheempire they’re companies lookattheteen The marketaspart colonizing… entertainment 1. . The mookisacaricature ofthewild, outrageousandamoralmale. 7. . According Fox’s to Kate anthropological research, accent, using apersonwithanupper-class 1. 2. Their weaponry are Their films, weaponry music, books, CDs,Internet access, clothing, amusementparks, sports 2. . The midriff, ontheotherhand, isaminiBritneySpears, obsessedwithappearances —asexual 5. . The truemerchants Murdoch’s ofcool are Rupert Newscorp, Disney, Viacom, Universal Vivendi, 6. . There are atwork: terminology two andpronunciation factors — thewords you useandhow 6. 5. At the same time, a person with working-class pronunciation, At who callshismidday thesametime, meal apersonwithworking-class “dinner”, 5. . ClassinEngland hasnothingto dowithmoney, littleto dowithoccupation. Speechis andvery 2. Arrange themlogically. where Add adjuncts appropriate. linking 3. Speech is the most important andobvious classindicator. Speechisthemostimportant 3. sentence. Choose supporting sentences/examplessentence. forthetopicone. Choosesupporting . Oreven (iftheyare) unemployed andhomeless. 4. 46 b) writeonany ofthesuggestedtopics Ex. 13.Readanddecidewhichisthetopicconcluding . Look attheirtwo “cool” creations: the “mook” andthe “midriff.” 4. topic sentence ofyour own. 18 Ex. 15.Write aparagraph basedonFACTS; make your research first. Ex. 14.Scrambled sentences: buildaparagraph. Explainyour reasoning. Suggesta . Kids’ culture andmediaculture are now oneandthesame, anditbecomes impossibleto tell 3. in France, Germany, are modeledon andItaly graphs, to otherpublicationthroughout graphics theworld. andcharts a) make useofthetopicsentences below: follows trends andfads(преходящее butitcreates увлечение), them. Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи Aflatowned by the localcouncil for whichyou pay alow rent. The world’s (Toronto/…) city most multi-ethnic Traffic Moscow/ in any large city The USAusesmore energy thanany otherindustrialized country. Today, five enormous companies are sellingnearlyallof youth culture. This youth culture not only All empires eventually collapse. Supporting sentences/examples: Supporting Communication viatheinternet Russia’s advance to theEastwasfastandcomparatively bloodless. Films, shows, magazines, andwebsites,TV socialexpectations. are, dictating infact, or any othertopicofyour choice. you say them. which camefirst–the angerorthemarketingofanger. will be identified as working-class even ifheisamulti-millionaire house. livingina will beidentifiedas grand working-class country and AOL/Time Warner. all-important. teams. object, butproud ofit. object, While themookisimmature, themidriffisprematurely adult. doing menialwork andlivinginacouncil flat upper-class terminology,upper-class willberecognized asupper classeven ifheorsheisearninglow wages, Youth culture for sale Time 18 . . Thirdly, Time alsosellsnews, photo- interviews, SECTION SECTION 1. WRITING A PARAGRAPH: MAKING USE OF (in italics) and decide on their function in the text (seethetablesabove). inthetext (in italics)anddecideon theirfunction UNIT 6 OR Ex. 1. Read the text to find out what happened in the Andes. tofindoutwhat happenedinthe Ex. 1.Readthetext attheparticiples Look PRACTICE 1 PRACTICE PARTICIPLES instead ofclausesmakesyour writingmore formal. deba enn Example Adverbial meaning attendant Past Participle (- Present Participle (- time circumstances manner and reason andresult atcpeprssExample phrases Participle
There are anumberofways isoneofthem. to to your addvariety writing;usingparticiples Participle (- e.g. adverbial meaning=aclauseofmannerorattendant circumstances. NB NB heading ADJECTIVAL MEANING A boring N Note onpunctuation Note: avoid danglingparticiples Crossing Crossing Exciting a comma. Compare Be careful with- main clause. If a participle phrasecomes before aparticiple themainclause,If itmustrefer ofthe to thesubject ote ing — present participle asanadverbial modifierofmanner orattendant —present circumstances participle : Participle phraseswithadverbial meaningare usedinstead ofrelative clauses. ed and- news film thestreet acarhithim.(danglingparticiple) We could seethemountain tops ) the street hewashitby acar. ing : ed The room wasatthetop ofthehouse ) vs vs forms) oradverbial canbeusedasadjective phrases. The useofparticiples While travellingWhile Looking out Having beenbrought up Faced Having landed He walkedalongOxford street
bored ing
excited and- withmurder charges hetold thepolice everything. spectators : at the beginning of a sentence the participle phraseisfollowed: atthebeginning ofasentence theparticiple by people ed ofthewindow, hesaw mountainpeaks. The boy couldn’t forget the A Participles whichrefer to feelings: smiling in the desert, theyhadto walkto thenearest settlement. inthedesert, 8
in Europe theyspentaweek inParis. ladymetusatthedoor. in England she knew thelanguageperfectly. inEnglandsheknew looking aimlesslyatshopwindows. broken covered promise. overlooking with snow. thesea. 47
UNIT 6 UNIT 6 . You are notsupposedto messagesormakecalls sendtext 1. 10. 2. 7. 9. TV violence is often shown as part ofanormalhumanlife; violence shown isoften aspart TV 9. 3. . Many immigrants worked hard, for often low wages, 4. went to PlanchonPass, athincorridor through theAndes. 48 5. squad. ofthepassengerswere Most my friendsandteammates, butfamilymemberswere alsowithus above meandcloudsswirlingintheaisle. Iwasthrown to thefront oftheplaneinto complete darkness. and narrow glacialvalleys. Ex. 3.Paraphrase insteadofadverbial orcoordinating thesentences usingparticiples oftheverbsEx. 2.Make inbrackets. complete by thetext supplyingparticiples including my motherandyounger sister Susy. snow; to keepourselves aswarmpossible,snow; we sleptsideby side, (to breathe) eachother’s breath. climb. The fuselagebeganto vibrate violently. tremorThen rocked apowerful theplane. Isaw opensky On the10 as nearthebodiesofdead(to lie)outsidethefuselageunderathinlayer those offrost. Iknew astronomical. Aclimber(to scale)any ofthemountainsaround thecrashsite would require 10,000 and alive, somebadlywounded. 6. taking caretaking But Imadeasilentpromise to my father. ions (to hope)for straw butfound onlyplastic. But,ofcourse there was wasfood onthemountain. It human fleshas food. calories aday. Isaw my friends(to grow) thinandweak. others were alsostaringatthedeadbodies. Finally, to nothingfor (to eat)next days, we recognized 8. down theeastern slopeofamassive, bodies represented but(to horrify)Ikeptquiet.noticed, though,thatthe ouronlyhopeofsurvival my lips. ismy“Where mother?” Iasked. isSusy?” “Where clauses initalics. Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи Twenty now seven remained survivors oftheoriginal 45onboard. For water we melted drinking The plane’s (To we triedeatingstrips ofleather(to starve) tear) from ourluggage. We rippedopenseatcush- On Friday 13,1972,ourrugby October teamMontevideo flewout of In thechaosofthat(to break)In plane, strandedintheAndes, there wasnothingmuchIcould do. when andhow theycanuseinformal language. sent homeimmediately. (begin withPast Participle) major newspapers. people shared my views. behavior. When theresultsWhen ofthestudy were published After the experts hadcompleted theGoodChildhoodstudy After theexperts When theMP wasWhen forced tojustifyhisactions While Iwas ontheinternetsites While reading someofthefeedbacktomy article As thestrikers were backed by their trade union As Brad Pitt hasjustflown infrom Berlin When teenagerswereWhen skills beingtestedontheir speaking glancing th ofbadly day nofood there (to waspractically leave). At 12,000 feet, thebody’s caloricneedsare aboutfor my mother. Gustavo, oneofmy teammates, satbesideme battered wounded fuselagehadcome to rest at12,000feet ona Forced Surviving mates. Ilay s to flysodangerously close mountain,thepilotstried to the to rocky 72 days intheAndes (1) 72 days intheAndes (2) passengersbecameworkers, ice-crusted I willstruggle. Iwillcome home. Iwillnotdiehere heisfeeling alittlejet-lagged. hivering Having hit
in allmajornewspapers , he gave an unsatisfactory explanation. , hegave anunsatisfactory mountain. passengersdied, 32wereThirteen still , theydemandedthattheimmigrant workers be ontheplane’s floor, / after / after and contributed toGreat Britain’s economic growth. severe turbulence thepilotsofourlittleplane Looking out , theyshowed alackofunderstanding Miracle intheAndes and itencourages children’s aggressive , theygottheirresults publishedin while you are driving ofthewindow,saw steep slopes I , theyshockedtheBritishpublic. helping heading snow-packed listening , Idiscovered thatmany to free for Santiagoto play top for my sister’s voice, by NandoParrado/ pressing . glacier trapped . snow to flowing people, . Though but / inherlate possessthestrengthto fifties andenthusiasm/amuch younger person 2. 0 Children whoare by lookedafter theirmotherdomuchbetter ina thanthosewhoare left 10. . To live inCambodia for ten years/ duringthe Vietnam War/she to return /France withher/to 4. 7. She / to start several relief She/to programmes start /to trav 7. . According to the 2. . To bringto theorphanage/to organize by Yvette /attheageofthree /theboy ‘to adopt’ heras 5. 1. In 2008Romaniansmadeupthelargest foreign In worker group, whichrepresented seven per 1. 1. In the1990s, In Yvette Pierpaoli /to beaEuropean representative /RefugeesInternational, anaid 1. . Oneproblem whichisraisedby thereport “A GoodChildhood” isthatparents are too concerned 7. . The success ofonlineretailing systems dependsonthesecurity whichare putinplace to protect 6. . To return /herhomeAvignon /sheto continue to work /onbehalfofrefugees. 6. 9. According to the report three-year-olds wholive According withsingleorstepparents have three-year-olds to thereport many behav- 9. . Shewould live /familiesintheirhomesto gatherinformation /theirneedsand/to arrangesupplies. 3. (max —10).Add prepositionsmarkswhere andpunctuation necessary. . Many BP (BritishPetroleum) employees whodraw upstrategy andwork onwindenergy devel- 4. Ex. 6. Write ten sentences or a text using participles todescribepeople,Ex. 6.Write usingparticiples tensentences oratext Ex. 7.Make complete by thetext usingappropriate coordinating orsubordinating Ex. 4.Paraphrase thesentences insteadofrelative usingParticiples clauses. Ex. 5. Write a text out of the following blocks. Use participles where possible outofthefollowingEx. 5.Write blocks. atext Useparticiples . Figures whichwere obtainedby MPs Conservative indicate that136illegalimmigrants were 3. PRACTICE 2:PRACTICE REVISION a top publicrelations firmin London. . Retailerswhoselltheirgoodsover theInternet makehugeprofits. 5. . She/to have areputation for/to dotheimpossible/shecangetfunding/to usehercharmand 8. marks where necessary (somepromptsmarks where are necessary given inbrackets). farm on the Isle of Man. Banker’sfarm ontheIsleofMan. daughter andformer publicschoolgirl Alice Simpson,21,works for objects orevents.objects conjunctions, linking adjuncts, participle phrases insteadofgaps;addpunctuationconjunctions, adjuncts, participle linking . Family andbenefitspolicieswhichencouraged singleparenthood asalifestyle choice for young 8. Kirree Kermode, 19,earns 100poundsaweek 1)_____(to work) onherfamily’s sheepand cattle / Yvette to beoneofthefirst Westerners to show upwhena refugee crisis/ to develop. with themselves. flattery withpoliticiansand wealthyflattery donors. adopt son. ioral problems. his Mum. crèche (ясли) at a very young age. atavery crèche (ясли) girls have helpedto raiseagenerationofunhappy children. customers’ card details. opment have beenrecently sacked. ontheOlympicParkcaught working site. abroad.currently beingadvertised cent oftheworkforce onLondon Olympicsites. organization /to work withrefugees, street children, warwidows, land-minesvictims. PART 1.FROMSENTENCETOPARAGRAPH Mail Two girls swap places inanew programme (1) TV theOlympicPark jobswhichoffer salariesup to 65,000poundsa year are In memory of In memory Yvette Pierpaoli el theglobeto wherever wars/to create refugees. 49
UNIT 6 UNIT 6 Alice 50 Ex. 8.Make complete by thetext usingappropriate coordinating instead of gaps; add punctuation markswhere necessary.instead ofgaps;addpunctuation Kirree says: or subordinating conjunctions, linking adjuncts, participle phrasesor subordinating conjunctions, adjuncts, participle linking Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи 17) _____(to herfamily. look)after traditionaltheyallsitdown andisvery Shedoeseverything 16) _____,thebiggestdifference wasinthefamilyset-up. Carol (Kirree’s hard mother) works very 18) _____ Ihadto handle EddieIzzard’s glamorous 19)_____(to wasvery compare) fanmail. It The next dayThe Ihadto next doAlice’s job15)_____I’ve never beeninanoffice before.My firsttask 21) _____(to wear) Iwould feel2) ____Iknew intimidated by allthefashionablepeople. 3)_____(to realize) Iwas (to have) my hairwashed, cutandhighlighted. Iusuallywear second-hand clothesfrom achar- 9)_____I arrived atthefarm,Ihadto changeinto Kirree’s clothes, 10)_____theymademepulla West End. Ispent400poundsinonego14)_____isthecost ofagoodcow or16lambs. was themostdisgustingthingI’d ever hadto do. hasalotofhard Kirree work to do12)____Iwas well-cooked meatand 25)_____(towell-cooked boil)vegetables. was to maketelephone calls16)_____(to ask)thepress iftheywere sendingaphotographer since I was 14, 4) _____ (to do) all kinds ofshop,since Iwas14,4)_____(to do)allkinds office and promotions work. Thiswaspurely for 6) _____ are divorced were too busyto have me. 7)_____Ihadto live inahotel inKensington together singlemeal. for Iwatched every Carol 18)_____(to lay) tired attheendofday, 13)_____it wasarelief to goto my bedroom. ofKirree’s Most social to 20)_____claustrophobic farmwork, to beindoorsallday. Iwasalsoshockedto seeonegirl to cover theband The Jets17)_____were apersonalappearance at making Virgin Megastore. Eating the type offood HerfriendstookEating thetype meto Alice asushibar22)_____ eatswasa bitofashock. ity shop12)_____Alice lovesity allthevintagedesigner clothes, 13)_____Iwent shoppinginthe cattle farminthemiddleofnowhere. moneyfor travellingextra 5)_____my parents else. paidfor 6)_____,Ihave everything never great four andIhadto fun.15)_____ there collect prizes wasaprize-giving, onKirree’s behalf. er’s before. 10)_____onthefirst day I found myself inadesigner hairdressing salon11) _____ out ofasuitcase, 8)_____is pretty muchasAlice does9)_____sheisstaying witheitherofthem. going to have my bedroom andlive amongmy familyinourhomelyfarmhouseAlice’s parents every afternoon. My Mumwouldn’t My afternoon. every 19)_____shecooks amealnow dothat.Iamlucky andthen. done any physical work 7)_____itcameasacomplete shockto find myself onahugesheepand really heading for London, I started crying 4) _____ I was so nervous. And5)_____Alice 4)_____ Iwassonervous. was really headingfor crying London, Istarted I cameinmy my pinkcoat andhigh-heeledshoes, littledogundermy 8)_____(to carry) arm. I have always lived ineleganthouses — bothMum’s andDad’s. 3)_____,Ihave always worked I hated itandcouldn’t getmy headaround eatingraw fish23)_____have Iever eaten croissants lonelyatfirst.I felt very The ten days wasaseriesoffirsts for me. I have never beento ahairdress- It was nice to be part ofsuchatraditionalfamily—Ididn’t wasnice to bepart It thinkthatexisted inreal life. life waslinkedto the Young Farmers’ Association andIwent to theirannualdinner14)_____was lamb outofssheep’s womb. 11)_____(to cover) Ithoughtit inbloodandmuckIwasnearlysick. for breakfast. andacup of tea, 24)_____, Inormallyhave andwe Krispies eatpotatoes Rice with
says: Iamwhatpeoplecalla ‘posh bird’. to have Iamlucky ledaprivilegedlifestyle 2)_____ Iwasterrified atthethoughtofgoing to abigcity, 1)never _____(to be) to onebefore
Two girlsswap places inanew programme (2) TV a miniskirt, amicro top andmassive Boots. Moon a miniskirt,
the tea tablefor theworkers . Arecent studyinGreat Britainfound thatteens today are more obese, drinkmore alcohol and 1. . Today mostteens would ratherbegiven anallowance by theirparents sotheycanspendthe 4. . Today’s teens are lesshonest;65%ofCanadian teenagers, for example, donotbelieve that 3. . Teenagers have whatlife noidea, nordotheywantto know waslikefor theirparents and 5. 7. Babysitting or taking aneighbour’s Babysitting or taking dogfor awalkisnolongeranobvious alternative to asking 7. . These days few teenagers are eagerto getaweekend orsummer job. 6. All ofthemtook Europe astheirreference point.SiberiaandtheFar theOldBeliev- Eastalsoattracted . Diabetes inadolescents, and otherillnessesrelated to lackofphysical fitness, are muchmore 2. SECTION SECTION 2. WRITING ARGUMENTATIVE PARAGRAPH you. In short, the car is a part ofourpersonalandsocialidentity. thecarisapart (118words)you. short, In which bestpresents themainideaofparagraph. Buildupaparagraph. Add Siberia andtheRussianFar Eastare even more European thanEuropean Russia. These Asian areas Ex. 9.Readtheparagraph itis. Find anddecidewhich type thetopicsentence, the Ex. 10.Readthesampleparagraph itis. Find anddecide whichtype thetopicsentence Ex. 11.Readandchoosesentences relevant onthetopicsentence tothetopic. Decide Compare paragraphs. thetwo doyou Which like better?Why? asian country. While this istrueinthegeopoliticalsense, from thepointofviewculture andvalues, BASED ON OPINION those ofEurope emerged —valuesthatemphasized entrepreneurial spirit,freedom andpersonal the car is not primarily a means of transport. In otherwords, In thatthecar ithaslittletothe carisnotprimarilyameansoftransport. dowiththefact of thelate 19thandearly20 ers, aRussiananalogueto thePuritans, andthegroup thatgave riseto thebigRussianentrepreneurs eastern regions includedexiledrevolutionaries suchastheDecembrists, Poles andsocialdemocrats. economically free group ofthetime. Anothergroup onRussia’s whichhadahugeculturalimpact of Russia’s were territory first developed by the Cossacks, themostdemocraticallyorganized and can getyou to butitdoesnotmakesociallyandpsychologically work, significant statements about can takeyou butyou to donotfeel theshopandback, athomeinitorpossessive aboutit.Atrain gets usfrom Ato B. Trains andbusesgetusfrom ofourpersonalterritory. Ato B:carsare part Abus responsibility. arguments andtheconcluding sentence. and supporting sentences (arguments). and supporting necessary linking adjuncts. linking necessary Across allcultures, humanshave astrangeandcomplex relationship withthecar. The thingisthat Russia is a European country thoughitislocatedRussia isaEuropean inbothEurope may country seemto andAsia. beaEur- It weekend infront oftheX-Box, earningtheirown thanusesomeoftheirfree money. timeactually grandparents. common today thanever before. one’s parents money. for extra downloading musicillegallyfrom theinternet iswrong. do more drugsthanany generationbefore. PART 1.FROMSENTENCETOPARAGRAPH th centuries. It was in the Asian part of the country thatvaluesclosestto ofthecountry was intheAsian centuries. part It Is RussiaaEuropean country? Teenagers: sheltered life Humans andcars /after /after Watching theEnglish by
Kate Fox/Kate 51
UNIT 6 UNIT 6 — variety (canyou variety usesynonyms to avoid repetition?) — sentence (canyou structure usecomplex sentences instead ofsimpleones?) — useofpronouns formal (isthetext enough?) — . Teenagers are more dependentontheirparents. 1. . Teenagers valuefreedom more thanmoney. 2. 7. Affirmative action is against the equal opportunities law. Affirmativeaction isagainsttheequalopportunities The law states thatallpeopleshould 7. . Whenanemployer hires anyone because heorsheisaminority, even ifsomeoneelseismore 1. . Therefore, makediscriminationrightjustbecauseitis reverseaction doesn't affirmative (against 4. . Teenagers todayanduninterested are inanything lazy thatinvolves hard work orpersonal 3. . The family, current financialcrisisaffects every includingchildren, butthere isapositive side to 3. . Taking thebus to school instead ofdrivingacarcanbetough for teenagers, that butknowing 5. 1. In thesehard In timeschildren canlearnaboutearning, themostofmoney saving andmaking 1. . Affirmativeaction is wrong becauseitisdiscrimination. 3. . You are hired oradmitted to college becauseofyour race, notdueto your qualificationsor 6. . Whenwhites are discriminated againstandminoritiesare beingdiscriminated for, thesituation 2. . Affirmativeaction isalso insulting tominorities. They may feelthey have tobehelpedoutjust to 5. supporting sentences orexamples ofyoursupporting own ifyou feelitisnecessary 2. If afamilyhasto cutdown If onspending, parents have to explain to theirchildren whatis 2. 52 Ex. 13.Buildaparagraph outofthesescrambled blocks. You mayadd 19 Proofreading: checktheparagraph for Ex. 12.Scrambled sentences: buildupaparagraph. 4. If ateenager cangetasummerjob, If itcantakealotofpressure offthesituation. Teenage 4. Make adjuncts. Write useoflinking your own concluding sentence. 9. Most teenagers donotappreciate Most lives thecomfortable theylive –andIthinktheirparents 9. . Many thanhard say work. goodluckismore important 8. 8. If you If enroll more minoritiesinyour college, itdoesn’t meanyou're theplaying field making 8. Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи
You neednotuseall of thegiven sentences.
The topic sentence: when theygetin.(191) whites instead ofblacks). wrong istheworst thingfor adultsandchildren alike. sacrifice. should force themoffthe couch, andoutinto the to findoutwhatworkplace reallife islike. available. is justaswrong aswhenminoritiesare discriminated againstandwhites are discriminated for. it aswell. isagood timeto teach children It aboutmoney. happening and what is to be done about it. Being in the dark while something is clearly very happening andwhatisto bedoneaboutit.Beinginthedarkwhilesomethingisclearlyvery joblessness isatitshighestsince World War IIatleastintheUSA,sothismay notbeanoption. even. college, goodenoughto getinto they're acertain When someoneisn't outoftheirleague get ajoborgoto college. be treated asequals. proven abilities. Your may suffer. self-esteem many other familiesare alsochanging theirspendingdoeshelp. qualified to dothejob, itisdiscrimination. 19 . 7. It might be a good idea to put together a clear write-up ofthefamily’s mightbeagoodideato put together aclearwrite-up It expenses, sothatthe 7. b) onany ofthesuggestedtopics Ex. 14.Write aparagraph basedonOPINION . When children are involved insettingabudgetfor theirfamily, theylearnto plantheirfinances. 6. a) usingthetopicsentences below: 8. If there If isany work aboutthehousewhichahired helpdoes, teens inthefamilycantakeover, 8. “Maternity capital”“Maternity inRussia. alonecannotraisethebirthrate Spellingerrors. — Sentence (simple, structure compound orcomplex) — Word order (identifypredicate —adjunct) —subject — Use ofpronouns — Use oftenses — Paragraph structure — Travelling: life’s greatest experience. The internet hasdramaticallychangedourlife. Topics to write about: What istheidealnumberofchildren to have? Depopulation ofRussia’s Far East:isthere away out? No oneshouldenjoy privilegeswhenapplyingto university. Britain didagoodjobofturningtheBritishEmpire into Commonwealth. Proofreading. Checkyour paragraph for why thefamilycannolongerafford anewcar. Parents whoenlisttheirchildren’s helpwhenprioritizingthefamily’s wisely. spendingact contributing to thefamilybudget. children andunderstandwhy canseethebigpicture theycannotgoabroad thissummer, or PART 1.FROMSENTENCETOPARAGRAPH
Список литературы PART II
STAYING IN TOUCH 1. WRITING INFORMAL LETTERS; A REVIEWING BOOK; 2. For two years twenty hewas SENTENCE STRUCTURE ANDSENTENCE STRUCTURE VOCABULARY SECTION SECTION 1. STYLE MATTERS: FORMAL 3. UNIT 1 sentences insteadofthesimpleones. table. Lead-in. isthedifference? What Discuss with your classmatesandteacher. Fill inthe Ex. 2.a)Make alessformalnarrative choosingappropriate blocks; Ex. 1.Make thenarrative below more formalby usingcomplex andcompound was jailedfor life. Heescapedto Englandsixyears later. abdicated in1848.LouisThe king Napoleon PRACTICE 1 PRACTICE as itsfirstpresident.In1852aplebiscite confirmed himasemperor. Emperor NapoleonIIIlostthe REVISION: NARRATIVE PARAGRAPH Franco-Prussian War in1870.Helostthethrone anddiedinexileEngland1873. Louis Hewasexiled to Switzerland NapoleonwasanephewofBonaparte. thebattle after of Waterloo. inacoup againsttheFrench Hetook part in1840. king The coup failed. Louis Napoleon b) make amore formalnarrative usingmore complex tocombine structures the returned to Paris. toSecond thefirstparliamentofRepublic. Hewaselected Then hewaschosen appropriate blocks. England andFrance Louis Napoleon [ From exile andignominy /from nowhere ] [ becamealliesfrom theCrimean War onwards /have beenalliessince theCrimean War. ] [ president and later emperor ofFrance /oneoftheworld’s most [ reached the summitofEuropean power /cameto power injustfour years. ] generous [ HemadefriendswithEngland /hisfriendshipwithEnglandendedcenturies ] of conflict. dictators. ] compound sentences, simplesentences, phrasal verbs, personal/impersonal language, personalpronouns, Contractions, longwords, complex sentences, omlinformal formal words ofLatin origin VS INFORMAL benevolent / 57
UNIT 1 UNIT 1 12. [ 11. endoftheCrimean thevictorious 1856,after 10. In War, 7. He restructured wine industry; he 7. Herestructured wineindustry; What makesWhat narratives thetwo different? (seeex.3 & 4) 4. 58 theSpanishcountess Eugenie turnedoutto behisgreatest ] misfortune Haussmannrebuild Paris. ] 5. Louis Napoleon 9. His finestperiodwasfrom9. His 1855and1867; Ex. 3.Readthereview andsaywhatthewriterthinksofauthor. armful ofhisnovels. 6. The emperor eration. I only knew hiswork througheration. Ionlyknew thefilmof 8. The emperor prison camp in Shanghai. His deathpromptedprison campinShanghai. His meto getholdofhismemoirs pire oftheSun Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи The first part ofhis autobiographyThe firstpart dealswiththeShanghailife that wasalready covered in This year saw thedeathofJ.G. Ballard, oneofthemostoriginal anddisturbingwriters ofhisgen- world leaders Gaslit ParisGaslit the SalondesRefuses. the disastrous ledto warwithPrussia. hisabdication. It France’s advances. scientific, industrialandartistic he encouraged by Impressionism [ inboththeseyears hestagedvast national exhibitions /bothin1855and1867heheld [ becameEurope’s capitalfor pleasure /attracted tourists. ] ofliving)lostintheyears[ restored ofRevolution /restored allthejoiedevivre (joy the [ madeFrench cheesesworld famous/promoted French cheeses worldwide. ] [ launching/opening] ] /loved[ was thepatron arts; ofarts [ thepeace talkswere heldinParis /France achieved massive prestige by hostingthe [ cameto admire /flocked to Paris at ] to marvel [ improved healthcare, helpedto develop industry, commerce, shipbuildingandrailways / [ It was Louis[ It Napoleonwhoordered Haussmannto rebuild Paris /Louis Napoleonhad encouraged industry, commerce, shipbuildingandrailways; underhisrulehealthcare was huge national exhibitions; ] peace talks. ] former glamourofParis. ] improved ] [ His biggest mistake was marrying theSpanishcountess biggestmistake Eugenie[ His was marrying /hisdecisionto marry She pushedhimto /was aleadingadvocate of] , but it is charmingly told. Early on, he knew thattheworld, butitischarminglytold. hadchangedandthathis Earlyon, heknew Empire oftheSun , abouthischildhoodinaJapanese Miracles ofLife and an Em- 11) _____ (despite /for all) its faults this is an innovative and remarkably wide- ranging11) _____(despite historical /for all)itsfaultsthisisaninnovative wide- andremarkably Which doyou isthemaindifferenceWhich thinkismeantfor publishing? What between (brims with/is full of) thought-provoking insights and 8) _____ (remarks/observations). If the book If thought-provoking insightsand8)_____(remarks/observations). (brims with/isfullof) Black’s bookistheway theextra-European world issown to have feature(thing about/distinctive of) (well/long) before_____ theRenaissance, inthemedievalera(and even inancient Greece). Another5) USEFUL TIPS FOR REVIEW WRITING: Shanghai. Recently a friend mentioned he is worth readingShanghai. Recently andIdecidedto afriendmentionedheisworth give oneofhisbooksa the two? Concrete Island Diplomacy” by Jeremy Black. Diplomacy” Ex. 5.Choosethemore formalwords tocomplete thereview ofthebook“A of History Ex.4. Readanotherreview andcompare itwiththeoneabove. worse. stuck onaconcrete islandcompelled to live offpotato chipsandotherdiscarded snacks thrown survey. film of ain itself—hostile, soullessandfrightening. than any science fiction.know hisjob. The mandid This concrete islandisa real horror –rightinthe thrown outofthewindows ofthepassingcars. Anditgetsfrom badto worse. try. Imustsay Idonotregret it. tury Europe, differenttury ofinternational takesavery of approachconduct relations from thehistory to London. There’s noway hecanescape, sohehasto live offpotato chipsandotherdiscarded snacks in the front tyre. It skids offthein thefront skids tyre. It flyover*Westway in London,andhe is Marylebone comingoutof its 2)_____(origins/beginnings) to thepresent. has any follow weaknesses, theseinlarge from part itsstrengths. the9)______(del- Sometimes out ofthewindows traffic. oftheswiftly-passing Events on theislandgo from badto gruesome satiricalviewofthe Later onhedevelopedenceworld. fiction. adarkly driving a Jaguar has a sort ofanaccident andfindshimselfona concretedriving aJaguarhassort islandrightinthe centre of uge /flood)ofexamples, information andideasis10)_____(too much/amounts to overload). But middle ofmodernBritain.Anditisalotmore frightening thantheislandRobinsonCrusoehadto played amore independentrole thanisgenerally understood. live on. literary tastes andhispoliticswould this.His earlynovels reflect literary are variationsonthegenre ofsci- Jeremy Black, himself 1)_____ (no mean/ a distinguished) historian of the diplomacy of18 Jeremy himself1)_____(nomean/adistinguished)historian ofthediplomacy Black, 3) _____(For onething/to begin with)Blackprefers to4)_____ locate theorigins ofdiplomacy So farI’veSo read anovel called Of thehandfulofhisworks whichIhaveOf read sofarI’d recommend anovel particularly called Have you heard ofJ.G. Ballard? Ididn’t muchabouthimeitheruntilnow. know Ionlysaw the explain why you recommend thebook. describe the plot and/the main characters describe theplotand/the maincharacters remember to mentionthetitleandauthor; It’s aterrific read, andI’m absolutely sure you’ll enjoy it too. writer, ofscience fiction I heard asasort Ballard started butthisoneis really muchbetter It is a fantastic book, for theconcrete isafantasticbook, It islandisnotjustanimagined concrete horror, modernBrit- In his survey Black demonstrates a 6) _____ (huge / encyclopedic) knowledge, and7)_____ Blackdemonstrates a6)_____(huge/encyclopedic) hissurvey In PART 2.STAYING INTOUCH Empire oftheSun . It’s ofmodernRobinsonCrusoeaboutamanwhoseJaguargetsblowout asort based on his book. It isabouthischildhoodinaJapaneseprisoncamp It basedonhisbook. Concrete Island OR . It’s ofmodernRobinsonCrusoestory. Aguy asort the subject matter, thesubject themainideas; / from Reader’s Digest August 2009/ 59 th cen-
UNIT 1 UNIT 1 The fates draw themtogether, anddraw themtogether again.Between them,they tear themapart This bookisabout/investigates/ dealswith/ examines/takesusbackto The book is a brisk, delightfulread…The bookisabrisk, A formidable/prolific/brilliant…… writer A highlyreadable/exciting/……. book SECTION SECTION 2. WRITING AN INFORMAL LETTER USEFUL LANGUAGE: words insteadoftheunderlinedones. You mayfindthelistof words below useful. b) toanewspaper/Reader’s Digest 60 E So areSo thosesentatthetimeofhardship oremotionalstress. istheletters never written It thatwe 1 view in1986.(Among otherthings, thenovel isoneofthefirst to explore theeffectofinternet Ex.6. Make thisreview lessformalby usingsimplesentences, active voice, lessformal Lead-in. Readapiece ofadvice below. you share Do thispointofview? reviewEx. 8.Write ofabookyou your like own short as ifyou are writinga)toafriend women who have to put up with them. In the grim northern resort ofGoolness,women Duncanrunsaweb- resort whohave thegrim northern to putupwiththem.In site about Tucker Crowe, Americansingerwhodisappeared anever-very-famous entirely from public and emails are all very well,and emailsare allvery theycan’t compare with the thrilloffindingahandwritten envelope in acoustic demo the result asamasterpiece, buthislong-suffering girlfriend Annieismore —andsays objective so is amostsuitablebookfor school reading programme. (92) have doubts/to bedoubtful, true, to develop… (story, way, etc) inanunexpected touching, funny experience thewholemid-20 one’s letter box. Love letters —even anote —are always welcome, especiallywhenleastexpected. on shared obsessions.) Butthenthetiny world ofCrowe worshippers is rocked by thenews thatan online. As aresult shegetsanadmiringemailfrom Tucker Crowe… Isshereally goingto findproper religious views. As well asbeingtheultimate novel ofideas, itisatremendously moving love story. It rise offascism,therevolution inquantumphysics, thechallengesto accepted philosophicaland reader. It’s Hornby athisbrilliantbest.(232words) Nick most regret, seldomthosesent.(Elspeth Thompson) path allthetimethroughout thenovel. andtender, Hilarious 2 It isasimple/straightforward/complex/pungent\compelling It recommending aread; love onadampandwindyseafront, when Tucker finallyarrives inEngland? x. 7.Make thereview lessformal. Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи apiece ofrecorded musicthatanewsingeror group sends to arecording company. The firstnovel Hornby, by Nick publishedin1995. Word list: One thingyou have to give Hornby credit Nick for, to steer ishisability clearofthepredictable It is worthwhile to isworthwhile maketimeto writeIt to afriend orrelative whenyou are away. (sms) While text In A young Englishphysicist inthe1930sfallslove withaGermanJewishanthropologist. Nicolas Mosley’sNicolas Juliet, Naked describe, to tell astory, longforgotten, irritated, fans, excited, to shake, to praise, to 2 versionalbum ofhisbestknown , Nick Hornby returns, Nick to the Hopeful Monsters th -century nightmare-tragedy-adven -century isamodernclassic. High Fidelity Juliet , isaboutto bereleased. Duncandulyhails 1 narrative (thatbringssmb/smthto life) territory ofmaleobsessionsandthe territory Juliet, Naked ture —theSpanishCivil War, the willprofoundly move the We are househuntingatthe moment(notmuchluckyet). Ex. 9.Readthelettersandrank themaccording tothedegree offormality. we have oneofourgranddaughter’s after addedto (atleastthoseleft ournow substantialcollection LETTER 1 LETTER LETTER 2 LETTER and now four monthsinHongKong, Vietnam, currently inLaos, thenabriefvisitto Thailand inthe them ifthisistrueastheyare better thanmostfastfood outlets. to makethemlast). This doesn’t applyto otherchocolates whichdisappearinafew days. ias seemto liketheheat. supermarket!!) countryside? How isyourcountryside? daughter? Are you agrandmother yet? overseas cultural/pleasure visits? The Chinesehave now decidedto visitLondon insubstantialnum- company atManchester University. ofherboyfriend priorto starting new release. per wasratheramusedthattheyvisited Chineserestaurants for theirfood!! Idonotblame Actually ber andare purchasing many pairsofClarksshoes(many oftheseare madeinChina.)Onenewspa- recovery assoonpossible. herslast Juneisstillnotfullyfitafter year. raid for her A level art examinationslastyear).raid for She herAlevel art land? lems withmy travelling madethisdifficult. Thank youArt which forthe excellent bookonRussian equate parking (amajorproblem locallyasthetownequate parking centre isbeingrebuilt to houseanother June hasjustreturned from seeing thecinemaafter “Charlie andtheChocolate Factory”, arecent Jacqueline, Tony andBen Your sontells usthatinthenewyear you are duefor thiswe wishyou anoperation.In anexcellent All thebest Sincerely andwithlove, Sorry to have missedyouSorry onyour recent visitto theUK. Various hospitalappointmentsandprob- We hearyou atyour are schoolinMoscow, stilllecturing are to you continuing to takeparties We August/September, dry looklikehaving avery saves cuttingthelawn andtheroses anddahl- We localrestaurants distance tend orhave whichare to eatatvery eitherinwalking ad- My address is: 6 Manor Court, Galmpton, Nr Brixham,S.Devon. Nr Surnamenow Galmpton, isFierett. address Court, My is:6Manor Do you stillorganise studentlanguageholidays in Torbay? When are you planningto visitEng- Regards, Do keepintouch (alovelyDo you thatIgotmarriedand amlivinginGalmpton know smallhamletnearBrixham)? Dear Irina, Phil andJune Nearly forgot, Junehasreminded meto thankyou for thechocolates (sheisonlyhaving oneaday Dear Tatjana, How hasyour year been?Doyou spendmostofyour timeinMoscow oralittlerelaxing inthe I hopeyou are well. PART 2.STAYING INTOUCH has recently spent seven monthsteaching inIndia 10/12/2005 4-Aug.-05 61
UNIT 1 UNIT 1 There sessionsby top willbefour ELT plenary professionals. are expected Speakers andparticipants 62 LETTER 3LETTER LETTER 4LETTER as carbondioxide greenhouse ratherthanasmethane: thepowerful gaswhichresults when waste the latest publishedmaterials, teaching resources andequipment,computer andservices. software the needfor landfill andensuringthatthecarbon content ofthe waste goesinto theatmosphere ton iscriminal thatwe ofcoal. are It dumpingthisvaluableresource into landfill(мусорная свалка). can recover thisenergy safely heating schemesandgenerate electricity. to rundistrict matter rots inlandfill. IATEFL Conference andExhibitionto beheldinHarrogate, UKfrom 7thto 11thApril2010. from over 80countries. Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи 119454 Moscow 111 Buckingham Palace111 Buckingham Road This willbeamajorELT event andwillconsist ofover 300talks, workshops, andsymposiums. The Daily Telegraph Yours sincerely, Sir, We lookforward to seeingyou attheconference inHarrogate. We would liketo formally invite you, Prof. intheAnnualInternational ElenaOrlova, to participate signature Using waste inthisway hasthetripleadvantageof reducing reducing theneedfor fuelimports, Glenda Smith MGIMO University Modern waste-recovery incinerators (мусоросжигательная waste-recovery Modern печь) suchastheoneinSheffield Dear Prof. ElenaOrlova, Russian Federation Prospect76 Vernadskogo Prof. ElenaOrlova Burning three tons ofdomesticwaste generates aboutthesameamountofheatasburningone For andonbehalfofIATEFL Executive Officer London SW1WODT In additionthereIn willbeamajorELT Resources Exhibitionwithover 50exhibitionstandsshowing Tel: +441227824430 East Yorkshire,HU16 12 December 2008 Tel: 01482875740 2 November 2010 University ofKent, United Kingdom Darwin College, Darwin 2b Dixon Court, Kent CT2 7NW Kent CT2 Cottingham, Canterbury, IATEFL USEFUL TIPS FOR WRITING AN INFORMAL LETTER Ex. 10.Make listsofusefulexpressions: two A—forinformalandBformalletters Ex. 12.Fill intheformatofaninformalletterbelow withyour own content. short (If Ex.11. ReadLetter itmeettherequirements suggestedabove? 1inex.8again.Does such funto read, yours sincerely, love, bestwishes, bestregards, write to mesoon,yours faithfully, according to your letter, about,pleasesay helloto, Iamsorry we appreciate your (contribution/ the to, didyou know, didItell you, Iregret having to tell you this, thanksfor (your letter), your letter was time and effort)…, thank you time andeffort)…, for your patience andunderstanding, well, that’s all for now, thank you I would time. choosetheincinerator every I am writingto (inform you/…), thisisabriefreminder,I Iamwondering if…, Iwonder ifyou are aware, for your letter received 25January… out ofthefollowing. Arrange thewords intheorder theymightbeusedinaletter/letters. of ideas make use of the story belowof ideasmake tomake useofthestory theletter more interesting) . The lessyou aperson,themore know formal theletter willbe. 1. Yours faithfully, 2. Use a positive cheerful tone (unlessyou Use oryour apositive reader cheerful isgoingthrough sadtimes).Avoid 2. . Write to you, aboutideasthat are share important your opinions, your to reaction current 4. signature 6. Avoid complaining. . Write abouthappeningsandnews, films, bookorplays you’ve seenor read recently, etc. 3. Given achoice between amodernincinerator andanuclearpower stationinmy neighbourhood Real estate agent. Roger Evans, Look forward to hearingfrom you, forward to, keepintouch, Iamlooking we are happy to beable 5. Make your Make letter enjoyable to read, hence: ELABORATE thatis, give more details. 5. PART 2.STAYING INTOUCH Closing Paragraph 4(indented) Paragraph 2(indented) Paragraph 1(indented) Salutation: signature Paragraph 3(indented) Dear John, events. using words like don’t, haven’t, won’t, can’t, bad, awful, hard, difficult,terrible. Address (ifunknown to your addressee) Date ofwriting 63
UNIT 1 UNIT 1 They hadjustplaced theirorders whentheybecameaware oftheloudtones ofthegentlemanat Ex.13. Write aninformalletter(toafriend, parent, relative) usingtheformat off.My sisters were astonished. plopped itinto herhandbag. bread too slow dry, andthetableclothfilthy. theservice tablearguing withthewaiter.next Nothingwasgoodenoughfor him:thesoupwastoo salty, the and thetipsabove. Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи “What arudeman,”“What saidSuzanne. “And whatawaste ofgoodfood. I’m itbackfor thedog.” taking Just then,themanreturned. He’d onlybeento thetoilet. The waiter brought himasteak. The mantook amouthful, putdown andwalked andfork, hisknife With thatshewalkedover and to thetable, wrappeditinapapernapkin pickedupthesteak, My sisters Mary andSuzannedecidedto treat themselves to sisters amealinanexpensive Mary My restaurant. Narration: telling astory . Formal andimpersonallanguage 1. To prevent cruelty, abandonedpets/companion animals, edu- to to makeajointeffort, support, WRITING FORMAL LETTERS; REVISION: ARGUMENTATIVE 7. Personal pronouns WORDS TO BE USED 2. Fixed expressions SECTION SECTION 1. LANGUAGE OF COMPARISON UNIT 2 you give willhelpalotofanimals. . Longer words (e.g. words ofLatinorigin) 4. What makesyour writingmore formal? Cross outtheirrelevant points. the underlinedonesintext. Ex. 2.Readandanalysetheexamples below. Find themainideaineach;whichfigures Ex. 1.Write thefollowing inaformalstyle. Usethewords from thelistbelow insteadof . Phrasalverbs andidioms 3. REVISION: FORMAL animals. We bothmoneyandfood, needyour toys support: andcollars are welcome. penny Every PARAGRAPHS BASED ON FACT/OPINION to aim(to to do),to donate collect, generously, donation,non-profit charity, shareto views/values their pets. petsare inourlives. understandhowWe important to Ourmembers makeeverybody try . Longer sentences (complex andcompound) 5. help all Animal Cruelty Charities,help allAnimalCruelty suchasRSPCA cate/ the public/petowners, rightsandresponsibilities, to rescue, to provide shelter, aim/mission, give outflyers people.to These leafletsexplain whatpeoplecandoto helpthosepoorbeaten up of charities, thenjoinusnow! born inClaton to (apoorneighbourhood inGlasgow)live canonlyexpect to 54andisthree times mals. We save petsfrom beatingsanddeathinanimalpounds(приюты). We tell peoplehow to treat and statements support it? and statementssupport 4 . Fillers andhedges(e.g. 6. 3 WorldFund. Wildlife for Royal thePrevention Society to Animals. ofCruelty 1. There andhealth.Recent NHSScotlandfigures isaclearlinkbetween poverty show thatachild This isanot-for-profit group. isallaboutAnimalCruelt It Our group wantsto save petsfrom intheirhomes. cruelty We findnewhomes for homelessani- Let’s allpitch inandmakeadifference inthe world! support it. In aformal andquite rely it.In letter often to youonstatistics facts resort support Whenever you are writingaletter to express your opinionyou give reasons to to support your position. to support To you how needto to know doitskillfully write VS so to speak, inasense,so tospeak, Imean figures INFORMAL STYLE and use Pet Rescue comparison structures. 3 , orthe WWF , etc. ) y, andwhatwe candoto stop it. We liketo 4 . And if you support any of them kinds any ofthemkinds . Andifyou support 65
UNIT 2 UNIT 2 The United States spendsmore of itsincome onhealthcare thanotherdeveloped countries 15%, 12000, ½, 250000, 35, 15000000, 3 billion, $65, 21 century, 9000, January 1. 15%, 12000,½,250000,35,15000000,3billion,$65,21century, 9000,January July 4 The mortality rate ofuninsured peoplecould bereducedThe mortality by 10–15%iftheywere provided with . numbersunder100mustbewritten aswords 1. (in) the1980s (on) July4,1998, . round numbersbetween onethousandandten thousand canbeexpressed ashundreds: 2. 66 . figures involvingtwo thousandscanbewritten in ways: 3. USEFUL TIPS Ex. 4.Make more formalby thetext writingthenumbersinanappropriate way. Ex. 3.Write thenumbersasrequired informalwriting. and thatshare isrising. west endofthecity. They are alsoten timesmore likelyto grow household. upinaworkless statistics. Smoking isamajorcause of prematurestatistics. Smoking deathworldwide. Russiasome250,000menare In 4. fractions: PRACTICE 1 PRACTICE as likelyto diseaseand sufferfour timesaslikely fromto behospitalized heart asachildborninthe the 20 insurance according to 2005Census Bureau estimates, whichmeansthat15%oftheU.S. population health coverage. medicalcare becauseofitscost thattheypostponedseeking 47percent reported of Americansbelieve theU.S. healthcare system needsfundamental changes. estimated to have diedin1995alonedueto tobacco use. . ordinal numbersare written often inabbreviated form: 5. during thepastyear. thattheyspendlessonfood andheating inorder ¼report to pay medical bills. medical technology. Butwe don’t have thebesthealthcare system. per cent ofRussia’s 142millionpeoplesmoke, includingtwo thirds ofmen,according to government Remember, too, how towritedates lacks healthinsurance. 18,000peopledieprematurely eachyear becausetheylack healthcoverage. 6. avoid short forms avoid orsymbols(&,%,etc.): short 6. 5 Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи Newspapers spelloutnumbersfrom oneto nineandround numbers(five hundred 2. Smoking is a real calamity (бедствие) for isareal (бедствие) two thehealthofRussiannation.As calamity many2. Smoking asforty America hasthebesthealthcare intheworld: themosttalented doctors, themostsophisticated At thesametimehealthcare spendingperyear is2trilliondollars, whichmakesup16%ofGDP. Here’s alookatAmerica’s health care crisisby thenumbers44.8millionAmericans have nohealth 1st= first;2 130.75 10 000 1200 =12hundred (mostlyinformal style) ¾ with decimal fractions useapoint: with decimalfractions written aswords; ten per cent, two and a half per cent, fifty dollars,ten percent, etc two andahalfpercent, . fifty th th OR
OR century three-quarters Julyfourth or 10,000 nd =second, 3d=third, 4 OR (1): 4July1998 WRITING NUMBERS The U.S. spent2timesasmuchtheUKonhealthcare in2009. Yet, 90% : th = fourth, 5 =fourth, th 5 — all numbers that start sentences mustbe —allnumbersthatstart =fifth; or two million). . to show equivalence use: 1. . to show nonequivalence use: 2. USEFUL TIPS (2) USEFUL TIPS . to show parallel increase use 4. Ex. 5.Rewritethefollowing inaformalstyle. Pay too. attentiontopunctuation, Ex. 6. a) Read the text andthesentences belowEx. 6.a)Readthetext thetable. thesentences accurately Do what they are really worth? In arecentwhat theyare In really worth? “Value ofaMum” itwasfound thatmothersspend survey Choose more formalwords from thelistbelow insteadoftheunderlinedones. . to show smth/smbis “super” use 3. first 6monthsofthe year. rate increased slightlyinthefirsthalfof2001and Although thebirth PRACTICE 2 PRACTICE MAKING USE OF COMPARISON STRUCTURES around seventy-four hours aweek onchildcare andhouseholdchores, some33,000 labourworth this makes up 76.9% and private (out-of-pocket) expenditure 23.1%. this makesup76.9%andprivate (out-of-pocket) The Russianestimates for actual b) Find comparison inthesentences. structures died compared to 644 2000,thenumberofdeathswasmore thanthenumberofbirths 200 born.In death rate similarlydecreased, there were 1.13millionpeople still2timesasmany deathsasbirths. money spentpercapitain1990–1995ranged from $245to $23. between 1990and1995. The total spendingonhealthcare isnow 5.4%ofGDP. Public expenditure of regions thisgrowth Caucasus. isconcentrated primarilyintheNorth by approximately 958 000. Naturalpopulationgrowth place inonly15ofthecountry’s istaking 89 pounds ayear. reflect thedataintable? 6 AKHusprwe ekycost Weekly week Hoursper TASK ok847 36 74 4 8 cook For more detailssee«Курс .88–91. английского I,стр ирегионоведов» часть международников для языка The RussianStatisticalCommission saidthatonly3.2–4.5%ofGDPwasdevoted to healthsector As ofJuly12001Russia’s total populationwas144.4millionpeople—alossof458,400over the Word list On Mother’s Day we are allreminded ofhow muchwe valuemums. Buthow many ofusknow superlative adjective as much as many as as…as two comparatives (themore…the better) the sameas not somuch…as not somany …as not so/as…as adj comparative less (+ fewer (+ PART 2.STAYING INTOUCH uncount noun/adj : estimated, isestimated as, stood at,currently, exceeded, expenditure count.noun than 6 )… than )…. than A few facts onRussia’sA few facts healthcare u a u Dad Mum Dad Mum Life ofMa’s 67
UNIT 2 UNIT 2 2 The more timeMumspendsonhouseholdtasksthemore moneysheshouldearn.Butdoesshe? 12. The cost ofMum’s weekly work aboutthehouseismuchhigherthanDad’s could (is).Mothers 11. The leastpaidjobaboutthehouseiscleaning. 10. 1. Mum spends twice as much time cooking asDad. asmuchtimecooking Mumspendstwice 1. . Childcare takesmothersasmuchtimecooking, cleaningandhousekeepingputtogether. 7. . The most timeconsuming householdtaskischildcare. 8. . Dadsspendfarlesstime/fewer hourscleaningthanMumsdo. 2. 68 . Fathers but,muchmore timegardening spendlesstimecooking thanmothers. 4. . Daddoesnotspend somuchtimeonhousekeepingasMum(does). 3. spends thesamehoursdrivingasMumdoes. Childcare takesthemostofMum’s three time(thirty One hourofchildcare costs less thanten. Oneearnstheleastmoneycleaning.The leastpaidjob Office of National Statistics 2008 Annual Survey ofHoursandEarnings. ofNationalStatistics2008AnnualSurvey Office about thehouseiscleaning. The cost of Mum’s weekly work about thehouseismuchhigherthan and housekeepingputtogether. 4)_____ The mosttimeconsuming householdtaskischildcare. Gar- . Gardening isthebestpaidofallhousehold jobs. Onehourofgardening costs eleven pounds. 9. Dad’s could (is). 6)____Mothers earn631poundswhileDadsonly 406. The more timeMum spends . DadspendsthesamehoursdrivingasMumdoes. 5. taking care ofthechildrentaking asDadsdo. Childcare takesmothersasmuchtimecooking, cleaning than Mumsdo. 1)______,DaddoesnotspendsomuchtimeonhousekeepingasMum(does).Dads/ Fathers but,2)_____,muchmore timegardening spendlesstimecooking thanMums/mothers. Dad hours aweek). andahalfhours. 3)_____,Dadsspendonlysixteen asmuchtime Mumsspendtwice on householdtasksthemore moneysheshouldearn.Butdoes she? dening isthebestpaidofallhouseholdjobs. Onehourofgardening costs eleven pounds. 5) _____ paragraph: . Childcare takesthemostofMum’s three hoursaweek). and Dadsspendonlysixteen time(thirty 6. c) Add linking adjuncts wherec) Add appropriate adjuncts tomake linking thesentences intoamore cohesive oa 45 3 406 631 53 74 cost Weekly Total week Hoursper TASK oskee 3951375 103 9,5 13 housekeeper te , 130 33 31 11 148 3,5 56 294 3 90 4 16,5 1 7.5 33 other 12 gardener childcare cleaner rvr332 23 28 3 3 driver Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи The figures were obtainedusing average earningsfigures forhouseholdtasks, compiled from the Mum spends twice as much time cooking asDad. Dadsspendfarlesstime/fewer asmuchtimecooking Mum spendstwice hourscleaning In contrast, byIn comparison, similarly, so, thus, atthesame time One hourofchildcare costs lessthanten. a half hours. Mums spend twice as much time taking carea halfhours. ofthechildren asmuch timetaking Mumsspendtwice asDadsdo. earn 631poundswhileDadsonly406. structures. You can addyour comments aswell. you” for apurchase?). Figures thepercentage reflect ofpeoplewhopassedthe tests ineachcity. Ex. 7 . Read the text, studythetableandwritetensentences tocompareEx. 7.Readthetext, how polite/ a pileof “accidentally” dropped papers?)and “service tests” (whichsalesassistantswould say “thank tests” (would anyone holdthedooropenfor me?), “document drops” (whowould helpmepickup more behaviour. than2,000separate tests ofactual Three tests were in35cities: conducted “door courteous peopleare indifferent cities/countries/regions,courteous usingdifferent comparison Global Courtesy Global Courtesy Test wastheworld’s biggestreal-life test ofgoodmanners, whichconsisted of oansugSuhArc 57 Africa South Johannesburg aat noei 43 Indonesia Jakarta oot aaa70 Canada Toronto apiTia 43 Taiwan Taipei arbCota68 77 Croatia Switzerland Zagreb Zurich ukadNwZaad67 NewZealand Auckland mtra ehrad 52 Netherlands Amsterdam inaAsra60 Austria Vienna a al rzl68 Brazil Sao Paulo tchl wdn63 Sweden Stockholm ynyAsrla47 Australia Sydney aswPln 67 Poland Warsaw ardSan60 65 Spain Mexico Madrid Mexico City ocwRsi 42 47 Russia 48 Moscow Italy Philippines Milan Manila elnGray68 80% Germany USA Berlin New York ai rne57 France 57 60 60 Argentina Paris Czech Republic Hungary Buenos Aires Prague Budapest ago hiad45 Thailand Bangkok esniFnad48 57 57 Finland United Kingdom Portugal Helsinki London Lisbon ogKn 45 45 Slovenia Ljubljana Hong Kong PART 2.STAYING INTOUCH 69
UNIT 2 UNIT 2 SECTION SECTION 2. WRITING BASED FORMAL ON LETTERS ARGUMENTATIVE PARAGRAPHS; LETTERS TO THE EDITOR 70 Make your own conclusion situation abouttheroad safety transport ownership indifferenttransport countries anddeathsin road accidents by theend Ex. 8.Studythedatabelow andwriteaparagraph of10–12sentences onprivate Project work unit7p. 30-31 Ex. 9.Write aparagraph aboutthehealthcare ofyour choice system inacountry (see OPINION. I. REVISION: WRITING AN ARGUMENTATIVE PARAGRAPH BASED ON FACTS/ in different countries. 7 of the20 vehicle miles Number of 142,955,623 7,332,120 Number ofcars 19,737,000 36,952,000 37,076,0656 Number of Numbers ofcars Fatality rate per 100million persons mopeds per1000 motorcycles and per 1000persons mopeds motorcycles and aaiis1,0 13045057041,462 5,700 4,570 11,300 11,105 fatalities Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи Курс английского ирегионоведов. международников для языка There ismore courtesy/politeness… Fewer peopleare polite… e.g. igpr 42 40 Korea South Seoul Singapore ubiIda32 India Mumbai uhrs oai 35 37 Romania Malaysia Bucharest Kuala Lumpur The place... second most/leastcourteous th century. 7 9 0 ,0,0 5,0 1,0 4,177,037 218,700 750,000 3,405,000 17, 295204 aa emn KMxc USA Mexico UK Germany Japan 4 21 , 16,5 2,4 13 42 140 9 5 5 2566 82 353 450 299 , , , 761,9 17,6 1,8 3,5 2,7 7 ). State your positionclearly; — Stick to onenarrow idea; — — Be reasonable, Be moderate, fact-oriented. — timely(refer Be to arecent issueorpublication) — brief—onehundred Be to two hundred words istherightlength; — . You agree ordisagree news item, withanarticle, editorial position,etc. 1. . You needto correct publishedinformation. 2. . You wantto reach alarge numberofpeoplewithinformation you thinkotherreaders would be 4. . You have anopiniononthetopic ofstrong nationalorlocalinterest. 3. USEFUL TIPS: Ex.10. Find outaboutthesituation intheRussianhealthcare system.Stateyour Ex.11. Readthelettersbelow anddecidewhy eachofthesewas written(consult the sented andfullofinterest, whichisthenormofthisexcellent 100-pagepublication.Dothereaders II. WRITING ATO LETTER THE EDITOR. LETTER 1 LETTER LETTER 3 LETTER 2 LETTER about inaccuracies, andnoneiscommenting onthewide-r add thatifMPs wantourvotes, theyshouldbeprepared to work together for thegoodofour country. taste ofcoffee. Here are afew ideas. importantly, there representation shouldbeaform vote of proportional counts. sothatevery I would example — and typically —sixoutofsevenexample —andtypically oftheletters intheJunemagazinewere complaining go through itsearching for mistakes?Shameonyou all! cians shouldlive theproblems intheirconstituencies ofthearea sotheyknow theyrepresent. Most been asubscriberfor thelastyear andamconstantly amazed thattheletters are sonegative. For list “Inalettertotheeditor”). opinion: current health care in Russia is good /poorimproving /decliningetc. is Russia in care health current opinion: In alettertotheeditor 8
наносить вредкому-л. /чему-л. неаккуратным использованием,вмешательством, отношением недобросовестным ипр.
There shouldbefixed-term parliaments soprimeministers can’t messaround The onSunday Mail The letters Editor 2 Derry Street 2 Derry Designer coffees are now ahugebusiness andsoldatpremium prices. Buta cappuccino should Dear Editor Northcliff House Northcliff Romsey (History magazineJuly2010) Romsey (History London W8 5TS London W8 depressingHow theeditor very mustfindtheletters received regularly from his readers. Ihave Liz Hallett It isobvious thatourpoliticalsystemIt needsanoverhaul (пересмотр), buthow dowe achieve it? interested in. PART 2.STAYING INTOUCH anging subject matter,anging subject pre- attractively 8 withdates. Politi- 71
UNIT 2 UNIT 2 … presented of picture afalse/distorted There are somewhichare neither! These are usedto introduce your own opinion. The writer seems/edto have understandingof… little(factual) Your on…OUT infuriatingarticle (see “Usefulhints” list). 72 Several important facts/factors/aspects of…were omitted from facts/factors/aspects your article Several important What isthewriter’s mainidea? is it?(What’s thewriter’sWhat type purpose inwritingthisletter?) Ex. 14.Readtheletter below andanswer the questions whichexpressions usedinresponse Decide Ex. 13.Pairwork. toapublication or theletterstofindoutifeachmeetssuggested requirementsEx.12. Analyse LETTER 4 LETTER access (get)information orgaincontrol ofanother’s computer as isknown “cracking”. Many thanks for your editorial/article Regarding thePrime Minister’s proposal to… Divide theseinto lists:How to agree (1)andHow to disagree (2) they are neitherhacksnorcracks. They are merely annoying. tised asacappuccino theyare butoften simplymugsofmilkwithnotaste ofcoffee. a statementyou would like toincludeinyour personalphrase file (choose themore I lookforward to oftheincorrect seeingapublishedretraction information given inthisarticle. I amwritingonbehalfof… to learn… I wasdisturbed/pleased/angry/disappointed reading…OUTI amstillfumingafter I amwritingto express my appreciation for your excellent coverage of… inyour Juneissue… story/article I found theshort I ampuzzledby thereference to I have read your May issue/March 12 I agree/fail to agree/disagree withyour editorial positionon I read withgreat/considerable interest I expect to seearetraction I expect neutral andimpersonalexpressions). frequently usehacksto getmy jobdone. The process into asecure ofillegallybreaking network to found there isnocoffee init. 9 Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи Отказ, отзыв. Отказ, The phishing and spam emails that Mr ShawThe worries phishingandspamemailsthatMr aboutdonotfixorbreak into anything, so A “hack” ismerely aquickandinelegantfix to a computer problem. As a web designer, Imust Sir Cornelius Shaw (Letters, 29)suffers from apopularmisconception January of computer hacking. On acouple ofoccasions Ihave persuadedthesalespeopleto checkthemachineandtheyhave Motorway service stations, supermarkets, service some Motorway Mrs G.C.Phelps, Manchester Mrs know whatacappuccino is. ofthetimestaffdonotactually Most Enfield, Middlesex (The Daily Middlesex Enfield, 2009) Telegraph 30January Iwan PriceIwan Evans 9 (intomorrow’s paper). Financial Times article on…Iamabitsurprised/disappointed… article restaurants andmany cafes sellwhatisadver- 45,000 poundsayear, yet refuses increased payments to pensioners. treat whentheyreturn themwithsuchappallingdisrespect homeinjured andbroken. What isthewriter’s position? 10 Does thewriter achieve hispurpose? hard-working familiessothatpeoplewhodonotwantto work canstay athome. Is hereasonable andfact-oriented? BritishPrime (2007–2010). Minister The MailonSunday The letters Editor 2 Derry Street 2 Derry Above all, Idonotthinkitisfairthatwe askyoung mento risktheirlives fighting for this country, yet So, Gordon Brown Northcliff House Northcliff B. McErlain London W8 5TS London W8 I thinkmy isquite alongway ideaofafairsociety from Gordon Brown’s. I do not call a society fairthatpaysI donotcallasociety more attention to law-breakers thantheoldandvulnerable. I do not call a society fairthatallowsI donotcallasociety childallowance to bepaidto peoplewhomakemore than Your titleifany andrelevant Your name, PART 2.STAYING INTOUCH The addressee’s name, titleoroffice Signature Closing: Sincerely (yours), Paragraph 3(indented) Paragraph 2(indented) Paragraph 1(indented) Salutation: Dear Editor Name ofthecompany/institution Full address Compare theletterabove withtheformatbelow. missing? Isany part 10 tells us he wants a society thatisfairfor tells ushewantsasociety all. fairifittaxes Idonotcallasociety Date ofwritingmonth/date/year Email address ( Telephone number Birstall, W. Yorkshire Youraddress United Kingdom optiona 27 DarkLane April 2,2010 WF17 9LN WF17 73 l)
UNIT 2 UNIT 2 Zhelnin, headof Tabakprom. Text 1 74 Guy Hammond, London, England Ex. 15.Readthepassagesandrespond tooneofthesewithalettertheeditor. Ex. 16.Readthefollowing publications andrespond with alettertotheeditor. were unableto tack le themselves becauseofrepairs. widescreen andthree computers.TVs well known. Citizens of poor countries should expect helpfrom) Citizenswell ofpoorcountries theirown known. shouldexpect governments first. sis). Idomy breeds bestto helpthosebackhome, ofhand-outs wonder butoften iftheexpectation seven-bedroom home. after, Soon complaining thatthehouseneededrepairs - thefamilystarted a sort of dependency. It is certainly frustratingto feel ofdependency. are your iscertainly taken efforts It a sort for granted. and expected thetaxpayerand expected to pay for themas well. and theUnited States. As many as42%ofRussia’s 142millionpeoplesmoke, includingtwo thirds of aren’t secrets keptby are thejealousrich,techniques ofrunningasuccessful country and capitalism. What dopoorcountries have incommon? The lackofthesethings. These and amattress thatwere boughtfor them. the newmeasure “is notlikely” to have oncigarette animpact salesinRussia,according to Vadim the majority ofworld anddespair(отчаяние).the majority population,provoking poverty ofpopulationcontrol.tries implementapolicy Their programs for development willnever bemet, complained. “It’s notright. We have beentreated badly.” children play outdoors. demand acleaner. run inpackoffiveSometimes theyattackpeople, eight. to andithasbecome dangerous letsmall to professional cleanersto come in. new healthwarningsoncigarette packsare to leadto expected declinesintobacco sales. However, men, according to government statistics. Russiansspent400billionrublesoncigarettes in2009. The because more peopleare andwealth bornthandie, for andthereinservices willalways beshortages husband Harry, 48, hasn't workedhusband Harry, for 48,hasn't 13years becauseofillhealth. They already have two rent- each year. couple, whosechildren are agedthree to 18,are given £32,656oftaxpayers' moneyinbenefits free homesfor themandtheirchildren, packedwithwidescreen andcomputer games.TVs The Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи 1. Iamoriginally from Zimbabwe, gripped by politicalandeconomic turmoil(in…cri- acountry The motheroften children Tracey, hadajobsince 18,wasborn andher Michael, 37,hasn't Two two housestogether years to agothelocalcouncil give knocked theCromptons aspacious, The Cromptons alsowanta£700compensation for awater leakthatcauseddamageto bedding 2. Recently Moscow hasbecome overrun withstray dogs. ofthemhave Most nocollars, andthey A familyofscroungers whorefuse (“халявщик”) to work andcost taxpayers £32,000ayear now 4. What doprosperous countries have incommon? Democracy, equality, freedom ofspeech, 3. Russiahasthemostsmokerspercapitaandislargest tobacco producer China,India after
Since thattimethemesshasbuiltup. way we are beingforced“The usill,” to live ismaking Tracey of Some 5. The gapbetween therichandpoorcanbereduced ifthegovernments ofthepoorest coun- Unbelievably, thecouncil inHull—officially Britain’s poorest -has agreed city to pay £500 for Now shewantsherlocalcouncil to sendsome one to cleanupthe messthatshesays thefamily
this theyhave usedto gadgetsincludingaDVDplayer, buyelectronic Xbox, hi-fis,two . State themainideainfirstorsecond sentence. 1. . Avoid slang, jargon, elitistlanguage. 4. . Bepleasant,polite andencouraging. 7. ограничивать свободу) expensively by thenanny state. Text 2 Text 2. Be factual. Avoid Befactual. emotioninbusinessletters. 2. . Avoid overused words (very, basically, etc.). 6. you, hopeto hearfrom you soon, bestwishes. words). Ex.17. Write your own letterononeoftheissues: We don’t wantto beonthedole(пособие побезработице). We justwantagoodplace to live.” 11 Ex. 19.Write themainbodyofaletterto alocal animalshelter usingtheguidelines Ex.18. Choosethewords andexpressions foraformalletter(formal andsemi-formal 3. Be specific – give all the necessary details. Bespecific– give allthenecessary 3. what’s new, Iaminterested in,Ihave (some) experience with,Iamsogladto hearfrom you, thanks . Use voice. theactive 5. spend them. They shouldbemore grateful thantheyseemto be.” GENERAL GUIDELINES ON A FORMAL LETTER. III. WRITING A FORMAL LETTER again, ifyou have any problems, to myhear, include, work sorry skills we regret to, ifIcanbeofany appointments. tion (you cangive me),bestregards, Iamwritingto askyou, thankyou for your letter21, ofSept touch as soon asyou can,yours, Iapologise for this belated response, lookforward to hearingfrom trusted withtheirmedicalnotes andsensibleenoughto remember to takethemalongto hospital tients shouldkeeptheirown medicalrecords. gent, would you pleasesendme, Iamcounting onyou, aprompt reply willbemostwelcome, getin and theprompts below. I canbeofany useto your charity/organization/group/. I amwritingto ask/enquire further assistance, grateful, Iamvery further Iwould greatly appreciate, to botheryou, it’s sorry pretty ur- NationalHealth Service. Your on12billionpoundsNHS leadingarticle Amazingly, theCromptons don’t seethemselves asfreeloaders. Tracy claimed: “We’re notscroungers. Sir, St Ives, Cornwall Clearly theSpanishare allowed to thinkfor themselves, instead ofbeingsmothered (подавлять, Marion Smith Marion Dear sir, DearMr./Ms, yours sincerely, love, yours faithfully, Iwill/would appreciate any informa- Local taxpayers don’t have sympathy for theCromptons. Onesaid: “We pay ourtaxes andthey I believe thisisalready thecaseinSpain,where peopleare considered responsible enoughto be Banning smoking Education reform Improving bus service inMoscow/… Improving busservice PART 2.STAYING INTOUCH 11 computer project (January 28)suggeststhatpa- computer (January project 75
UNIT 2 UNIT 2 To offer professional (plumber, service legaladvisor, electrician, accountant) 10 words andexpressions from ex.18. 76 Fill intheformatwithyour own below. content orusethetext Make useoftheformal tooffer Ex. 20.Writeyour help. aformallettertoaninternationalcharity a fundraisingevent) Do nothesitate do officework (phones, Webupdates, photography of available pets)/dofundraising(organize If youIf require information any further I amprepared/ready/willing to gothrough sometraining I can/amprepared to money/ walk/feed (animals)//cleancages/provide transportation/collect I have learnedagreat dealabout I/my familyhave hadpets/dogs/cats/etc.… /always/for years I am(not)ableto donate time/money/items (food/collars, toys) I would liketo volunteer to work for your shelter /group/… Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи If you thename, If donotknow use “Dear SirorMadame” and “Yours faithfully” attheend. Justify the importance ofthemainpointyou make; Justify theimportance Thank theaddressee for theirtimeandattention and Your titleifany andrelevant Your name, The addressee’s name(ifknown), Add information thatdoesnotfitintheprevious paragraph (Leave fourspaces) Signature Salutation: Closing: Sincerely (yours), Paragraph 4(closing) Paragraph 3(indented) — Paragraph 2(indented) Paragraph 1(indented) and state thepurposeofyour letter Dear Mr./Ms.+ surname Name ofthecompany/institution title oroffice Full address give outdetailsorbackground it information to support provide your information contact Introduce yourself you) (iftherecipient doesnotknow 1 0 if necessary Date ofwriting Email address ( Telephone number month/date/year Your address optiona l) Aid) charity foundation'sAid) charity employees atMoscow's Paveletsky Station. Railway within walking distance dozens oftheKremlin, within walking ofvolunteers gathered to helpdeliver food andother somehow. synodal department, wasquoted assaying thattheexistingfacilitiesallow onlysome900peoplesynodal department, fia foundation; theinternational publicorganisation Spr and Isatthere andate ourlunch,and Iwasdeeplybothered by this. Almost dailyonmy way to work and heat-resistant clothing. assistance, andthensendingthemmedicalhelpthespecificsuppliesthattheyneeded—mate- aid to regions devastatedkilled more by theongoing summerwildfires than50peopleand that had a week to washthemselves, compared —by hisconserva- with10,000homelesspeopleinthecity and shoesare problems especiallyneeded. cannotbesolved Other through donationsonly. There those in the community less fortunate thanyourself. less fortunate those inthecommunity I’m inthatI’ve lucky gotagoodjobwhichgives the time. I’m to volunteer to lookoutfor looking withthehomeless—Ijustfeel thatitisimportant teer asneeded. my timeandskills to helpthemout. tive estimate. those in need. Among them are the Orthodox service Miloserdiye people’s (Charity);those inneed. theOrthodox Amongthemareservice theOrthodox is an acute shortage ofwashingstationsfor web homelesspeople, charity siteis anacute Dia- shortage theOrthodox ka; theiraddress isMoscow,ka; 17/4,bldg. 115035,UlitsaPyatnitskaya 1 could callonifnecessary. peoplejustaren’t Some andI’d thatlucky liketo seeifIcanhelp them open picnictable. Reasonbeing, there wasahomelesspersonasleep ontheotherside. friend My conia.ru reported. Ilya Kuskov,conia.ru reported. Ilya whoisincharge ofthehomelessprogram church’s attheOrthodox churches andother religious organisations around thecity. me themeansto have anice unit,andifsomethingwent really wrong Ihave agreat family thatI rials to buildshelters, long-life food water, products, drinking andfirefighting equipmentlikeshovels burned entire villagesto theground. movement Kursky Vokzal —Bezdomnye Station—HomelessChildren); Railway theSo- Deti(Kursky needs, andhundreds ofhomelessfolk freeze winter. to deathevery far,be ashigh100,000.So by localauthorities efforts to aidtheseindividualsdonotmeetallthe people are hard extremely to keeptrackof. Bysomeestimates, homeless could thenumberof city I’m too busy, butIthinkitwould benice to helpotherswhohave more problems thanme, andmake yet breaksI seethesemostlyhomelessmen,wanderingourtown. Ihaven’t my It heart, donemuch 1. Today IsatatapicnictableinlocalparkduringthelunchtimeFarm Market. This wastheonly The exact number of homeless people in the capital is unknown —for numberofhomelesspeopleinthecapitalisunknown obviousThe reasons. exact These 2. Iwantto helppeople—sometimesit’s easyto getcaughtupinmy own problems orthinkthat Several organisations in the city collect donationsanddistribute itemsSeveral thecollected collect organisations among inthecity Coordinator NatalyaAvilova saidFair Helpwaslocatingtheplaces andthepeoplemostinneed of Executive director oftheSpravedlivaya Pomoshch (Fair foundation Aid)charity is Yelizaveta Glin- Homeless peopleregularly receive food andmedicinesfrom theSpravedlivaya Pomoshch (Fair I want to start by donating money and services to alocalhomelessshelter, by donatingmoney andservices I wantto start andeventually volun- In summer2010atSpravedlivayaIn Pomoshch (Fair In winter,In warmtrousers andunderwear, sweaters, andgloves, hats, scarves knitted overcoats PART 2.STAYING INTOUCH Spravedlivaya Pomoshch (Fair Aid) www.43things.com/things/view/.../ Volunteer to helpthehomeless /online Independent Newspaper themoscownews,/online Independent 22.11.2010/ Help thehomeless Aid), a 3-year-old charity organization based charity Aid), a3-year-old avedlivaya Pomoshch (Fair Aid);andseveral volunteer-to-help-the-homeless 77
UNIT 2 UNIT 3 WRITING EMAILS; REVISION: ARGUMENTATIVE SECTION SECTION 1. LANGUAGE FOR EMAILS AND DESCRIPTIVE PARAGRAPHS UNIT 3 78 Lead-in. emaillettersdifferent Are from paperones? Compare thepaperlettersand LETTER 1 LETTER EMAIL 1 emails below. >>>>> >>>>> Sincerely, Dear Dr. Wessels, Katja FisherKatja Subject: including anapplicationletter and aresume. please findattached application my for theBioinformatics Postdoc announced at your website, I am looking forward to hearingfromI amlooking you. interview. be returning to Spainattheendofmonth,butifrequired Icould come to England for an I would very much like toI would have very experience ofhotel work inEngland. I shouldliketo applyfor theposition. Yours sincerely, As you seeIhave for attheGranadaHotel beenAssistant inMadrid Manager ayear and Maria Sanchez Maria Dear Mr. Bateman, I lookforward to hearingfrom you. I amatpresent onholiday in Englandandstaying withfriendsattheabove address. Ishall I enclose my CV andarecentI enclosemy CV photograph. I saw for your inthisweek’s anAssistant advertisement Manager issueof The Hotelier and Today emailshave become ofwritten themostcommon communication type Vacancy number2010/040 for bothpersonalandbusinesspurposes. /from Applying forajobinEnglish Applying by M. D. Spooner, J. S. McKellen/ — a form of ‘be’ — — the subject thesubject “you” (are, were, andtheauxiliary have, willbe)inquestions — thesubject “I” (am,was, have, andtheauxiliary willbe) — thesubject “I” in — — the article thearticle “the” — 1. Words out that canbeleft Two schoolfriends, Jenny and Tamasin, are reunited inmiddlelife. There isone ruleto theirintimate . language:more orlessformal? 1. . sentence simpler, structure: more complicated, thesame? 4. . length:shorter, longer, samelength? 2. Sorry we hadto leaveSorry earlyto Hall. rushto EricClapton attheRoyal Albert 13 12 Ex. 1.Readtheemailsandaddmissingwords. PRACTICE EMAIL 2 2 LETTER Can you point outthedifferences: . abbreviations: acceptable ornot? 5. . letter :rigid, structure thesameorloose? 3. online correspondence —theyhave to seethebestintheir lives. apact ries . leaving outwords: acceptable ornot? 6.
Area of outstanding natural beauty In Somerset, England. Somerset, Area In ofoutstandingnatural beauty черника.
JENNY: Thank you for suchalovely weekend Fabulous inSomerset. to walkamongwhortleber- As thismodelwassopopularwithourcustomers, we would ifitisstillavailable. liketo know If acceptable. Rgrds, Mikko Sales Manager Sincerely yours, timeagoweSome purchased from 5130XpressMusic you mobilephones. Nokia Re yr inquiry rec’dRe yrinquiry today, we urequire cansupplytheqty April,20. Plsconfirm asapifthat’d be Subject: Subject: so, would adviseusyour you terms ofpayment kindly andany discounts available. Could you also includedetailsofany newmodelsinthesameprice range. Boris Efimoff Dear Mr. Kinnunen, 12 “that’ and “it” aform andoften of “be” PART 2.STAYING INTOUCH , allway upto thetop ofthewindy Quantock Hills Re inquiry order noCD439 Re inquiry I think, Iguess,I think, Ihope, etc 13 . Gladto seeyou in suchgoodform. 79
UNIT 3 UNIT 3 writingthefirstletters ofaphrase(‘asap’=well-known — — Re (regarding) Re lineswhenreplying anemail -usedinsubject — R.S.V.P. (répondez, s’il vous plait)=pleasereply — PS(postscriptum)=addinginformation attheendwhich a senderforgot to mentionearlier. — NB(notabene)=”note well”, pay attention; — i.e. (idest)+thisis(to say); — e.g. (exempli gratia) =for example; — usingaletter to standfor asound(‘u’ — — making a short form ofacommon word ashort making (‘thx’ = — Yr, vconvt ,avail, sb, hours, to spk, msg, wkng qnt,rgds, hv, wd, pls, 2,4,otoh, tmrw 2. The mostcommon abbreviations: #1 #2 you playing flute. Getting ready to go to LA,aren’t you? Hope you enjoy thetrip. 80 Ex. 3. Read the emails to a friend/ a business partner andwritetheabbreviated wordsEx. 3.Readtheemailstoafriend/businesspartner Ex. 2.Guesswhatthesestandfor. and coffee, eachofusshutinto separate rooms —mewritingthenovel, guitarand Glennpractising in full;supplythemissingwords. Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи
1. goingto seefilm“The menwhostare atgoats” (withGeorge Clooney, KevinSpecey, JeffBridges Thx 4yrquickresponse. usemobilenumber. Can certainly Wd ubeavail wk 4visitto NKInext Wed TAMASIN: love So having you andGlennto stay. Particularly enjoyed Saturday morningbreakfast 2. getsomefood at “Szmulewicz” restaur 3. more drinksetc. (Femke’s recommendation) Subject:RE vacancy #2010/040 vacancy Subject:RE Cheers, Maciej Pls, let me know ASAP,Pls, letmeknow have to bookrestaurant. Rgrds, Lodewyk Dear Katia Dear All, or goeswell?Thu iftelephone interview etc) in ‘Pathe DeMunt’ at17:20(know, it’s vearly, butconvnt ifwe follow plan) plan for tmrw: Many peopleusemany more common techniques whichyou to beableto shouldknow UNDERSTAND suchemails. abbreviations =you) ant/pub Rembrantplein:http://www.szmulewicz.nl/ ; to write anemailmore quickly. There are three thanks ;) as soonpossible,’ / Reader’s Digest btw’ =by theway August 2009/ ). Your, convenient, available, to speak, somebody, working hours, message, quantity, regards, regards, quantity, message, working hours, speak, to somebody, available, convenient, Your, tomorrow on the other hand, for, to, please, would, have, the sameendingcan match several beginnings. Ex. 5.Matchtheemailopeningandclosingphrases. Insomecases Ex. 4.Readthephrases anddecidewhethertheyare openingorclosing. Rankthem OPENING AND CLOSING PHRASES according (F—formal, tothedegree offormality S/F—semi-formal, I—informal) eevdwt hns With bestwishes very d Received withthanks. 4 Thank muchfor you your very invitation. 2 3 I am so sorry for notreplying to I amso sorry you 3 You donothave to thankmefor 7 1 Dear Partners, Dear 1 Thank you, MsBush,for acknowledging 6 We thankyou andyour for your enquiry 5 Just aquicknote to say Thanks for thequickresponse Thanks againfor theinvite Thank you for your emailof… Thank you for theconfirmation Yours (hope to) seeyou soon Sorry, wasoutofoffice We are writingto adviseyou about With warmestwishes very Great! I’d love to join… Cheers Regards toNice hearfrom you Do nothesitate us(again) to contact Bye for now Best regards How lovely to hearfrom you I am looking forward to hearingfromI amlooking you I amwritingwithregard to your recent email PART 2.STAYING INTOUCH somehow sometimeinMay! sooner. Icannotbelieve justhow busywe are here atthemoment…. anything — I was very happyanything to helpand —Iwasvery Programme …. Let's hopewe canarrange theworkshop it wasareal pleasure to have you here. interest inourproduct. pleased to sendyou ourSummerSocial receipt. I hopethisemailfinds you well. Iam very pnn Closing Opening b If I can be of further helpto you, Icanbeoffurther If b Thank you againfor inviting me. g All thebestandhopeto seeyou e Ihopeto to have beenofservice a We lookforward to receiving your c I’ll beintouch soon.Bestwishesas f you, andIlookforward to hearing With warmest wishes. very always to me. Allbestregards order. Yourssincerely please donothesitate to getback back at work next week. back atwork next from you. regards Kind 81
UNIT 3 UNIT 3 SECTION SECTION 2. WRITING EMAILS: BASIC RULES; style ifany? style think applytobusinessemailsaswell? 82 14 Have alookattheGeneral doyou guidelinesonaformalletterinunit2.Which theyare.Read theemailsanddecidewhattypes are What thedifferences in Lead-in. Make upallpossiblecombinations “parties” ofemailsoutthetwo EMAIL 1 INQUIRIES, REQUESTS, ARRANGEMENTS I. Basicrules person Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи ASIC –Accreditation for Colleges. International Service 0Ys htsfn.Iws o peyrcvr.kBestwishes Yes, that’s fine. Iwish you aspeedy recovery. 10 Thank you message. for your e-mail 9 utabifrmne…hBestregards h Justabriefreminder… 8 Address, Telephonenumber Apex College Sean Barrett Sean your response. Should you require information, any pleasedonothesitate us. to further contact We are currently recruiting for 2011courses andstillhave someplaces available. You have We are ASIC www.apexcollege.co.uk which is in South London,which isinSouth approximately 10minutes away from London Bridgeby train. Marketing Director Marketing Best regards Dear Sir/Madam tancy (ACCA),tancy postgraduate diplomaandofcourse English,for whichwe focus onIELTS. recruiting studentsthrough yourselves. been recommended to usby ASICandwe are therefore approaching you withaviewto I have attachedsomeliterature onthecollege for your information. Ourwebsite address is muchhopethatyou mayI very be ableto assistuswiththisandlookforward to receiving I amwritingto introduce ApexCollege. We are located intheLondon Borough ofCroydon, lished since 2009andare currently runningcourses inbusiness, advanced business, accoun- to inform you about…… the University, theywillbeable Iexpect I have forwarded itto my colleagues at and business, 14 accredited and'A' rated by theUKBorder (UKBA). Agency We have beenestab- pnn Closing Opening e.g . person-to-business. 14 Please give my when bestto Galina j you seehernext. We missyou! : EMAIL 5 EMAIL 4 EMAIL 3 EMAIL 2 Thank you for your email. anorder As you onthe18thMay you started willbeunableto do The interesting topics you andrelevant mentionsoundvery andwithinmy “skills family.” Thank you for your email. Thank you for inviting mefor aninterview. week; Iamavailable next Tuesday 29thisthebest PART 2.STAYING INTOUCH Are for you adynamicspringprogram looking for ages12-18thatcombines ESLwithclasses April soundsanexcellent timeto come to Moscow. Iagree thatNovember would berather Warmest regards from anovercast Kent. butdry Would itbepossiblefor you to usemy mobilephonenumber? well were/are below zero! hoststhoughtIwasutterly probably mad. My right!!!) (They and Ishallcomplete theorder orIcancancel itandyou canmakeanotherorder. are unableto getbackinto theoriginal order. You could eithersendmeyour card details another order untiltheprevious onehasbeencompleted orcancelled. you Unfortunately Membership AdministratorMembership Robin Kind regardsKind Dear Mark, Dear Elena, FisherKatja Best wishes, Dear Lodewyk, the Castilla yLeon region ofSpain. Hi Everyone,Hi Helen Walker in drama, music, art, computers andphysicalin drama,music, art, educationintegrated withCanadian students? hasty. Iamaccustomed to Russianwinters inStPetersburg and Yekaterinburg inthemid90’s. option for me. I have attachedacredit card form for you to complete. I lookforward to hearingfrom your colleagues and, ofcourse, keepingintouch withyou. I wasteaching methodologyfor Spanishteachers ofadultswhowork withadultstudentsin IATEFL I went running(warmlywrappedup)inbothcities and enjoyed itgreatly intemperatures 83
UNIT 3 UNIT 3 Businessto businessemailcorrespondence canbeeitherformal, semi-formal (neutral)orinfor- — Person to business/businessto personemailsare usuallywritten inneutralstyle, thoughissome — Person to personemailstend to bemore informal (remember, though,therule:”the lessyou — — It issafer to It usemore formal languagewhen writingthefirstemail;modify your writingaccord- — . Training April. inMoscow next 2. . Vacancy number2010/040 1. 1. . fillina line”“subject matter withaclearsum-upofthesubject 2. #1 USEFUL TIPS: 84 . Re:IATEFL RenewalDue Membership 3. Ex. 7.Write linesfortheemails. subject linesfortheemailsabove:Ex. 6.Choosesubject . makesure to read andedityour emailbefore you press “Send” button (“Only write whatyou 4. Illustrate thesepointsusingtheabove emails. . IGK-ESL+ Experience School program High 4. GENERAL GUIDELINES: . untilyou ofyour write master email adraft theskill, 3. . Greetings from ApexCollege London 5. Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи
“one peremailisbest” subject ( would saying becomfortable to theperson’s face” ing to email replies you receive know theperson,moreknow formal you are”) cases (complaints, e.g.) theformal ismore style appropriate mal dependingonthecompany’s culture. Tu 29-6:13:00–17:00 Yours truly, >>>> We have now evaluated alltheapplicationsandare happy to inform you thatyou have been shortlisted. shortlisted. Will you week? beavailable Possible next for a(telephone) interview timesare: attachment for further information.attachment for further Mo 28-6:12:00–15:00 Mo Dear Katja Director Dave Stapleton Last year we hosted studentsfrom Japan,Germany and Taiwan for thisprogram. Subject: International GatewayInternational Kelowna I lookforward to your comments. highschool,IGK offers withourpartner thisin conjunction Vedanta Academy. Pleaseseethe Paul Emmerson ) Paul Emmerson ) # 4 # 3 # 2 Thank you. PART 2.STAYING INTOUCH >>>> 2011 (24–26 January 2011)oftheExecutive2011 (24–26January Board ofUN-Women isavailable inthesixoffi- Anna Sincerely, We are pleasedto inform you thatthefollowing documentationfor thefirst regular session We 30-6:9:00–15:00 With bestregards, We lookforward to seeingyou onMonday inConference Room1for thesession. very much. very Can you pleaseadvisetheavailability room andprice ofadouble/twin for 2people My contact information contact isbelow.My ifyou havePlease letmeknow any questions. Thank you Paul Simmons Regards, Permanent oftheRussianFederation Mission to theUnited NationsinNew York. Could you oftheExecutiveDear Members Board ofUN-Women, Regards Hello, Hi Fri 2-7:9:00–16:00 Lodewyk Wessels. Subject Subject: Subject cial United NationslanguagesontheofficialUnited Nationsdocument website: http://docu- be usefulto your organization. please putmeonyour mailinglistfor current news how andevents? Orpleaseletmeknow ments.un.org. I canbemore involved orinany otherform by eitherparticipation thatcan withtheMission I hopeyou are doingwell. nameisAnna My Timone. Iwould liketo beinvolved withthe for 3nightsfor either22–24or23–25August 2011? : : 85
UNIT 3 UNIT 3 . Begin withaclearpolite statement ofwhatyou orwhatyou wantto are know requesting; 1. . State thespecific you needfromresponse oraction your addressee/reader; 4. . Avoid implyingthatyou have aright to theinformation, etc. service, 6. # 6 # 5 USEFUL TIPS: 2. If it is the first contact, explainhow itisthefirst contact, you gotit; If 2. 86 Lead-in. Look attheemailsabove anddecidewhichis:request, inquiry, making 3. If appropriate If explainwhy you need it; 3. . Express your thanksorappreciation for any helpyou may get; 5. arrangements, givinginformation,thefirst contact. II. Emailing: making arequest,II. Emailing:making inquiry, arrangement Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи avoid phrasessuchas “I’m to botheryou”, sorry “I hopethis isnottoo muchtrouble’, etc. NB: however, Tom Farrell This isto confirm that havewe received your order for spare parts. These willbesent to you on The decisionisyours, theoutcome. butletmeknow Another argument for your presence week here next inLUX isthevisitofSampsaHautaniemi find a replacement pretty soon, most people hate short noticefind a aboutseminarpreparation.replacement pretty soon,mostpeoplehate short Carsten Can we count onyou for theseminarhere inLuxembourg not,we should 26?If onJanuary Monday atthelatest. To trackyour order, clickonthelinkbelow. Best wishes Dear Richard Hi Katja, Hi Subject: Subject: on January 27,hewilltalkaboutSBofCancer.on January do not feel apologetic about making requests — everybody asks for requestsdo notfeel things, —everybody apologeticabout making so means ofexchanging ideas andresources between people andorganizations. They are thefirst often Letters of request and of inquiry are an important Letters are animportant ofrequest andofinquiry point ofcontact. #1 #1 #2 (follow thetipsabove). 15 Ex. 8. Read the two emailsanddecidewhatareEx. 8.Readthetwo thestrong and weak pointsofeach Ex. 9.Write anemail(request, inquiry, etc.) matching thefollowing response. LTM —Language Travel Magazine Thank you inadvance. proudThat ofourteam whichiswhy makesmevery I’d liketo askyou to vote for usthisyear
Steven Muller Sincerely, and Ihave somequestionsfor you onsomeofthetopics thatwillbediscussed. The topics are again in the Spanish school category: http://www.hothousemedia.com/ltm/staragentvote.php again intheSpanishschoolcategory: attention to thefeedback we receive sothatwe canlearnandimprove aswe goalong. Managing Director Dear Elena, Last year’s themeofourvoting campaign for theLTM Hello my nameisCody JellisonandIamrepresenting theRussianFederation UN inModel Every day ourteamEvery works hard to provide excellence to your clientsandto you. We pay great Subject Subject: human trafficking, Israeli-Palestinianhuman trafficking, relations to apeace Iranian nuclear settlement, weapons can write mebackonthatemailaddress thankyou. better helpmeaccurately represent your country. address Iamusingmysoyou teachers e-mail program, andprosecuting andimprisoningpiratesSomalia. I operatingoffthe coast of would remember (very appropriateremember (very onthis Valentine’s day). If you haveIf we conversation any learnfrom comments every orsuggestions, withyou. letusknow: like to know yourlike to views know onthesetopics andwhy. Any information you canprovide mewithwill Thank you for your enquiry. PART 2.STAYING INTOUCH Sorry for theslow responseSorry over theXmasperiod. We willhave August. availability next Chris Our rate is£ 34.00 pernight for adoubleor£ 38 for room. thetwin Hello Paul, : LTM Awards 2011 Model UN Model 15 StarAward wasallaboutlove ifyou 87
UNIT 3 UNIT 3 # 5 # 4 #3 #2 88 Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи Tatjana Additionally, ifyou on wantto goto sauna(IthoughtofthesmokeinRauhalahti Tues- See youSee allsooninKuopio! See youSee soon. We currently have between 8–12°Candrain,sopleasetakewarmclothes. we’ve gotstuffhere thatIcanscanthrough to you. Glen are unableto notifyyou aboutthecommittee’s decisiononyour proposal before theendof Best wishesasalways Rosemary Dexter Rosemary regardsKind November. Dear Alex, Re –advice onflower arrangements for capon.I’mweddings –I’llput thinking my sure Have asafe journey. Andrei Hi Finance Officer Monica, Hi guys,Hi Lorraine day butatthemomentitlookslikeIwillbeableto meetwithyou then. day evening) andjumpinto thelake, you canbringswimmingstuffwith you (orgonaked)! I dohopeyou willstillhave enoughtimeto makeallthearrangementsfor thetrip. shouldbefinenextIt Wednesday at10:30.Ihavetwo staff away onatraining coursethat I dounderstandyour predicament andthedifficulty you are experiencing. Unfortunatelywe I dosohopeto meetyou soon. Things never seemto calmdown butIlive inhope. . Express your thanksfor theemailreferring to thedate anditscentral point; 1. . Say whatyou are attaching(ifyou are); 2. #1 #2 #6 USEFUL TIPS ON REPLIES (FORMAL STYLE): Read theemailsabove theyhave anything again.Do incommon? Ex. 10.Readtheemailsandsuggestways toimprove them. 4. If unableto respond If completely to aninquiry, where includecontacts more information canbe 4. 3. Highlight thekeypointsandanswer any Highlight specific question(s); 3. 5. If appropriate assistance. If offer further 5. You mentionedRobindoinga1.5hourworkshop, day teachers after finish every teaching their Yours We dohave oneortwo more inMoscow andwould contacts appreciate your helpwithany scribing theprogrammes andcourses we offer. and it‘s become increasingly hard to answer mail appropriately. Managing Director Dear Partners, Peter White aboutoursummer languageschoolpleasefindenclosedseveral brochuresRe your inquiry de- Dear Mr. Orlando, However, Iamhere now andhopeto give you somemore usefulinformation. contacts youcontacts may have. classes. andgetsomeother work Our dailyfee for is500GBPandunlesswe Robinfor alltry the more intensively? rest ofeachday, expensive for itwillbevery you. Isthere nootherway thiscanbearranged I apologise for thisbelated response —I‘m snowed underwithwork rightnow you haveIf questionsdonot hesitate us. to contact any further obtained; PART 2.STAYING INTOUCH Anna Great to hearyour children are finally coming Moscow!to Iamsure we canfindanice hotel and not too overpriced! Otherwise Iwould behappyand nottoo to overpriced! putthemupifit’s Otherwise OKwiththem. Love Olga Hi It’ll definitely bealotcheaperandnoproblem for measIhaveIt’ll ofspace. plenty 89
UNIT 3 UNIT 3 . Whohastherightto propose/initiate alaw? 1. 1. inquiry (you wantto takeacourse atasummerlanguageschool inquiry 1. . Whatare thestagesofadoptingalaw? 2. . Whendoesalaw come into force? 4. Answer thequestions first: . Whoisto sign thebillto makeitalaw? 3. . request: askfor assistance ordonationOR… 2. Ex. 12.Write your own email 90 16 . askfor anappointmentwithaprofessor, etc. doctor 3. Ex. 14.Write aletter(basedondescriptive paragraph) toapenfriendabroad Ex. 13.Write aparagraph basedonopinionaboutthesituationwithchildren’s rights Ex. 11.Write areply toemail#2(p. 87ex.8) REVISION: Л. Г. Владыкина.М.:МГИМО,2009 in Russia(Project work inunit9 chart below.chart explaining how your lawsare research madeinRussia. Do firstandmake useofthe Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи Курс английского ирегионоведов, Е. международников для языка О. Б. Ястребова, А. Кравцова,Д. А. Крячков, Warm Regards Mandy BreezeMandy International Workshops Co-ordinator International Workshops I lookforward to hearingfrom you. Relevant State DumaCommittee and wantdetailedinformation); President ARGUMENTATIVE AND DESCRIPTIVE PARAGRAPHS High ArbitrazhCourt High Federal Assembly Members . 16 , p.106–107) Federal Assembly Supreme Court State Duma Publication President Government State Duma Constitutional Court State DumaCouncil Federal Assembly WRITING LETTERS OFWRITING COMPLAINTS LETTERS AND APOLOGIES; SECTION SECTION 1. LANGUAGE FOR COMPLAINTS AND APOLOGIES UNIT 4 Read theletterbelow andsayifitisatypical letterofcomplaint. Explainyour Lead-in. Why doyou thinkpeople make complaints? ON OPINION REVISION: ARGUMENTATIVE PARAGRAPH BASED reasoning. 1000 Chrysler Drive 1000 Chrysler January 21,2000 January They justexemplify ofthisvehicle, thelousyconstruction whichhasresulted inthousandsof There isn’t muchonthiscarthathasn’t failedyet. It’s quite remarkable. The trunklatch mecha- Am Iexaggerating?wishwere. The fact Auburn 48326-2766 Hills, Michigan Customer RelationsDepartment ally laughatmefor buyingthisNeon. “You should have boughtJapanese!” theysay. Dear Chrysler: DaimlerChrysler there’s lessofachance I’llgetinto anaccident. So, you’ve atleastbuiltasafe vehicle.Bravo! the carhasbeentowed 7times?Can you imagine how inconvenient thathas beenfor me? has cost methousandsofdollars, inrepairs andrental hasbeen intheshopfor carsandtime. It original airbagsinthedashandsteering wheel!Since my carisintheshop muchofthetime, expenses thatyou paidfor! year.This isatypical However, I’m thatIstillhave happy to report the andsecond-rate engineering andinferior parts workmanship.of thecarbecausefaulty drivers, butIwantto drive my own car. It’s aspecialprivilegeIthinkdeserve. dollars inmajorrepairs, bothto you andto me. Pardon my French. months cumulatively. Hardly from somethingto be expected agood carcompany suchasyours. most ofthetime. theseare onlysmall,Thinking insignificant defects? Au contraire, mesamis! nism atthedriver’s seatbroke, thetrunkwon’t theturnsignals stick, stay openonitsown In 1999 alone I spent over $2000 trying to fixstupidproblems 1999aloneIspentover onthiscar,In $2000trying notincludingsome I own anewPlymouth Neon.Actually, mostofitisnew. five In years, I’ve had to replace most I wantto getridofthiscar. Will you buyitback? This carhasgiven menothingbutproblems. It I have nothingagainsttow-truck drivers; theyare usuallybetter conversationalists thancab I’ve replaced thestarter, oxygen sensors, andsomeothermajorcomponents. DidImention is thatI’ve hadseveral mechanicsanddealersliter- 91
UNIT 4 UNIT 4 /http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/4357553/Top-5-best-complaint-letters.html/ 92 the languageofletter. 17 Read thesecond letterandsayhow different itisfrom theoneabove. Pay attentionto Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи Ninny ( you ninnies Scott Furrow Sincerely, Sincerely, which. mechanismdoesnotwork atall, unlocking whichmeansthatusu- The one-touch Unfortunately,It self-locksarbitrarily, asclaimed. thefilecabinetdoesnotfunction half George W. Bush(thethenUSPresident) CC: AlGore (thethenUS Vice-President) On April3,Ipurchased your four-draw, EZ-open File self-locking Cabinet, serialnumber am unable to return it. I am certain, however,am unableto return it.Iamcertain, that,sale price orno, Ihave arightto expect ally thedrawers have to beunlockedmanuallywiththe “emergency only” key. Even when Martha Siddons Martha Mr. Denny Swinton, whosoldmetheunit,informs me, thatbecausetheunitisonsaleI Better BusinessBureau J. Eaton (theretiredRobert AG ChairmanoftheBoard ) ofDaimlerChrysler ofManagement Bill Gates Pamela AndersonLee Prince Charlesof Windsor Donald Trump (anAmericanbusinessmagnate, authorandtelevision personality) Plymouth NeonOwner Dear Wheatley Office Products: that the unit will perform aspromised.that theunitwillperform the drawers are notlocked, theyare difficult toopenbecauseofadesign problem with the timeitdoes, halfthetimeitdoesn’t, andnooneisableto justwhenitwilldo predict the unit. overlapping insideshelving. 007800, from your Wheatley outletonBroadway. Ipaidasaleprice of$329.99plustaxfor more. I’ve gotnothingto loseandnothingbetter to dosince Idon’t have acarto getout. I would several liketo days hearwithinthenext thatatruckwillbecoming from Wheat- I lookforward to your enthusiasticandprompt response. Since Ididn’t getonelasttimefrom ley to pickupthedefective unitandthatmy purchase price willberefunded. infml ) –astupidperson 17 , I’m alsosendingthisletter to afew otherpeople, justto seeiftheymightcare 17 / From How to Say it How toSay by RosalieMaggio / 1. Dear Sears, Store —nothing! Manager Coach, andDistrict The item arrived aweek later withnoexplanation. Ex.2. Complete thelettersofcomplaint withappropriate phrases, rephrase sentences Ex.1. Studythelistoftypical phrases andfill in thetable. PRACTICE On (date), I(bought,leased, rented, orhadrepaired) withserialormodel a(nameoftheproduct arrive onthedate scheduled. Nobody, eitheratthestore (Burlington, MA), orat sears.com could tell Please callmeat[number]within[5]days/ by [date] if necessary. number or service performed) at (location, date and other important detailsofthetransaction) at(location,date andotherimportant performed) number orservice me where itwas, whenitshipped, ifitshipped. Iwas promised phonecallsby thePickup Manager, I would liketo register acomplaint about(oneofyour employees) aconfirmation that I expect you willhonour/satisfy my/our request I urge you to have thissituation/incidentinvestigated atonce frustrating/upsetting/costly/etc.I hadavery experience I willappreciate anexplanationof I would appreciate hearingfrom you immediately (most)stronglyI/we to object I regret/am to inform you sorry ofthefollowing unpleasant/upsettingsituation ofaprompt reply thecourtesy I amexpecting I feel you aware shouldknow/be ofthis I believe thatanapologyisdueus I feel /amsure you how to willknow solve thisproblem I amwritingto complain/ to obtaincompensation I hadaproblem and… withyour service I amwritingregarding … On February 14,2011,Ipurchased your 14MDdigital cameraonlinefor in-store pickup. didnot It PART 2.STAYING INTOUCH pnn hae Closingphrases Opening phrases Letters ofcomplaints are usuallywritteninaformal style 93
UNIT 4 UNIT 4 4. Sberbank Russia 2. Dear MagicTravel, 3. SheffieldSki Village 94 to explainhiscase? 18 Ex. 3. Read this extract fromEx. 3.Readthisextract aletter ofcomplaint tofindoutwhattheproblem was were notconfirmed. We were unable to getseatsand couldn’t bebookedonanotherflight to Paris this mustbeanerror andIwould likeyou to credit my account for 50roubles. the place anditwasthemosttraumaticexperience we’ve ever had. and are instructors curt The ski that day. As aresult we were charged for theParis hotel inwhichwe were to stay thatnightand of anATM inDorogomilovskaya Street, Moscow, onthe21thDecember 2010.Ihave highlighted the charged atwhichwe for hadto stay thehotel day. waitingfor neartheairport theflightnext We on February 1. downright rude.camebackintears sonoften andfinally My refused to takethelessons! unhelpful andtotally disinterested intheirclients’ progress, BobDownfield, whowas particularly relevant section. relevant section. The reference for thetransac believe owes your usthetotal agency cost ofthetwo nights:$ 350. and whatcompensation thecustomerwants. devices linking doesthewriteruse What I enclose acopy ofmyI monthlystatement whichshows thatIwascharged for twice gettingcashout Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи See part I,p. part 22. See We are afraidwe really mustcomplain aboutthehotel room thatwe stayed inattheComfort in date. The Front Office Agent gave us room154. Inn Ramsgate, onthe29 Inn This January Itook mySkiThis sonto Sheffield January skiing lessons. Villageto take We spent ten days at Yours sincerely Account 42307.910.9.3881.4205543 Number: Upon our arrival at the airport we learnedthatourflightwas overbookedUpon ourarrivalattheairport andour reservations COMPLAINT On January 11,2011,we bookedatripto Paris weOn January were through your to arrive agency; inParis Please findthe receipts for theseexpensesenclosed. Dear Manager, Dear GeneralManager, I have aproblem: there charges are onmy extra savings account for themonthofDecember. 18 Linking devicesLinking th ofMarch. We arrived around atComfort Inn 2o’clock onthecheck- to present thecaseclearly 18 are often usedincomplaints are often tion onmy statement isABCD42307.I am sure that 19 Ex. 4.Readtheletterandfillingapswith words andphrases from the box to clearly explainthecomplaint. Let alone—неговоря уже. 2) _____,thefront deskservice. When we arrived Iapproached thecheck-in desk. The clerk, your hotel. your hotel restaurant for ourcompensation. 5) _____ the check-in was the best part. Once intheroom5) _____thecheck-in we wasthebestpart. hadasecond shock. The room SuperStar Hotel, We openedthedoorandfound outthatthere were someproblems intheroom. Firstly, the We stayed attheSuperStarHotel, …,for theweekend of9&10February. Unfortunately, Ihad We lookforward to hearingfrom you withtheattachmentofbuffet coupons inthenearfuture. We shouldbeobligedifyou would lookinto thematter becausethecleaningwasunaccept- were offered anew room butitwasnotbetter, but worse. was appalling. The bathroom wasfilthy, the towels dirty. 6)_____,when pulledthe we covers welcome meto hisestablishment.3)_____,ittook himyearsinthe to findthe reservation who wasnotwearing anametag, didnoteven botherto lookup letalone situation. 1)______. floor hadnotbeenvacuumed. Besides, thebed cover wastainted with red wine.Moreover, General Manager at thedeskpromised itwould befixed when we returned, butit stillwasnotbythe working able. We should behappy buffet ifyou could sendusoneortwocoupons of complimentary Dear Sir, time we checkedout!9)_____,we hadto bringtheluggagedown ourselves asthere wasno the bed, andaroach fell outofthebedlinen;7)_____pillows haddarkyellow stains. We the bathroom, thebathtowels were missing. the pillow case. Furthermore, thebulbof thelampwasoutoforder. Finally, whenwe entered the bedsheetswere notspreadInaddition,there flatenough. were on 2pieces ofhairleft one to helpus. computer; 4)_____apologize heimpliedIhadn’t madeone. 8) _____:onthesecond wasnotworking, day andwe thelift were floor. onthefourth The girl back, itwasobvious thesheetshadnotbeenchangedeither,back, there washairandtrash allover no chance to makethiscomplaint inperson,butIfeel you shouldbeaware ofthisunpleasant I amwritingto inform andcleanliness at you ofmywiththecustomer service dissatisfaction PART 2.STAYING INTOUCH least, ratherthan,what’s more, inaddition,first,asa result therefore, but,here are besides, thefacts, lastbutnotthe 19 19 greet meand 95
UNIT 4 UNIT 4 you willreceive credit/discount/ arefund/free… 96 the list. very sorry abouttheerror in/mix-up sorry very Ex. 5.a)Complete thetablewithphrases/sentences usedtoexpress apologyfrom what happenedinyour of caseisnottypical we steps to are avoid taking this…infuture we will make certain this doesn’twe willmakecertain happenagain we appreciate your callingourattention to sincerely regret/apologise the leastIcando this willnothappenagain to makeamends thank you for advisingusofthiserror to compensate for thank you for bringing thematter/issue/problem to my/our attention to correct/rectify thesituation it was very rashonmy part it wasvery please accept my/our apology/apologies for I shouldn’t have donewhatIdid for theinconvenience/misunderstanding/confusionI amsosorry I know thiswascompletelyI know my fault I owe you anapologyfor I reproach myself about I feel sorry/terrible/bad I/we accept theblamefor I accept fullresponsibility for whathappened let meassure you Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи Accepting theblame Saying you regret aspecific Offering Offering to makeup for it offence/incident xrsiga plg F, S/F, I Expressing anapology 10)______I think you should immediately rectify the situation. I am not looking for10)______Ithinkyou compen- shouldimmediately thesituation.Iamnotlooking rectify Yours faithfully As you canseeourstay wasnotreally apleasantone. Your hotel wasrecommended to us sation butIdothinkanapologyisdue. Richard Harrison by your regular customers, andwe regret experience wasratherdepressing. thattheactual I lookforward to hearingfrom you. you forgive me. where necessary. Ex. 6.Complete thelettersofapologywithappropriate phrases, rephrase sentences way we treat ourcustomers. small. Ihave passedthismatter to ourExecutive HeadCheffor review. the stewards. theyears Over we have received numerous compliments from fellow passengerswith tant businessmeetinginstead ofacolleague whosuddenlyfell ill. The meetingwasoutoftown and Express. We have well-trained staffandourcustomers enjoy attention”“old fashioned courteous of b) markthephrases according (F,S/F, tothedegree offormality I) regards to theirexperience. ber 2010. ments. However, we would liketo inform you, thatpayments willreach you before the21ofDecem- I came back very late. Had it not been so important, Iwould late. never haveI camebackvery Haditnotbeensoimportant, missedyour party. Ihope Thanking thepersonforThanking Promising thiswillnot happen again bringing itto your attention xrsiga plg F, S/F, I Expressing anapology The negative experience thatyou hadwithourcompany inNovember isnotrepresentative ofthe Thank you for your patience. Thank you thetimeandtrouble for ofwritingto us. taking As to the portion sizes forAs Iadmitwasunaware to the food theportion served thatcustomers findthem too Andrew M.Lloyd #1 #2 #3 Sincerely We have recently hadanumberofkeystaffchangeswhichmighthave resulted indelays inpay- Warmly, With bestwishes, General Manager General Manager Dear Mr. Haden, andMrs. Dear customers, Dear Ruth, Ron How thatyou unfortunate were onthe disappointed withtheservice Venice SimplonOrient- I wasn’t ableto makeitto your PART 2.STAYING INTOUCH birthday party birthday lastSaturday, becauseIhadto attend animpor- 97
UNIT 4 UNIT 4 Therefore, ascompensation for my experience Iwould likeyou to provide mewithtwo round-trip SECTION SECTION 2. WRITING COMPLAINTS AND APOLOGIES suggestions and decide which are the most important. suggestions anddecidewhichare themostimportant. your reservation agentsdoublebookedtheflight’syour reservation seats. 98 very important businessmeetingthatwould determine whethermy important firmacquired very amuch-desired Ex. 7.Readtheletterandcompare itwiththetipsbelow. Suggestways toimprove it. Lead-in. doyou What thinkmakes acomplaintDiscuss thefollowing lettereffective? was dueto aminorcomputer error. issue. Acorrection willappearinthe next firm my reservation. Moreover, firm my reservation. hada we contract. andhold You hadanobligation to seat. my reserve Dear StaroftheFar East tressing experience. Idonothearfrom you If you to Iwill report theappropriate agencies. regulatory tomers. Treating andlossofbusiness. thembadlywillonly bringbadpublicity there wasno room for meontheflight.Imissed flightandlostmy my client.Ipaidinadvance to con- in ourprevious issue. We misinformed alsoinadvertently you byDavis mentioningMs. asour Carry client. I arrived at the airport well inadvanceclient. Iarrived for attheairport my flight’s butdiscovered scheduleddeparture that owed compensation from StaroftheFar Eastfor my expenses. domestic ticketsto year any and$300incash.Nothingcancompensate locationIchooseinthenext major sponsor while in fact itwasMr.major sponsorwhileinfact David Carlsberg whocovered mostofthecosts. The mistake me for theprofessional lossIsustained, butIwantto ensure thatyou thinkseriouslyaboutyour cus- 20 fails, putyour complaint inwriting:emailorpaperletter. Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи In lessseriouscases you In canmake your complaint to informally a speaking “decision-maker” orby directly phone. it If • constructive • concise As editor ofABConlinenewsletter Iadmitthatwe failedto cover thelatest ABCexhibition infull • friendly • factual #4 We promise to issue. publishadetailedreview oftheexhibitioninournext We dofeel badaboutthismistakeandare grateful to Mr. D. Carlsberg for hissupport. On October 9,2010,Iwasconfirmed Kiev onflightSF0237 On October to Shanghai.Iwastravelling from to a Mark FoolbrightMark Regretfully Dear subscribers, Please callmeat+38 987 342657withinaweek to confirm thatIwillbe compensated for thisdis- I recently had a very frustrating and extremely costly frustratingandextremely I recently experience with your hadavery airline. Ifeel thatIam letters ofcomplaint shouldbe Letters are themostreliable andeffective way to complain, especially incaseofseriouscomplaints 20 • warning • closing • problem • background • solution letters of complaint shouldinclude Despite my protests Iwasinformed that 20 . state theproblem clearlyandbriefly; 1. 2. give all important facts (dates, facts numbers, give names, allimportant addresses, reference to previous correspondence); 2. . suggestadeadlinefor required; theaction 4. USEFUL TIPS: So let’sSo peelbackthetin-foil onthemaindishand seewhat’s onoffer. . state (request clearlywhatyou areasonable expect solution); 3. Ex. 8.Readanabridgedversion ofacomplaint letter switched off. I’d had enough.Iwasthehungriest I’d beenin adultlifemy and Ihadasplittinghead- son’s face through theflickeringwhite lines runningupanddown thescreen. ache from squinting at a crackling screen.ache from squinting atacrackling an hour. Once cleared, Idecidedto relax withabitofyour world-famous onboard entertainment. the next bestthingwould betothe next passthepotatoes through ofabird. thedigestive tract incidents over thelastfew years. This latest incidenttakesthebiscuit it crashing to its knees andbegging forit crashingto itsknees sustenance. ing over andover againthroughout thehalf-hourIattempted to watch thefilmlikethis. thatI After had prepared somemashedpotato. The potato masherhadobviously broken andsoitwasdecided one isthestarter, whichoneisthedesert? . express confidence thattheproblem willbesolved to your satisfaction. 5. racing through mineonthatfateful day. What isthis? What have this?And, which I doneto deserve piece ofbrass, Richard. That would ontheteeth besofter thanthatspecimen. 22 21 It must be the pudding, though no sane person would serve a desert withatomato, mustbethepudding, adesert thoughnosanepersonwouldIt would serve they? I switched iton:Iapologise for ofthephoto, thequality itwasincredibly hard to capture BorisJohn- left we haveleft apiece ofbroccoli oilandontherightchef andsomepeppersinabrown glue-like owner ofVirgin AtlanticAirline, andrewrite itinanappropriately formalstyle. to takethebiscuit—to bethemoststupidorannoying thing thisletter wasemailedgloballyandconsidered by many to betheworld’s funniest passengercomplaint letter. Yours As I said at the start Ilove yourAs Isaidatthestart brand, Ireally do. It’s justashamesuchsimplethingcould bring Sincerely Dear Mr. Branson, By now Ifelt provided. there Ineededasugarhit.Luckily wasasmallcookie bitinginto Imagine a Perhaps itwould bebetter onanotherchannel. Liotta?AquestionIfound IsthatRay myself ask- Look atthis, Richard. Iimagine thesamequestionsare racingthrough your brilliantmindaswere I took ontheflightfrom somepictures Mumbai Heathrowto 7 I love the Virgin brand, Ireally do, whichiswhy Icontinue to useit despite aseriesofunfortunate I KNOWyou willhave spotted to thetomato thetwo yellow ofspongeontheleft. next shafts It’s mustard, Richard. MUSTARD. More mustard thanany mancould consume inamonth.Onthe I wasexhausted. AllIwanted to dowasrelax PART 2.STAYING INTOUCH /http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/travelnews/4344890/ Virgin-the-worlds-best-passenger-complaint-letter.html/ but Ihadto sitwiththatmessinfront ofmefor half 21 sent to Sir Richard Branson, senttoSirRichard the th December 2008. 22 . 99
UNIT 4 UNIT 4 . write theincident; assoonpossibleafter 1. Paul Charles, Virgin’s Director ofCorporate Communications,Richard confirmed Branson thatSir • . bebrief, clearandsincere; 2. USEFUL TIPS: 100 4. use a respectful tone; usearespectful 4. . explanation could accompany theapology, however, 3. Ex. 9. Read the “perfect apology” letterandcompare itwiththeusefultipsbelow. apology” Ex. 9.Readthe“perfect Ex. 10.Write anapologybasedonthefollowing official responsetotheletterinex.8. . endonapositive note. 5. Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи JetBlue Airways Sincerely, We andembarrassed. Butmostofall, are we sorry are deeplysorry. Words we cannotexpress are how for trulysorry theanxiety, frustrationandinconvenience We are committed to you, ourvaluedcustomers, immediate corrective andare taking steps to were you. scheduledto serve With thebusyPresident's Day weekend uponus, op- rebooking we ourcustomerswinter to subjected ice unacceptable storm intheNortheast, delays, flight available, hinderingourrecovery efforts. further as aresult thatJetBluewillemerge oftheseactions, asamore reliable andeven more customer and improved procedures for handlingoperationaldifficultiesinthefuture.We are confident, Most importantly,Most we have Customer publishedtheJetBlueAirways —ourofficial BillofRights Dear JetBlueCustomers, David Neeleman that we caused. This isespeciallysaddeningbecauseJetBluewasfounded onthepromise of Last week wastheworst operational week inJetBlue'sseven year history. Following thesevere Founder andCEO crewmembers whowere where they dependingonthoseplanesto getthemto theairports cancellations, lostbaggage, andothermajorinconveniences. The storm disrupted themove- commitment to you ofhow we willhandleoperationalinterruptions —includingdetailsofcom- whochoosestoeveryone flywithus. know We wefailed to deliver onthispromise last week. portunities were scarceportunities andholdtimesat1-800-JETBLUE were unacceptably longornoteven and,ment ofaircraft, more importantly, disrupted themovement ofJetBlue'spilotandinflight pensation. Ihave avideomessage to leadingaction. share withyou aboutthisindustry responsive airlinethanever before. better and more timelyinformation to you, more tools andresources for ourcrewmembers regain your confidence inus. We have begunputtinga comprehensive planinplace to provide backtobringing airtravel theexperience humanity offlyinghappierandeasier andmaking for in-cheek” email. Mr. Charlessaidthat Virgin thepassenger hadnotlikedthein-flight wassorry had telephoned theauthorof letter and hadthankedhimfor his “constructive iftongue- meals whichhesaidwas “award-winning routes.” popularonourIndian food whichisvery /http://www.perfectapology.com/sample-apology-letter.html/ do not justifytheerror/behavior; #1 #3 #2 Ex. 11.Readtheemailcorrespondence below. Inwhatway isitdifferent from the paper one? You canmaketransfer upto March, 21 you’re atransfer from making Amsterdam Bank? Then you shouldtransfer moneyto Germanbank Sincerely, Subject: transferSubject: to ROSEVROBANK Sincerely, RetransferSubject: to ROSEVROBANK RetransferSubject: to ROSEVROBANK Sincerely, Can you send me the correct name of the account holder (ROSEVROBANK JSCB bank)? Otherwise Can you sendmethecorrect nameoftheaccount JSCBbank)?Otherwise holder(ROSEVROBANK Commerzbank which is an intermediary bank, and they’ll transfer itto Roseurobank. andthey’ll bank, Commerzbank whichisanintermediary Dear Elena, Katja Dear Elena, New dataoftheiraccount is: Dear Katja, FisherKatja thank you for theinformation. timeyou Istrongly provide suggestthat next thecorrect details Elena ISGSB 2010wrote: I cannotmakeatransfer. from the start becausethisfailedbanktransfer hascostfrom mealmost 80euros. thestart PART 2.STAYING INTOUCH st . 101
UNIT 4 UNIT 4 The firstthingIlook for isattitude. Iwant seealookintheireyesto that tells methey are focused and #4 102 Ex. 13.Write your own genuinecomplaint. to studentBwhoemailsanapology). Ex. 12.Write anemailcomplaint andanapology(studentAemailsacomplaint Ex. 15.Write aparagraph basedonthe opinions ofwell-known tenniscoaches Ex.14. Write anapologyinanswer totheabove complaint. was 12,says: REVISION speedster hebecame, whoalways butIsaw gotto akid theballandwasdetermined to getitback.” Kids whohaveKids naturaltiminggenerate exceptional speedearlyon.” them andcanadjusttheirgamequickly. AndIwantto seehow fasttheballcomes offtheirrackets. they move towards off?Ididn’t theballorare theybacking know Lleyton wasgoing turnintoto the they tracktheball. Dotheyhave feel aninstinctive ofwhere itisgoingofftheiropponent’s racket?Do Suggested topics: inconsiderate behavior ofhotel guests. his coach any more. Itold himthere inthe world are whocannotafford millionsofkids aracket. And great desire to beasgoodhecould be. Without ittalentisnotenough.” determined to succeed. whoare fastlearners;whocanunderstandwhatyou Iwantkids are telling mix-up: the time/venue ofameeting; nically butattitude, too. earlythatifheever Itold threw himvery aracketandbroke itIwouldn’t be better. Then itwasaquestionofteaching thelittleboy therightway to play thegame. Notjusttech- I waslucky. Hewasn’t to you twice. neededto Hehadthis tell ofkid something important thesort food poisoningasaresult ofarestaurant dinner; Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи “I amnotworried aboutthephysical aspects. You willdevelop never how physically. akid know “I was lucky to find Rafa in thefamily, to find “I waslucky andlucky, too, not behisfather.to Onestage removed is factors. Ialways“Speed, attitudeand athleticismare footwork, lookto seehow all important well Alex Corretja Sincerely, Subject: RetransferSubject: to ROSEVROBANK We for thismistake, sorry thematter are isourbankchangeditsdetailsonFebruary 15 very Dear Ekaterina, Rafael Nadal’sRafael coach anduncle Elena informed usonlyonFebruary 24 had come :( Darren Gahill : ARGUMENTATIVE PARAGRAPH BASED ON OPINION , a part-time coach to AndyMurray: , apart-time who started working withLleyton Hewittwhenthefuture working whostarted Wimbledon champion What ittakes to become atennis champion? Tony Nadal th , andwe hadthesameproblems untiltheletter from thebank says: /from Reader’s Digest July2010/ th and WRITING LETTERS FORWRITING DIFFERENT LETTERS OCCASIONS; Study thelistbelow informal phrases formalandtwo andchosetwo to ineachsection SECTION SECTION 1. LANGUAGE MATTERS UNIT 5 Lead-in. ofletters(seebelow) (inRussia, dopeoplewritemore type often? Which REVISION: WRITING A PARAGRAPH AND A SHORT STORY in western/eastern countries)?. what ofthesetendtobemore formal?On Which add toyour personalfileofusefulphrases.Discuss your choice withapartner. occasion isaformalpaperletterpreferable? II. Invitations I. Congratulations You are invited to attend/to join/to hear/etc. You richlydeserve You’ve doneasuperb/great jobofit Accept congratulations myon(your success/the heartiest occasion of) We would like to invite you to attend Well done! We regret to cancel itisnecessary We are obligedto cancel/recall/postpone Congratulations on Can you joinus(for) … Cancellations andotherusefulphrases My warmest/sincere/heartiest congratulations warmest/sincere/heartiest toMy you (both) Mr. invite you So-and-So andMrs. to/to do hat’sMy off to you! Permit meto congratulate you Please let us know ifyou canjoinus Please letusknow Please confirm that you canattend Request thepleasure ofthe /your company (in) Do drop in—ifonlyfor afew minutes Praise I ampleasedto invite you to (aconference/meeting/evening /reception/dinner) speech/great wasasplendidperformance/brilliant triumph It I amsoimpressed! I’ve justheard thenews —congratulations! ofushere congratulate you on I (onbehalfof)/we/all thank you letters congratulations acceptances invitations refusals letters ofsympathy “get well” letters 103
UNIT 5 UNIT 5 VI. Thank you letters V. “Get well” letters 104 Ex. 1. Read the letters, decide what type theyareEx. 1.Readtheletters, andfillinthegapswithappropriate decidewhattype PRACTICE LETTER 1 LETTER them. They really meanalotto us! phrases from your personalfileof useful phrases. for allofthehelparound thehouse. We hopethatyou enjoy your visitsasmuchwe appreciate ful for your love andtrulyappreciate thetimeyou ______spendwithusandthekids. IV. Letters ofsympathy III. Acceptances andrefusals Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи The dessert you broughtThe for dessert the Thanksgiving dinnerwasoutstanding, Jean,and______,Rick, Thank you note for your cheerful Thank muchindeed you very Thank you for hospitality you kind Thank you for invitation your kind Thank you my for visitto/stay making in…amemorableone Thank you somuch[for thedelightful/enjoyable evening/dinner/etc] You are sothoughtful/generous All ofussendourdeepestsympathy Sincerely, We enjoyed thetheatre/evening/book enormously We ofyou are andhopingyou’ll thinking feel better soon. We are hopingyou’ll bebackonyour feet innotime We allmissyou We to hear are sorry alldistressed/very We are pleased/happy/honoured to accept your invitation Unfortunately IwillnotbeabletoUnfortunately attend My heartfelt sympathy/thoughts/love heartfelt My is/are withyou (andyour family)atthissadtime Dear JeanandRick, Do hurry upandgetwell/get better Do hurry Best wishesfor aspeedyrecovery Please accept my/our sincere condolences/sympathy (on) Please accept my sincere regrets atnotbeingableto joinyou Laura I justwanted to write visitwe anote ______for hadwith you. the wonderful We are sograte- I owe you one I don’t whatIwould have know donewithout you/your help I wishcould bewithyou atthattime ofyou inthistimeofsorrowI amthinking to hearof I wassosorry/shocked I regret thatIamunableto accept invitation your kind in) I willbedelighted (to attend/take part I/we accept withgreat pleasure invitation) (your kind . June 9,2007. wedding reception beginning at4pm. Church onSaturday June9,2007andto thereception attheCross Keys Hotel thatfollows thecer- LETTER 4LETTER 3 LETTER 2 LETTER our sonGrahamandhisfiancée Debbie. emony. 23 A selection of candidates forA selection ajob, prize, award, politicalposition,etc.(out ofamuchlarger number). ______. Jenny andI______injoiningusto celebrate marriageof theforthcoming The wedding willtakeplace atSt.Luke’s Church inthevillageofBramwell at2pmonSaturday, Yours truly, The entire listing team ofInterlinguaishappy aboutyour short Yours sincerely All thebest All ofushere willbe keepingourfingerscrossedcommittee announces untiltheselection We ______to thewedding of Graham andDebbieatSt.Luke’s We bothlookforward to seeing you onJune9. you asawinneronDecember 20,2011. Mr. andMrs.Archer Dear Paul and Jenny, Dear HelenandMartin, RSVP withtheattachedcard by April 6,2007 Following theceremony, ______to joinusattheCross Keys Hotel inHoyton for the Helen and Martin Oldham Helen andMartin services. Once again,______Interlingua staff, listed I______thenomination.Gettingshort General director Dimitri Smirnov Dear Atlantic Language Centre Team, educator alltheseyears. You ______thisrecognition for your firstclasseducation cator 2011Prize. Ijustread thenews inLanguage Travel Magazine. ______Interlingua It wasindeedapleasure to hearthatyouIt listed for have the prestigious beenshort StarEdu- for suchaprize inthecategory —Europe”“Best EnglishLanguageSchool isanhonorinitself. fessional relationship for thelastten years. We have voted for you asourfavourite language PART 2.STAYING INTOUCH 23 25 . We have shared great pro- 105
UNIT 5 UNIT 5 106 wish______. LETTER 8 LETTER 7LETTER 6 LETTER 5LETTER getting well. quet. Ifelt likeaqueen. You really mademy day! Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи ______you went down withpneumoniaandhave beenhospitalized. We all ______. ______. If there______. If isanything thatwe candoto helpyou in ______thedeathofyour grandmother. TEFL NewTrends andChallenges. The flowers are gorgeous! ______for sendingthem,and for choosing suchabeautifulbou- Yours sincerely, As for donotgive work, itathought,we’ll manage, Johnwilltake over whileyou theproject are We ______orgive apresentation attheConference. IATEFL Chinaissure your par- We lookforward to hearingfrom you! Greetings from China! Give usacallwhenyou are feeling better andready for visits. Office inOffice Tonghua,Jilin Province September during25–29 2008. Thethemeofthe conference is Magdalene Magdalene We wanted to thatyou letyou have know ourgreatest sympathy, are truly andourhearts Dear Hanna, Dear Bill, Dear colleague Kate Please ______more information abouttheconference. ticipation willbeavaluablelearningandsharingexperience. Love, Love With ourdeepestsympathy, IATEFL Chinawillholdits4 saddened. anyway, pleasedonothesitate to callusatanytime. You canphoneeitherofusat[number]. Barbara willalways remain withinourhearts. person;she Barbara wasmore thanjustawonderful Dear Bob, us thatwe always welcomed opportunity. seeingheratevery th International AnnualConference International attheEnglishCoaching Paper was always so kind andconsideratewas always to sokind 4 avoid lengthy excuses andapologies 14. 2 thank theperson 12. 0 includetheaddress 10. 13. express regret 5 donot give advice 15. . bespecific(mentionthe /favour/etc.)occasion/gift 1. 1 mention R.S.V.P. (“Please respond”) 11. . express concern andsympathy 7. SECTION SECTION 2. FORWRITING DIFFERENT LETTERS . offer helpinsome concrete way 2. . avoid excessively dramaticlanguage 4. 3. write promptly type ofletter?(seep.type 54) Pairwork. Which ofthefollowing Which Pairwork. advice isgeneral andwhichisspecificofa certain Lead-in. Comment onthefollowing: “A ruleofthumb:never express more thanyou Ex. 3.Readtheemailsandcheckthemagainstgeneral guidelines. Point outthe Ex. 2.Write alistofgeneral guidelines. Compare itwiththeoneonp. 61 OCCASIONS feel” (Rosalie Maggio). What guidelinesforletterwritingdoesitimply?feel” (RosalieMaggio).What EMAIL 1 EMAIL 2 . concentrate onthetaskathand(donotaskquestions, give news, comments) 5. . mentiontheperson’s name 9. differences instyle. 6. be brief . praisetheperson 8. without you. The dinneratGalina’s andIwassoimpressed withtheoperatoo —I waswonderful On behalfofthe World Affairs I Council of would like Connecticut, thanktheRussian to Federation and let me know ifyouand letmeknow thinkofanything. bigthankyou. Once again,avery Peter Best wishes Dear Elena, November 4,2010. Dear AmbassadorChurkin, have told here everyone how jealous. gooditwasandthey are allvery joyable. Ireally appreciate thetimeyou spentwithmeonmy firstday showing methedelights of theKremlinand, perhapsmore importantly, theMetro! Iwould have beencompletely lost mission for United Nationsstudentsfrom meetingwithourModel highschoolon Southington I know IaskedyouI know ifthere wasanything Icould sendyou from London butpleasedonotbeshy I justwantedto my bigthankyou you to for say andGalina timeinMoscow avery making soen- PART 2.STAYING INTOUCH 107
UNIT 5 UNIT 5 108 Ex. 4.Compare emails. thetwo ofeach.Write Comment anappropriate onthestyle EMAIL 1 response. Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи The Workshop welcomes paperpresentation from any andParticipants interested participants Tel: The World Affairs hasbeentheproudCouncil of sponsorand Connecticut coordinator ofthe The visitto theRussianFederation missionandtheday thestudentsspentatUnited Nations 22 Again, thankyou for your consideration andcommitment. Sincerely, World Affairs Council vember 15 will enjoy shows andtours inthehostcountries. Alsoawards willbegiven outto ten best stay intheUnited States. On behalfoftheGlobal Watch for HumanitarianAffairs (G.W.H.A),Mason, inviteMiss Lillian I you Miss Lillian Mason Miss United NationsprogramModel for over high-schoolstudentsinConnecticut 60years. The pro- 66 Forest Street Register Now! Note: you willbeprovided withair tickets, visaassistant,andaccommodation for theperiodof Peace, whichtheGlobal Watch for HumanitarianAffairs (G.W.H.A) isexcited to behostinginNo- Dear friend, Director ofEducationalPrograms to participate in the fourth Annual International GlobalConference AnnualInternational inthefourth to participate onChildAbuseandGlobal to AngelaD. Mrs. Harrison(Conference Organizing Secretariat) Fax: 06105 Hartford, CT E-mail: [email protected] For registration details, write anacceptance letter Eve Pech candidates. gram serves as an important tool inspreading the asanimportant gram serves World Affairs Council’s mission raise to aware- ness anddialogueoninternational issuesinConnecticut. provided themwithuniqueinsightinto globalissues. [email protected] nd –26 th 2010 at Hotel Max (Dakar Senegal Senegal 2010atHotel (Dakar Max West Africa) for thesecond phase. th –19 th 2010, Venue; Florida Central Hall(Miami Miami —U.S.A), andfrom November Write aresponse toeach. (student A).StudentBresponds withathankyou letter. Ex. 8. Send anemailinvitation toyourEx. 8.Send friends/formerclassmates/fellow studentsto Ex. 7.Write a“get well” letterorcard toafriendorrelative whoisill/had anaccident. Ex. 6.Write anemailletterofcongratulation toyour friendontheoccasion ofhis/her Ex. 5.Compare theemailbelow withletter2inex.1.Comment onthedifferences. EMAIL 2 join a club, charity/ take part in a sports event, etc. in asports join aclub, take charity/ part 25 24 entering university orsuccessfullyentering university passingexams inwinterorany otherachievement Integration examintheNetherlands. VU Free University ofAmsterdam andCenter for andComputer Mathematics Science, Amsterdam. And Ialsocongratulate you onyour successful inburgerings very welcome!very Claudia Cheers, a “final” athomeonSaturday goodbye 17 party Dear friends, Kisses, Happy Birthday tooo youuuuuuuuu....Happy Birthday dearKatja Happy Birthday to youHappy Birthday to youHappy Birthday Katja! Hi, Have agoodnightandseeyou soon! For fine!! mealldays are perfectly How are hasbeenawhilesince lasttime, you doing?It andI’m forward to your muchlooking very Feel andifyou free realize to alsobringpartners thatIhave forgotten to putsomebodyonthelist Hanna Hope to seeyou all!!! know inadvance ifyouknow are planningto abithow come muchdrinks&snacksto soIknow prepare. belated, andinthisversion for sure better thansungby my humbleself;) party! I’ve already at hadgoodbye parties VU andCWI for this e-mail pleasebringher/himalong. address My for would isHerengracht behandyto thise-mail 253.It PART 2.STAYING INTOUCH 24 th whichmany ofyou attended butIwillalsohave of October from ofOctober around 20:00andyou are all 25 exam. 109
UNIT 5 UNIT 5 “William Tell“William experience, Overture” writeaparagraph aboutit. 1. write promptly Award-winning show for ClassicalFM — Say whetheryou likeSay itandwhy. . concentrate onthetaskathand 2. you. Istood infront ofthepicture, lostinitspure beauty. The beautifulbuther woman isnotexactly 110 andifyou hadamusicalEx. 10.Readthetext momentlike AlexJames’s Ex. 12. Contest: write a story of100words. first. Ex. 12.Contest: writeastory Readasamplestory Ex. 11. Do you agreeEx. 11.Do withAlexJames’s might opinion:“Musicisjustahugegarden. It Read asampleparagraph first. avisittomuseum,theatre, whichimpressedEx. 9.Describe you concert most. 4. be brief way beyond popmusic.” ship …Itriedto imagine theextravagance andscaleofRossini’s opera—anditseemedto stretch REVISION: WRITING A PARAGRAPH AND A SHORT STORY 3. be specific about Rossini’s “William Tell Overture”, whichIhadn’t schoolkid. heard since Iwasatwelve-year-old a 16-th century portrait painted inoilby Leonardo portrait Da a 16-thcentury Vinci inFlorence duringtheRenaissance. It and theyoungest professor attheAcademy. Guidelines: Muttering to himselfintheCafé Sperl, anold Viennese —notatrampbutanobvious . avoid excessively dramaticlanguage 5. Rossini’s command ofmusic, thesheerscope andambitionofthepiece, thestandard ofmusician- Roy Orbison. andremembered wantingto“Eventually digdeeperinto musicalhistory Istarted to beaccepted would alter thisyoung man’s life radically. Butthepaintingswere nogood. The stu- is welcome inthatgarden.” ?Write aparagraph toexpress your opinion. Last summerIwent to Paris andvisited theLouvre. The Iwanted picture Lisa, to seemostwasMona is a half-length portrait which depicts aseated young whichdepicts woman withahalfsmileonherlips. is ahalf-lengthportrait The fa- graceful poiseandserenity holdtheeye. Iforgot aboutthetimeandcrowd around wasan me. It be full of different plants and vegetables, but the important thing iseveryonebe fullofdifferent plantsand vegetables, buttheimportant dent in despair at his rejection cametodent indespairathisrejection pleadwithhim. unforgettable experience. monolith. Butin2003whenBlurwasdisintegrating before my eyes Ifound Ihadnothingmuchto do.” mous enigmatic smile. She seems to be looking in your direction but she is not exactly looking at mous enigmatic looking smile. inyour butsheisnotexactly direction Sheseemsto belooking 26 I boughtacopy, satinmy studio, turnedthespeakers uploudand…my GodIjustburstinto tears. loner —avoids Once thiscracked, humancontact. dishevelled figure wasa artist gifted ful rock bands, Blur, hated classicalmusicwhenhewasatschool. Now hepresents aSony Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи For more information see “All my adultyears hadbeendriven by this purpose…beinginabandthathadbecome aglobal To playing fillhisdays hisoldBeatles records, Alexstarted then back went to rock pioneerslike There, many years before, astudentfrom hehadinterviewed Linz.Hegainedtheimpression that What isagoodpiece ofmusic?AlexJames, bassistwithoneofBritain’s mostsuccess- He professor wasalmostwillingto makeaspecialcase, buthesaidno—andAdolf went away. Hitler 26 How to Say It How toSay by RosalieMaggio. / after Nicholas Shakespeare Nicholas after The AtoZofClassicFM Music from Rider’s Digest . October 2010/ October PART III
FROM PARAGRAPH TO ESSAY JOINING INDEPENDENT CLAUSES SECTION 1.SECTION UNIT 1 1 Ex. 1.Jointhesentences usingsuitableconnectives. PRACTICE 1 PRACTICE LANGUAGE MATTERS: JOINING SENTENCES AND IDEAS (1) 2 a. Connectives ofaddition a. b. b. Connectives (result) ofcause/effect See also part 1unit2. alsopart See Aclauseisagroup ofwords ofit. andisasentence thatincludesaverb oramainpart andasubject Ann isafull-timestudent, AND, ALSO, ABOVEALL,BOTH …AND, BESIDES,INADDITIONTO, ASWELL SO, THEREFORE, ASARESULT, THUS, HENCE, CONSEQUENTLY, ACCORDINGLY She isafull-timestudent,she My mother often left meinhiscare; left motheroften My My brotherMy wasolder, e.g. e.g. e.g . Friendship isbasedonshared interests. Friendships are boundto change wheninterests 1. . Singleparents hangakeyaround theirkid’s neck. They leave numbers alistofemergency 1. . Families neededasecond income. hadto Mothers goto work. 2. 2. About three-quarters ofdivorced personsremarry. divorce Every Aboutthree-quarters involves onaverage one 2. . Many women have become breadwinners. They domostofthehousework. 4. . The developing capitalismdemandedthatwomen shouldjointhelabourmarket.Children 3. . Divorce entailsseriousemotionaland amongchildren. doublestheincidenceIt ofpoverty 5. . Many peoplehave areal desire to have more children. They are distressed becausethey 6. . social problems. had to work. change. can’t afford them. child. on therefrigerator. (see part 1,unit2) (see part Note onpunctuation or a In compound sentencesIn we use a Each piece ofwritingconsists ofsentences and/orparagraphs that are joined by connectives. There are three basicgroups ofconnectives: semicolon so ifthere isnoconnective oraconnective otherthan he often hadto heoften takecare ofme. 2 of and AND also studiestakemostofhertime. : type, of works part time. works part therefore BUT comma , Icameto takehimasafatherfigure.
1 type andof type BY CONNECTIVES OF before aconnective (of OR type. AND, BUT, OR AND, BUT, OR. AND 113 type), type), TYPE
UNIT 1 UNIT 1 A year later Johnsontheelderfell into debtSamuelhadto leave Pembroke for years hewent into where necessary; correct run-on sentences. correct run-on where necessary; 114 Ex. 3.Add appropriate connectives marks andpunctuation Ex. 2.Fill inthegapswithanappropriate connective; marks. explainthepunctuation was hell, 4)____Icamehomeandannounced forfive“OK, thenext years, Idostories closer to home.” was my turnto goto Baghdad. Istillhave theletter Iwrote sotheinkrunsinplaces. then.Iwascrying, wrote except heturnedoutto beagenius. to forHehadanastonishing usethesim- ability money”) support my son;6)____,Iambackontheroad tosupport Afghanistan. successful freelance driedup; stan. Ididthisonlyonce whenmy sonwasfive monthsold. Iwaswithanewspaper then,1)____it survived untiltoday.survived to freeze agreat numberofwords andsay, “That’s it. That’s whattheyallmeananditbe- his mother was connected tohis motherwasconnected variousmembersofgentry. he grew upinpoverty. wasnotquite true. It Samuel’s fatherwas abooksellerandSheriffofLichfield his dictionary he personally wrote 40,000 entries it was an act of fantastic self-assertion. Hedared hepersonallywrote offantastic self-assertion. 40,000entriesitwasanact his dictionary cause Isay so.” depression. della Crusca twenty years to produce a dictionary of Italian. It took Johnsonnineyears to It produce ofItalian. yearsdella Cruscatwenty to produce adictionary mother who missed everything —hisfirststep,mother whomissedeverything hisfirst tooth—whileIwas away Being working. away rapher. plest words to mint(создавать/делать) thatwere bothfresh observations andtruewhichhave I would misshim. isabouthow muchIloveIt my son,how desperately Iwanted him;2)____,itisabouthow much magazine 3 Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи stupidperson. The promise boy andattheageof19went showed to Pembroke extraordinary College, Oxford. Samuel JohnsonwasbornonSeptember18,1709,inLichfield, Staffordshire heliked to say that Now Iamdoingitagain.I’ve lostmostofmy savings intheeconomic crisis, ____thework ofa Dr JohnsonwasanEnglishpoet,essayist, moralist,liter I didn’t wantto putmyself situationwhilemy sonwassmall;3)____,Ididn’t inarisky wantto bea I amwritingaletter sonbefore to my five-year-old Ileave onadangerous assignment in Afghani- In 1737 poverty-stricken Johnsonwent to 1737 poverty-stricken LondonIn where hebeganto write for It took forty Frenchmen took forty ofIt fifty-five years It to tooktheproduceFrench. adictionary Accademia . We lived andtravelled inahousetrailermostofthewinters. Ilearnedto read andwrite from 4. 3. Departing from thetraditionalpattern ofmumashomemakeranddadprovider Departing isnever 3. . Working mothershadnotimeto theirchildren. of lookafter Day-carecentres becamepart 5. . Druguseamongunmarriedteenage mothershasbeengrowing steadily. The numberof 6. infants born addicted to drugsincreasedinfants bornaddicted sharplyinthe1980s. children’s life. easy. Feelings ofmutualenvy are inevitable. my parents instead ofgoingto school. . There wasthesimpleneedfor money(ashepointed out, “No manbutablockhead /based on Samuel Johnson:thefatherSamuel oftheEnglishDictionary
Dr Johnson: The Angel of Death Row by of Death Johnson:TheAngel Dr Janine diGiovanni: awar correspondent 5) ____, my personallife haschanged. Ihave to earnaliving, Ihave to ary critic, biographer,ary editor andlexicog- BorisJohnson,RDAugust 2009/ The Gentleman’s 3 ever “Given hewould surpassEdison’s therightsupport, record ofathousandpatents.” Technological crea- . The maritalstatusofparents isaprivate matter. socialconsequences. hasimportant It 1. . Love imageinthelover’s stresses theuniqueperfect mind. Affection stresses theuniquenessof 7. 2. Stepfamilies look like intact nuclearfamilies. Stepfamilies looklikeintact They are different inatleast ten different ways. 2. JOINING CLAUSES BY CONNECTIVES OF 4. Marriage isnolongersoindispensableasitusedto Marriage be. We more thanever findpeoplemarrying 4. Ex. 6. The writer stuck to the “but” connectiveEx. 6.Thewriterstucktothe“but” allthrough thestory. Ex. 5.Fill inthegapswithanappropriate connective marks. explainthepunctuation Ex. 4.Jointhesentences usingsuitableconnectives. Can you useafewdifferent ones?Rephrase sentences ifnecessary. . Educators, psychologists, andparent groups have allspokenontheissue. The children 3. first timeIlay awake allnight wondering whatIwasdoing with life.my mid-1999 Iwas In go to to PRACTICE 2 PRACTICE a local Mr Fixit.a localMr The word about Tony soonspread farbeyond Wales of —to nolessthantheMinistry Connectives ofconcession Michael Laughton, professorMichael engineering atLondon ofelectrical University says isunique. Cuthbert Defence, whohave sometimescalleduponhimfor advice. for years;Navy twenty 4)_____ tage inatiny villageinmid-Wales andsettledto becamefamousas aquietlife; 5)_____,hequickly tivity canmakeaninventortivity amillionaire; 1)____, Tony lives onthebreadline withjustthree dogsfor . Everyone inourfamilyworks different hours. We cansometimeshave dinner together. 5. is mostlyinterested onhisown inworking ideas. “I find my mind constantly bubblingwithideas for he had risen to chief electrical officer —at19,thehe hadrisento chiefelectrical youngestinthe fleet.He stayed withthe Merchant company, andastate pensionishisonlyincome. new inventions,” hesays, notsmallthingslikeanewcorkscrew.“but Ilikethebigstuff.” before; ofcontrast isindicated): akind 4 6. In thepastpeopledidn’t In thinklove wasindispensableandsufficient for marriage. Bothmenand 6. 8. In Americawhenchildren In become adults, mostofthemleave theirparents’ houseandsetup 8. неспособный обучиться чтению. 2) At theageof65, Tony can’t remember how many brighttechnological ideashehashad, but WHILE /WHEREAS Despite BUT /YET, ALTHOUGH INSPITEOF/DESPITE(THAT), NEVERTHELESS, THOUGH,HOWEVER, /EVEN 6) e.g. I can’t whenIdecideddidn’t remember exactly wantto die for my job, butIdoremember the women hopedfor affection. and earlier. their own households. They are notmarried. themselves rarely have theopportunity. the actual person. the actual PART 3.FROMPARAGRAPH TOESSAY ______Trading traditionalroles shouldbesimple, being adyslexic Tony isalways ableto offer atleasta couple ofsolutions otherpeople’sto problems, he the fact thattradingtraditionalroles shouldbesimple,the fact mostcouples finditdifficult. ( fml ) Tony theUK’s Cuthbert: mostbrilliant inventor? 4 hemadeacareer intheMerchant Navy. 3)_____ (indicate thesurprisingnature ofwhatfollows inviewofwhatwassaid Tom Brady: aformer war correspondent , a severe arthritis forced asevere arthritis himto retire early. Heboughtanoldcot- but mostcouples finditdifficult. BUT TYPE
he hadnoqualifications, 115
UNIT 1 UNIT 1 . The young peoplehave ahighshare ofdivorces. 3. . Connectives usedto 1. 1. Eighty percent Eighty ofunmarriedfathersintheUSdonotlive withtheirchildren. 1. 4. A hundred years ago both sexes needed marriage far more than they do now – no drip-dry shirts, shirts, Ahundred years agobothsexes needed marriagefarmore thanthey donow –nodrip-dry 4. JOINING IDEAS . Connectives usedto express 2. 2. In theory, In aslongsomeone’s andbringing homethebacon working andsomeone’s after looking 2. 116 Ex. 7.Choosetherightconnective . Connectives usedto express 3. when arocket flare almost took legoff.my Iwent upinflames;Iwasrushed tohospital for fourhour’s PRACTICE 3 PRACTICE God, itallseemedsoexciting, butitdidn’t takelongfor doubtsto setin.Sure, hotels thefive-star all struggledonasifthisdoubtwasatruthwe didn’t dare to accept. and thelocationswere glamorous andthestories always fascinating, butthehumansuffering was that nightIpaced thehouselikearestless animal. Iconvinced myselfon,butIcanseenow to carry to gothere, but the exotic island ofAmbon.Events ofthemoment,andwe were were inIndonesia thebigstory keen intensive surgery tointensive save surgery andIthought my intact leg. Isurvived “I’m invincible (неуязвим)!”, but it wasthebeginning oftheend. killing people in the street. It istoo dangerous.” peopleinthestreet. It killing unbearable and the danger unnerving. Italkedwithmyunbearable andthedangerunnerving. colleagues; alotofthemfelt likeme, butwe feeling did not last. I knew itwasover.feeling didnotlast.Iknew 5 Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи As aresult ofthetransformation there are two independent sentences withaconnective between them. AT THESAMETIME, etc. AS ARESULT, SO, THEREFORE, THUS, HENCE, CONSEQUENTLY, etc. ALSO. ABOVEALL,FURTHERMORE, MOREOVER.SIMILARLY, WHAT ISMORE, BESIDES,etc. anelderlyrelative. HOWEVER, YET,HOWEVER, NONETHELESS, INCONTRAST, NEVERTHELESS, ONTHEOTHER HAND, CONVERSELY, But this approach came to an end for me in 2000 in Jakarta. Iwasoutsidetheparliamentbuilding But thisapproach cameto anendfor mein2000Jakarta. Perhaps thatthiswasmy warzone oftheyear fourth itwasthefact ormy wife’s pregnancy, but e.g. e.g. e.g. I hadwanted to beaforeign correspondent since Iwasateenager. Civilwar, riots, conflict… my wedlock islesspuzzlingthantheireagernessto rushinto it. cleaners, cannedfoods –andnotmuch hospital care, insurance, orsocialsecurity. thermore addition the kids, itshouldn’tthe kids, matter whodoesit. Divorce isquite common. The majority of womenThe majority work. The majority ofRussianwomenThe majority work. Note onpunctuation We useacomma theconnective atthebeginning after ofanindependentclause. , thefamilywasallimportant. , a substantial majority ofchildren, asubstantialmajority bornoutofwedlock receive welfare.
our translator hadjustputthefear ofGodinto me. “Do notcome,” hesaid. are “They 5 add information contrasting ideas result : Nevertheless : As aresult, : . On theotherhand In addition, , mostdivorced peopleremarry. : itisnotalways possiblefor themto takecare of However theydomostofthehousework. / / Incontrast But, theory doesn’t theory changenappies. , theirhaste to getoutof As aresult Therefore /
Fur- this / In ______, families often find it impossible to act ascaregivers finditimpossible ______, familiesoften to act for theiraging relatives. Since more 1 The children ofdivorced parents tend notto makesuccessful andhappy marriagesthemselves. 11. 12. When going on a blind date (свидание с незнакомым человеком) expect to make some sort of of Whengoingonablinddate to (свиданиеснезнакомым makesomesort человеком) expect 12. 5. The desirability ofmarriageisregarded The desirability unquestionable. Divorce, ontheotherhand, strikesusas 5. 10. It isimpossibleto getmarriedtoday It inthecomplete conviction thatthismarriagewilllast “until 10. . Onefeels lonelysurrounded by crowds andmachinesinlarge cities, andwe have somuchtime 7. American spiritofindependence, donotwantto live withtheirchildren. Add marks where punctuation necessary. message doestheauthor What Ex. 9.Make complete andeasilyreadable thetext by adding connectives to joinclausesandideas(sentences). You tomake are expected 11additions. Ex. 8.Fill inthegapswithsuitableconnectives. spread from coast to coast. ______,althoughchildren mightwantto provide care for theirpar- their background, seemedto share thesevalues. They regarded themselves to fortunate belivinghere. meinthefirstplace.that attracted than 50percent ofwomen have jobsoutsidetheirhomes, theyare ______unableto takecare Forty yearsForty agoImoved to London from suburbanNew York, studentaboutto embark awide-eyed . First-born children accept theirparents’ valuesmore easily. 9. it whenIfirstexplored it,fullofexcitement. I feel sad that seem we haveto Britishness lostthe very on Life. Iarrived onmy 18 ents, theycannotalways fac doso. Anotherimportant of theirparents. orhousesthatare notlarge ______, mostpeoplelive enough inapartments part of certain traditionalBritishideals:tolerance, ofcertain equality,part In mostcountries familieshaveIn traditionallytakencare ofolderrelatives. Today, intheUnited States, have forthereader? for family. anextended mobilesociety, ______,becauseAmericansare avery familiesmay be . Divorce isquite common, andoneofthemostsignificant changesisthatmillionsofchildren 8. 6. In Britainpeopletend to In live innuclearfamilies. 6. When Iarrived in1970,London wasalready fabulouslycosmopolitan. This multiculturalismwas a Forty yearsForty isalongtime perhapsto on reflect my adopted home. Ilove itasmuchIloved Above all you would never have come across onyour own, you can’t bedisappointed. vidually anddefinitely one’s own bodyandsoul. ship between husbandandwife breaks down, thechildren are andstate immediately atrisk, social problem andthestate needsto intervene. are notgoingto. are beingbrought upby onlyoneparent. a problem ofseriousattention. worthy and frequently causesit. to feel lonely. they themselves grow up. intervention may be necessary for may themtoo. benecessary intervention compromise. death usdopart”. relationships ofouryounger citizens. prepared to takeresponsibilities beyond theirage. riage. andmany oftheseremarriagespeople remarry includeatleastonechildfrom aformer mar- PART 3.FROMPARAGRAPH TOESSAY At thesametime / So Above all , thehigherdivorce rate, themore for unhappinessandinstability thefuture Besides Moreover Hence th / birthday itwasthemostthrillingpresent Icould have birthday hopedfor. / Thus Conversely / / Consequently However / But , onelongsmore acutely thaninthepastfor somebodyto beindi- , ifyou forward to are meeting someonenew, looking someone , many children experience thedivorce oftheirparents before , do not expect to meet thelove donotexpect ofyour life –chances are, you Yet , newpatterns offamilylife are emerging inthe US. / ln comparison On theotherhand What ismore As aresult tor isthatmany parents, ingrained withthe plurality. EveryoneImet,nomatter what Also , marriageprecedes divorce, asarule, / Moreover / / At thesametime At thesametime / Nevertheless , thecare oftheoldisa , mostdivorced , theyare more , iftherelation- 117
UNIT 1 UNIT 1 . The mother ranthehouse, andthefatherwent outto work to bringbackenoughmoneyfor 1. собственное достоинство) humour, достоинство) собственное thestiffupperlip, and common sense. thesenseofduty . Working hourswere longfor mostfamilies, andchildren were poorlyfed often andbadly 2. SECTION 2.SECTION PARAGRAPH WRITING 118 3. One-parent families are common, many One-parent children are given more freedom whenyoung; when 3. Ex. 10.Usethefollowing key sentences tofillintheboxes intheparagraphs below (there Lead-in. are thecharacteristic What features ofaparagraph? are thecommon What angrier thananything else, thatIamnotBritish.can’t despite thefact seethisculture criticized by . WhatisclearaboutBritaininthe1990sthatitmore sociallyacceptable to have alternative a. those whoare too stupidto appreciate it. We have orourcivi- noreason to ashamedofourhistory is oneextra sentenceofparagraphs whichyou type neednotuse).What are these? comers) show adisdainfor theBritishnessIhave always admired: (умаляющий theself-deprecating us are openlyhostileto themtoo many refuse to doanything aboutit.People usedto beproud to pride — except for Britishnessitselfwe are madeto feel itisasign ofracialelitism. That makesme be British.Now theyseemto beashamed. Today you canwear any with ethnicorculturalidentity lization! paragraph types? . Many peoplethinkthatthere wasonce agoldenageinwhichtheworld wasfilledwithhappy d. . For thepasttwenty-five years theneeds, values, anddemandsofthe styles young have beenthe b. c. It isdoubtfulwhethermany familiesever It lived suchalife, especiallyin Victorian times. c. Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи Those qualitiescanstillbefound inindividualstheynolongermarkusasasociety. Too many of Over thepastdozenOver years orso, more andmore ofourinhabitants(indigenousaswell asnew- major concern ofnearlythewholeadultfemale population. lifestyles, relationships andways ofbringing upchildren thanithasever been. families. should be. this idealfamilyto live itslife. The family—mother, fatherandthree orfour healthy, happy image is the kind offamilylife peoplemeanwhentheytalkabout image isthekind values”.“Victorian clothed. familylifeThe visionofagolden ageisbasedperhapsonhow we thinkperfect children. Disciplinewithinthefamilyunitwasstrong, andmoralstandards were high. This children — would gooutfor anoccasional treat. Roleswere clearfor theparents very and are menorwomen —nolongerseemto completely whatroles dictate we shouldtakeinlife. amples ofdifferent ways —whether ofliving.we Nowadays, sexualcharacteristics ourprimary acceptance ofhomosexualrelationships. Britain’s In there society are many multi-cultural ex- they move away from home, theymove earlier(usuallyataround 18),andgofurther. People experiment withrelationships before committing themselves to marriageandthere isgreater concerned withthethemecontained inthetopic/key sentence. is It usually thefirstsentence, which themainidea.contains The other A paragraph normallyconsists ofseveral sentences whichare all sentences support it by adding further information itby orexamples. addingfurther sentences support /from Forty yearsForty on by Porter, Monica Reader’s DigestJuly2010/ 1. The first and most obvious effect of taking a certain positioninthefamilyis relationship a we The certain firstandmostobvious effectoftaking 1. . The firstchild, whobecomes theolderoroldestchild, doesnothave theunlimited time to view 4. . The asthefamily’s childbecomes known onlychild, oldestchild, middlechild, oryoungest child, 3. 1. One in seven families in Britain is a single-parent family. Oneinseven familiesinBritainisasingle-parent There family. are several ofone-parent types 1. 5. The first child serves asabarrierbetween later children The firstchildserves andtheparents. 5. . Abigproblem for mothersintheUKislow working standard facilitiesfor ofchild-care pre- 4. . The order. attitudeoftheothermembersfamilytoward eachchilddependsonhisbirth 6. c. They recommend that people make use of birth-order theory to themselves getto better know theory They recommend thatpeoplemake useofbirth-order c. . Many psychologists order believe thatbirth 2. . Fathers problems assingleparents. face particular may Men have to fight for theright look to 2. . Analternative centres ischild-care runby thelocalcouncil butitisnotalways easyto getaplace there. c. with the supporting sentences. with thesupporting Ex. 12.Readthefollowing key sentences andmatchthem SUPPORTING SENTENCES: SUPPORTING Ex. 11. Use the following supporting sentences (a–d) tocomplete intheparagraphs sentences (a–d) Ex. 11.Usethefollowing supporting 3. In the majority of one-parent familiesitisthemotherwhosingleparent. Aloneparent ofone-parent themajority In 3. KEY SENTENCES: below (1–4).Find therightplace forthem. . Whenasiblingarrives, hetriesto suppress theviewofhimselfasachildandhestrugglesto be d. . Women are where clearlyatadisadvantageinsociety thestate assumesamanwillbethemain b. . Parents canbeontheirown becauseofthedeathapartner, divorce, thebreakdown oflive-in a. a. Both in his mind and in the minds of other people an important part of his identity ishisfamily ofhisidentity part Bothinhismindandtheminds ofotherpeopleanimportant a. 6 . Later children ontheparents inafamilydonotfeel for the samedependency sustenance and e. doesn’t Britishsociety men to have expect life theirworking disrupted by theneedto care for a d. b. If there are If onlyadults present, intense we close and often relationship are withthem,as in avery b. birth order — последовательность рождения детей order рождения всемье —последовательность birth very expensive.very with awell-paid jobmay beableto pay for ananny, butthisisrare. Around 70%ofloneparents school children. Employing ananny orachild-minderto children lookafter duringtheday is sick child, for example. after theirchildrenafter —the mother, presumed isoften to have more rightsto them. and to oftheirhusbandorwife. better understandthepersonality himself as have to withrespect thepeoplealready there. continuing to theirchildren. lookafter companionship asdidthefirstchild, becausetheyhave a “peer” to turn to whentheparents are depending on his birth order.depending onhisbirth people you select as friends, and the kind ofmarriage you asfriends,people you have. andthekind select breadwinner, andthere for are few lonemothersto earnagoodincome opportunities while parental. rely onstate benefitsastheirmainsource ofincome. outsidemarriage torelationships, singlepeople. orbirths not available. position. anyone whohas hadachildorwhohaswatched knows first-timeparents hovering over theirinfants. PART 3.FROMPARAGRAPH TOESSAY the child intherelationship withhisparents. 6 cangreatly influence theway you are,type of the 119
UNIT 1 UNIT 1 . Whatare thepossibleconsequences for thewoman? 1. . How could themanfeel inthisnewrole? 2. A. Ex. 15.Write aparagraph onthemostcommon causes ofconflict and Ex. 14. Develop thefollowingEx. 14.Develop key sentence intoanargumentative paragraph. Ex.13. Take thecombination of1andCasthetopicsentence, andwriteaparagraph friction between young between peopleand theirparents.friction hl . Afirst-borncan teach a to responsibility youngest. 2. while When traditional roles are reversed, couples face seriousproblems. C. although 4. Good birth-order matching may helpinamarriage. Goodbirth-order 4. Researchers say eachother. thatopposites attract 1. although and below, usingtheconnectives inthemargin.Which sentence isaconcluding one? B. B. o xml . People order whohave may findtheyencourage the thesamebirth worst 3. for example on “The effect of birth order onmarriage”, ofbirth effect on “The joiningthescrambled sentences andideas . Parents theiroldestchildto bemore usuallyexpect capableandmore responsible thanthe f. Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи younger children. Write aparagraph of120words Mumisthemainbreadwinner”.“When Think ofsuitableconnectives to addinformation andexpress contrasting ideas. To sentences answer write thesequestionsfirst: supporting e. ______? e. ______? . having to domosthousework besidesbeingthebreadwinner a. a. enjoy taking care enjoy ofthechildren taking anddoingthehousework a. . enjoying financialindependence d. . depressed atbeingdependent onhiswife financially d. . resent doingawoman’s jobathome b. . feeling deprived ofwhatshouldbehers(thepleasure ofstaying athomewiththechildren, etc.) c. . feel emasculated by thelackof “real” work andcontinuing childcare ina woman’s world c. . feeling isolated from hernaturalrole ofmotherandwife b. 5. Understanding and sensitivity toward Understandingandsensitivity your mate are alsoimportant. 5. . Two sohard middlechildren to avoid could try thattheymightend conflict a. . They suggestthatlife outside islesscomplicated for peoplewhomarry c. . Ayoungest canhelpafirst-born relax and bemore carefree. d. b. It isnotaguarantee ofhappiness. It b. their own birth order.their own birth characteristics oftheirgroupcharacteristics ineachother. up notcommunicating. SECTION SECTION 1. WRITING IN STYLE: ACADEMIC WRITING UNIT 2 with apartner. Share your conclusions withtheclass. Lead-in. doyou What thinkare thefeatures thefollowing ofacademic Discuss style? Ex. 1. Read the text andfindouttheauthor’sEx. 1.Readthetext viewonimmigration. Point outallthe features of academic (words, style compound andcomplex sentences andstructures). COMPLEX SENTENCES & COMPLEX (1) GRAMMAR STRUCTURES PRACTICE 1.PRACTICE and Jamaicans, waves onBritishlife. ofmigration have animpact left and urbanbreakdown ratherthanrace itself. And MPs remarked thatimmigration hadbeen oneofthechiefissues. What makesitremarkable, though, tural spirit, the city fathersatthat timedidalltheycould totural spirit,thecity stop refugees (беженцы) coming to the the similaritiesbetween today’s debate andthatsurrounding thearrival oftheUgandanAsians, after to recognize there are otherissuesinvolved, andtheydirected theirfire atpoliticiansinpower. is how littlevoters’ fears have changed. Working onmy newbookontheearly1970s, Iwasstruckby wordsis fullofimported suchasbungalow andpyjamas, testifies ourethnicandculturalheteroge- to have mademanifold contributions to Britishlife. more thanafew After the2010election, Labour 7 east Midlands. estimate suggests that as early as 1800, the black community in our ports andcitieswas10,000strong.estimate inourports suggeststhatasearly1800,theblackcommunity open, itwillfester (become muchworse) foryears. anotherfifty never beenconvinced by thisexplanation.Even NationalFront neity. Andfarfrom beinganall-white nationBritainhaslonghadasignificant blackpopulation.One intheDarkAges Sea poured to thegenerationsofHuguenots, across Dutchmen, theNorth Indians Note: Idi Aminexpelledthemin1972.Andalthoughthe people ofLeicester boast today oftheirmulticul- a far right whites-only politicalparty afarrightwhites-only Anti-immigration attitudesare alleged to beaform ofdisguised(замаскированный)racism.Ihave And yet, politicalforce, fears powerful ofimmigrants are stillavery thatmigrants despite thefact Doyou remember thedifferencetwo? between the Britain has long been a country ofimmigrants. FromBritain haslongbeenacountry andNorsemenwho theAnglo-Saxons Even thelanguagewe use, whichisablendofold West Germanic, NorseandNormanFrench and In myIn viewthecurrent concern aboutimmigration hasfarmore to dowithunemployment, crime compound andcomplex sentences are ofacademicwriting. typical (strong) personalexpressions impersonal tone colloquialisms use offillers forms) (short use ofcontractions mixing styles Politicians have beenscared ofdiscussingimmigration for years
( well, you know, /after Dominic Sandbrook. Politicians DominicSandbrook. /after have beenscared ofdiscussing .
etc.) Immigration for Immigration years. , unless thenewleadersgetissueoutin hedging (cautiouslanguage) objective approachobjective use ofcomplex grammar structures use ofpassive voice punctuation personal bias 7 supporters backinthe1970s appeared supporters History magazine History 121 , July2010/
UNIT 2 UNIT 2 . There is strong socialpressure to marry. = There seemsto bestrong socialpressure to marry. 2. . AlanhasMS 7. 1. Some researchers Some callRussianfamilies 1. 2 We andwe madeafortune lostfortune. We’ve managedto pulltogether asafamily, move on, 12. We’ve intheOsmondfamily. hadconflicts wasbecausesomeone’sIt manageroragentlawyer 11. We hadprivate tutors andcorrespondence courses. ofschool, not Imissedoutthesocialaspect 10. 1. Russians marry andbearchildren young. andbearchildren Russiansmarry young. =Russianstend to marry 1. 1. I had a very unusualchildhoodastheyoungest memberoftheOsmondfamily. Ihadavery mumhadthe My 1. . Shetravelled withus. Shenever everywhere hadabreak. 2. . Women ofchildren. domestictasks, are includingthenurturing incharge ofday-in-and-day-out 4. . We never celebrated ourachievements. Daddidn’t wantusto getbig-headed. 4. . Husbandsandwives andhelpindecisionmaking. rely ononeanotherfor emotionalsupport 2. . Women domostofthehousework andchildcare. = Women are believed to domostofthe 3. 122 the text inamore formalstyle. Makethe text useofcompound andcomplex sentences instead 3. My dadwasthedisciplinarianinfamily. My Hehadbeenanarmy how to sergeant. Heknew 3. Ex. 3. Rewrite the text inacademicEx. 3.Rewritethetext style. Make useof“cautious language” (infinitive family oftheOsmond Ex. 2.Thisisastory . Equaldistributionofhouseholdlabourisrising, especiallyamong young couples. themajority In 3. vision show, andto continued success as soloandgroup performers. 5. Most Russians respect andadmire Russians respect Most motherhood. Traditionally Russianssee 5. e.g. e.g. and infinitive structures)andof compound and complex sentences andpassive voice. . Ihadnoideawastheyoungest performer, agednine, ever to have UKnumberone. Ionlyfound 5. . Ididn’t goto school. Iwastwelve. Istayed for oneday only. 9. 6. On the Osmonds 50th Anniversary tour, OntheOsmonds50thAnniversary Iwasreally moved to see30,000peoplesinging along 6. from singing barbershop musicaschildren, to achievingsuccess asteen-music idols, to producing ahittele- of thesimpleones. Add markswhere necessary. punctuation 9 6. It is known thatduringtheSoviet period, isknown wives family andmotherscameto It bethedefacto 6. 8 . Iusedto bealittlescared by allthefans. We of hadto besmuggledoutofvenues inallsorts 8. Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи m The Osmondsare anAmericanfamilymusicgroup witha long andvariedcareer—a career thattook them Adolescents feel muchcloserto theirmothers than to theirfathers. ultiple sclerosis. financial support only.financial support always ready to sacrifice for herchildren. to makeallnineofusfeelability special. Men, nonetheless,Men, have to higherstatus, bethemainbreadwinners. expect They leave most the education. to songs. brother My Alanwrote themallthoseyears ago. has gotinthemiddleandstirred uptrouble. heads. plusdomesticlabour—wereTheir contributions—financial support greater thanmen’s housework andchildcare to theirwives. housework andchildcare. keep order. of familiestraditional genderroles are maintained. out from my daughter theotherday thattherecord stillstands. different ways. girls would literally ripusapart. Those crazy “cautious language”: laugh andcry. life My feels likealife well lived. 9 . It wasAlan’s. It lasttour. The fansmadehimfeel appreciated. quasi-patriarchal 8 as Jimmy Osmond remembers asJimmy it.Rewrite Osmond . Mother asawoman For example:I’d tricks, suddenly, learnedtwo newskating anidiotofmyself weeks after ofmaking — anddesign teacher, my For art Gilbert, example:Mrs took meto alessonandasked onesideafter — For example:MumgotridofSteve, herrubbishboyfriend. — . This pattern haspersisted into thepost-Soviet era. Today many young women prefer to stay 7. structures typical ofaninformalstyle. Write down possibleequivalents One advantage One of faces. andsaywhatproblem(s) Sam Ex. 4.Readthetext How different USE OF CONNECTIVES vorced, buttheywere stillfightinganyway, becausethey’dafter theygot carriedonfightinglong who didn’t wantto gooutwithme… stairs. something stupid, to andtheyspendtherest makeupfor oftheirlives themistaketheymade. trying butthisfeelingsixteen, thatlife wasOKnewto me. Idon’t meanto say thatI’d beenunhappy. solidly for aboutsixmonths. IN AN ESSAY CONNECTIVES ARE USED: asking mewhetherI’dasking anddesign atcollege … thoughtofdoingart That wasabigthing. at school, andthentheygoto college, maybe, andthenmakepotsofmoney. Butinstead theydo thatthey’re— my offthinking going mum,my do to dad, well again. Someone — starts my grandad But there hadalways beensomethingwrong before, somewhere about.For— somethingto worry to conclude: to makecontrasting points: to indicate cause/effect: to addmore points: to introduce points: in formalstyle. Compare your listwiththatofapartner. from theoneinex.1?Point ofthetext is thestyle outthewords and instance, my parents were gettingdivorced, andtheywere fighting. Orthey’d finishedgettingdi- divorced. Ormathswasn’t well goingvery — Ihate maths — orIwanted to gooutwithsomeone married justbefore herseventeenth birthday. I’d liketo betheoneto break Gilbert thepattern. Mrs andnotraining. mumreckons My no skills she could have goneto university, butinstead shewas In ourfamilypeoplealwaysIn slipuponthefirststep. mostofthetimetheydon’t fact, In even findthe
This wasacouple ofyears ago — thistimewhenthingswere alongOK — soIwasnearly ticking All that,andI’d metAliciatoo. So thingswere alongquiteSo nicely. ticking I’d fact, In say goodstuffhadbeenhappeningpretty whether I’d atcollege. thoughtofdoingart My mum’sMy hewasgoingto beafootballer. dad madethemistakeofthinking Heendedupwith Here’s anotherthingIwantto say. ofmyThe familyisalways story thesamestory, over andover in public. (skating =skateboarding) in public. (skating home iftheycanafford it. PART 3.FROMPARAGRAPH TOESSAY To sumup Firstly Secondly Secondly / Inconclusion Connectives words orlinking andphrases indicate So /ThereforeSo /Asaresult /Thus/Hence /Consequently /Accordingly / To beginwith However / What ismore What logical relationship inthetext. / / … On balance On On theotherhand On is / Inthefirstplace / One disadvantage One of / Furthermore / Allthingsconsidered ; / One pointinfavour One of Although / A further advantage of Afurther … is / , etc Inspiteof . /from / ( Slam against Conversely … by Nick Hornby/by Nick is , 123 ) … etc is , etc /
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UNIT 2 UNIT 2 ______, we all know and certainly feel thatAmerica–dream andcertainly ______, we andthatpromise, allknow thosemyths, leg- America, blurred orsharp. 4)______,mostreaders, likemosttourists, setoutinsearch ofAmerica 124 Ex. 6.Add connectivestomake tothetext thelogicmore clear. 10 Ex. 7.Indicate logical relationship intheessayby fillinginthegapswith connectives. Ex. 5.Fill inthegapswithsuitableconnectives: Pay attentiontopunctuation. with thepeoplewhocare for them,ratherthanthenumber, sex, ormaritalstatusoftheircaregivers. wanting to findwhatthey’re for, looking andare displeasedwiththeirguidesiftheydon’t5) findit. while the kids are young)while thekids andabreadwinner fatherinalong-term marriagethatlasts “till deathdo selves for providing theiroffspring withaninferior version offamilylife. For theseparents,to con- trying PRACTICE 2 PRACTICE Our culturalmythology aboutparenting isthatthere as no other country does. approaching America,6) In as noothercountry ______, we firstneed takeato closerlookat politicsandproblems,and crafts, justlikeany othercountry. To takethisapproach, 2)______,would Most peoplebelieveMost thatthebestway to raisechildren iswithbothastay-at-home mother(atleast these problems ifwe hopeto getcloserto thecentral questionofwhatAmericaisanditmeans. ible andcreative infindingstrategies family. that work for theirparticular is just another country, and try toisasuperpower,is justanothercountry, approach itassuch.It andtry to besure; 1) ______, it it aimedatsimplyinforming thepublicordoesitencourage consumers to purchase they products has itspopulationcenters, highandlow temperatures, economic statistics, educationalsystems, arts have ofourlives. become hasbecome Advertising apart ahighlycreative industry. andpowerful Is one rightway. We thatchildren now canthrive know inmany different family forms. The scientificevi- ends, and hopes — issomehow different.ends, andhopes opinionsandjudgments ofAmericaattracts subject The very governments to pay suchaseducationandhealthcare. for essentialservices _____,thenumberof dence shows for oftherelationships conclusively themisthequality theyhave thatwhatisimportant do notreally need? us part.” Any familythatisdifferent from thisnormissaid shortchange to paid workforce; abouthalfofallmarriageswillendindivorce; andmany more peoplethanever be- mean ignoring two fundamentalproblems. around inourmindsimagesof 3)______,we allcarry In settingoutto describeAmericaandtheAmericans,In itwould beeasyto assumethattheUnited States however, atthesametime, therefore, firstly, secondly, asa result form oftheNormalFamily to theMyth generates often guilt,anxiety, power struggles, andotherstress. fore willchooseto have children withoutgettingmarried. Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи Give lessthantheyneed. _____ Advertising generates_____ Advertising wealth for acountry. That isto say, taxes paidongoodssold, help offamiliesdonotfitthismodel.TheMost mothershave majority to, orwant to, ofthe bepart Whether itison щиты)TV, attheside oftheroad, radioorhoardings advertisements (рекламные Psychologists to findthe`onerightway,' suggestthatratherthantrying parents need beflex-to normalfamiliesthatdonotfitintoPerfectly thetraditionalpattern feel abnormalandblamethem- New scientificinformation thathasemerged inthelast10 theideathatthereyears is contradicts connectives are setoff by a comma Note onpunctuation : Advertising: goodorevil? is “one rightway” to raisechildren. 10 youngsters. ( STRUCTURE: SECTION SECTION 2. WRITING ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAYS want more. Beingexposedagainandto whichonecannotafford products produces frustration advertised andwantto have.advertised This leadsto often feelings ofinadequacy, especiallyamongthelesswell-off. ______,notallparents areand dissatisfaction. inapositionto afford thegoodswhichtheirchildren see Learning to write anacademicessay isnotanaiminitselfbutaway to learnwritingfor Without sponsorshipfrom theirproducts, companiestheseevents whoadvertise would never be 11 wealth ofasociety. _____,thedrawbacks ofagreedy, faroutweigh theadvan- materialistic society which isalsoagreat economy. advantagefor acountry's and competition, whichdoesnogoodto anyone, to theyounger generation. particularly Conclusion (Final paragraph) People are prepared to work longhoursattheexpenseoftheirhealthorfamilytimeeven turnto tages. isnotaboutinforming my In thepublicbutaboutpromoting opinion,advertising inequality the consumer andsociety. held. otherwords, In althoughconsumerism ispromoted through advertising, itisbeneficial to both jobs created for thesegoodshelpsto producing, reduce unemployment, marketing andservicing essay), magazineornewspaper. b)by anauthorto bepublishedinabook, crime inorder to whichcannotbenefitsociety. gainthegoodsadvertised, mentative essays Main body(Development) Introduction (ParagraphIntroduction 1) FOR These are alsodescribedasdiscursive. _____, itistruetodoesprovide say thatadvertising somebenefits, firstofall, it contributes tothe creates______, advertising materialism;onmaterial peopleplace goods. too muchimportance _____, advertising raises money for a great number of sporting events and artistic performances. performances. raisesmoneyfor events agreat_____, advertising andartistic numberofsporting _____, advertisements canmakepeopledissatisfiedwithwhattheyalready have,_____, advertisements andmakethem There are differenttypes ofacademicessays. In this book youwilllearn twotypes ofargu-to write The subject or topic: thesisstatement.The subject An essay is defined as a short piece of writing on a particular subject a) by astudent(academic subject piece ofwritingona particular An essay isdefinedasashort Arguments against(=disadvantages). withdetails, examples.The mainideassupported Arguments for (=advantages). withdetails, examples.The mainideas supported A summary ofthemainpoints. Optional: own views /opinions.A summary Comments ontheway itisto betreated. Paragraph 3. Paragraph 2. NB PART 3.FROMPARAGRAPH TOESSAY and An argumentative ( position logically, coherently andconcisely whenspeaking. professional purposes;writingessays isalsoaway to learnhow to present your ideasand in whichyou are to expected consider atopic from opposingpointsofview. AGAINST 11 ( for and against for ). WRITING A GOOD INTRODUCTION and andbasedonopinion). against ) essay isaformal, impersonalpiece ofwriting 125
UNIT 2 UNIT 2 . Fast food andmodernlifestyle 1. 1. Make alistofthepoints Make 1. . Changing familypatterns 7. 2. Living in an extended family Livinginanextended 2. 4. Women bosses . Never write anargument 2. 3. Raising bilingualchildren Raising 3. 3. Start eachparagraph withakeysentenc Start 3. with apartner. paragraphs are eitherindented margin from attheendof theleft oralineofspace isleft 126 5. Generation gap Ex. 8. Analyse the text in ex. 7 and say what type ofessayit inex.7andsaywhattype thetext Ex. 8.Analyse Ex. 9.Choosethethesisstatementwhichbestsuitseachtopicanddiscussyour choice POINTSREMEMBER: TO 6. Online dating itAListB List A reasoning Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи NB parag a paragraph andthenext . What isthethesisstatement?CanWhat you suggestadifferent one? To produce agood thesisstatement turnthetopic into aquestionandanswer it—you’ve gotit! for for and or against against 1. a) Eating fastfood saves a) timebutisdangerous, though 1. . a) Family patterns in developed countries are becom- 7. 2. a) Three generationslivingtogether a) isasituationwhich 2. 4. a) Few a) women wantto beinthepositionofpower, but 4. . a) Providing children withacademicandcognitive3. ad- b) Changing familypatterns give more freedom to the b)Onlinedatinghasitspros andcons. b) Arguments between parents andchildren are anec- b)Women bosseshave theirstrengths andweaknesses. b) Being bilingualhasmany advantagesfor education b) There are advantagesanddisadvantagesto livingin b) Fast b) food fitsthepace ofmodernlife butputs you on many young peopleenjoy it. . a) “Generation gap” doesnotnecessarily5. causedisagree- . a) Online datinghasmany advantagesthoughitmay 6. raph is started on the left margin. ontheleft raph isstarted without supporting itwithjustification. withoutsupporting before to write. you start e whichsummarizes whattheparagraph isabout. young to theold. andlesssecurity vantages of bilingualism takes a lot of effort on both onboth vantages ofbilingualismtakesaloteffort and employment, that’s to why provide parents try an extended family.an extended a fasttrack to premature death. those whodomakebetter managersthanmen. their children ofbothlanguag- withagoodknowledge ing more varied, affectingboththe young andtheold. es. essary, ofgrowing thoughpainful, up. part can bebothadvantageousanddifficult. be difficultandattimesdisappointing. ment . parents’ part.
is. Give your . An onlychild 7. 1. Start withaninteresting orrefer orsurprisingfact Start to anunusualsituation. 1. . The trend towards asmallerfamily 4. 0 Children offamousparents 10. 1. Birth control: away to Birth fightglobalpoverty? 1. . Address thereader withaquestion. directly 2. 5. Teaching “digital natives” . expresses ONEidea; 1. . The great ChinesephilosopherConfucius advised, “Have no friendnotequalto yourself.” Writing I. Apart from making astrong from thesisstatement should agoodintroduction making Apart “hook A . Aging populationandmigration 9. WRITING A GOOD INTRODUCTION Start withstatingtheboy’sStart problem(s) andgive reasons andexamples Topics: . Suggestadefinition. 4. . Relationships between siblings. 2. . is clearandspecific; 2. . Advantages anddisadvantagesofhomeschooling 6. USEFUL TIPS: USEFUL TIPS: to support thestatement to support Suggest thetopicsfortheseintroductions. Ex 5. Supply some important background information. Supplysomeimportant 5. thesis statement. Which paragraphthesis statement.Which do you findmore Discuss with effective? yourpartner. . Give aquotation. 3. Ex. 12.Readtheparagraphs anddecidewhatintroduction “technique” isused. Find the Ex.10. Readthetopicsandwritestrong thesisstatements. withapartner. Discuss . Effectsofmaritalstatusonmen’s health 3. 3. justifies discussion them wantto read whatyou’ve written. e.g. e.g. 8. Early retirement strong . 11.Write aparagraph inex.4. basedonthetext inaformalstyle Thesis statement: Reducingpopulationgrowth control through cancombat globalpoverty. birth control helpreduce Question:How doesbirth poverty? in a very hierarchical heprobably society meantthatyouin avery should makefriendswithpeopleyour own socialclass. ButI’d liketo interpret more broadly hisdictum — meaningthatfriendship requires mutualrespect. Topic: control: away to Birth fightglobalpoverty PART 3.FROMPARAGRAPH TOESSAY thesisstatement . ” thereader, i.e. make 127
UNIT 2 UNIT 2 “hook” thereader“hook” andproduce astrong thesisstatement. 1. 4. The characteristics resulting from birth order Theresulting are characteristics from imprinted birth between theagesthree andseven. 4. . Three adultscome together for afamilyreunion andtheeldestissoonrunningshow. 3. 1. Birth order affects our choice of partner andeven order ourcareers, affectsourchoice ofpartner butitisnever Birth more evidentthan 1. 2. 2. Siblings can be increasingly important inadultlife; thisrelationship, Siblingscanbeincreasingly important even ifitinvolves is rivalry 2. Which topicinex.10canWhich thisintroductionfit? A. Writing an outline of an essay: brainstorming Writing anoutlineofessay: A. 3. 128 Ex. 13.Write usingsomeofthesescrambled anintroduction sentences: Ex. 14. Write an essay on “Marrying Young”.Ex. 14.Write anessayon“Marrying Follow thesteps. . Meanwhile, theyounger plays thecharmerandharassedmiddle onetriesto keepthe 5. . Siblingsare programmed to compete for parental attention, andto dothatwe have to be 6. I Amanandawoman were seated inacarthathadbeencircling thesamearea for halfanhour. II. III. Scientists tell usthatthehumangenomeinallofismadeupelementsare Scientists 99,97%the III. V It’s thatmore thanhalfthemarriagesinU.S. asadfact endupindivorce. Statisticsondivorce IV. Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи 1. helps one mature early 1. interferes withone’s 1.interferes studies 1. helpsonemature early The woman wassaying, don’t“Why we just There file below whichmay isafact be useful. .… 2.…… 2. …… AGAINST Early marriage will inevitably interfere witheitherhusband’s Early marriagewillinevitablyinterfere orwife’s AGAINST .… 3.…… 3. …… we getmarriedwiththeidea, itdoesn’t“If Icanalways work, getadivorce.” Doesitmeanthat when we are withourfamily. successful. same. alike,While thatistruenotwo humansare whatreally exactly makesusuniqueand ask directions? ask directions? Why aren’t women? The explanationisthatmenandwomen uselanguagein there canbemany problems intheseinternational marriagerelationships, theycanalsobe very time, “I’m sure it’s around here thisstreet.” somewhere. I’lljusttry Why are to mensoreluctant too important to jettison(throwtoo away). important FOR FOR Marrying young makes one mature early because starting afamilyinvolves young makesonemature earlybecausestarting Marrying FOR in many otherdeveloped countries are almostasbad. We seemto belivinginaworld where groups withinalarger How context. doesthisdesign work inintercultural marriages?Although different ways. different isourculture. Culture isahumandesign for livingwithinsmall groups and for those different; so, because arewe rivals we continue quarrelto likefive-year-olds. marriage asaninstitutionwillbecome extinct? peace. List thepoints for andagainstdiscussthemwitha partner/team Write sentences andcompare supporting themwiththoseofapartner/team Make use of facts to support your ideas. tosupport Make Do your useof facts research. studies (iftheyare bothstudents),assomeoneinthefamilyhasto bethe greater responsibilities. To begin with,… provider. Furthermore, … AGAINST ask someone?” The manwassaying, notfor thefirst The probability offirstmarriage by age40is86% for women and81% for men. — The probability offirstmarriage by age30is74% for women and61% for men. — There isa50%probability thatwomen willhave marriedfor thefirsttime by theageof25.Notuntil — The probability offirstmarriage by age18islow for bothmenand women: 6% for women and2% — Women have higherprobabilities thanmenofexperiencingafirstmarriage by eachageshown, — 2. 3. Intercultural marriage. 1. . summarize thetopic, e.g. “To young sumup, seemsto have marrying fewer advantagesthandis- 1. . ofconvenience.Marriage 1. 2. 3. . endwitharhetorical question,e.g. “Would itbewiserto postponemarriagejustbecauseoneisyoung?” 2. 4. Until the 1990s marriage in Russia was still very earlycompared in Untilthe1990smarriageinRussiawasstillvery to whatwasobserved Western 4. Ex. 15.Write any ofthefollowing essaysusing~250words Donotintroduce newideasintheconclusion! 12 . Write anintroduction B. . Write aconclusion C. . give thereader somethingto consider, e.g. “All young leadsto inall, many thoughmarrying prob- 3. FACT FILE Use any ofthesetechniques Use any techniques(develop oftheseintroduction thesentence you’ve chosen +writeathesis statement):
More of these are discussed in unit 4, part 3. More oftheseare discussedinunit4,part NB NB “A studentwithawedding ringonhisfinger, rushing classesandfallingbehind to ajobafter “Are young?” there more advantagesordisadvantagesinmarrying “Have you ever wondered why fewer young nowadays?” peopletend to marry “Old-fashioned” marriageshave a better chance ofsuccess. with hisstudies…” advantages, butthere are andhave always beenpeopleeagerto getmarriedyoung despite allthe age 27isthere a50%probability thatmenwillhave marriedfor thefirsttime. Europe. the2000sageatfirstmarriagehasbeenincreasing. In help theyoung couples to cope withtheirproblems.” except atage40(where thedifference isnotstatisticallysignificant). difficulties involved.” lems, (Ithink)itisfor ornot.Perhaps theyoung peopleto decidewhetherto marry thestate should for men. PART 3.FROMPARAGRAPH TOESSAY —spellingerrors synonyms, pronouns, —useofvocabulary: etc. —useofgrammar structures —presentation ofideas: —essay structure Proofreading. Checkyour essay for Make corrections allnecessary thesis statement key/topic sentences sentences developed andexamples by supporting relevant conclusion 12 (develop achosensentence into aparagraph): . 129
UNIT 2 UNIT 3 . 'Life issacred, 4. . Aforum administrator hasto doalotofwork, 1. . The film“The Big Lebovsky” is for adultsonly, _____people over 18 years ofage. 2. 10. Some peoplesay Some thatifyou are goodatmusic, _____,ifyou have asensitive 10. . This brochure mainlyconcerns people, self-employed _____,peoplewhowork butare notem- 4. . Universities andColleges ofAdvanced Technology, ______,places ofhigherlearning, are fi- 1. . We cannottalk aboutany complex situation 7. THAT IS,I.E., NAMELY. . Are Africans inherently “lazy”, 2. . There are onlytwo universities inthisleague, ______,Oxford andCambridge. 6. . The school’s biggestproblem, 6. . Ibelieved thathometutoring produces brilliantbuteccentric children whosuffer from lackof 7. JOINING INDEPENDENT CLAUSES BY CONNECTIVES SECTION SECTION 1. LANGUAGE MATTERS: JOINING SENTENCES AND IDEAS (2) . We face seriousfinancialdifficulties, 3. UNIT 3 130 isthebesttimefor avisit. . Why doesnuclearradiation causevisible 5. Ex. 2. Make one sentence out of two parts usingsuitableconnectives.Ex. 2.Make onesentence parts outoftwo Ex. 1.Fill inthegapswithsuitableconnectives. OF IN OTHER WORDS,TO PUTIT(MORE)SIMPLY, TO SAY, ITWOULD BEBETTER ORRATHER, INTHAT CASE, PRACTICE 1 PRACTICE . Goodlanguageschools, ______, schoolswhere studentslearnquickly, charge highprices. 5. 9. GCSE examinations do not just test knowledge astheoldexamstended GCSEexaminations donotjusttest to knowledge do, andresults de- 9. 3. In August In there are few Parisians inParis, goesaway, aseveryone notcon- _____,everyone 3. e.g. e.g. . Concerned aboutourdaughter’s progress, ______,lackofit,we raisedthematter withtheteachers. 8. They smiledandsaid: “She isalovely girl, though”. ______,theythoughtshewaspretty butthick. without usingmetaphors; socialisation, andsoon:____notfor thelikesofus. done inlessonsthroughout thecourse. ployed by somebodyelse. nected withthetourist industry.nected outofprivate funds. by thestate andpartly nanced partly birth defects, birth oncontinuous assessment:______,onmarksawardedpend partly by theteacher for work Most oftheinteresting Most thingstakeplace onSaturday andSunday. otherwords, In aweekend languages easily. OR TYPE Connectives of before to make theideaclearer, orto explain orto modifyit. OR type introduce type areformulation ofwhat hascome a. metaphors matter. . how doesitwork? c. . thelackofgoodteachers istheresult of b. e. government subsidy and support government subsidyandsupport e. have “reduced work capacity”? d. . answer questions, keep theweb site up- f. to-date, delete spam,etc to-date, especially intimesofwant poor funding. “ ear,” you willlearn . At Britishuniversities studentscannotusuallyrepeat ayear. otherwords, In 1. 2. Everybody can take part in the dancing, or rather everybody except inthedancing, orrathereverybody …… cantakepart Everybody 2. 0 State schoolsprovide basictuitionfree ofcharge. otherwords, In …… 10. 1. Some universities selective. Some are very The University ofCalifornia atBerkeley, _____,admitted 1. . The traditionalRussiansituationhas someuniquefeatures. _____,motherhoodisheldinspecial 4. . The OpenUniversity founded in1969isnon-residential andusescorrespondence courses. In 5. . Their opponentsargue thatpublicschoolsstillgive somechildren anunfairadvantage, namely…… 9. . Parents have alegalobligationto ensure thatthechildren receive anadequate educationbut 7. . Formulae thathadclearlybeenwritten ona 7. . This welfare system families, concerns i.e. single-parent …… 6. . There inGreat isonlyonecity Britainwithmore than8millioninhabitants, ……. 8. 2. Some degrees Some focus ontechnological focus Some education,_____,onvocational instruction. 2. 4. Grammar schools used to be very selective, thatisto Grammarschoolsusedto say bevery …… 4. Ex 9. Socialism, … is a wonderful thing …isawonderful Socialism, 9. . Many schoolsoffer specialized master’s degrees inSpecialEducation._____,theUniversity of 3. Ex. 4.Fill inthegapswithsuitableconnectives. Inwhichsentence these are notusedto PRACTICE 2 PRACTICE 3. In 1976theLabourgovernment In madecomprehensive educationcompulsory. otherwords, In 3. EXEMPLIFICATION . They say I'mdifficult,so 8. e.g. It is often usefulto one’s give isoften examplestoIt support reasoning. There are different ways of exemplifying: connect? . 3.Complete thefollowing by addingasuitableending. The AmericanDream isanideathatcanmeanmany different things manyto different people. All oftheseare used AS SHOWNBY FOR EXAMPLE Popular Americanmusic wasfirst resisted as “a danger to our(British)nation’s youth”. The BBC, instance instance
all schools…… about 65%ofallapplicantsin2004. Kansas offers SpecialEducationdegreesKansas insixareas. owner, other words, ….. on businessoragricultural education. pair of sports shoeswere therepair ofsports to ‘assist’ their none whatsoever to sendthemto school. To putitsimply, …… reverence asisdemonstrated incenturies ofliterature, andfolklore. art, failing exams…… PART 3.FROMPARAGRAPH TOESSAY , theAmericanDream for my familymay beto live withoutfinancial Richford)worries. (Cory , bannedrock androll until1962. , , FORINSTANCE ACASEINPOINT within asentence , SUCHAS , , AN but two: ( A GOOD FOR EXAMPLE . We are broke k. . tell theworld Inever cared itwasagainstme.” j. . to helpthemcheat. m. . itisthesupreme value, to whichallother l. ) ILLUSTRATION values are subordinate.’ , FORINSTANCE / EXAMPLE (OF THIS) canbegin asentence 131 ,
For for .
UNIT 3 UNIT 3 12 years agois4)_____.Aweatherproof computer wasplaced inthewallofoffices ofanIT 0 When you mean______usee.g. isanabbr It 10. 0 Web sites Twitter are becoming increasingly favored by hackers. 10. . The committee reviews developed countries anddeveloping countries, Switzerland and Timor 4. 3. This car crash on the Ring Roadisthedangersofwinter This driving. carcrash on theRing 3. . Greece, whichisinaseriousfinancialcrisis, pursuedunsustainable 1. 9. Japan is making arelatively itsschools, Japanismaking greater thepercentage support to ofits effort total public 9. There isagrowing schools. Many problem youngsters inUKprimary seemto bedisengagedfrom . There are anumber of problems concerning diplomats, thewife ofadiplomatcannothave a 5. . The phrase_____signals thatthelisttha 9. 7. Middle classprofessionals Middle doctors, dentists, lawyers are accused oftaxevasion. 7. . Many oftheworld languagesbelongto agroup ofrelated languageswhichwe calllanguage 7. 5. A typical writer’s Atypical blockisapsychological whenthewriter cannotbringhimselforherself block, 5. . More andmore diplomatswhoseoriginal languageisnotEnglishare learningitinpreference 2. . Agood______ofthisgrowing deadlanguagesisthesheernumberofLatin interest inso-called 8. 132 Ex 13 Ex. 6. Read the text. What problem doesitraise? What Ex. 6.Readthetext. Make complete by thetext using connectives ofreformulation and exemplification a formal classroom education,1)_____theygetbored sittingintheclassroom andlistening to the teacher. in whichcase you can make onesentence orboth;addpunctuation ortwo isn’t arrogance. These children are “digital natives”, grown 3)_____they’ve using theweb onadaily children were fascinated. They formed groups andlearnt, 5) _____taughtthemselves — through company to test how itwould work outside. ofvandalisingitcomputer-illiterate Instead slum derstanding ofcore andexamresults. subjects Anexperimentheldontheedgeofa Dehli slum basis andhave developed different ways ofabsorbinginformation from oldergenerations. marks. listen whenIcanfindthemontheinternet to infive someonetelling melotsoffacts minutes?” This . BritishandAmericanschoolshave always stressed “social skills” activities, through extracurricular 6. . Pressure timecausemany andlackofquality relationships to failtherock star’s recent divorce is… 8. 6. In In Victorian Britainthere were somegoodschools, grammar schoolsandpublicschools. 6. Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи impossibleto keepatthesamelevel. . 5.Make thesentences meaningfulby addingexemplifiers.Decide Schools should make use of this fact to keepchildren should makeuseofthisfact motivatedSchools andimprove boththeirun- When askedwhatpupilsthinkabouttheirlessons, aboy said, 2)______; shouldIsitand “Why ____ organized theatre anddramagroups sports, andvariousclubs. you mean_____use “i.e.” isanabbreviation for It theLatinphraseidest.Eithercanbeusedto spending. to others. to letthewords appearonthepaper. The is______. process ofgettingstarted Leste different are different two very countries with very economic situations. career travelling with thehusband. or expandinguponit. clarify apreceding statement, thefirst example,by thesecond by restating theideamore clearly courses offered. before age 60 with benefits at three-quarters salary. before age60withbenefitsatthree-quarters families. ____ofsuchafamilyistheLatingroup oflanguages. t follows isillustrative, notexhaustive. eviation for theLatinphraseexempli gratia. When . 13 policies;many Greeks retire . It’s stillaman’s world. 1. What otherwordsWhat toexpress opinioncan you suggest? What isthedifferenceWhat them? between 4) ______, since women live longerthanmen,many widows would welcome alarger popula- . Competition among siblings 2. SECTION SECTION 2. PARAGRAPH WRITING: EXPRESSING USE OF CONNECTIVES thesis statements?Write themdown addingwords usedtointroduce opinion. . Onlineeducation: pros andcons 3. Ex. 8.Look atthelistoftopicsandsaywhichsuggestaparagraph expressing opinion. Lead-in. are What thetypical features ofaparagraph expressing opinion? Usethetext Ex. 7.Readthefollowing paragraph anda)fillinthegapswith connectives from the OPINION. WRITING A GOOD CONCLUSION scoring anaverage of70percent inatest afew monthslater, learning 8)______thisself-organised some time, it is likely that a shortage ofwomen wouldsome time, eventually itislikelythatashortage leadto anincrease inthenumber Match thesewithappropriate topicsentences doyou (listB).Which thinkmake strong allowed to dosoeven thoughitmay leadto more malesthanfemales. 1) ______isthatpersons a hugesuccess, too, 6)_____inthereport Holeinthe “The Wall Gang”. tion ofavailable______, Idon’t males.5) believe theproblem ofmore would malesinoursociety — how totrial anderror operate thecomputer andfindinformation from it. This led placingother to in ex.7toillustrate your point. in remote areas withfew teachers turnedoutto beausefuladditionto formal education. is thatthere would befewer donebecauseparents wanted a deliberate abortions child ofadif- carrying an inherited diseasethataffects males would beable to choose carrying to have ______a girl. 2) children were askedto findoutmore. They uncoveredknowledge and hugeamountsof computers inoutdoor publiclocationsinpoorcommunities across muchofAsia andAfrica. This was of females bornsothatthere would bemore women After available atime, asmarriagepartners. the ratio ofmento women would probably settleinto afairlyeven balance. be apermanentsituation.6) ______thatthere probably would bemore malechildren bornfor List A Indian village,Indian 7)______,someinformation onthepublicPC,and onbiotechnology wasleft list below; b)findthe list below; words whichexpress opinion. moreover, inaddition,thefirst/second /third reason, despitethe fact. ferent sex.3) ______isthatwe stillhave wars, andmore menthanwomen inwars. are killed Sometimes anadultmentor wouldSometimes onesouthern In askchildren to lookinto specificsubject. I feel thatwhenever itbecomes possiblefor parents to choosethesexoftheirchild, theyshouldbe PART 3.FROMPARAGRAPH TOESSAY /after /after Teaching EasyPCby Made Prof. SugataMitra, Choosing Sons orDaughters Choosing Sons Reader’s Digest 133 March 2011/ retained it–
UNIT 3 UNIT 3 . You findoutalot about history, philosophy, architecture, literature, science, language and 1. . Jugglingcollege andwork 4. . You ofwords, cantrace allsorts ideas, forms ofexpression thatyou come across inyour own 4. 1. a) In modern society manrulestheworld. modernsociety In a) 1. . Onlysomeoneweird could enjoy studyingadeadanddifficultlanguage. 2. 2. a) It is common knowledge thatbrothers iscommon knowledge andsisters are It jealousofeachotherandhave often a) 2. . With adeadlanguagethere isnoembarrassmentabouttheaccent. 3. . ) Afulltimecareer andfulltimeeducationare impossibleto combine. a) 4. 134 14 . ) Onlinecourses give thefreedom andflexibility you can’t findintheclassroom butdeprive a) 3. Ex. 10.Brainstorming. thefollowing viewpointwiththearguments/ reasons Support theparagraph.Ex. 9.Analyse istheauthor’s What arguments viewpoint? What does from the listbelow. Suggestyour own arguments. stand farmore ofwhattheyhave found thantheywould individually. The lastbutnottheleast soning, discussionandcooperation theycandiscover newways to findinformation and under- to We deadlanguage. canlearnalotfrom studyingaso-called GCSEs 5. Only doctors andlawyers canmakeany Onlydoctors useoftheLatinlanguage. 5. Computer intheclassroom 5. asked a question and left to doresearchasked aquestionandleft onlineinsmallgroups. areThe engagedwithoutreal- kids . ) Computers intheclassroom willnever replace theteacher. a) 5. Reasons: they know theywon’tthey know bemade to lookfoolish iftheygetsomethingwrong. Secondly, through rea- they feel more relaxed for information looking andanswering questionsinsmallgroups. Besides, if this method is adopted across the UK, allchildrenif thismethodisadopted across willbenefitandsomebeable to passtheir theUK, doingschoolwork. izing theyare actually Their results are impressive for anumberofreasons. Firstly, reason isthatSOLEimproves children’s attention spanandbehaviour, too. So, Ireally believe that, List B It ismy Learning beliefthatSelf-Organising EnvironmentIt method(SOLE)cankeepyoungsters stimu- lated inclass, improve andexamresults. boththeirknowledge Underthistechnique children are he use? What is the function oftheconcluding isthefunction sentence?he use?What Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи general certificate of secondary education (examsare usuallytakenat16). ofsecondary generalcertificate you ofsocialcontacts. second fiddle. time andeffort. in theirchildren’s lives. culture backto muchearliertime. difficult relationships. politics. Computers canbeindispensibleinteaching “digital natives”. b) Combining college oruniversity andafulltimejobmeansyour educationwilltakemore b) road, at2:00A.M.or12noon–whatever works bestfor you. You canwork toward anonlineBachelor’s degree from ofyour thecomfort homeoronthe b) Relationshipsbetween siblingscanbedifficultthougha great dealdependsonparents’ role b) However modernwe appearto be, menstillholdmostpositionsofpower, whilewomen play b) 14 muchearlier. /after /after Teaching EasyPCby Made Prof. SugataMitra, Reader’s Digest March 2011/ The Romanlaw; — Well-known phrases:primusinter paris( — — Roman emperors Roman andpoliticians:JuliusCaesar, Tiberius, Gracchus; — philosophers, Roman poets, writers: Horatius, Vergilius, Cicero, Ovidius, Seneca, Appulejus, Ar- — . Team ofPE aspart sports 4. 1. Doing sport atschoolgives to children exercise. Doingsport anexcellent opportunity 1. . Restate thethesisstatement butdonotrepeat it! 1. The mainaimof theconclusion isto show thereader thatyou have fulfilledthetasksetin intro- WRITING A GOOD CONCLUSION you feelshouldbeincludedinyour curriculum. . PEclasseshelpchildren to getridof 2. . Donotintroduce newideas. 2. . Sumupthemainpointsmadeinbodyofessay. 3. USEFUL HINTS: USEFUL TIPS: Ex . Do notpretend you have proven more thanyou have. 4. 15 Ex. 12.Write aparagraph abouttheadvantages ofphysical the education. Support Ex. 11.a)Write aparagraph onthistopicdeveloping thearguments andgiving following viewpointwithreasons ofyour own orfrom thelistbelow: 3. Doing sport at school interferes withchildren’s atschoolinterferes Doingsport studies. 3. 5. Children who are not good at sport candevelop Children aninferiority whoare complex. notgoodatsport 5. 5. Make itemphatic:useanappropriate Make quotationoryour own punchy 5. Reasons: thesis statement. have proved your otherwords, pointofview(inanopinionessay). In theconclusion linksbackto the b) What argumentsb) What againstcan you suggest?Write aparagraph expressing an duction: haveduction: considered different oftheproblem (ina objectively aspects e.g. as a compulsory subject atuniversities subject andcolleges; which orthesubject as acompulsory Physical education ofschoolcurriculum. shouldbean integral part opposing pointofview. examples. Usereformulation (inotherwords, etc.) andexemplification ifnecessary.
having sstrong effectdueto theuseofclearsimplelanguageandnottoo many words.
. 13.Write aparagraph expressing your opinionabout physical education ( та a specific task, a specifictask, Do you know, chimedes; means? ofLatinunderstandthatitisacommitteeThose ofuswithsomeknowledge formed for росу PART 3.FROMPARAGRAPH TOESSAY надо ; заранее ); In vinoveritas); In (
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UNIT 3 UNIT 3 . Communicating ideaswhenwritinginaforeign to belearntstep by languageisaskill step. 1. 2. All in all, building writing skills Allinall, buildingwritingskills by‘brick brick’ istherightway to produce aconfident and 2. . Well-structured whichtakesstudentsstep by practice step from producing meaningfulsentences 3. 136 Ex Ex. 16. Read the text in ex. 9 again. Develop theconcluding inex.9again.Develop sentenceEx. 16.Readthetext intothe Ex. 15.Restatethethesisstatementsinex.8tomake aconclusion. pairs‘introductionEx. 14.Readthetwo —conclusion’. usefultipsforwriting Which 4. It helpsstudentsto getbeyond theirfears It associated withacademic writing. 4. 6. Writing is a powerful mediuminany Writing language, isapowerful andcommunicating ideasintheircomplexities 6. e.g.statement: Thesis 5. It islessstressful for It studentsto firstlearnhow organiseto paragraphs andthenacquire different 5. conclusion (final paragraph) usingthetipsabove. conclusions have beenappliedappropriately?withapartner. Discuss II. Introduction: I. Introduction: Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи . 17.Write aconclusion usingsomeofthesescrambled sentences. “A friendinneedisaindeed”. True asthiswell-known saying is, itdoesn’t cover allaspects Teaching to write inaforeign languageisfirstofallhelping to acquire askill The world haschanged, andwe have women ministers andeven primeministers, butby and The woman wassaying, don’t“Why we justasksomeone?” The manwassaying, notfor thefirst The great ChinesephilosopherConfucius advised, “Have nofriendnot equalto yourself.” Writ- A manandawoman were seated inacarthathadbeencircling thesamearea for halfanhour. Thesis statement: your own socialclass. ButI’d liketo interpret more broadly hisdictum –meaningthatfriendship Women andmentalkfor different reasons. Women uselanguage build to make to connection, which have nothingto dowithstatusormoney, cantheybecome real friends. Mutualadmira- standing genderdifferences isthefirst inwaysstepto improving oftalking the relationship. second fiddle. Conclusion: Conclusion ask directions? Why aren’t women? The explanationisthatmenandwomen uselanguagein Conclusion: time, “I’m sure it’s around here thisstreet.” somewhere. I’lljusttry Why are to mensoreluctant tion andhighopinionofeachothermakefriendsequal. However modernwe appearto be, menstillholdmostpositionsofpower, whilewomen play intimacy, whilemenare concerned withhierarchy anduselanguage to confirm status. Under- ing in a very hierarchical heprobably society meantthatyouing inavery shouldmakefriends withpeople on to writingeffective paragraphs usefulandefficient andessays tool. isa very competent writer. of overcoming afear of writing. of this most wonderful ofrelationships. eachotherforof thismostwonderful Onlyifpeoplerespect specialqualities, different ways; thisbreeds misunderstandingwhichcandestroy the relationship. requires patience andpractice. patterns ofacademic writing. requires mutualrespect. Restatement: large, inpoliticsandbusinessalikepower isconcentrated inthehandsofmen. : SECTION SECTION 1. WRITING IN ACADEMIC STYLE UNIT 4 writing. Ex. 1. Read the text tofindtheanswer tothequestionintitle.Ex. 1.Readthetext Analyse complex sulted COMPLEX (2) GRAMMAR STRUCTURES PRACTICE 1 PRACTICE Government, from thePresident oftheUnited States alltheway down complete to thelowliest clerk, and healthcare, oftheinstitutionAmericanEducationisbelieved to thepoorperformance beone Most ofthetimetheydon’tMost even maketheeffort. they willgetafailing grade to learn,respectful, andtrembled didtheirhomework, atthethreat of4). thrown in,andeitherleave theprofession, orstay, longing for thedays whenstudentswere eager tivation, andperhapsmostofall, andintegrity. honesty traininghave be- Remedialandon-the-job incompetence istheruleofday. 8). judgment 7). concern varieswidely. of themostsevere problems facingthenation. Yet, dependingonthesource, thedefinitionofour come thenormratherthanexception intheprivate sector. 6). of 1). cine, and electronics during the last half century? cine, duringthelasthalf century? andelectronics The answer, 9) ers seekanincreasingly immigration-restricted poolofforeign technical andscientific workers. In no longerexistsaready poolofexceptional candidates for positionsrequiring and knowledge, skill, gerundial andinfinitive structuresinII. grammar structuresinPoint I.andparaphrase ofsentences initalicsusing parts empty-headed, drug-usingbrats Note a year college tuitiontogettheseresults which itoriginates. (students)tendThe to have victims theirown definition —schoolisboring, have noplace inatraditional American home. asking a kid whathelearnedinschooltoday, akid asking andyou willgetthe “thousand milestare,” which useless, itsonlyvaluebeingone ofmeetingfriendsand, for insports. some, participating Try quickly informs youquickly ofyour belonging withthosewhoare challenged. ancientandintellectually The definitionofEducation’s failure comes inmany forms, largely basedonthesource from Teachers lookattheirunmotivated, cheating, noisyclasses, withoccasional deadlyviolence thisconditionThey results are from certain 2). Employers insiston5). If alloftheaboveIf istrue, how have we madethe enormousprogress intechnology, science, medi- II. I. Alongwithadeepeningrecession, andAfghanistan, thewarinIraq dealingwithimmigration
Parents have many complaints. theirchildren are If intheirteens orolder, parents complain : complex grammar (infinitive structures andgerundial complexes) are usedinacademic often they have changedfrom thecompliant, respectfulchildren sofondlyremembered, to defiant,lying, inspite of, rather thanbecauseoftheinstitutionEducation as itexistsinthiscountry. Today, Even thoughmany more graduates come from colleges anduniversities . employees are unable to perform theirjobs employees are unabletoperform . with American education? makesthesituationeven worse. It seemsthatnoneofthemcanIt What’s wrong 3). their kids’ heads are filled with all kinds ofideasthat their kids’headsare filledwithall if the parents are financially supporting a$25,000 if theparents are financiallysupporting One cannotOne deny thefact that it seems, isthatthisprogress hasre- getitright,even whentheytry. , theirlackofproductivity, mo- a parent willbeinformedor . Instead, employ- 137 there
UNIT 4 UNIT 4 . to express opinion: 1. structures instead of the underlined parts andwords from thelistbelowstructures insteadoftheunderlinedparts 138 Ex USE OF CONNECTIVES 17 16 world’s leaderinbrainpower. will notbeableto applyto university. As asixth-form pupil, Iam4) school leavers university 6) solutions canbefound. Onepossible11) away from Call ofDuty ates thaniftheypaidafixed price for fees. This inturn would create anincentive a for studentsfrom than tion ofhighfees, replaced by ofaheavier theintroduction income taxongraduates. This taxwould instead ofthoseinitalics. Labour Party and the National Union of Students. It 12)lookslikeagoodsolution,itallows andtheNationalUnionofStudents.Labour Party theaboli- It ignore theproblem 8)whichwe face whenonlypeople9) income graduates may enduppaying more— butthen,theycanafford underthesystem to. The grad- heavily subsidisedhighereducationinpastdecadessitbackanddraw theirpensions. higher educationbecauseBritain17) ernment thinkthattheywillachieve this1)iftheyincrease tuitionfees andcuttheteaching budget talkofafairer educationsystem, whyously wrong. doesthecoalition gov- After allthepre-election excess of, alternative, enjoy thebenefitof er educationfrom thegeneraltaxpayer. though,thatthetaxpayer Istillthink, shouldcontribute to despite 10) duces Britain’s workforce. to produce ability ahigh-quality 7)Isitpossiblethatthegovernment will uate taxalso15)prevents thesituationwhenstudentshave to choosetheiruniversity basedonprice. by 80percent? next generationofworkers willbetheonesdriving theeconomynext — while thosewhohave enjoyed of +gerundialconstruction a sixth-former. Make more formalby thetext usingcomplex grammar Prompts In anessay expressingIn opinionconnectives are used: low-income background to strive for highereducation,increasing socialmobility. course, 14)Of higher- last for roughly 20years andwould bepaidonlyifthegraduate wasemployed andearning13) Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи emotionallycoloured. Apopularvideogame. . 2. Read the text abouttheeducation. 2.Readthetext reform intheUKasseenby 10) It’s fine to complain —andeven take to thestreetsto inprotest –butthatispointlessunless 16) Call meanidealist,butefficient graduate tax could completely remove theburden ofhigh- This would befairer thanthecurrent system, becauseit would beeasierfor lower-income gradu- 2) Make nomistake(use 2) Make /based onwww.newstatesman.com/blogs/the When hundreds ofthousands ofstudentstakeouttheiriPod headphonesandtear themselves to methat £15,000ayear. : affluent,to be convinced, a great many,to become an unaffordable option, wealthy, in we stillmaintainahugelyrichsource power ofintellectual , etc /based on . 16 I believe to rallyinthestreets, youthegovernment know hasdonesomethingseri- ) the fact that //www.scribd.com/doc/193920/Whats-wrong-with-American-Educa is nolongeranoption , A graduate taxisthefairest solution Inmy opinion will benefit ), iffees risehugenumbersofbright,but3) solution , Ithink 18)ifwe have highlyeducated workers. After all, the -staggers/…/graduate-tax-higher-education/ . This isnotonlycompletely unfair, but,italsore- isagraduate tax. by the This ideaissupported , Inmy view who can afford it , Istrongly believe , we nolongerstandaloneasthe pretty surepretty can goto university? (use 17 thatfor 5) , Ifeelthat poorer students , It seems It a lot more ti on/ of . thanmaterial______, Iamconvinced values. isfarmore important thatjobsatisfaction 1. 10. Most girls Most think thatmodellingmeansglamour. ______,many are disappointed whenthey 10. . isonlyrelevant to______, jobsatisfaction industrialized societies. developing countries In 7. osmu To beginwith To sumup . ______, there isnothingworse for thanhearingthatthecandidate knows theinterviewer 2. . ______, peopleinsuchdemandingjobsasairtraffic shifts. controllers shouldwork inshort 4. . to present theothersideofargument: 2. . ______, Iamsurprisedthatsuchahighpercentage ofdentistsenjoy ______,star- theirwork. 3. hti oeInmy view ismore What . Astronauts have to bephysically andmentallyprepared for thestress andstrainofaspace mis- 8. . ______, schoolteachers inRussia,especiallyruralareas are underpaid, ______,schools 5. 9. ______, Ex. 4.Fill withsuitablewords inthegapstext andexpressions from thelist. Ex. 3.Choosethemostappropriate word orphrase from thelistabove tofillinthe isl Inconclusion Firstly In my opinion Some criticsargue that… Some In my opinion . to joineachviewpointwiththeothers: 3. PRACTICE 2 PRACTICE attitude to whatwe are saying: . ______, nurses, whoalso have have onworking low incomes, astrong sense ofvocation. butcarry 6. gaps inthesentences. When writinganessay expressing opinion,we usediff Besides work ismostlyameansofsurvival. sion. ______,beinganastronaut isoneofthemostchallenging jobsintheworld. find outitishard work as well. are understaffed. ing into otherpeople’s unattractive, mouthsisvery nothing aboutthecompany. above ideas PART 3.FROMPARAGRAPH TOESSAY , Apart from this Apart the majorproblem mother faces concerns aworking herchildren. , Some peopleargue that Some ob mr)peieточнее говоря To be(more) precise ditdyнадопризнать очевидно, несомненно Admittedly Apparently nobel Несомненно понятно Undoubtedly Understandably lal ясно,понятно вообщеговоря Generally speaking Clearly ut rpryбезусловно явно,безусловно Quite properly Obviously elyпоправдеговоря что меня касается ожидать иследовало как Really Personally Naturally vdnl очевидно Frankly откровенно Evidently (говоря) nfc насамомделе помоему мнению myIn opinion fact In , It isargued It that … , etc In thefirstplaсe Contrary towhatmostpeoplebelieve . erent words andphrasesthatbringoutour , To with start , What ismore What , Asopposedtothe 139 , Furthermore ,
UNIT 4 UNIT 4 1998. Schools now1998. Schools have two years to improve, orhave aFresh (withnewname, management Start which failto reach thenewbenchmark(точка отсчета, where necessary. action уровень),andtaking 140 same complaints were targets. madewhenwe andnumeracy 4) setourchallenging literacy ______, 18 otayt htmn epebleeI feel Contrary towhatmany peoplebelieve Ex. 5. Read an extract from an article inTheTimes tofindouttheEducationSecretary’s from Ex. 5.Readanextract anarticle which iswhy suchschoolsare better resourced: we are pupilthanwas spending £200more onevery with fewer than20percent ofitspupilsachievingfive goodGCSEpasses. By2006thisshouldbe wider range of subjects inthefirst year (e.g.wider rangeofsubjects dramaormusicmassmedia).4) ______itisunfair nadto Allinall In addition first year putsmore stress onstudentsthanitused to. and staff), orbeclosed withpupilstransferred to otherschools. and staff), already paying hugedividends. At theendof1999,424schools were failing—91fewer thaninJuly as underperforming, 75percentas underperforming, oftheir pupilsormore face adultlife withouttheeducationalfoun- are well oncourse to reach ourtarget of50percent______, in530schoolsidentified by 2002.2) at theendoftwo years’ study. They say thisgenerationofschoolpupils isoverexamined andnever I am convinced thatwe canandmustmeetthischallenge — andwe will bemonitoring thoseschools turned pupilsinto guineapigsfor educationreform. Give themabreak! that many universities donotaccept whattheycall “soft” A-level subjects. to fullA-level inthesecond makesiteasierto passtheexamssuccessfully. your ASgrades If contrib- has fewer ofitspupilsachievingfive ormore thanaquarter goodGCSEpasses. est GCSEresults are found inleafysuburbsaswell asininnercities. education authorities giving schools the support theyneed. Allschoolsnow haveeducation authoritiesgiving schoolsthesupport GCSEtargets. This cate thatthenewsystem filters outpoorer A-level candidates inthefirst year. TheAS-level resultscan dation to goonto Advanced level study. ute to your fullA-level result you are notundersomuchpressure allthe way through, thoughthe previously thecase.______, newresearch 1) shows by my thatschoolswiththepoor- department new approach willstrengthen thetargets intheweakest schools. raised to 25percent ormore. relaxes. Their ideaisto abolishAS-levels andintroduce theInternationalBaccalaureate instead. be usedby pupilsto decidewhethertheygoonto takeafullA-level. many studentsandtheirparents askwhetherthenewsystem isanimprovement onthe old one. position onweak schools. Fill inthemissingconnectives. Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи Introduced in2000. 1) ______, sittingfor four orfive1) AS-levels in threeyour first ofthesubjects yearandthentaking There remains apersistent problem schools. intoo many Around ofoursecondary oneinseven This year’s sixth-formers were thefirst to complete anew modularsystem The challengewillbedifficultandIcanalready hearthecries from thosewho say itcan’t bedone. Those 2) ______, theriseinpassrate andarecord numberofstudentswhoscore straightAs indi- 3) ______I am setting schools a new challenge — that by 2004 there should be no secondary 3) ______Iamsettingschoolsanewchallenge—thatby 2004there shouldbenosecondary 3) ______, thenewsystem broadens thecurriculumandgives studentsachance to takeupa 5) ______, Iwillmaintainthefirmapproach we take towards failingschools. is This policy Since 1997Ihave soughtto create aculture ofimprovement inschools, withGovernment and 5) ______there isnoneedfor theAS-level.5) They would prefer studentsto simplysittheirexams We have raisedthenumberofpupilsgainingfive goodGCSEsfrom 45per cent 48per to and cent, Many say this is simply the result of poverty and deprivation. Of course,Many matter, say anddeprivation.Of thesefactors thisissimplytheresult ofpoverty 6) ______, 7) ______thatwe shouldgive thenewsystem time. Constant changeshave 18 ofA-level exams. Now young peoplework notonlyonSaturdays butonSundays, plusafew evenings intheweek. week intheholidays. At leasttwo weeks oftheschool holidays ayear shouldbework-free. Some STRUCTURE: a week inschoolholidays. may fifteens Over work for eighthoursonaSaturdaya and35hours SECTION SECTION 2. WRITING AN ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY EXPRESSING yet, however, thatiswhy, yet, secondly, thirdly, fourthly, finally, also. Ex two hoursonaSunday. to make more logical. thetext they work. Lead-in. Look inex.4anddecideifitis" through thetext Compare theconnectives you addedwiththoseusedby theauthor: OPINION are tough onweak andfailingschools. Taken together, thesemeasures willhelpusto achieve these and helpto rescue issuesinvolved schoolsatriskoffailing. Iwillbediscussingtheimportant with unfair dismissalwhere justified, aslongtheyare legally. working be employed for two hoursonaschool-day, onlyone of whichmay beinthemorning, plus tough targets. schools.tional mentoring for pilotproject pupilsinpoorlyperforming The development ofthis head teachers andeducationauthorities. derachievement, particularly through ourtargetedderachievement,— Excellence programme particularly for inCities. innercities pupils. new network willhelpto improve to dissatisfied schooldisciplineandoffer newopportunities I willbeintroducing weak anewschemeto twin schoolswiththosethathave succeeded. Main body opinion essay. Compare your reasons withthoseofapartner. Introduction . 6.Readthefollowing Fact File. There are connectives missing. Add them Thirteen- and fourteen-year-olds may work andfourteen-year-olds forThirteen- five hoursonaSaturday plusup 25hours to Young peopleneed to obtain anemployment card from before thelocalauthority 7) ______We are planningto pilotnew “super head“, experienced headswhowillwork with The subject ortopic.The subject Thesis: astatement ofyour opinion. Viewpoint 1 supported byViewpoint alogical reason. 1supported 9) ______, we mustspread ofexcellent thegoodpractice andimproving schoolsjustaswe Saturday girls andboys have thesamelegalrightsasadults. This meanstheycanclaim 6) ______,we needto buildon Paragraph 2 In GreatIn Britainchildren are allowed to work from theageofthirteen. They can 8) to expandthesuccessful______, Iwantto strengthen na- school-businesspartnerships PART 3.FROMPARAGRAPH TOESSAY (Paragraph 1) An essay expressing opinionisaformal piece ofwritinginwhich your own by opinionisclearlystated reasons. andsupported
our
successful approaches for targeting disadvantageandun- for and / against The Times " essayoran . March 1,2000/ 141
UNIT 4 UNIT 4 ……… — — Latin canbeofinterest Latin to thefew studyingancienthistory, philosophy and theology. — ofelitisteducation. isadeadlanguagethatcould Latin onlybepart — — It isawaste oftimelearningalanguagenobodyspeakstoday. It — 1. When I tell people that I studied Latin until I was 23 they look at me as if I had a banana sticking WhenItell peoplethatIstudiedLatinuntilwas23theylookatmeasifhadabananasticking 1. viewpoints tobedealtwithintheparagraph givingtheopposingopinion. 2. Latin used to be an integral part of classical education. Every publicschoolinGreat ofclassicaleducation.Every Britainhadit Latinusedto beanintegral part 2. . Brilliant mindsusedLatininthemillenniumbefore would becriminalto last.It ignore theirheri- A. Each viewpoint should be presented in presented be should viewpoint Each 142 thesis statement. Ex. 8. Develop yourEx. 8.Develop paragraph onlearningadeadlanguage(unit3ex.11)intoan essay(seeunit2ex.7).Note theEx. 7.Compare opinionessaywith “forandagainst” . Doyou thinkthatlearningLatinisawaste oftime, and onlysomeoneweird cantakeitupseri- 3. Conclusion Opposing points ofview: b) Chooseanendingwhichbestfits your introduction orsuggest your own. Give your Endings: a) Chooseabeginningyou like bestorsuggestyour own. Give your reasoning. Add a Beginnings: reasoning. How can you develop itintoacomplete finalparagraph? . Onbalance, themainadvantageoflearningLatinis C. c) Brainstorming. Look through theendingsBandC and work outthepossible essay expressing opinion. e) Write anessay onthetopic differences andlanguage. andsimilaritiesinstructure d) Write aparagraph expressing opposingviewpointsandreasons. . Learning Latinisenjoyable gi andhighlysatisfying. It B. Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи
The opposingviewpointsandreasons You mightinclude alead-inopinionto your conclusion A summary ofyour viewpoints. A summary Viewpoint 2 supported byViewpoint alogical reason. 2supported Paragraph 4 Paragraph 3 NB tage justbecausepeopleconsider the languageelitist. is nolongercompulsory. on itscurriculum.For thepasttwo decadespublicschoolshave become lessclassicalandLatin out ofmy ear. ously? never discovered otherwise. language into perspective. paragraphs inthemain body ifyou have more viewpoints. ? (Final paragraph) “Why Iwould like“Why tostudyLatin.” a separate paragraph, soyou may includemore ves you aninsightinto thingsyou may have that itputsourown society, literature and . Shouldwe keepentrance 1. . Traditional schoolingshouldnolongerbecompulsory. 2. TIVE ESSAY EXPRESSING OPINION: A BLEND OF THE TWO viewpoints ononeofthetopics. Finally writeanessayexpressing your opinion. support them. support ofweakspeaks onthesubject schools(ex. 5).Isthispiece ofwritingargumentative In a similar way you can make use of facts to support your arguments asimilarway inanargumentative to you support In canmakeuseoffacts Ex. 9.Brainstorming. Readthefollowing topicsandgive theparagraph . Russianeducationsystem isoneofthebestinworld. 4. Ex. 11. Read the text andfindthemainpointsauthormakesEx. 11.Readthetext andthe usedtofacts Ex. 10.a)Look inwhichtheEducation Secretary through from anextract thearticle smoking, Dr.smoking, Ruhmfound thatduringthe1990srecession, for intheUSdeclined example, smoking finances, there isanupside to theeconomicIt may crisis. seemoddbutwhenanindustrialized coun- FOR . Isschoolthebestpreparation for entering university? 3. they are no longer commuting or driving as part of their work. So not only do people walk and cycle notonlydopeople walkandcycle So oftheirwork. they are nolongercommuting ordriving aspart try goesthrough recessiontry andpeople losetheirjobs, theybecome healthier. is atwo percent declineinthedeathrate of20-to 44-year-olds. known to make us less healthy: smoking, failingto smoking, exercise to makeuslesshealthy: known andeatingbadly. Dr. Christopher Ruhm’s economy andtherisingprices to seethebrighter sideoftherecession. Badasitisfor thecounty’s b) Analyse thewayb) Analyse presents hisplansandargues theEducation withhis Secretary point increase to reduce injoblessness isexpected road fatalitiesby 4,6per100,000. more, butthere on effect isalsoa direct road-traffic accidents. According toRuhm’s study,one- a by fiveHis hugestudyalsoshows per per cent. that, increasecent inunemployment,for every there research shows risesanddietimproves thatphysical activity whentheeconomy weakens. As for outline for each, listing the viewpoints. Write supporting reasons forthe outline foreach,listingtheviewpoints. Write supporting opponents. Does hemakeopponents. Does useoffacts? Give examples. or opinion?Give your reasons. Apart from this, inrecessionsApart peopletend to drive less, eitherasaneconomy measure, orbecause Since 2008we’ve seemsto betoo hadenoughdoomandgloom.Everybody worried aboutthe Firstly, joblessnessinevitablyleadsto achangeinlifestyle. People changethethingswhichare NB NB PART 3.FROMPARAGRAPH TOESSAY AND —clearlypresented opposing sentences andexamplesineachparagraph —supporting —oneideaperparagraph to present your opinion —thesisstatement expressing your opinion —opinionessay structure —spellingerrors synonyms, pronouns, —useofvocabulary: etc. —useofgrammar structures —relevant conclusion Proofreading. Checkyour essay for essay expressing opinion. AGAINST ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY
exams? point ofviewinaseparate paragraph VERSUS ARGUMENTA- 143
UNIT 4 UNIT 4 . Aweekend jobhelpsto pay for anincreasingly expensive wardrobe andexpandingsociallife. 1. A weekend job:away to ensure employment oracademicfailure? 1. The following from extracts thecolumn “Children from atwork” TheExpress Parent 4. The fact thatachildhasbeenemployed (автобиография). The fact looksgoodonCV 4. . Aweekend jobcanprovide asenseofpurposeduringfree time. 2. A weekend job:more moneyandsense. 2. . Too muchwork canaffect one’s GCSE results. 6. . Ajobhelpschildren to develop asenseofresponsibility. 5. . Hairdressers, for example, takeonSaturday often staffwithaview to recruiting themfulltime A. some ofyour own according ofessay. tothechosentopicandtype your life: itmakesyou fitter andhealthier.So if you are temporarily outofjob, makethemostofit, which arguments theysupport: 144 Decide what type ofessayyou are whattype goingtowrite.Decide Ex. 13.a)Readthefollowing arguments anddividetheminto” and“against”. for” Add Ex. 14.Write abeginningandconclusion ofyour essay. example An ofeachisgiven Ex. 15.Write anessayonthetopicusing~250words. topicsanddecide whichsuggestsa“forandagainst” Ex. 12.Readthetwo full paragraphs ofyour essay. dependingonthetype since therecession began,councils have noted anincreased useoflibrariesandafallinhousehold shops, supermarkets, garages, cafes withstudentskeento supplement — allare liberallysprinkled and do not forget this important lessononceand donotforget you are thisimportant backinemployment. 3. It interferes withone’s interferes It sociallife. 3. No minimumrate ofpay applies to Saturday staff, sosmallshopkeepers are happy usethissourceto you shopattheweekend,Practically everywhere there isaSaturday personatthecounter. Small . Significant amountof needs work bedoneoutsideschoolhours to for GCSEsandpost-16 B. their pocketmoneywithabitofearnedincome. However, spendingtimeonyourself, reducing stress andexercising more doesmakeadifference to of labouronthebusiestday oftheirweek. below. Theyare notcomplete, you though.If are goingtousethemdevelop theminto b) Write supporting sentences for eachofthearguments.b) Write supporting Two are given below. Decide rubbish. ple become more conscious oftheenvironment astheycutbackonexpensive pursuits. the UK, In between argumentative essayandwhich—opinion: magazine (March 2000) can be used to support yourmagazine (March viewpoints: 2000)can beused tosupport c) Find your facts you arguments. can useto support Make useofFact File inex.6. Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи There are other, lessobvious, benefits, too. Families tend to spendmore time together, andpeo- A Saturday joboffers many advantagesaslongachildkeepssense ofproportion…….. Obviously there isableaksideto losingyour jobandthe prestige andfinance it gives to your life. Many young people start theircareerMany withapaperround. young peoplestart Apapergirl to orboy earn canexpect when theyleave school. courses. ₤ 10 and ₤ 15 aweek for delivering newspapers to around 20houseseachmorning. . Shouldafull-timestudentwork? 1. . University educationfor everyone? 2. 2007. С.190. Ex. 16.Write anessayononeofthetopics. 19 worked for two years atalocalpetshop: jobmadememore confident whendealingwith “The . Livingincollege rooms orhallsofresidence helpsstudentsmature early. 3. social skills. social skills. We are livinginaworld are where nottheonlythingsthatmatter –other academicskills to getmy GCSEs—butitdidgetintheway ofmy sociallife.” important. Butwhenyoung peopleovercommitimportant. themselves, theirschoolwork suffers.” half andthemoneyhelpedto pay for holidays andoutingswithfriends.” day andSunday morningsthere andtheypaidme25poundsamorning. Iwasthere for ayear anda me an insight into how a business was run. It didn’tme aninsightinto how abusinesswasrun.It withmy interfere schoolwork —Istillmanaged intheshopmostoftime. Ihelpedorderpeople becauseIserved theproducts, too, whichgave factors, such as the ability tofactors, dress suchastheability well, andwork withawiderangeofpeopleare bepunctual also см.Курс английского студентов для языковых вузов языка Е. Л. Б. Ястребова, Г. Владыкина,М. В. Ермакова. М. Tom andDesign atcollege: Nelson,17,now studiesArt A Saturday pays jobtypically Steve Edgar, headteacher atAmershamSchool: withadultsbuildsupchildren’s interaction “The (you canusethetext isthemodernstudent?” “Who PART 3.FROMPARAGRAPH TOESSAY ₤ 20–30 aday. Under16spay noincome tax.Catherine Lomax, 17, 19 ) “My firstjobwasinagarage.“My IspentSatur-
UNIT 4 UNIT 5 SALUTATION AND COMPLIMENTARY ENDINGS: SECTION SECTION 1. LANGUAGE MATTERS: APPLICATIONS UNIT 5 APPLICATION LETTER: writing? How thechoice doesthisaffect ofthelanguage? 146 Lead-in. Inwhatway doyou thinkwritingapplications isdifferent from academic INSIDE ADDRESS & ADDRESS ON THE ENVELOPE important detailsimportant e.g. P.S. There are variousways ofwritingthedate: theUSAsalutationisusually In ‘ NB inFrance: A similar way (certain variations)ofwritingaddress isusedintheEU A similarway (certain Country Company Post code, Town Number, Street Position Name yours’ ; intheUK ‘ Town KUSA UK Country County Post code Number, Street, Avenue Position Name (ifknown) Firm 12 12 September 2011 th Dear Sirs Dear SirorMadam Dear Madam Dear Sir Dear DrKellermann Brown Dear Mr/Mrs/Ms September2011 My dear My 12.9.2011
KUSA UK …’ islessformal than ‘ My dear…My Town State, Zipcode Country Number, Street, Avenue Position Name (ifknown) Firm Dear Yours faithfully Yours faithfully Yours faithfully Yours faithfully (Yours) sincerely (Yours) sincerely ’ andtheending ‘ September 122011 …’ 9.12.2011 Yours truly’ or ‘ Very truly 2011, тридцать 2015,первоеянваря2012,одиннадцатое первоеавгуста 2011. декабря (Dear SirorMadam:’) Второе 2012,тринадцатое октября 2013,двадцать февраля 2012,седьмое июля первоемая Ex. 2.Make corrections inthefollowing insideaddresses. Ex.1. Write thedatesinallpossibleways common inwriting businessletters PRACTICE 1 PRACTICE NOTE ON PUNCTUATION in English. In theUKsalutationisusuallysetoff by a In comma (‘DearSir,’), intheUSa colon isused PART 3.FROMPARAGRAPH TOESSAY 1081HV Netherlands Thorpe Underwood Estate Thorpe Underwood The Netherlands York.9SS YO26 2500 CM The Hague Amsterdam Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam University ofCanterbury UK Queen Ethelburga’s College Cold SpringHarborLaboratory Cold SpringHarbor, New York 11724 Chair ofPublications Committee 7NY CT2 Canterbury Managing Director P.O. Box 100,OneBungtown Road Kent P.O. Box 19519 Katja FisherKatja MSc De Boelelaan,1085 England Fatoumata DembeleDiarra FirstPresident Vice International CriminalCourt # 3 # 2 #4 #5 #1 147
UNIT 5 UNIT 5 148 Ex. 4.Make corrections inthefollowing from extract aletter Ex. 3.Chooseacceptable formsofsalutationandmatchthemwithanappropriate ending from thelistabove. Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи To whomitmay concern Yours truly, My dearMs.My Baldwin Dear Mr. Prime Cameron Minister Dear Mr. President Dear Alison Hitchcock Dear Manager Dear Personnel Manager FionaDear Mrs Bullock Dear Prof. Fisher Hello, Mr. Joe auain Endings Salutations Orange Street 4-6 Canterbury Dear DrJ.F. Banks, Pilgrims Ltd Director ofStudies Dr J.F. Banks 2JA Kent CT1 England 1600 Pennsylvania Ave NW Washington United States ofAmerica President BarakObama D.C. 20500 119454 MOSCOW 76 Prospect Vernadskogo Ministry ofForeignMinistry Affairs Moscow State Relations(University) ofInternational Institute RUSSIA 09. 22.2011 #6 ( UK style) You canemailmeortelephone meatthenumbergiven inmy CV — With reference to on…website, your advertisement Iaminterested inapplyingfor — Please findattached (resume)CV my — ______. ______my applicationletter, resume andtwo references — I would I begrateful ifyou would consider my application — amavailable I for aninterview — appreciate I your timeandconsideration andIhopeto hearfrom you soon — believe I Iwould beasuitablecandidate for the position — have I asa attachedmy CV Word document — attachmy I asrequested CV — I’d liketo onyour applyfor website theposition…advertised — highlyinterested amvery/ I inthe….position — Science attheUniversityScience ofAmsterdam. Ihave completed my PhDinthesocialsciences attheFree Ex. 5.Fill inthegapsfollowing email. worked for anumberofEUagenciesIhave Ihave oftheEUstructures; agoodknowledge alsogained University ofBerlin,andthemanuscripthas beenapproved by theassessment committee. Governance” number1.2011.0068). 2)______(vacancy Subject: Subject: in a project thatwillworkin aproject ofregional oncoding therulesandauthority regimes. good organizational skills. motivatedcial andpoliticalmodeling. to learnnewmodelingtechniques. Iamalsovery As Ihave
______if you consider my application. ______due to my experience andinterest intheproject. ______thePostdoc positionin Causes andConsequences ofMultilevel“The Yours sincerely, While doingmy PhDIgainedconsiderable exper Dear Sir/Madam, I wish to further pursue a career in regional studies and I am particularly interested in taking part pursuea career interested part inregionalI wishto further intaking studiesandIamparticularly I have international academicexperience asIdidmy BAinPPEatOxford inPolitical andMSc the post/position PART 3.FROMPARAGRAPH TOESSAY application vacancy number1.2011.006 application vacancy Emails have become themostcommon Below isalistofphrasesusedin form ofapplyingfor ajob. job applicationemails: ience inapplyingcomputational science to so- 149
UNIT 5 UNIT 5 . ‘impersonal’ (withoutany pronoun, ‘clipped’) 3. THERE ARE OFTHREE STYLES WRITING A RESUME: THE CV/ RESUME & COVER LETTER 1. Stick to one style Stickto onestyle 1. 1. In thefirstperson( In 1. . Work onword choice: avoid repetition 4. . Donot overuse 1) ‘I’(in caseofstyle 2. USEFUL TIPS: 2. In thethird In person( 2. b) Rewritetomake iteasier tounderstandtheapplicant’s achievements. 150 3. Use action words Use action (‘managed’, ‘accomplished’, ‘improved’ etc) 3. Ex. 6. Improve the part ofaresumeEx. 6.Improve by following the thepart PRACTICE 2 PRACTICE . Checkyour grammar andspelling 5. a) Paraphrase thesentences soastoavoid toomany personalpronouns. their staffs atinternational levels. I have Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи Profile I have specialized and projects increasingly inthemanagement ofcomplex multi-cultural (am) agoodcandidate/match for thejob (have) specialized in in (am) highlyskilled (extensive) experience (with) very interestedvery in pursuingacareer with /in a good working knowledge of knowledge a goodworking able to clearlyandbriefly present facts to developability relationships andnetworks to getalongwithpeople ability a good/soundunderstandingof My responsibilitiesMy include(d) excellent (communication/etc.) skills my …(three/ five/ten) years as/with my diverse/distinctive background I believe Icould contribute I wasresponsible for leadership abilities A listofusefulphrases for resume andcover/ Your languageshouldbesimple, andclear. direct, Describeyour job history in terms of job skills. Make every word every count intermsMake ofjobskills. job history (e.g., instead of “in today,” society use “now”). motivation letter: I have… he/she has… ) ) experience in:strategic forward-planning;operating Useful tips. won supervised supervised achieved trained improved implemented opened generated coordinated recommended proposed motivated restructured managed
Action Action words Typing documents andentering customer details onto databasesystems. additionIlearnthow to In Admin Assistant April 2008—July April 2009—Present Analysis. Suggest rephrasing sentences where appropriate. Worked atacreative design studiomy dutiesincludedcreating web content, editinggraphics and Ex. 7. Check the extracts fromEx. 7.Checktheextracts aresume forspellingandgrammar mistakes, writing copy for client’s websites andpromotional materials. additionIlearntto editweb In pages within thetightfinancialdisciplinesimposed by ambitiousbudgetswhichIhave helped to plan; Czech Republic, Prague Graphic Design Intern and theapplicationofmodernleadershipmethods(through staffmotivationandinvolvement My duties include organising and filing paperwork, settingupmailingsystems asandwhen dutiesinclude organisingrequired.My andfilingpaperwork, dutiesinvolveMy trainingendusershow to applicationssuchas useandoperate software Word, development, includessoftware databasesystems,Modules Intro to MultimediaandSystems May 2003 University ofCentral London Dec 2006—2007 tently hitmy targets on adailybasis. Excel andPowerPoint. beginners intheuseoftools Onoccasions suchasoperatinga Ialsoinstruct HND keyboard andmouse. Responsiblefor maintenance ofhardware usedfor andsoftware trainingpur- in both decision-making andtarget-setting, incommunication,in bothdecision-making andeasypersonalinter- clarity ers onadailybasisusingCzech. common problems. other cultures, aswell asa command ofseveral European languages, soIamconfident inhan- dling negotiationsthatrequire thereconciliation ofdifferent nationalapproaches otherwise to using applicationssuchasDreamweaver. ofmy internship As Ihadto part takebasicCzech lessons manage my timeeffectively andprioritize andasa my result ofthisImanaged toworkload consis- poses andrecommending repairs to management. relations). Icome from acosmopolitan background andIhave always hadanalyticalinterests in methodical administrationto deadlines(notto speakofcrisismanagementwhere necessary); entry into universities,entry andisconsidered equivalentto thefirst orsecond year ofauniversity degree course. IT Mentor IT Mentor Volunteer punctuation. for approx two weeks, the mostchallenging wasto usewhat Ilearntandconverse withmy co-work- 32
A higher National Diploma is a higher education qualification in the UK. A higherNationalDiplomais ahighereducationqualificationintheUK. This qualificationcanbeusedto gain The Salvation Army EMPLOYMENT HISTORY EDUCATION HM Revenue &Customs European TrainingServices 20 PART 3.FROMPARAGRAPH TOESSAY inComputing 151
UNIT 5 UNIT 5 Then Iwasposted to Paris asapress attaché, where Iwascharged withexplaining theUK’s policies, on 152 Ex. 9.Transform intoasuitabledraft (extract from thistext aninterview) Sujeevan Satheesan,29,works for theForeign andCommonwealth ashead Office valuable in this position. I 6) _____ a number of innovative projects and I have demonstrated 7) _____ valuable inthisposition.I6)_____anumberofinnovative andIhave projects demonstrated 7) Ex. 8.Fill inthegapsusingwords from thelistsabove. Suggesthow you can world, coming across different mindsetsandidea— your interestingcolleagues tend be to very with thePalestinians andEgypt; orcallingontheSudanesepresident between Gaza to accept blue- which helped to build organizations from start-up base.which helpedto buildorganizations from start-up Union’s common foreign policy, whichiswhere together ex- the27member countries oftheEUact sionally visitthegymto keepfitandswimona regular basis. find it can be difficult to co-ordinate find itcanbedifficult to overseas postingswiththeirspouse’s jobandchildren’s school- ternally. That judgesandprosecutors; mightmeantheEUtrainingIraqi runningaborder checkpoint the jobcanbedifficultat times. And you need consistentlyto producework atahighlevel, because then switch to economic relations with China. billthatratified BulgariaandRomania’sto work ontheparliamentary Accession Treaty. to your organization dueto my 2)_____described inmy resume. improve thetext. ing, although thatisn’t anissuefor meyet. it’s your jobto represent and protect your country’s interests –it’s abigresponsibility. Alot ofpeople helmeted UNpeacekeepers inDarfur. isproposed,When anaction we lookatthelegalbasefor it,its how to create successful people-oriented programmeshow to create thathelppeoplesetgoalsandcope with successful people-oriented everything from tradeissues toeverything Iraq, to French journalists. After two years there, Icamebackto London of theFrance andCommon Foreign Policy team. andSecurity change. people, too. budget and, more broadly, whattheUKthinksaboutit. rica; oratheme, likecounter-terrorism orhumanrights. I’m ontheEuropean headofateam working makes me4)_____.Ihave 5)_____inprogramme/project management,whichwillbeextremely In my basisIhelptoIn leisure editandproofread timeandonvoluntary manuscriptsanddocuments for anonprofit organization calling The Headless Way. Ienjoy reading booksasapastimeandocca- of acover letter. Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи As you see, we move between jobsquite frequently, soyou onarmscontrol, mightbeworking A particular strength situations. ofmineisto applysolid8)_____inconflict IalsohaveA particular 9) Why doyou love your job? What doesyour jobinvolve? What’s toughaboutit? Plus, it’s always varied. firstjobwasmanaging theUK’s My relationship with andwithOman. Kuwait Policy jobsattheForeign orare eitherbased Office region, likearound a or country Af- Pakistan I amexcited ofjoiningxxxUniversity asSenior atthepossibility Training Manager. 1)______International affairsisafascinatingareaInternational to in.work You get to withpeoplefromwork all over the It’s definitely challenging. You’re dealingwith often complex, sensitive issues, soit follows that I possessauniquecombination of3)____teaching, managementandmarketing____,which I 10)_____inacademicprogramme development atyour university. INTERESTS _____
a lot
. State themainideainfirstorsecond sentence. 1. . match your applicationto thejobdescription given inthead 1. . Avoid slang, jargon, elitistlanguage. 4. . Bepleasant,polite andencouraging. 7. Applying for jobs, internships, andgraduate/professional programs requires, often from filling apart WRITING AN OPINION ESSAY WITH ELEMENTS OF DESCRIPTION WRITING TO GET A JOB 2. Be factual. Avoid Befactual. emotioninbusinessletters. 2. . Avoid overused words (very, basically, etc.). 6. . bebrief, descriptive anddynamic 2. SECTION 2.SECTION USEFUL TIPS: . emphasiseyour andadaptability flexibility 4. . address your applicationto aspecificpersoninthe company 3. Look attheguidelines below andsaywhetherall oftheseare relevant whenwriting a Lead-in. are the mainfeatures What ofaformalletter? 3. Be specific — give all the necessary details. Bespecific— give allthenecessary 3. . Use voice. theactive 5. FORMAL LETTER — GENERAL GUIDELINES:FORMAL LETTER attention to detail, butalsohave to lookatthebiggerpicture. thecapacity toThe learnlan- ability to ministers, soyou’ve дел)onyour (вкурсе area. gotto betotally up-to-speed You needto pay to outlinetheirstrengths confidently and concisely. just aboutpersuadingcolleagues orotherdiplomats—you mightalsohave to give advice directly guages, andthenbeconfident aboutusingthem,alsohelps. out anapplicationform 22 21 letter ofapplication. Look itupormakeacallto findoutthenameandmakesure to spellitright! These are usuallyfilledoutonline. You’ve gotto beableto thinkthingsthrough inaconsidered, way. well-organised The jobisn’t What doyou skills needtobeagooddiplomat? PART 3.FROMPARAGRAPH TOESSAY 21 , writingaresume and acover orapplicationletter. Applicantsare expected The Independent 22 /from an interview by Alex McRae, by AlexMcRae, /from aninterview
, 15February 2007/ 153
UNIT 5 UNIT 5 . Whatdoyou write inthetop right-handcorner? 1. . Whatdoyou write below it? 2. 154 Ex. 10.Studythesampleletterofapplication payingattentiontoitsorganisation. Check your understanding. LETTER OF APPLICATIONLETTER … next tothe … next Yours sincerely, side below the side below the signature. date. the left-hand the left-hand address of the address ofthe writing to on writing toon comma. after your your after name and name and pany you are person orcom- gin, followed by acomma. name clearly name clearly letter Yours mar-left-hand followed by a faithfully, or Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи Write your Write your Write Dear Write Dear Write the End your The purposeofaletter ofapplication isto attractenoughpositive attention sothat theemployer willcallyou to setupaninterview. 5-star hotel. view atany time. with many Englishvisitors, andoccasionally someEnglishtrainees, hotels inBrighton, Eastbourne and Torquay. Since leaving Bailey’s ship at l’hotel Geneve, spending time in all departments ofthis Geneve,ship atl’hotel spending timeinalldepartments I have beenmanager attheBelleanHotel,I Swaby. Inow feel Ishould like thegreater challengeofmanaging agroup ofprestigious hotels. to usemy EnglishwhenIworkedlish hotels at andanopportunity the position. issue of The Caterer andHotelkeeper andshouldliketo applyfor hotel Ibecamealmostbilingual. Ihave always studiedEnglish,and I was able to practice myI wasableto practice spokenEnglish. Yours sincerely, 24 LakelandRoad, As requested, Ienclosemy CV. asix-year apprentice- Iserved Southern LeisureSouthern Hotels Ltd, signature German ismy mothertongue butasIworked at aFrench-owned My threeMy years atBailey’s Hotels alsogave meexperience inEng- Mr George Davies.Mr Director, Dear Mr Davies,Dear Mr Bedhampton, Mendleshire KR49UJ Hans Gunter If IamgivenIf two orthree days’ notice Icould attend aninter- I saw for your aGroup advertisement inthisweek’s Manager Write George to Davies. Mr withfull CV Director, Southern LeisureSouthern Hotels Ltd, 24LakelandRoad, Bedhampton, Mendleshire KR59UJ Southern LeisureSouthern Hotels Group Manager 46 Chorleywood Road 46 Chorleywood Rickmansworth, Herts Herts WD3 4ES 25 th April2000 — — — separate lines your address. corner. Do date below address on graphs to: rate para- name. not writeyour right-hand in thetop
ti wri you are your le give say why details or extra conclude informa- Use sepa- Write the Write your on ti ng tt er . Whatinformation doyou give inseparate paragraphs? 7. . Iam20years old, andhave justcompleted ayear’s intensive studyofEnglishattheLanguage 1. . Whendoyou usethefollowing salutations? 4. . Where doyou write thenameandaddress ofthepersonorcompany you are writingto? 3. . Ihopethisistheinformation ofpersonyou for. you are needandIamthekind looking so If 2. writing are notobserved. Make corrections. . Whendoyou usetheseendings? 5. Ex. 11.Put theparagraphs oftheletterinrightorder. Ex. 12.a)Readthefollowing letterofapplication andpointoutwhichrulesofletter . Ihave alsocompleted acourse for Englishsecretaries Secretarial College; attheMountain my 4. Certificate and the Certificate of inEnglish). andthe Certificate Certificate Proficiency . Iamwritinginreply to intheDailyNews your intheForeign for advertisement asecretary 3. is English,soIgrew upfluentinbothlanguages. Ipassedbothofthe Cambridge Examinations(First in office procedure. . How shouldyou sign your letter? 6. 15 12 RueChantily Yours Yours truly Yours sincerely DearSirorMadam faithfully Dear Brown DearMr /MsSmith Dear Madam Sir My shorthand speedinEnglishis120wpmandmy speedis 150wpm.Iwasalsotrained typing shorthand My Dear Mr Green, Dear Mr Dear Mr Manager,Dear Mr Paris deFrance I am writing about your advertisement forI amwritingaboutyour abilingualsecretary. advertisement andmy mother fatherisItalian My Academy father isFrench atRouen. My andmy motherisAustrian, soIambilingualinFrench and German. Department. typing speed in English is 50 wpm, I am used to audio typing inEnglishandIcan use aword speedinEnglishis50wpm,Iamusedto audiotyping typing hearing from you. processor. I would begrateful for more detailsaboutthejobandanapplicationform. Ilookforward to PART 3.FROMPARAGRAPH TOESSAY th August 2008 Personnel Manager Wessex UV208DT Thrush Books Ltd Marthe Lachasse Marthe 15 Rowans Road Yours sincerely, 155 Mr J.K.Green Mr Boundley
UNIT 5 UNIT 5 . Whatpositionare you applyingfor? 1. . Whenandhow cantheemployer reach you to setupaninterview? 7. . Whatmakesyou speciallyqualified specialabilities,for theposition?(skills, background, 4. . How didyou findoutabouttheopening? 2. . Why are you interested inthispositionwith company? 3. 156 Ex. 15.Find onhttp://www.jobfinder.com ajobadvertisement andwrite . Whatcanyou contribute to thecompany? 5. Ex. 13. Read the ad for a bilingual secretary againandanswer thefollowingEx. 13.Readtheadforabilingualsecretary questions Ex. 14.Compose your own letterofapplication forthepositionof about theposition. 6. When can you start work? Whencanyou start 6. the positionyou are advertising. in writingasifyou were goingtoapplyforthejob. information.Makeif thelettergives allthenecessary alistofthethingssuchletters b) Compare inex.14anddecide theletterwithcorresponding jobadvertisement a letterofapplication. a bilingualsecretary. must include. Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи I lookforward to hearingfrom you. I enclosearecent photograph ofmyself andIshouldbegrateful to receive information further I amalsointerested ininternational communications, andtherefore interested Iamextremely in education, experience, motivation,etc.) The Employer. Company isanEqualOpportunities Ave. de MontNoir, 6942Basel, Switzerland. Applications with achallengeto grow withinthisexpanding she must be bilingual in Italian andEnglish;oneor she mustbebilingualinItalian with photograph, addressed totheInternational Marketing Consultant, are welcome. an outgoing personality andhighethicalstandards.an outgoing personality more otherEuropean languageswould bewelcome. for Milan.He/ theirnewofficebilingual secretary in Competitive salary and good benefits package, andgoodbenefitspackage, Competitive salary international grinternational excellent to communicate, secretarial theability skills, A well-established AmericancompanyA well-established requires a Our agentisTheEuropeanOur Communications Group, oup, are offered to 19–24 year oldswith Bilingual Secretary Yours sincerely,
Spain Ex. 16. Study the CV andtheresume givenEx. 16.StudytheCV below. Work outthemainrequirements for Phone: 34(3)2001437 Email [email protected] c/Calvet 546 08021 Barcelona 23 a CV/ resume.a CV/ CV (CURRICULUM VITAE) = RESUME Course aboutFutures andOptionsorganized by MEFFRentaFija. — — Member oftheuniversity magazineAULA Member 13. — 1998–2002 2002–2008 CV —BrE,resume —AmE. CV Summer 2004 Summer 2005 Sept.07-present Oct.2005 optrSil F Computer Skills Oct.06–Apr.2007 Professional experience Extracurricular activities Extracurricular SpanishandCatalan (mothertongues) Languages Language andcomputer skills Education
PART 3.FROMPARAGRAPH TOESSAY o Tubcor, S.A. Viajes Eros. Control Department. Grifé &Escoda, Centros shopping, S.A. C.C.L. Private Institution C.D.E.S. ABAT OLIBA.University ofBarcelona. Manager Department. Manager French (basicnotions) English (fluent) elor’s Degree inBusiness Administration Management. Benkers, A.V., S.A. luent in Windows, Word, Excel, DbaseandMSAccess. DOLORES TERESA ARANA DOLORES TERESA Born on20 Spanish Citizen Barcelona. Travel Agency. Account Department. Vilafranca delPenedés. Metallurgy sector. Quality 23 S.L.Barcelona. SalesDepartment. = BRIEF PERSONAL HISTORY # 1 th Barcelona. Stock Trading Company. Account April, 1984 Barcelona SalesAuditory. Controller. . High School andCollege. School . High Barcelona Bach- 157
UNIT 5 UNIT 5 Winner scholarshipin2001. ofRhodes — work experience — — special skills, activities, honours activities, specialskills, — Graduated intheupper95 — law review. ChiefEditor ofHarvard — — Moderating compensation packages for compensation employees packages Moderating intheclaimsdepartment. — Managingthebudgetfor claims. — Registered asanattorney by theUSgovernment passingtheprofessional after law examin2003. — 1997)from Bachelor'sDegree Brown (June inSociology university. — Bachelor'sLaw degree law from school(2001). Harvard — — Re-organized thelegalrecord keepingsystem Re-organized by computerization oftherecords whichreduced — Reduced fraudinclaimsby evaluationcriteria 25%asaresult before ofimplementingstrict — summonspapersfor clients. court Drafting — Keepingoflegalrecords proceedings. for court — Ensuringclientshave beenpaidincivilcases. — education — career objective — personalinformation — . Divideyour resume into sections: 1. To work inafairandtransparent firm justicecommitted onbehalfoftheclientsatall costs. seeking to Tel: 243536456 2001–2003: Legal services clerkatJameslaw2001–2003: Legal firm services &Stratton2004 to firm. date: ClaimsmanageratKaplan Address: P.O BOX 454646New Jersey . Use reverse chronological order for work experience 2. Academic Qualification: Achievements 158 . Keeptheformat concise. clearand the text 3. RESUME — GENERAL GUIDELINES: Cell phone:234535468 information:Contact E-mail:[email protected] Career Objective: Name: Collins KentCarlos Responsibilities: Responsibilities 24 LEGAL EXPERIENCE Educational Qualification: Professional Qualification Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи
Info aboutageandmaritalstatusis considered optionalinthe USA.
the timefor searching for records. This eventually improvedby 25%. efficiency claims are handedout. 24 th percentile ofundergraduate classatBrown University. #2 The fact that I carried on taking risks, though,could bebecausemy thatIcarriedontaking The fatherwasatest fact pilotandso Write Fleur’s resume. ( Ex. 18.Write Allen’s Benedict below andtheguidelines. usingthetext CV vironment, getlotsoffresh air. Butattimesitisalsoundeniablydangerous. why So doesanyone Ex. 17.Look “Fleur’s through thetext Career” Fleur’s resume. Look upthemissinginformationinReader, 1. Employment, text Look foradditional informationintheinternetifnecessary. /e.g. strand; there followed same year, adangerous 1983,heandagroup 600milejourneythrough oflocalsundertook the scientific expeditionsand to travel alone, learningfrom thelocals. flunked thefinalexam;instead, hetried to work out how to cross perhapsthe remotest forest on М. 2007,c. 255. New Guinea, Allen set off in search of the lost ape-men ofSumatra (1988);a year later hewroteNew Guinea,Allensetoffinsearch ofthelostape-men the through the Namib Desert (1995); through theNamibDesert third book the catalyst for his wanderlust (страсть к путешествиям); by theendofthird, кпутешествиям); the catalyst for herecognised hiswanderlust(страсть the East Anglia,whichheentered in1978.Hejoinedthree scientificexpeditionsduringhislast year and gramme, crossed thewholeofAmazon Basin,a3,500milejourneyofalmosteightmonths. To describethis level ofacceptance.gained anextraordinary Ten years hisfirstexpeditionintheAmazon after he eventually firstbook eaten hisdogto His survive. of theforestmalaria—having beenattackedby goldminers, aloneandwithtwo sorts fledand whichlay between themouthofOrinoco andthemouthofAmazon. earth, gained fullmarksfor histhesis. The firstoftheseexpeditions(to a volcano in Rica) was to be Costa relyingoperandi (образдействия): instead onlocal, ofmoderninventions. indigenousknowledge choose to become anadventurer? The answer inmy caseseemsto bethat,atleastintheearlydays, golia, culminatinginasix-week (1997). lonewalkacross theentire GobiDesert perilous journeyhewrote abook anAborigine highlysuspicious ofall community In reached theGibsonDesert. “whitefellas,” he published in1985. to getawayperhaps beenlucky becausethat’s withitattimes, Isurvive whatIamtrainedto do.’ 25 I’ve inherited a “fearlessness gene.” theend, adventure In hasbecome my profession: althoughI’ve I didn’t Justlikeany accept otheryoungster thatIwasseriouslyatrisk. Ithoughtwasimmortal. local people as «the real experts». It was at this point that he decided not to participate in any further inany further wasatthispointthathedecidednotto participate It local peopleas«thereal experts». http://www.benedictallen.com/about_Benedict_Allen.htm/ forest by foot feat wasaremarkable andcanoe. —anditalmost cost himhislife. It Hewalkedout Benedict Allen Benedict см.Курс английского студентов для языковых вузов языка Е. Л. Б. Ястребова, Г. Владыкина,М. В. Ермакова ‘There isalotto recommend my‘There job. You meetinteresting people, have achallenging work en- Allen waseducated atBradfield College, and read EnvironmentalScience attheUniversity of Benedict Colin Allen(bornMarchBenedict 1,1960)isaBritishtraveller, modus for bestknown hissurvival Having written hissecond book Having worked inabookwarehouse to getbasicfunds, hearrived Americaandthat inSouth It wasthenthattheBBCaskedAllento takeavideocameraonhisadventures.It firstpro- His In 1989,AllentravelledIn to Papua NewGuinea, crossed the Torres Straitto Australia andfinally In 1981hewent ontoIn theUniversity ofAberdeen to read Ecology for and MSc, butwasdistracted PART 3.FROMPARAGRAPH TOESSAY Raiders oftheLost Lake Hunting theGugu ) The Skeleton Coast . , gained the highest viewing figures in the history ofthe, gainedthehighestviewingfigures inthehistory Video Diary Through JaguarEyes The EdgeofBlueHeaven, Into theCrocodile Nest series, the story ofhisarduous series, three thestory andahalfmonthwalk Mad White Giants Mad White 25 and find the facts necessary towrite andfindthe necessary facts . (1987),whichdescribesajourneyinside abouthisfive monthtrek throughMon- , anaccount ofthisjourney, was 159
UNIT 5 UNIT 5 “Living inharmony withNature”. — skills you’ve skills learnt — awards, honours, scholarships; — — extracurricular activities extracurricular — courses taken,degrees earned — educationalinstitutions — majorfieldsofstudies, — . Why you are writingtheletter, i.e. why you want theposition; 1. The career to objective: launchanew programme for teenagers TV . Additional information (anything you thinkis likely to LEADto an invitation for aninterview). 3. . Why theemployer/university should beinterested inyou; 2. USEFUL TIPS: Any smallthingcounts ifitisrelevant to thejobyou are applyingfor. 160 Special qualities(dependability, to learnquickly, ability etc., give examples) With concentrate nowork on history Ex. 19.Find ajobadonhttp://www.jobfinder.com andwrite your own resume. GRADUATES’ CV/RESUME seminars inBritainandaround theworld —buthealsogives talks, whentimepermits, atschools. and to HaiitiandMexico; healsowrote abook, Education section: into thedramaticandmysterious world around ofshamansandwitchdoctors theglobefrom Tuva plorer —apersonpushing frontiers inany sphere ofhumanlife. mostrecent His book explorers ontheedgeofsurvival Prompt: quest to understandwhatitisthatenablesany hardship. ofusto survive Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи
COVER ~ LETTER MOTIVATION ~ LETTER PERSONAL STATEMENT NONE oftheseshouldREPEAT the information given inyour resume butDWELLon the More recently, Allenhaspresented In 1999, Allen persuaded the BBC to undertake thebiggestever such series:aninvestigation 1999,AllenpersuadedtheBBCto undertake In TV In his next book hisnext In In 2009–2011 Benedict Allen is a much sought after speakeratcorporate Allenisamuchsoughtafter meetings, 2009–2011Benedict conferences,In NB NB Travellers Century The purposeisto tieallofthepieces ofyour application(applicationform, resume) together. Cover letter isthemostformal ofthese three, motivationletter, asthenameimplies, most important pointswhichare: most important personal statement ismore common whenapplyingto auniversity. focuses mostonwhy you wantthispositionandpersonalqualities; The Faber BookofExploration , aseriesonthegreat traditionofBritishtravel writing. (2006) Adventure forBoys
tells the full story oftheIcedogs expeditionandBenedict’stells thefullstory Last oftheMedicineMen (2002), Benedict Allen (2002),Benedict , a documentary on Rider Haggard for onRider BBC4, , adocumentary (2000).
presents hisviewofanex- Into theAbyss: whether theapplicants followed theadvice above. Ex. 20.Readthefollowing academic cover letter(1)andmotivation letter(2)andsay writing. After into developing abookmanuscript,Iplanto my continue my dissertation work in students, advanced writing, andbusinesswriting. Ihave alsoworked asateaching mentor for new Composition Theory, since the1960sfrom examinestheshift expressive modelsofwritingtoward about theworld around them. at ***University working on a dissertation under the direction ofProfessor underthedirection onadissertation at ***University working ***.Currently revising the MLAJobInformation List.Iamagraduateand composition intheOctober thatyou student advertised tural texts of all kinds butalsoto helpthembecome more of allkinds tural texts discerning readers ofandforceful writers thinkers, andwriters; my goalisalways not onlyto promote engagementwithcul- theirintellectual third offive chapters, to complete Iexpect all work for thePh.D. May by of2009.Ibelieve that my teach- ing my graduate studies, includingfirst-year writing for bothnative speakersandsecond language ing andtutoring experience combined withmy course work andresearch background inrhetoric and convenience. Icanbereached at my homephonenumberoryou canreach meat(203)416–1890. of letters ofreference, writingsamples, teaching evaluations, andpastproposed course syllabi. current composition theory throughcurrent acriticalexaminationoftherhetoric oftechnological composition theory advance- experiences for studentsonanindividualbasisasatutor inour measateacher hasbeeninstructing opment ofcourse materials, andevaluationof graduate students, apositionthatinvolved inmethodsofcomposition teaching, instruction devel- makemeastrong candidate forcomposition theory thepositionoutlinedinyour notice. university Writing Lab.university Writing prestigious.edu/~name. allofmy In writingcourses Iencourage studentsto become criticalreaders, ment inthecomputer-mediated writing classroom. now-dominant postmodern conceptions of decentered subjectivity and self-construction through postmodernconceptionsnow-dominant andself-construction ofdecentered subjectivity I willbeavailable ateithertheMLAor for aninterview laboratory for my dissertation research. My project, Applications of Recent Models of Subjectivity in for research. ofSubjectivity ApplicationsofRecent project, my Models laboratory My dissertation As my resume shows, Ihave to hadexcellentofwritingcourses teach dur- avariety opportunities Arcadia, WV 24803 Arcadia, WV Syllabi andothermaterials for my writingcourses can beviewed atmy website: http://machine. Sincerely Glen Smart Chair, EnglishDepartment My workMy inthecomposition classroom hasprovided of mewiththeinspirationaswell asakind Dear DrBright: CollegeDexter Box 58 Dr. Serena Bright November 21,2008 I thankyou for your consideration andlookforward to hearingfrom you. I have includedmy resume and would behappy to sendyou additionalmaterials suchasadossier I amwritingto applyfor thepositionofassistantprofessor ofEnglishwithanemphasisonrhetoric PART 3.FROMPARAGRAPH TOESSAY new graduate instructors. Amongthemostsatisfying #1 CCCC conven CCCC tion, orelsewhere atyour Lawrenceville, NJ08648 [email protected] 321 Willow Lane 321 Willow 609-555-1212 161 Glen Smart
UNIT 5 UNIT 5 162 Scottish Sea Bird Sea Scottish centre andthenasanexpeditionguideinPeru’s threatened rainforests. Bythetime Ex. 21. Read the text andwriteyour versionEx. 21.Readthetext ofHelen’s motivation lettertoHaloin fitting. I am also very motivatedfitting. learnnewmodeling to Iamalso techniques.very Additionally, I come from the CV to Halo CV an earlystageresearcher Curie inaMarie training and theproposedto gainnewexperience would project inthisfield. give Iampar- meopportunity PhD research modelingcombined withexperimentation.Duringmy inthearea ofkinetic periodas tion andexperimentaldesign. the early 1970s, when the country wasfighting the early1970s,for itsindependence whenthecountry from Portugal. Learning to bea border ofMozambique, intheminefields laid training onthenorthern by the backin Portuguese ticularly interested whichallows inaproject inworking quantitative testing ofthemodelpredictions. Helen returned to Britainshehaddecidedwanted to work inahumanitarian field. Shesenther Luxembourg. This allowed meto gainexperience invariousmodelingapproaches, datainterpreta- Helen Gray, 30,from isheadofall-women Scotland team inMozambique —andtheyhave one of eukaryotic genetranscriptionincollaboration of eukaryotic of themostdangerous Helenwasbrought jobsintheworld uponanEastLothian —de-mining. experimental molecularbiologybackground, whichwould bebeneficial for thisposition. do thejobwell andto stay alive. work;thedrill theylearnissystematic andrepetitive, ispainstaking butitistheonlywayde-miner to position inyour group. more than100,000mines. project. 28 27 26 a) 2004,b)2009. It deployed its first de-mining Mozambiqueteam in on deployed 20,1994,and by now hasexploded itsfirstde-mining February It farm; after finishing her BSc inbiologyandanthropology finishingherBSc atDurhamUniversityfarm; after she worked for the Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи Hazardous Area Life-Support Organisation. Hazardous Area Life-Support eastScotland. South differential ordinary equation. Subject: Motivation letter Motivation Subject: Sincerely yours, Dear Sir/Madam, Date: 26 Katja FisherKatja From: Fisher K.N. Helen hasworked for Halosince 2004—whenshewasjust24doingherinitialsixmonth I have considerable experience withODE interestedI amvery inthePostdoc “Design anddynamicsofintracellular signalling algorithms” I have completed educationbothinmolecularandSystems biologyandproceeded to domy I believe Iwould beasuitablecandidate for thepositiondueto my experience andinterest inthe I appreciate your timeandconsideration andhopeto hearfrom you soon. to pursueacareer intheareaI wishfurther ofquantitative modelingofbiological phenomena 28 th , non-profit non-governmental organization withitsheadoffice inDumfries, Scotland. ofMay 2010 26 andstochastic modelingframeworks andparameter #2 with experimentalgroups inKuopio (Finland) and network Ihave worked primarilyonthemodeling 27
“My dream job”?“My What doesthisgenreWhat have incommon withanopinionparagraph /essay? What elements ofdescriptionshouldbeusedtoproduceWhat aneffective essay you can describe: (see part Iunit4ifindoubt). (see part you canreturn inafew monthsandseemaize growing orthehousesschoolsthathave been what is important inwritingadescription? what isimportant Lead-in. are What thetypical characteristics ofadescriptive paragraph? what Discuss Prepare anapplication “package” (letter/email+resume +cover PROJECT WORK PROJECT the afternoon. the afternoon. The day by working isdictated theneedto avoid theworst oftheheat.Even so, itis the minefieldsandthenhave leave. aneight-day its 370staffandabudgetof£1.8million. hard to maintainphysical strength andconcentration Since —bothcrucialfor lapsesin de-miners. jobs.” concentration could befatal, theytakeaten-minute hour. break every They work for three weeks in miners to anunsafe area to cleartheland. That landthengoesbackto thelocalcommunity, and built there. The landmineproblem hasgone—forever. You don’t ofreward inmany getthatsort 29 Brainstorming or motivation letter)forapersonofyour choice. Usetheinternetsources. The useofwords andphrasesinliterature to create avividimageofsomething. ………….. ? “My jobgives“My metremendous satisfaction,” Helensays. isbrilliantto beableto sendde- “It useofimagery an experience an event an idea a place an object De-miners are awake at6am,finishing1pmin sinceDe-miners 4.30am—work intheminefieldsstarts clear structure use of facts, statistics use offacts, use ofscientificdata use ofmetaphoricallanguage(metaphors, comparisons) reliance onsenses In February 2009,HelenGrayIn wasaskedto runthe focus ondetails PART 3.FROMPARAGRAPH TOESSAY 29
WITH ELEMENTS OF DESCRIPTION WRITING AN OPINION ESSAY country’s operations, withresponsibility for all 163
UNIT 5 UNIT 5 1. times: full-time / part-time job, times:full-time/part-time office hours/shifts, retirement age, business trips 1. . location:inner/outer city, near homeornot,etc. 2. 164 4. type of work: skilled / unskilled, repetitive /unskilled, /creative, ofwork: skilled type clerical/managerial, challenging /routine, etc. 4. Ex. 23. Study the list of compound participle adjectives andchoosethosewhichcanEx. 23.Studythelistofcompound participle Ex. 22.Studythelistofadjectives. words Which can describeajob/work? Is the outline suitable for a descriptive essay? Decide which aspects are worth are whichaspects worth Is theoutlinesuitableforadescriptive essay?Decide well-spoken . conditions: pay, facilities, work environment, jobsecurity, career prospects, etc. 3. Make more wcollocations withthefollowing adverbs: 5. job satisfaction high-ranking, labour-saving,high-ranking, low-paid, money-launder behaved, well-balanced, well-bred, well-connected, well-grounded, well-paid, well-rounded, back-breaking, easy-going, far-reaching, ground-breaking, good-looking, high-powered, Brainstorming. considering (you don’t have toincludeallofthem). describe anemployee/worker andajob/work. Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи i)xeine steady professional (in)experienced particular (un)demanding (over)confident imtop (un)grateful flexible firm wwr mundane menial manual awkward arrogant ambitious Brilliantly, completely, extremely, fiercely, highly, incredibly, perfectly, totally ideal high-pressure high-profile xiigslow skilled satisfying serious rude generous prestigious personable outgoing exciting outstanding excellent exceptional neat efficient eager critical courageous polite cordial competitive clever challenging eiae(ir)responsible quick delicate decent rgtnatural bright omdbewhite-collar tedious formidable fair
ing, short-lived, time-consuming, well- ing, time-consuming, short-lived, . The traditionalattitudetowards work makesafull-timeandwell-paid jobwithgoodcareer 2. . With somany peopleoutofwork anduniversity graduates endinguponthedole, there 1. 3. Are financial gain and material values more important than job satisfaction? Do we Are thanjobsatisfaction? work financialgainandmaterial liveto valuesmore important 3. Suggest your own beginning views andaspirations for thefuture. Adraft conclusion isgiven below. Isanything statement? Ex. 24.Chooseabeginning. firstparagraph Which techniquedothefollowing to an opinion essay based on description? Is there a satisfactory thesis to anopinionessaybasedondescription?Isthere a satisfactory Ex. 26.Write dream job”. anessay“My Ex. 25.Write theconclusion. Sumupwhatyou have considered; stateyour personal work. same time, itmustbefinancially rewardingyour family andenjoy sothat lifeyou cansupport outside gain. Personally, Iamconvinced thatonlycreative andchallenging work canbesatisfying. At the beginnings match? (see part 3 unit 2). Which doyou 3unit2).Which findmore appropriate beginnings match?(seepart missing init? All inall, Ibelieve thatanidealjobistheonewhichgives andmaterial bothmoral satisfaction consider different to ofajobanddecidewhichareyou. themost important aspects or live to work? dream ofit.Iamgoing to tell you aboutmy dream job. doesn’t we all seemto bemuchpointindescribinganidealjob.ofhearts Butinourheart prospects theidealofanaverageprospects adult.Isityour idealtoo? To answer thisquestionyou have to PART 3.FROMPARAGRAPH TOESSAY
UNIT 5 PART IV
WRITING A SURVEY REPORT AND A SUMMARY 1. equivalence use, 2010), Lithuania(13.5 % to 18.2 of2009and2010)Bulgaria(7.0 % between thesecond quarter % According thelargest numberofpeoplewhospeakRussianlives to inthefollowing thisReport, SECTION 1.SECTION . nonequivalence use, 2. UNIT 1 structures whichshow thefollowing? . smth/smb is “super” use, 3. the data of a survey report. the dataofasurvey Ex.2. Describe thesituationwithRussianlanguageusingaboveEx.2. Describe and structures Ex.1. Read the text andfindthestructuresdiscussedabove.Ex.1. Readthetext Lead-in. There are different ways ofmaking comparison. Can you give examples of . parallelincrease use. 4. If in doubt consult part 2,unit2. indoubtconsultIf part COMPARISON &CONTRAST REVISION amounted to thesame10 % asinJuly, 2010;however, compared to August 2009itincreased by as LANGUAGE FORSUR the EU. Bymid-2009,ithadreached thesamelevel asintheEU. to 10.1 %). total labour force. in the World whichcovered Report theRussianlanguagesituationin140countries oftheworld. est increases were registered inEstonia (13.5 % to 18.6 of2009and % between thesecond quarter countries: much as2 %. before risingsharplyasaresult oftheeconomic crisis. unemployment Seasonal rate inAugust In 2002, the Ministry ofForeign 2002,theMinistry AffairsIn oftheRussian Federation prepared The RussianLanguage The deepertheeconomic crisisgets, thehigher unemployment rate. August In 2010thehigh- Uzbekistan —17mln(70%) Uzbekistan —37mln(80%ofpopulation) Ukraine Belarus —8mln(80%) —12.6mln(85%) Kazakhstan In 2000,theunemployment rateIn inthe United States wasaround 4%,considerably lower thanin of2008,theEUunemployment hitalow of16millionpersons(arate thefirstquarter of6.7In %) In early2000,fewerIn than20millionpersonswere unemployed intheEU, slightlybelow 9%ofthe In writing survey reports we needto bringoutsimilarities often reports writingsurvey In and differences, to compare and contrast things. VEY REPORT Unemployment trends S (1): 169
UNIT 1 UNIT 1 . The USandJapanhave low unemployment rate. 1. . Youth unemployment ishighinSpainand Italy. 2. . The two leadingcompanies offer goodpay, fringebenefitsand a four-week holiday. 5. 10. Income and career Income play prospects alarge role injobsatisfaction. 10. . Long-term unemployment negatively social affects cohesion andeconomic growth. 7. . Qualificationsand ingettingajob.work experience are important 4. 170 Ex. 3.Paraphrase thefollowing usingtheabove structures Ex. 4.Paraphrase thesentences inasmany ways aspossibletoexpress similarity. . Earlyschoolleavers andqualificationsface long-term andyoung unem- peoplewithnoskills 3. PRACTICE 1 PRACTICE and Estonia. Youth unemployment rate stood at41,6%, 37,6%and37,2%respectively. Onthewhole, Other waysOther toexpress: the three EUleadersinthisrespect. The situation,however, seriousinSpain,Lithuania wasextremely the youth unemployment rate (thoseagedunder25)was19.8%intheeuro area and20.2%inthe EU. August In 2009theyouth unemployment rate was 20.1%and20.4respectively. The youth . Historically, women have beenmore affected High unemployment unemploymentby thanmen. 9. higher thelevel ofeducationattained. educational qualificationsare ofuse asunemployment job-seekers, to rates tend decreaseto the unemployment rate wasestimated as8,5%inAustria and8,8%inGermany andtheNetherlands: e.g. . Globalisationandtechnological progress have anever-increasing ondailylife. effect 8. 6. In theeuro area In andintheEUyouth unemployment rate fell inJulyandAugust 2011. 6. Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи There are 27membersoftheEuropean Union,butonly17belongto theeuro area.August In 2010, Turkmenistan —2.5mln(70%) Armenia —2.7mln(70%) —5.5mln(70%) Azerbaijan Nursesare similarto engine drivers inthatthey bothwork inshifts. Likeengine drivers nurseswork inshifts. Nursesandengine drivers alikework inshifts. Bothnursesandengine drivers work inshifts. Germany —6mln(6%) Moldova —3.5mln(100%) Bulgaria —5mln(70%) Nursesandengine drivers work inshifts. ployment. rates have ofyoung beencharacteristic people. similar in(that),to, alike, both like, similarly, aswell, also … and, iiaiycontrast similarity Youth unemployment hand in comparison, by contrast, ontheone etc. contrary, unlike, though,however, … ontheotherhand, onthe . ______white collar workers, whoreceive salaries, bluecollar workers receive wages. 1. . The answers compared to thoseinasimilarpollten years previously didnotchange. 4. 3. Thirty-four percent oftheFrench Thirty-four definedthemselves as Europeans. 3. 1. Only twenty-one percent oftheBritons polledin2001considered Onlytwenty-one themselves to be 1. 10. Eighty eightpercent ofallAmerican workers Eighty say thattheyare ______"satisfied"at work. 10. . The average unemployment rate intheEUfor young education peoplewithalower secondary 8. 7. In the Benelux countries the impact ofthecrisiswasnomore theBeneluxcountries thana1.0percent theimpact increase In in 7. . ______withotherEUcountries Germany isdoingsignificantlyyouth better intackling 2. . ineducationandtrainingisaboutthesamefor malesandfemales,______theparticipation 4. 2. Forty-two per cent of Italians and36percent ofGermanssaidtheyare percent Forty-two ofItalians Europeans. 2. structures aspossible. Ex. 6.Transform usingasmany thesentences comparison intoatext Ex. 5.Fill inthegapswithwords expressing difference. . Dr. Bard suggeststhatthere hasbeenaconsiderable lesseningofparents’ control over their 3. QUALIFICATION OF COMPARISON . Boys in1977were nomore likelyto spendevenings away from homethanboys in1924. 5. 5. In 1991thenumberofBritons whodeclared In themselves European ratherthanBritishwas15%; 5. 9. Income andcareer Income play prospects alarge ______,careers role with injobsatisfaction. 9. 6. Most youth seemto Most indicate surveys thatchildren are dissatisfiedwiththeirlives. Ourpoll, 6. (very) much (very) slightly somewhat a little a great deal hardly considerably rather ______, girls were substantiallymore independent oftheirparents in1977. ______, reveals thatchildren are muchhappierabouttheirlives, familiesandschoolsthan was 12.8%,______for thosewithauniversity degree itstood at4,5%. five percent fewer young women are inemployment. against closepoliticalunionwiththeEU. among olderpeople(over percent hadastrong andwere 50)ninety senseofnationalidentity a mere 4%ofthetotal workforce dissatisfied". claimto be"very are notallthatdifferent from thoseofapreceding generation. annual increase. the highestnumberofhappy workers are notnecessarily thebest-paying. European. children. ______,ourresearch suggeststhattheexperiences ofchildren andadolescents unemployment. unemployment. ______, Latvia, withanincreaseunemployment. ______,Latvia, of10percent recorded thelargest most adultsbelieve. PART 4.WRITINGASURVEYREPORTANDSUMMARY smaller etc. cheaper larger The mostpatriotic nation inEurope than… totally entirely completely quite different from Y. 171
UNIT 1 UNIT 1 172 1 Ex. 7.Complete thesentences withappropriate words from thetable. Usea)the Ex. 8. Analyse the data in the table “The highestandlowest paidjobsinEuritania” thedata inthetable“The Ex. 8.Analyse Make comparisons above. usingthestructures Write tensentences. PRACTICE 2 PRACTICE e.g. a) prompts in brackets; b)your knowledge b) virtually about approximately almost exactly not exactly / not exactly nearly practically precisely quite Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи Euritania is an imaginary country inEurope. iseu. currency country Its Euritania isanimaginary 0 Jobsineducationbring______money _____careers infinance. 10. 0 The (1%)was______inAustria fallinjoblessrate in Malta (0,9%). 10. . The demographic trend inAfrica is______thatinEurope. 1. . The female unemployment rate is______for males. 2. . Youth unemployment inFinland (33%). (30%)is______inItaly 2. . The situationinGermany withitswell-developed apprenticeship system for theyoung is 4. . The employment rate inJapan(78%)was______theU. S.(70%). 3. . Employment rate amongtheyoung inEurope (50%)is______inJapan(78%). 1. Research scientistsare asmuchclergymen. paidnearly twice . Attitudes to work andlife inthe West andintheEastare ______. 4. . By2005Europe hadmore peopleover 60thanyoung peopleover 20.By2005thelabour 7. . People’s attitudesto wealth inthe West andinRussiaare ______. 7. . The numberof young education (75%)is______the peoplewhocomplete secondary 6. . Wages ofimmigrant workers inEurope are ______average earningsofEUcitizens but 5. 3. On-the-job training is______(cheap/expensive) training. thanexternal On-the-job 3. . Potential employers inEurope andintheUSA complain thateducationistoo farremoved from 5. . Difficulties involved ingettingajob forschool leavers are ______foruniversity graduates. 9. 8. Starting acareer inbankmanagementandwaste managementis______. Starting 8. 9. In July2010,theunemployment rate In intheUnited States (9.6%)was______inJapan(5.2%). 9. . Obviously, qualifications of immigrant fromworkers developing countries are ______. 6. 8. In 2000,theunemployment rate In intheUnited States (around 4%)was______intheEU(9%) 8. Lawyers makeconsiderably more moneythanaccountants even thoughtheyfall inthe ______inotherEUcountries. ______wagesbackhome. the world of work. Skills shortage amongyoung applicantsinEurope shortage is______intheU.the world Skills ofwork. S. number ofschooldrop outs(25%). force inEurope was______thaninthelate 1990s same pay league. h aea notquite as/so as the same h ae as the same . dissimilar different in every etc. expensive big way as… respect 1 . 150,000 euinalottery?”Compare jobsatisfaction indifferent occupations. Write tensentences. Useful words andphrases: Nurses, whofallinthesamegroup, onthanvets. are ratherlesslikelyto carry intheir workerswork. findtheleastsatisfaction Unskilled the question “Would you onwithyourthe question“Would carry present jobifyou won Ex. 9. Analyse the datainthetable“JobEx. 9.Analyse Satisfaction” whichsumsuptheanswers to .. Clergymen are aslikelyto continue theirwork asdoctors. e.g. earnings, income, pay, salary, wages, to make/earnmoney, to bepaid PART 4.WRITINGASURVEYREPORTANDSUMMARY tcboe 500so aae 17,000 shopmanager 35,000 stockbroker opn ietr4,0 eerhsinit19,000 research scientist 40,000 company director conat2,0 ertra lrcljb 10,500 secretarial /clericaljobs 22,000 accountant e 900nre13,000 nurse 29,000 vet otr3,0 aoaoyassat14,500 16,500 assistant laboratory manualjobs skilled 33,000 34,500 doctor dentist nuac gn 100cegmn9,500 clergyman 21,000 insurance agent rgamr2,0 nkle auljb 11,000 manual jobs unskilled 25,500 programmer ayr3,0 coltahr18,000 schoolteacher 38,000 lawyer e 7sildmna os35 manualjobs skilled 77 Vet tcboe 68 Stockbroker coltahr7 nkle auljb 22 manualjobs unskilled 70 school teacher opn ietr67 company director lrya 9acutn 48 accountant 89 clergyman ets 3lbrtr sitn 40 45 assistant laboratory insurance agent 83 88 dentist doctor rgamr7 hpmngr31 69 shopmanager 70 Nurse Programmer ayr7 ertra lrcljb 40 secretarial /clericaljobs 78 Lawyer eerhsinit68 research scientist ihs adaverage highest paid otlkl ocryo es ieyt ar n% Least on likely tocarry % on Most likely tocarry yearly pay oetpi average lowest paid 173 yearly pay
UNIT 1 UNIT 1 ……???? — have aclearstructure; — give thewriter’s opinion — contain adetailedanalysis ofthedata — bewritten informal style; — bebasedonfacts; — versity ofEngland. wasto discoverThe purposeofthesurvey thereading habitsinEnglishofthestudents. WRITING A SURVEY REPORT: AND STRUCTURE CONTENT A survey report should: report A survey Which of the following points are most important for writing a survey report? forwritingasurvey ofthefollowingWhich pointsare mostimportant you inone? ever taken part STRUCTURE: SECTION 2.SECTION 174 newspapers. Ontheotherhand, 37%never read Sunday newspapers and31% never read fiction. 62%sometimes readread generalmagazines, booksoffiction, and56%sometimes read nationaldaily newspapers, 75% sometimes read magazinesandfiction. regional orlocalnewspapers, 69% sometimes regularly read academicbooks, while44%regularly read academicjournals. Nothingelseisread regu- Lead-in. Pairwork. What is a survey? What kind of surveys are you ofsurveys familiarLead-in. kind with?Have What isasurvey? What Pairwork. Ex. 10. Read the sample survey report andcompare it withthestructure given report below.Ex. 10.Readthesamplesurvey larly or often bylarly oroften 40%ormore ofthestudents. The following comments canbemadeaboutthereading of was concerned ofitems withnewspapers: read thetype andthosethatwere read first. students iscurrent affairs(read 56%). by first part ofthequestionnairetype of dealtwiththe reading anditsfrequency.first part The second section and 56%read thisfirst.94% read international news, 25% read thisfirst.81% readaboutBritainand try, international news, andnews about Britain, theyprobably spendmosttimewatching and TV journals on their own subject. Outside their studies, apart from reading Outsidetheir studies,journals ontheirown news apart subject. abouttheirown coun- presumably have littletimefor generalreading: mostoftheirreading timeisspentonbooksand listening to theradio. look atradioand information. TV The onlyotheritem thatisusually read by more than50%ofthe Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи
The survey was conducted by wasconducted meansofaquestionnaireThe survey given to thestudentsto complete. The All theinformation andanalysed collected ispresented clearly andindetail. States the purpose / aim of the report, andthesourceStates thepurpose/aimofreport, ofinformation (whenandhow On 8 the information wasgathered). From thetableofdata,mostsignificant items are as follows. 81%ofthestudents thefirstsection In In the second section, notsurprisingly, thesecond section, In 100%read innewspapers news abouttheirown country If anyIf conclusions may bedrawn from thedata,theyare, perhaps, asfollows. students Overseas Main Body Introduction th February 1999, a survey was conducted among16overseas wasconducted February postgraduate 1999,asurvey studentsattheUni- A survey report isaformal piece report A survey ofwritingbasedonresearch Survey ofAcademic andGeneral ReadinginEnglish /from Academic Writing Course by R. R. Jordan/ . present thedataclearlyindetail(usesubheadings andnumbersifnecessary) 1. . use Present Tenses Speechto introduce/present andReported thedata 2. USEFUL TIPS: Did thewriterfollowDid theusefultips? . usePresent Tense to draw conclusions andmakerecommendations 4. Ex. 11. Write an introductory paragraph of a survey report usingthedata paragraph Ex. 11.Write report anintroductory ofasurvey . write informal style 5. USEFUL LANGUAGE: Writing introduction . usePast Tense intheintroduction to describethesurvey 3. in thefollowing paragraphs. 2 Market and Opinion Research International — a survey research andOpinionResearch Market International —asurvey organization intheUK. 1,200 peopleaged21to 35inBritain,France, andGermany, Italy Euro- willpleaseConservative Young aboutmoney, peopleworry care street violence …andtheirlooksbutdon't 24 countries oftheEuropean interviews Union.Resultsare basedontelephone andface-to-face Sums up the points mentioned above. If necessary arecommendationSums upthepointsmentionedabove. canbeincludedaswell. necessary If with approximately 1,000adults, aged15andolder, between conducted May andAugust 2010. who would not normally take part in aformalwho wouldsurvey. notnormallytakepart were dominatingthenation's news. They persuadedmore than3,000young people study usedbothpaperquestionnaires andanonlinesurvey. sceptics. This conclusion commissioned istheresult by MORIinFebruary ofasurvey 2001. The search engine representing theviews ofsome15,000youngsters whosubmitted a doodle(akind sausages andbeansare themostpopularthemesto have from emerged theinternet inareport fining themselves asBritishratherthan European. The study, which compared attitudesamong findings ofaGooglepoll. nationalsymbolssuchasflags,Powerful royalty, monumentsand even Conclusion try permanentlyiftheyhadtheopportunity. try The samequestionwasaskedofpeopleinanother to fill out the multi-choice questionnaires,to filloutthemulti-choice findingoutabouttheopinionsofmany ers researchers visited schools, colleges, universities andyouth groups across England of design) based ontheirown interpretation 2006. of"Britishness"inOctober during December 2010,whenthestudentprotests againstincreasing tuition fees much aboutclimate Fix- change, according publishedinJanuary, to 2011.ITV asurvey III. What worries young Britons? in2010show thatoneinthree surveys II. Gallup Britons say theywould liketo leave theircoun- IV. Young peopleare fiercely proud to beBritishandvaluethenation's history, according to the I. AMORI — The survey/ questionnaire The wasconcerned/dealt survey/ with… — aimedto/at +verb/ This survey -ing… — presents This thefindingsofsurvey… report — The purpose/aimofthisreport — to wascarriedout/conducted findout/examine… This survey — … (number)respondents answered thequestionson… — PART 4.WRITINGASURVEYREPORTANDSUMMARY
2 pollfound thatBritons felt theleastintouch withtheContinent, de- withthree quarters 175
UNIT 1 UNIT 1 176 Ex. 13.Write aparagraph aboutthehighest and lowest paidjobsinEuritania based Kingdom's potentialmigrants” usingthedatabelow. profile oftheUnited Ex. 12.Write “The themainparagraph report ofasurvey USEFUL LANGUAGE: USEFUL LANGUAGE: Writing conclusion Writing mainbody e.g. general pattern?) on the table in ex. 8. (Do theyhave muchincommon?on thetableinex.8.(Do there Are any exceptions tothe Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи To makerecommendations: To draw conclusions: Twenty-five percent/A large perce — There wasa(slight/big/considerable/etc.) increase/rise/decrease/fall in…. — — The importance of…mustbeemphasised The importance — To sum up… — The findingsindicate/reveal/show/suggest that… — All thingsconsidered… — According to thefindings, itisclear/evidentthat… — Several/A significant numberof respondents commented/ agreed/suggested/etc. that… — One-third/Two-thirds/A halfofrespondents/students/etc. quarter/Half/About saidthat… — People shouldbeencouraged to… — Basedontheabove findings, there isaclearneed for… — From theresults ofthesurvey, we cansee that… — — It hasbeenfound that… It — — It istherefore It proposed/advised/recommended that… — — If any If conclusions canbedrawn from thedata… — isnoteasyto reach It any definite conclusions… — The difference between thehighest andlowest pay inboth pay leaguesisaboutthesame.
Company asmuchinsurance directors make nearlytwice agentswhilethedifference be- tween thepay ofresearch scientistsandclergymen iseven bigger. that… to another country orwouldto anothercountry you prefer tocontinue livinginthiscountry? Ideally, ifyou hadtheopportunity, would you like tomove permanently university degree orhigher secondary education secondary primary orless primary EDUCATION 15 to 29 45 to 54 55 to 64 30 to 44 AGE 65+ ntage/A smallpercentage ofrespondents stated/claimed would like tomove permanently 12% 18% 45% 42% 38% 33% 35% — Stage 1.Team Complete work. aquestionnaire given below. withyour partners Decide your findings (What dothejobsthatscore(What 70%and over have in Whyyourcommon? do findings you which pointsyou would like notincludemore toaddorleave thanfive out.Do points Write theconcluding paragraph tocomplete thereport. think jobswhichscore 40%are lesssatisfyingthanthosethatscore 70%andmore? Ex. 15. Write the main paragraph of a short report “How peopleinEuritaniaEx. 15.Write feel themainparagraph report ofashort Ex. 14.Sumuptheresults ofyour analysisinex.9andwriteaconcluding paragraph on Carry out a survey ofstudents’ useofleisure outasurvey time.Carry PROJECT WORK 1 WORK PROJECT in eachsection. and average yearly pay. (about120words).about theirwork” Compare theinformationonjobsatisfaction PART 4.WRITINGASURVEYREPORTANDSUMMARY aeFml ne 0oe 0Hse Home Hostel over 20 under 20 Female Male 1. goingto thecinema 1. listening to music 2. goingto thetheatre, etc. opera,concerts, 4. goingto evening classes 2. reading books 4. playing computer games 3. dancing 3. watching TV 5. 5. 1. goingto theseaside:abroad /athome 2. goingto thecountryside 4. goingto historical places: athome/abroad 3. hitchhiking 3. hitchhiking 5. E G RESIDENCE AGE SEX Questionnaire “Students’ Use ofLeisure Time” Time out At Home Holidays a week times e no yes hours aday a month times 177
UNIT 1 UNIT 1 spelling — structure — findoutmaindifferences between groups (sex,age, residence) — analyse thedatawithineachgroup; — grammar structures — — decide on aspects thatyou findunusualorinteresting decideonaspects — — use of the language for survey reports useofthelanguagefor survey — relevance ofyour conclusions to thedataanalysis inthemainbody — relevant andadequate in — background intheintroduction information ofthesurvey — break thedatainto groups according to sex,ageandplace ofresidence; — 1. state the date when the survey wasconducted, state thenumberofstudents whoanswered thedate when the survey the 1. . makegeneral comments to sumup: 1. . state thepurpose (e.g. …to discover of…) popularleisure timeactivities 2. Stage 6.Peer reading. Stage 5.Proof reading. Stage 4.Write anaccount “Students’ ofthefindingsinsurvey Useof Leisure Time.” HaveStage 2.Individualwork. tenstudentscomplete thequestionnaire. Ateam Stage 3.Team Pool work. thedatacollected andanalysetheresults: A reminder: . makeyour own recommendations to students onthebestway to useone’s leisure time. 2. Project work students. 2.Readinghabitsofuniversity Decide whetheryou distributetheworkDecide teammembers(whoistowritethe between . describehow thedatawere (e.g. collected …by meansof…,thequestionnaire thesurvey 3. Check your for survey report introduction, mainbody, etc.) oreachmemberwritestheirown version. is expected/supposed to interview atleast30students. Make tointerview sureis expected/supposed you have an e.g. e.g. and over years ofage, twenty etc. approximately equalnumberofmale/femalerespondents, respondents ofunder20 Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи
In theconclusion In In theintroduction In Evidently, female studentsare more inclinedto goto theseasideabroad, whilemalestudents consisted of…) questions students livingathome. Studentslivinginhallsofresidence (hostels), however, prefer … prefer to gohitchhiking. Watching seemsto beequallypopularamongmaleandfemale TV terpretation ofthedata . There are more day than3,000newyoung intheU.S. smokersevery 1. 10. Three quarters ofthe3,000 young Three peoplepolledsaidthey'd quarters hadagoodyear lastyear and 10. . This shows thatmore andmore peopleare turningto alternative health methods. a. . The datademonstrate thatinmany countries people'shealthcould be improved by reducing e. This demonstrates thatmany young peopleintheUKare skepticalabouthow muchofadiffer- c. . This isstillontheriseinUS. shows thatsmoking d. 7. In 2008 a high proportion ofmen,especiallyyoung men,drankabove 2008ahighproportion In ‘lower risklevels’ ofalcohol 7. . This indicates thatyoung peopleare quite optimisticaboutthefuture. b. 4. Seventy seven Seventy percent oftheyoung saidtheywould peoplesurveyed liketo vote inthecoming 4. . More than60%ofAmericansare obeseoroverweight —20years ago, itwas47%. 2. SECTION SECTION 1. LANGUAGE FOR SURVEY REPORTS: . Salesofhomeopathicmedicine have increased by 72%over thepastfive years. 3. UNIT 2 8. Americans now consume two-fifths more more Americansnowgrain fruits and andafifth consume products two-fifths vegetables 8. This shows dailysupplyof thatagreat ofyoung majority peopledonotgetthenecessary Onlyaboutoneinten adolescents getstherecommended offruit. two to four dailyservings Ex. 1.Matchfacts withgeneralisations. GENERALISATION, QUALIFICATION AND CAUTION GENERALISATIONS PRACTICE 1.PRACTICE 5. Forty three Forty percent ofrespondents answered “no” to thequestion “Do politicsorpoliticians 5. e.g. e.g. 9. In twenty-three countries In worldwide, more than10%ofdeathsare dueto justtwo environmental 9. . More thanhalfofnearly750respondents to theGuernsey 6. 3 ABritishislandintheEnglishChannel, offthecoast ofNormandy Generalisations: environmental risks. ence formal politicsmake. Facts: a similarnumbersaidtheywere forward to agoodyear looking in2012. have anyonyour life?” impact election. consumption, andoneinfive day. respondents drankevery risk factors: unsaferisk factors: water andindoorairpollution. per capitathantheydidin1970,eatleanermeat,anddrinklower fatmilk. Generalisation: Fact: vitamins. In a survey report it is often necessary to make necessary itisoften report asurvey In general comments basedonfacts 3 survey were survey overweight orobese. 179
UNIT 2 UNIT 2 0 According to 55percent therecent approve of18-to IOPsurvey 29-year-olds ofthepresident's job 10. . According study involving to athree-year 300women from selected aerobics classesandsports 7. . Four percent oftheyoung peoplepolledare membersofapoliticalparty.(to bepolitically 1. 2. A quarter ofrespondents inaprotest have Aquarter march takenpart ordemonstration;68%have 2. 4. Among important issuesonly25percent ofrespondents mentionedasingleEuropean Amongimportant currency, 4. . This continues indicates to thatobesity beathreat to healthinGuernsey. j. The ofyoung datademonstrate to thatthemajority Britonsusetheirvote. feel itisimportant i. The datashow thatalcohol consumption remains amajorissueonGuernseyisland. h. . This shows thatmany consumers intheUnited States to have rethink therole started thatfatsand g. . This indicates thatnotmany Americanshave adopted healthy habits. f. 3. When asked which are the most important issuesfor them,71percent Whenaskedwhichare ofyoung themostimportant people 3. 180 9. When 18–29 year-olds reach When18–29year-olds theirparents‘ age, lessthanhalf(46%)say they believe theywillbe 9. Ex. 3. Read the generalisations and write the facts to support themusingthetablebelow.Ex. 3.Readthegeneralisations andwritethefacts tosupport Ex. 2.Readthefacts andwritegeneralisations usingtheprompts given inbrackets. 5. One out of six deaths in the US every year isaresult OneoutofsixdeathsintheUSevery ofcigarette (acauseofpremature smoking. death) 5. 6. Over 10,000young Over peopleare and40,000are killed, injured annuallyinalcohol-related car 6. 8. Forty-one percent ofyoung Republicansare Forty-one planningonvoting, compared to 35%ofDemocrats 8. A comparison ofFrench-American attitudestoward food THE HEALTH VALUE OFFOOD THE MODIFICATION OFDIET TO IMPROVEHEALTH THE EXPERIENCEOFEATING THE PLEASUREDERIVEDFROM EATING (% (% (% true) Frequency ofeatinglow fat foods Heavy cream goesbestwiththewordHeavy Enjoying food is one of the most important Enjoying foodisoneofthemostimportant I pleasures inmy life Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи rarely of thinkaboutthelongtermeffects my dietonhealth oils play intheirdiets. atleastafewtimesweek whosaidwhipped (to bestill popularamongyoung voters) while 24 per cent went for military action abroad.while 24percent action went (to for come low military onthelistofpriorities) and 13%ofIndependents, according to anewnationalpollofAmerica’s by 18–29year-olds addicted) accidents.(alcohol abuse) Harvard’s ofPolitics Institute [IOP].(to have more interest in) organized anevent to raisemoneyfor charity.(to helpthepoorandneedy) engaged) centers, 18%are exhaustingthemselves withexercising. They justcan’t out.(to stop be working nominated schools, and80percent —colleges anduniversities.(the mainpriority) better offfinancially. (to beless confidentof reachingthe “American Dream”) performance; amongcollege students,performance; 60percent are happy withthepresident's performance. VIVE LA DIFFERENCE! VIVE LA . (%true) ) ) : whippedorunhealthy /Psychology Today, November–December 2000/ , FRENCH female 34 742 77 42 73 42 726 57 28 44 84 460 74 46 68 68 260 22 81 36 female USA FRENCH 1634peoplepolled/ male male USA “Four Seasons” wascomposed by and68%have 1812Overture" noideathat"The Tchaikovsky. . The French are farlessinclinedto changetheirdietinorder to improve health. 1. 2. The Americans worry aboutfood The andhealthmuchmore Americansworry thantheFrench do. 2. . The French enjoy theirfood andare inclinedto thinkofitasonethegreatest pleasures inlife. 4. . The Americans, females inparticular, have amore negative attituderegarding affecting factors 3. . The contrast mostextreme existsbetween theAmericanfemale andtheFrench male:sheis 5. Ex. 4.Write generalisations tocomplete report. from anextract asurvey QUALIFICATION Over athirdOver never chooseto listen to it. e.g. A vast majority of Americanworkers Avast majority have are ahighlevel content ofjobsatisfaction/ with e.g. men (65%)are keenonitthanwomen (56%)andmore peopleover 55(74%)thanunder-35s (51%). people under35).Oneinfive Brits owns more thanfive CDs—27%ofmen,14% women. e.g. e.g. tity” words canbeuseful: . Onthewhole, there isgreater concern amongwomen aboutweight andappearance. 6. Yet dislikeclassicalmusic, only16%say and61%likeiteither"alittle"orlot";more theyactually To make generalisations more precise itisadvisabletoqualifythem. The following “quan- Only twenty sevenOnly twenty percent ofpollrespondents listened to classicalmusicintheprevious week. Generalisations: Forty-five per cent of respondents do not know who Bizet is; 56% do not knowForty-fiveknow that per whoBizet of cent is;56%donot respondents donot wroteVivaldi onepercentForty oftherespondents donotown asingleclassicalCD(risingto 59%among troubled by food, whilehe’s content. the food-health link. PART 4.WRITINGASURVEYREPORTANDSUMMARY "satisfied" at work. Fifty per cent of those respondents are "very satisfied," "satisfied" at per "very ofthose cent work. respondents areFifty whilethenumber ( Despite periods of economic uncertainty theAmericannation's is levelDespite of jobsatisfaction periods ofeconomic uncertainty their jobs. A very small number/very few claimthattheyare small number/very their jobs. dissatisfiedat Avery work. of employees claiming to be "very dissatisfied" representsof employees just4%ofthe total claimingtoworkforce. be"very quite high. ( facts In survey reports itisusualto introduce reports survey theinformationIn withageneral ) a (large) numberof a large (thelargest) percentage (of) a (vast)majority /each all /every enough many /muchalotof most comment and then describe the most important information.comment andthendescribethemostimportant generalisation Do Britonslike classical music? ). Eighty-eight percent ofallAmericanworkers say thatthey're). Eighty-eight several some a few /alittle a small(thesmallestpercentage of a minority no /nonenotany few /little / Reader’s Digest . September2010/ 181
UNIT 2 UNIT 2 “quantity” words. “quantity” words insteadof figures. Useadditionalinformationgiven below. 182 Ex. 8.Transform inex.4by theextract usingyour generalisations and Ex. 7. Describe the information in the extract from the survey “Teenagers’ from theinformationinextract thesurvey Ex. 7.Describe reading habits” Ex. 6.Make thegeneralizations inex.3(sentences 1–4,6)more precise by using theinformationintable (ex. 3)using“quantity”Ex. 5.Describe words insteadof CAUTION PRACTICE 2 PRACTICE about classicalmusic, while64%thinkclassicalmusicshouldbemore popular. a bookweek asateenager, andjust16.4%usedto read onlyacouple ofbooksayear. per Fifty-eight and just18.6%ofteenagers read Onthecontrary, abookweek. 37.2%ofadultsclaimto have read using “quantity” words insteadofexact figures. Make somegeneralizations as well. their books. Forty-one percent ofteenagers havetheir books. surveyed Forty-one read abookoncomputer and17.2%have on television programmes Fifty-two orinadverts. peer cent would more liketo know cent ofadultssay theyread thesameamountormore now compared to whentheywere teenagers. up-to-the-minute technologies andhave read abookon up-to-the-minute Tablet oriPad, and9.3%onane-reader. blogs, comics andgraphic novels, Surprisingly, ande-books. 50.5%ofteenagers alsoprefer books. read abookonmobile phone. andahalfpercent ofteenagers Thirteen have latest and usedthevery exact figures. Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи …appears/seems to be/to do “Cautious” adverbs andnouns: The survey showsThe evidence survey thatinthe21 There to /for isatendency tend(s) toThey/It be According 30.1%ofteenagers confess to thesurvey to reading onlyacouple ofbookseachyear, paety/seigy assumption Apparently /seemingly (Some of) theevidence shows that of) (Some slightly likelihood prxmtl claim approximately However, seventy-five per ofpoll cent respondents likehearingclassicalmusicinfilms, hardly evidence relatively practically chance possibility In contrast, 64.2%ofadultspreferIn to read booksabove magazines, newspapers, websites and It isassumedthat It It isdoubtfulif/that It appears/seemsthat It It isadvisabletouseimpersonalverbIt phrases suchas: In survey reports it is often necessary to becareful necessary aboutclaimswe itisoften make. reports survey In st century eighty percent ofteens eighty usetechnology to read century . Asmallpercentage ofyoung Britons are concerned aboutsingleparents’ benefits. 1. 1. An election is expected to be called in the next few isexpected tobecalledinthenext An weeks; election would you like tovote? 1. . Training to many importance young for Britons. under25sisofparticular 3. 0 One can makeaconclusion thattheBritishpoliticalsystem doesnotrepresent accurately the 10. . Aslightly larger percentage to fundthearts. oftheyoung peoplethinkthatitisimportant 2. . More thanhalftheyoung peoplefindnodifference between the two mainpoliticalparties. 7. 5. A majority of young people believe that crime and policing is an important issue. ofyoung Amajority peoplebelieve thatcrimeandpolicingisanimportant 5. American attitudestoward food. Useex.3,5,6,10. . Discusstheviews ofBritain’s usingtheresults 15-to21-year-olds ofthesurvey con- A. SECTION SECTION 2. WRITING SURVEY REPORTS 6. A vast majority of young Britons consider education the most important issue. ofyoung Avastmajority Britons consider educationthemostimportant 6. (see ex.8)by addingcautious words. . Alarge numberoftheyoung difference voterstwo thinkthatthemostimportant between the 8. Ex.11. Finish writingtheparagraph Britonslike on“Do classical music?” While the majority evidentlyhave Whilethemajority somesenseofpoliticalengagement,there appearsto be . Few young peopleinBritainregard voting asunimportant. 4. time” usingthedatabelow. Ex. 13. Write a survey report “What young Britonsthinkabout thegreat issuesofour “What report Ex. 13.Write asurvey (one paragraph report survey of120words)Ex. 12.Write aboutFrench- ashort Lead-in. Look can throughreports theexercises 1anddecidewhatsurvey inSection MakeEx. 10.Thewriteristoodirect. generalizations inex.3more cautious. Ex.9. Rewritethefollowing statementsusing“cautious” words from thelistabove. PRACTICE 3 PRACTICE 9. Of all political activities themostpopularamongyoung Britons allpoliticalactivities israisingmoneyfor Of 9. be writtenusingtheinformationtheycontain. withapartner. Discuss e.g. e.g. 010 2030405060708090 charities. concerns oftheyoung generation. political parties istheirattitudeto thepound. political parties While the majority have Whilethemajority somesenseofpoliticalengagement,there isdeep scepticism about PART 4.WRITINGASURVEYREPORTANDSUMMARY how muchofadifference formal politicsmake. deep scepticism abouthow muchofadifference formal politicsmake. ducted by ducted Yes Total No 1940 6409 New 8349
Statesman seven weeks before inMay thegeneral 2001. election 100% 183
UNIT 2 UNIT 2 . theattitudeofyoung Britons to voting in anelection 1. 2. All the main political parties have All themainpoliticalparties policiesonthefollowing issues;whichofthemare 2. 2. the issues particularly important to theyoung important theissuesparticularly 2. 0102030 4050 184 0102030405060 . What doyou differences thinkare theimportant between thetwo mainparties? 3. . Have you beeninvolved inany ofthefollowing activities? 4. B. Write a short survey report (150–200 words) Write survey report according ashort totheplan: B. Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи There’s littleornodifference between them The MainBody: One willstop medoingwhatIlike, theotherwon’t One willkeepthepound, theotherwon’t One willspendoneducationandhealth,theotherwon’t One helpstherich,otherpoor One will run the country well,One willrunthecountry theotherwon’t One ishonest,theotherisn’t One favours money, making theotherdoesn’t One cares aboutthedeveloping world, theotherdoesn’t One cares for thefuture oftheplanet,otherdoesn’t One willcreate jobs, theotherwon’t Introduction. particularly important toyou? important particularly h uo 1980 The euro riigfrudr2s 3314 Training for under25s rm n h oie 5261 Crime andthepolice Single parents’ benefits 2311 Single parents’ benefits Schools 5935 Schools l g esos 2554 0ther 2252 Old agepensions nvriisadclee 6646 Universities andcolleges iiayato bod 1912 abroad action Military udn h rs 2924 Funding thearts optl,dcosadnre 5952 Hospitals, andnurses doctors A protest march ordemonstration (political) raiiga vn oriemnyfrcaiy4251 activity Other Organising anevent to raisemoneyfor charity rtn etrt orM rlclcuclr2008 Writing aletter to your MPorlocalcouncilor octigacmayo rdc o oa esn 2361 Boycotting acompany for orproduct moralreasons 880 20% 23% 22% 42% 52% 1593 33% 19% 13% 21% 28% 19% 6070% 7080% Ex.14. Write a survey report “Who dotheBritonstrust?” “Who report Ex.14. Write asurvey 3. the dividing lines between the two main parties, according thedividinglinesbetween thetwo mainparties, to theinvolvement ofyoung adults 3. 4 5 Leader oftheLabourParty Leader oftheLiberalDemocrats C Question 5 Question 4 Question 3 Question 2 Question 1 Has thetrustintheseinstitutionschangedover thelastfive years? How many Britons trust thefollowing institutions “a great deal” or “a fairamount”? How many Britons trust thefollowing professions “a great deal” or “a fairamount”? How many Britons would describethefollowing world figures astrustworthy? How many Britons trustthesepoliticiansa “great deal” or “a fairamount”? Remember to use generalisations supported by facts and Remember to by usegeneralisations facts supported “cautious” language. in politicalactivities. onclusion. PART 4.WRITINGASURVEYREPORTANDSUMMARY h uoenUin1 39% 44% 1% 9% The European Union The UKgovernment ak %50% 2% Banks utntoa opne 28% Multinational companies ete oeatr 58,8% Weather forecasters ivoBrucn 18% Silvio Berlusconi uoenUin24% European Union Kgvrmn 37% UK government ai aeo 57% David Cameron ai aeo 43% David Cameron ioa acz 38% Sarcozy Nikolas neaMre 65% Angela Merkel aakOaa75% Barack Obama Ed Milliband rd nos33% Trade unions esaes42% Newspapers Nick Clegg Nick aidies59,2% Taxi drivers h oie84% The police eeiin65% Television eces83% Teachers ote 86% Postmen ayr 62% Lawyers ules42% Builders nent66% Internet Doctors 90% Doctors ugs72% Judges hrh59% Church ak 47% Banks ai 78% Radio 5 6 nrae Decreased Increased 22% 32% 45 185
UNIT 2 UNIT 2 Team work D. Write a survey report (250–300words). report WriteD. asurvey C. Analyse thedata Analyse C. A. Carry out a similar survey amongyoung andadultRussians. outasimilarsurvey Carry A. Project work. Writing a survey report “Who dotheRussianstrust?” “Who Project report Writing work. asurvey 186 Proof reading . Collect data. Askyour peer(studentsandformerclassmates, etc)andyour/their B. Higher School ofEconomics inNovember School Higher 2011 Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи The President —59% The Saving(s) Bank —70% to Russia (you can make it shorter than the survey inex.14). to Russia(you can thanthesurvey make itshorter Which institutionsdoyou trust?( Make up aquestionnaire includingquestionsandpersonalitiesrelevant Question 7 Question 6 How many Britons trust thesesites “a great deal” or “a fairamount”? How many Britons consider/ed thefollowing royals “completely trustworthy” or “fairly trustworthy”? Fact File. parents tofillin your questionnaire. eeiin3 18% 18% 24% 22% 3% 10% 3% 6% Television The internet Trade unions The Church utntoa opne %30% 1% Multinational companies ai %10% 4% Radio esaes2 29% 2% Newspapers (seep. 15stage5) ail,Dceso onal58% Camilla, DuchessofCornwall / February andMarch 2011,Reader’s Digestnationwide pollof2,357adults/ h ue ohr88% The QueenMother aeMdltn87% Middleton Kate rnesDaa75% Princess Diana rneCals70% Prince Charles rneWlim93% Prince William rneHry81% Prince Harry h ue 90% The Queen iiei 36% Wikipedia aeok36,6% Facebook oTb 36,5% YouTube mzn70% Amazon oge80% Google wte 7% Twitter By51% eBay B 61% BBC results ofthepoll1600respondents by conducted the nrae Decreased Increased ) “I absolutely love London ataround five inthemorning. on Icamehomefrom anightshift ‘I smelltoast!’ or ‘I smellbuns!’ whenwe passabakery. oftheirexperience.Those smellsbecome part You ofundiscovered thatway. seeasort city Andyou passpeopleandsmileateach other, asthough And ofcourse, inruralareas there’s alotofunemplo Drewe sometimes even seepeopleyou know!” “I love drivingto schoolwithmy children inthebacksaying, We were villagehotel anddriven around putupinabeautifulcountry thatgorgeous Dorsetcoun- Lead-in. Look slicker tofindoutwhetherthewriterismore through ofacity thetext we’re ofdiscovering inonthisconspiracy about...” somethingnooneelseknows spaces, Ieven likethesmellofmanure!” theseasonssmellthere.sense attack; thewideopen rain.In Ilove smellsafter theway thecountry REVISION. WRITING pectedness ofseeingpeopleonthestreetpectedness atthattime. What are they doing? What are theirstories?” people. Ilove the Tube, thoughitcanbeabitintense. Even whenit’s crowded, you canread. You In London,In Ilove rainonahotday. thesmelloftarmac after Andthesmellofjasmineinevening.” two mischievous teenage girls. thinkit’s‘They boring,” says Greig. “There’s nothingfor themto do. tryside.” isn’t looksbeautiful, butthere’s it?It real horror goingon.” journey, withallthesmells, thatsenseoffreedom, thesungoingdown infront ofyou.” roundings, orcity? sowhichdoes sheprefer: country look atthingsasIwalkaround London. alongLondon Onethingwe enjoy canals. doing iswalking or a true countrywoman? Share your opinionwithyouror atruecountrywoman? classmates. 6 Паевые инвестиционные взносы. Паевыеинвестиционные “When Ifirstmet husband,my hewalkedalot,solookswith “When really goodeyes. Hetaughtme to “A real isthat you drawback almosthave to thecountry to have acarthere.” “I went to seeafriendinPlymouth whileIwasinDorset.drove west atdusk. That wasawonderful “ The Parliament —39% —42% The courts The Police —45% The Government —46% Television —52% The Central BankofRussia—55% Tamsin Graig, starringinthenewfilm anactress Though ofLondon’s“I liketheconnectedness It’s publictransport. friendly—it’s aboutrelating to other for someonewholives to spendtimeinthecountry. waswonderful inthecity “It You getthis Other banks—31% Other PIF Insurance companiesInsurance —28% Tamara Drewe PART 4.WRITINGASURVEYREPORTANDSUMMARY around 5.30amwhenthesunwascoming up, andIwasdriving across London.love I theunex- 6 —12% Tamara Drewe was such an enjoyable shoot — and part ofthejoy wasdoingitinthecountry. wassuchanenjoyable shoot—and part ismostlycomic, ithintsatthecountryside’s problems of inthecharacters FOR FOR AND AGAINST Country orcity? COUNTRY CITY ESSAYS yment andpoverty. Which isthecontradiction, Tamara Drewe, / Московские Новости obviously appreciates hersur- . 14 декабря 2011./ . 14декабря 187 Tamara
UNIT 2 UNIT 2 3. Think of statements and examples in support ofyour arguments. Think ofstatements andexamplesinsupport 3. 1. Make alistofarguments Make for /againstlivingintown. 1. . Think ofthe “tools” to to beusedintheintroduction interest thereader. 5. 7. If you have If any personalpreferences itisintheconclusion thatyou canexpress them. 7. Use thereminder above 2. Make alistofarguments Make your opponentmay produce. 2. with apartner. . Produce aclearthesisstatement abalanced whichreflects approach the to topic. 4. Brainstorming. theadvantages Discuss anddisadvantages oflivinginthecountry Ex. 15.Write anargumentative essay“Advantages anddisadvantages oflivinginthe my nose—to getridofthegrime thatyou getonthe Tube.” 6. Make up aconcluding sentence Make that “equals” your thesisstatement. 6. country” (250words). country” Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи “On days Igoto work inLondon, thethingIhave to remember to doattheendofday isblow A reminder Peer reading. . /from Reader’s Digest September2010/ — varying thesentence structure varying — keepingthetone oftheoriginal — changing thevocabulary — changing the verb form (e.g. voice) — changing ofthetext thestructure — usingsynonyms — SECTION SECTION 1. LANGUAGE FOR SUMMARIES: UNIT 3 Lead-in. doyou What thinkparaphrasing involves? Compare passagessentence thetwo by sentence. Inwhatway istheparaphrase PARAPHRASING different from theoriginal? 1. England is a small country withalarge Englandisasmallcountry 1. . Yet we continue to believe thatthefuture 2. 4. It iswidelyassumedthatmostofthenew It 4. . Suburbs, however, are wasteful: theywaste 3. . People, itisargued, donotlikeliving 5. . Butifthe urbanenvironment isattractive 6.
/from Let’s CramMore into Citiesby Burdet Rogers&Richard Richard (five timesasmuchanurbanarea) and will demand. sprawl. field sites, becausethatiswhatpeople abandoned towns andcitiesindroves and well cared for, people itcanattract in overcrowded, noisycities:theyhave homes mustbeinsuburbsorongreen- over thepast30years. of allincomes andclasses. itisbrutal, 7.If desh andHolland. people wantto move out. belongs to suburbs, orratherto suburban population, thethird mostdenselypopu- lated country intheworld Bangla- after lated country they waste publicmoney. of a typical urbanarea),of atypical theywaste energy land (using up to eight times the amount land (usingupto eighttimestheamount When writingasummary, we retell atext inourOWNwords, rgnlParaphrase Original i.e. we needto paraphrase theoriginal. . England, thoughsmall, hasoneofthe 1. . However, peopleseemto think there 2. . The argument isthatcitieshave been 4. . There isawidespread beliefthatpeople 3. 5. If the quality of life thequality incitieschangesfor If 5. want newhousingto bebuiltoutsidethe suburbs despite the fact thatsuburban suburbs despite thefact and energy resources. abandoned becauseofcongestion and the better, and people, bothwell-to-do is noalternative to themove to the highest populationdensitiesintheworld. existing urbanarea. development isaburden onthebudget poor, willchooseto stay. noise. ,
New Statesman, May 22 189 , 2000 /
UNIT 3 UNIT 3 1. This property isowned by boyfriend. my This property well-to-do 1. . Traffic, pollutionandcrimedonot trouble me inthisbeautiful countryside. 2. 0 We canencourage children to pursueinterests thatruncounter to theirpeergroup. 10. . Researchers lengthyof184people ages13to conducted 99to determine interviews how they 1. . We needto protect ourchildren from themediaonslaught(attack). 7. . The trueenvironmental cost isnot reflected intheprice ofsuburbanhouses. 5. 10. Italian Italian ‘penny ice men’, onthestreet, whoinitially soldtheirproducts firstintroduced ice cream 10. . Duringthelate Victorian periodcontinental settlersopenedsomeofthe mostfamous 7. ACTIVE ACTIVE TO PASSIVE OR PASSIVE TO ACTIVE . We mustuseallavailable landinasustainableway. 4. . For muchofthe19 2. 6. A British report highlighted the inactivity ofmodernchildren… highlighted theinactivity ABritishreport 6. sentences prompts are given inbrackets. . After theSecond World War migrants from Cyprus staffed many andItaly coffee andsandwich 8. 190 . Postwar Britishprosperity immigrants could from nothave all happenedwithoutworking-class 4. . Germanimmigrants in someofthehardestVictorian work Britainundertook intheEastEndof 3. Ex. 2.Paraphrase ofthesentences usingPassive theunderlinedparts Voice. Insome Ex. 1.Changetheverb formfrom active topassive orpassive toactive. Make allthe . Poor oflife, quality badschoolsandcrime drive peopleinto thesuburbs. 3. CHANGING GRAMMAR CHANGING THE VERB FORM:CHANGING THE VERB PRACTICE 1 PRACTICE . Germanimmigrants may simplyhave owned somebakersandbutchers shopsinLondon. 5. . Wealthy immigrants helpedto establishsomeofBritain’s largest companies. 6. . Feedback onchildren’s behavior mustbegiven. 9. . HongKongandBangladeshi migrants introduced ‘Chinese’ and ‘Indian’ food inthe1950sand 9. . We must wean (отучать )themoffthepopculture. 8. e.g. e.g. e.g. e.g. necessary changes. necessary Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи
The way we thinkmustbechanged. (The focus respondents from to isshifted thesurvey (The Winston Churchill)
NB
1960s respectively. solved interpersonal problems. London. eating insouth Wales. over the world. (to achieve) bars. restaurants inLondon. Winston Churchill isseenby respondents many asamythical survey person. respondentsMany see survey Winston Churchill asamythical person. We needto changetheway we think. Remember: c th hanging theverb form canchangethefocus. century the Irish worked onsomeofthetoughest theIrish manualjobs. (to century take) . Youngsters needed to rebel againstauthoritarianparenting. 2. . …helpto integrate more fullyinto theirnewenvironment. 5. . After thewarBritishprosperity could nothave happened… 7. . There hasbeenresentment towards leave. maternity 4. 1. Simple ways to entertain athome canbefound Simpleways onthis website. to entertain 1. . The requirement for ateacher of, say, inEnglishisB1level. Biologyto teach thesubject 4. 0 Fish andchips, which probably has French origin…. 10. . The authorisconcerned thatEnglishwillthreaten someweaker European languages. 3. 1. M . Aconsiderable in prices reduction isanotherattempt to save thecompany. 2. . The resources required for thepromotion ofthisapproach canbeusedinamore sensibleway. 5. 6. The exploration of the unknown hasalways The exploration oftheunknown been 6. VERB TO NOUN PHRASE OR NOUN TO VERB Agents usuallyrequire asynopsisandthefirstthree chapters. theagentacceptsIf it,he’ll makeadeal . We needto protect ourchildren from themediaonslaught. 3. . Whatisbeingeroded istheessentialgoal ofparent education. 9. Ex. 3.Make thefollowing advice more impersonalby usingpassive verb b) Look through thesentences anddecide whichyou can paraphrase as Walker, whohasjustpublishedher11 1 Ex. 4.a)Paraphrase by changingverb tonounorverb. theunderlinedparts Ex. 5.Paraphrase thesentences by changingverb tonounorverb. forms where appropriate. with apublisher, whowillpay royalties andanadvance. CHANGING THE WORD CLASS:CHANGING THE WORD finishing thebookisonlyhalfstory, the real challengeis gettingitpublished. and printingto marketing. You canalsoemploy aself-publishingcompany listed in The agentwhopublishesbookssimilarto yours.ary You neednothave thebookcompleted atthisstage. in theexample above. 6. Skills donottransfer soeasily. Skills 6. royalties andagrowing readership, you withoutpressing could winfameandfortune “print”. e.g. e.g. ists’ Yearbook . Germans, Frenchmen andSwiss staffed … restaurants throughout the country 8. предоставленный беззапроса предоставленный “I knew nothingaboutpublishingwhenIsentoff first my agents,”“I knew novelto literary says Fiona My concern My (ismore aboutwhatishappeningto children’s minds) Within aweek thatmadeherafull-timenovelist. shehadsigned acontract Walker admitsthat Or simply publish it as an e-book. UKwriters cannow upload theirwork onAmazon. Or simplypublishitasane-book. With 35%of No luck? Then consider self-publishingwhere itisupto you to organizefrom editing everything First, thetraditionalroute. try Few publishersaccept unsolicited mankind. PART 4.WRITINGASURVEYREPORTANDSUMMARY en andwomen respond often differently interpersonalto stress. I’d bemore concerned aboutwhatishappeningto children’s minds. to doitfor you. How toPublished Get th novel, novel, Kiss andTellKiss
a strong drivingforce ofthe inthe history . 1 manuscripts, sosenditto aliter- / from Readers’Diges. 191 Writers’& Art- April 2011/
UNIT 3 UNIT 3 . The phrase “the DarkContinent” wascoined inthemid-19 1. 0 Parents’ role isto develop andprotect thechild’s truenature. 10. . Languageteaching programs across Europe have failedfor anumberofreasons. 7. . WhileEuropeans hadafairlyclearideaoftheinternal geography ofAsia, theAmericasand 2. . Wean children off computers: we need to protect ourchildren from themediaonslaughtso 4. sentences/passages 192 theyenjoy. timeto Make talk. Youngsters needto spendmore timewithadults. . Whenfaced withinterpersonal stress mostmenchooseto withdraw. 9. Ex. 6.Complete thefollowing soastocompress theinformationinoriginal . Computer gamesdonotteach children normalfrustrationtolerance 3. CHANGING SENTENCE STRUCTURE 5. Rituals helpprovide Rituals continuing security. That canbethingssuchasfamilymeals, orsetting 5. e.g. e.g. 2 . Children need guidance andmany are notgettingenough. That iswhataparent isfor. We 6. . I’d behappy to offer explanationofthe my reasons behind scepticism.my 8. Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи Способность переносить Способность разочарование Parents shouldfindtime to talk to theirchildren abouttheirinterests, theirfriends, theirlikes. The phrase “the DarkContinent” wascoined inthemid-19 Australia by thisdate, theAfrican OnlythemiddleNile interior wassurprisinglypoorlyknown. Valley, Ethiopia,areas around theCape ofGoodHopeandonthelower Congo were explored. While Europeans hadafairlyclearideaoftheinternal geography ofAsia, theAmericasandAus- We (parents) needto protect our children from themediaonslaughtby limiting… value of acting onfeelings andgettinginstantresults.value ofacting Children needguidance, andparents must…. Computer gamesdonotteach children normalfrustrationtolerance, ... Rituals suchashaving ….helpprovideRituals …. tralia by thisdate, the African withthe exception interior wassurprisinglypoorlyknown … that theydon’t spendmore than90minutes eachday infront ofthescreen. them to bed with a story or kiss. Children orkiss. should alsobegiventhem to bedwithastory mealsandnotallowed to snack. describe … need to give children feedback ontheirbehaviour. It referredIt to thevastareas ofthecontinent thatwere to utterly outsiders. unknown It givesIt themsecurity. You thedetailsoftheirlives; needto know theirinterests, thenamesoftheirfriends, what . th century by European century travellers. th century by European century travellers to 2 . That inturnfeeds the . Understandingofthecontent ofCLILlessonsmay behampered by weak languageskills. 1. . We now have greater understandingofchilddevelopment. 1. 10. Over theyears Over there hasbeenagrowing concern thattheGreat Lakeswere polluted by 10. . There ofparents. islittlerespect They are seenaspeopleto argue withandmakedemandson. 5. 10. In onestudyresearchers In found thatolderpeoplehadfewer interpersonal difficultiesand 10. . Days are spentwaitingfor theirhusbandsto gethomefrom work withnews from theoutside 7. . From about14onwards, children opento are theirparents. notvery This iswhere there should 7. . Whileconfronting viewed issues openlyisoften asthebestway to handleinterpersonal 2. . Lastyear intheUS,computer gamesaccounted for more than£4,6billionspending. 2. where necessary. Ex. 8.Paraphrase usingtheprompts. . Parent organisations needto address theseissues. 4. . Children canimprove through interests. theirself-esteem 3. Ex. 7.Paraphrase thesentences changingtheverb formandthesentence structure . Germanimmigrants in someof thehardestVictorian work Britainundertook intheEast 9. . We needto changetheway we thinkandthatistheemerging challengefor thenewmillennium. 8. 9. In Princeton In there israrely any matters outsideclassroom. discussionofintellectual 9. . Catering would nothave developed intheway itdidinBritainwithoutimmigrants from all 6. 8. Most working people find it hard to achieve a satisfactory balance peoplefind it hard between working work andother Most to achieve asatisfactory 8. According to two studiespeople60andolderhadfewer interpersonal difficultiesand were …. Weak may prevent languageskills students…. world. (women withchildren …) Changing theway we thinkis…. Older adults often avoid…Older adultsoften activities. Both Germanand...in … Victorian Britainundertook themselves inEastEndsweatshops. working End ofLondon. RussianJewishimmigrants inthelate Victorian andEdwardian years found From about14onwards, … children opento theirparents, are important notvery soitisvery industrial waste andsewage. essential role modelfor boys. over theworld. experienced lessnegative emotion.According to another studypeople60andolderwere be considerable emphasisonfindingotheradults, especiallysafe menwhocanprovide an problems, avoid olderadultsoften thisapproach. better at regulating to theirreactions interpersonal tension thanyounger adults. PART 4.WRITINGASURVEYREPORTANDSUMMARY 193
UNIT 3 UNIT 3 0 At international scalesgeographers tracktheflows 10. 7. At that time the Iberians had aship, At thattimetheIberians thecaravel, voyages. thatcould handledeep-sea They 7. 4. The vast majority ofimmigrants The to vastmajority Britainover thelasttwo centuries have found themselves 4. . At theendof19 5. 194 3. One sector oftheeconomy Onesector inwhichmigrants have played acentral role iscatering, which 3. 9. Migration is one of the most distinctive and visible characteristics ofhumanpopulations, andvisiblecharacteristics isoneofthemostdistinctive andit Migration 9. 6. But low expectations of low-caste women oflow-caste meantthere Butlow expectations were fewer stereotypical attitudesaffecting 6. 3 . From oftheworld hardly escapedEuropean any to thetwentieth century thesixteenth part 8. Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи a district inLondon’s adistrict EastEnd … The Iberians hadthecaravelThe Iberians andnavigational devices, so…..;theyhadguns, so… would nothave developed intheway itdidinBritainwithoutmigration. scales theyconsider regional balances ofin-andout-migrants ortheflows from rural urban to Geographers consider ofscales: migration atavariety areas, whichare aprincipalcauseofurbanization.At alocalscaletheyconsider thecontinuous Many more girls low-caste went to English-mediumschoolsthantheboys as… Migration leads… Migration Migration hasplayedMigration acentral role … Poverty andprejudice led… to fight—andwin. that isconstantly changing Earth’s landscapesandmodifyingitscultures. From theworld revolved to Atlantic thetwentieth century thesixteenth … …,andtheNorth had anarray ofnavigational devices, from thecompass to theastrolabe. Finally theyhadguns, concentrated andprejudice. intheinnercitiesasaresult ofpoverty necessarily resulting inajobchangeor infriendshippatterns. ofcollege students,mobility retirees, andtourists orthechangesofaddress thatoccur without particularly cannons. particularly They could now sailto distantplaces. When theyarrived theywere able leads to significant reshaping ofpopulationdistributionandcharacter.It isadynamicprocess lished small businesses making shoes, boots,lished smallbusinessesmaking suitsandcaps, andalsoopenedkosherfood shops. formed thearea. Notonlydidnewplaces ofworship appearinthearea, butnewcomers estab- the North Atlantic. the North Whoever controlled thatstretch ofwater controlled thehighway to theworld. influence andpower. Everything, for goodorevil, revolved around it.Andthepivot of Europe was their choices ineducation,andmany more endedupinEnglish-mediumschoolsthantheboys. Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe established…completely …Stepney. th century thearrivalofeastEuropean Jews century into Stepney ofimmigrants andemigrants. At national 3 completely trans- — vary (to makecontinuous orrepeated vary changesto smth) — adapt(to changesmthto dealwithaspecific situation) — intheway adjust(toyou changesmthslightlysothatitisexactly wantit) — alter (more formal) — transform (to changesmthcompletely sothatitlooksorworks better) — modify(makesmallchangesto makesmthmore suitablefor adifferent situation) — USING SYNONYMS We needto alter theway we thinkandthatis “the emerging challengefor thenewmillennium”. Curriculum Ex. 9.Paraphrase doingthetasksbelow. thetext Can you suggestadifferent synonym andwhy? CHANGING VOCABULARY school PRACTICE 2PRACTICE People talkabout that, inthefuture, it Synonyms greater understandingofchilddevelopment andofpositive approaches to bringing upchildren. e.g. e.g. a) Chooseappropriate synonyms ofthewords underlinedinthe text In thepast20years thereIn have beenmany achievements andthey leged to see thesechangeshappening. 250,000parents Some have takenourcourses andIbelieve tiedistance inonelong step; progress; thespeedatwhichyou walk stride approach (to) ideas and/or actions (intended to dealwithaproblem ideasand/or actions orsitua- approach (to) civmn fulfillment, accomplishmentfeat, achievement oeaothappen,take place, occur come about bringing up raising, looking after, raising, looking teaching, educating bringing up
These changeshavebecauseofgreat stridesinthehumansciences. come aboutpartly We have As thedirector ofFamily Caring Trust, thelargest parent educationbodyinBritain,I’ve beenprivi- When choosingsynonyms ofthewords andphrasesintheoriginal makesure text each NB PART 4.WRITINGASURVEYREPORTANDSUMMARY education For years there hasbeenaclashbetween thestructured, streamlined culture ofbusi- and thatistheemerging challengefor thenewmillennium. ness andthemessyworld offamily. There hasbeenresentment towards maternity leave, andwomen having familieshave Parent lostoutoncareer opportunities. or- ganisations needto address theseassumptions. We needto changetheway we think synonym canbeusedinthiscontext. If youIf wishto retain keyterms, place theminquotationmarks.
to asmallextent for ‘to change’: for ‘to rgnlsynonyms original . Despite thesedevelopments for 21 parenting, children, family lifeandschools will bethenorm andthere are alsoplans tion), notion,themovement towards smborsmth,pathroad for parents to beeducated inparenting. st -century parents, there remain-century four for parenting skills to become part of tobecomefor parenting skills part asifitisall give me great hopeforthefuture. doom andgloom It’s already intheNational 195 difficult areas , butit’s not. secondary secondary .
UNIT 3 UNIT 3 196 Ex. 10.Find synonyms fortheunderlinedwords “Migration inthetext c) Paraphrase changingbothvocabularyandgrammar. thetext b) Chooseappropriate equivalents ofthephrases italicizedinthetext of HumanPopulation onEarth’s Surface” (ex.21) outr aycauseofurbanization vary voluntary infcn osdrin-andout-migrants consider significant ilb h om???(suggestyour own) will bethenorm Curriculum to asmallextent trcieifuneatthepointoforigin influence attractive it’s already intheNational come part of…education come part give megreat hopefor the betv xeinesecondhand impressions experience objective teach, train,prepare (for) educate change (n) ifcl ra problem zones, challenges, trouble spots difficult areas omadgomdevoid ofhope, utterly hopeless, gloomy, desperate doom andgloom distinctive and visible obvious track a variety ofscales avariety track andvisibleobvious distinctive nlaatrfetatpotential destinations achangeinfriendshippatterns reflect unwilling result (from) unpleasant unavoidable rnia cu flows from rural to urbanareas occur principal stay, to be, to continue to exist parenting, children, family organization, establishment corporation, association,collection, honoured, having theadvantageof/confident remain privileged body life andschools for to be- parenting skills future forced andinvoluntary Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи detvsVrsPhrases Verbs Adjectives rgnlequivalent original rgnlsynonyms original ??? suggestyour own to obligatory, maketeaching …parenting skills to integrate to somedegree/partly tions it hasbeenincludedintheNationalCurriculum onasmallscale/ inspire confidence/optimism, lookpromising, arouse expecta- parenting skills into …curriculum parenting skills bringing up/ nurturing/ raisingchildren bringing up/nurturing/ le(ld impelled into migration streams flee (fled) TYPES OF SUMMARIES:TYPES INFORMATIVE AND DESCRIPTIVE • The messageseemsto bethatparents are 6)_____(irrelevant) intheteenage world. WRITING A SUMMARY: THE BASICS A summary shouldbe: A summary Appendix (p.Appendix 209). SECTION 2.SECTION (minds). (communicated) 3)______(runcounter insoapoperasoften to) thoseparents would liketo com- USEFUL TIPS b) Ex. 12.Paraphrase“Viewpoints: thefirstthree paragraphs inthetext Read the article and the two summaries. andthetwo isthedifferencetwo? What the between Read thearticle Ex. 11.a).Fill inthegapswithsynonyms ofthewords inbrackets. Look attheUsefultips below andsaywhatthey imply. indoubtconsult If the Lead-in. different Inwhatway from writinganessay?asurvey iswritingasummary CLIL” son to £5billionincinematurnover. ofchildren, sitting highlighted thattheinactivity ABritishreport sion butpopculture for thatis1)______(hugely)seductive young people. The values2)______On average, children now watch more thantwo hoursof aday.TV Andit’s notjustchildren’s televi- in front ofacomputer screen 7)_____(implications)—nearlyaquarter ortelevision, hasworrying of children are overweight. ButI’d bemore concerned aboutwhatishappeningto children’s 8)_____ one standsinmy way, theywillgetthefulltorrent ofmy feelings.” There isno5)______(negotiation). municate. e.g. e.g. report? ferred to thevastareas ofthecontinent thatwere to utterly outsiders. unknown
The 4)_____(emphasis)inalotofpopculture is: “I want whatIwantanditnow andifany- The phrase “the DarkContinent” wascoined inthemid-19 Paraphrase changinggrammar thetext aswell. The research/ investigation revealed agreat numberofdifficulties… Last year intheUS,computer gamesaccounted for more than£4,6billionspendingincompari- concise PART 4.WRITINGASURVEYREPORTANDSUMMARY changing thevocabularyasinexample below andsentence structure. The research uncovered ahostofproblems … • Summary is a short isashort Summary accurate important information andnotallthedetails.important • account objective Continent of Mystery ofapiece ofwritingthat gives onlythemost • coherent th century by European century travellers. re- It 197
UNIT 3 UNIT 3 1870s andtherainforests inthe1880sand1890s. 1. Read the text carefully Readthetext anddecideonthemainideasyou wantto includeinthesummary. 1. Africa was ‘dark’ nolonger. (218) . Formulate inonesentence. themainideaofwholetext (Use thisasthefirstsentence of 2. #2 #1 . Combine theminaway thatshows therelationships amongthem. 4. 198 . Dothesamewithmainideasoftext. 3. stretches ofthecoast remained onlysketchily known — eitherbecausehostilelocalsmadethem GUIDELINES (THE BASICS): . Rephrasethesentences inyour own words. 5. interior was surprisingly poorly known. Only the middle Nile OnlythemiddleNile interior wassurprisinglypoorlyknown. Valley, Ethiopia,areas around theCape of GoodHopeandonthelower Congo were explored. dangerous coastline hadnothingto to offer. approach orbecausethedesert While Europeans hada north-western Africanorth-western andtheZambezi Valley hadbeenexplored. The eastern plainsfollowed inthe rain forests seemedto offer littleofvalue merchants.to wasonlywhenmenwilling It exploreto for thesolepurposeoffindingoutwhatwasthere arrived thatthe veil waslifted. By1860muchof fairly clearideaoftheinternal geography ofAsia, the 6. Read your summary to theauthor’s seeifitreflects Readyour summary emphasis. 6. Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи the turnofcentury. (96words) thews focuses ontheexplorationofAfrica inthe19thcentury. According to theauthor, most Europeans’ interest inthecontinent. However, trueexplorers after cameto Africa, most ofithad explanation isthatthere were hostiletribesandagg ceased to beamysteryby theturnofcentury. (72words) discouraged the territory eastern inahotandmostlydesert Africa andfew tradeopportunities of Africa remained terra incognita to theoutsideworld for ofthe19 agreater part outside world for ofthe19 agreater part portunities. portunities. The authorconcludes trueexplorers thatafter cameto Africa, mostofit,except for large deserts and areas with particularly unfriendlypopulation,hadceased to beamysteryby andareas withparticularly large deserts Informative summariesrestate themainideasoforiginal withoutmentioningthe text Donotputyour own opinions, ideasorinterpretations into thesummary. By 1900 only the larger deserts andafew areasBy 1900onlythelarger inhabited deserts by hostilepeoplesremained unknown. By 1800theoutlineofAfrica’s to coast Europeans hadbeenknown for somegenerations. Certain Hostility fromHostility and ArabtraderskeptEuropeans outofmosteastAfrica, whilethehotdeserts NB NB your summary.) This isyour thesisstatement. In his article hisarticle In “Continent ofmystery” publishedin contrast toIn otherinhabited continents, mostof Africa remained terra incognita to the author; descriptiveauthor; summariesmentiontheauthorandtitle. th century. Hostiletribes, aggressive Arabmerchants in /by Rupert Matthews. /by Rupert Americas andAustralia by thisdate, theAfrican History History ressive Arabmerchants andfew tradeop- magazine, in July 2010 Rupert Mat- magazine, inJuly2010Rupert History magazine History th century. His . July2010/ Alternatively: Start withthemainideas, thenwrite down thethesisstatement Start thatclearlysumsup Alternatively: STAGES OF WRITING A SUMMARY Ex.13. Skim the article and divide it into sections (logical parts). Focus (logical anddivideitintosections parts). ontheheadings thearticle Ex.13. Skim READING the mainideaofwholetext. and subheadings —Skim Reread — Read —
PART 4.WRITINGASURVEYREPORTANDSUMMARY edn rtn Editing Writing Reading . The children's mediaexplosion: Onaverage, children now watch more thantwo 1. . Caught intheNet:Last year intheUS,computer gamesaccounted for more than 2. tent and there are also plans for parenting skills to become part of secondary schooltent andthere are ofsecondary alsoplansfor to become parenting part skills to beeducated inparenting. already intheNationalCurriculum It's to asmallex- taken ourcourses andIbelieve that,inthefuture, itwillbethenormfor parents education. Despite these developments for 21st-century parents,education. Despite thesedevelopments there for remain 21st-century four es to bringing upchildren. ences. We have greater understandingofchilddevelopment andofpositive approach- give megreat hopefor thefuture. thepast20years theregloom, butit'snot.In have beenmany achievements andthey difficult areas. I've beenprivilegedto seethesechangeshappening.I've 250,000parents Some have These changeshavebecauseofgreat stridesinthehumansci- come aboutpartly As thedirector ofFamily Caring Trust, thelargest parent educationbodyinBritain, People talkaboutparenting, children, familylife andschoolsasifitisalldoom £4,6 billionspendingincomparison to £5billionincinematurnover. ABritishreport seems to bethatparents are irrelevant intheteenage world. if anyone standsinmy way, theywillgetthefulltorrent ofmy feelings.» There is hugely seductive forhugely seductive young people. The valuescommunicated insoapoperas hours of aday.TV Andit'snotjustchildren's television butpopculture thatis often runcounteroften to thoseparents would liketo communicate. parents are seenaspeopleto argue withandmakedemandson. The message no negotiation.For example, inthepopularChannel4soapopera But I'd bemore concerned aboutwhatishappeningto children's minds. television, has worrying implications — nearly a quarter ofchildren are implications—nearlyaquarter overweight. television, hasworrying highlighted that the inactivity ofchildren, sittinginfronthighlighted ofacomputer thattheinactivity screen or The emphasisinalotofpopculture is:«IwantwhatIand itnow and (markwithnumbersinthele write thesecond — write thefirstdraft — write athesis statement* — write down themainideaof —
/final version each section inonesentence each section Perfect ParentsPerfect THE CHALLENGES ft column). checkifitiswritten in — checkfor and accuracy — revise itfor style, grammar — How many have you got?
your own words and punctuation objectivity Dawson's Creek 199 ,
UNIT 3 UNIT 3 200 5 4 Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи Truenature immediate pleasure oravoidance isdefinedasseeking It ofpainatthecost oflong-term stress anddefeatism . The newanger. thepast,youngsters to rebel In neededto against getangry 4. Things suchaswaitingyour turndonotharmchildren. Parents shouldnotfeel badfor . Your thepeergroup. child'sotherfamily: stresses valuessuchasbeingcool It and 3. spend more timewith adults. The breakthrough may well to come whenparents start screen. Notjustbecauseitisunhealthy butbecause we mustwean themoffthepop self-esteem. shown young children are farlessprone to substance abusewhentheyhave better setting boundariesandallowing children to live withtheconsequences ofignoring and being good at things. A major survey by the Johnson Institute in Minneapolis has by inMinneapolis and beinggoodatthings. theJohnsonInstitute Amajorsurvey to begoodatthings, butchildren canimprove through interests theirself-esteem them. Parents have to befirmorchildren willnotunderstandtheir responsibilities. trated becauseoneofhisteachers hadtakentimeoff becausehischildwasill. the At is whataparent isfor. We needto give children feedback ontheirbehaviour —not home withher? Which ofthesetwo solutionsseembestto you —andwhy isthat? ests, thenamesoftheirfriends, whattheyenjoy. timeto Make talk. Youngsters needto connect. connect. Wean children off computers: we need to protect ourchildren from theme- culture, whichprevents themfrom developing anauthenticidentity. on the spur of the moment — but at a quieter time. Don't lecture them,butaskthem on thespurofmoment—butataquieter lecture time. Don't orcooking. Encouragecycling them.Buythemadiary, bakewiththem,show interest. child needsto learnchess, butfollow could their leads. beLego, It dinosaurs, music, art, ents. This iswhere there shouldbeconsiderable emphasisonfindingotheradults, es- dia onslaught so that they don't spendmore than90minutes eachdaydia onslaughtsothattheydon't infront ofthe meals and not allowed to snack. It givesmeals andnotallowed It themsecurity. to snack. whereThey know theyare. pecially safe menwhocanprovide anessentialrole modelfor boys. Uncles, neighbours, next staffmeeting he told themthat next camefirst,thenfamilies.work family meals, or setting them to bed with a story or kiss. Children orkiss. family meals, should alsobegiven orsettingthemto bedwithastory friends andcoaches canallhelp. How isyourquestions thatmakethemthink. friendgoingto feel walk ifyou don't Try to encourage interests thatruncounter to thepeergroup. justdecideyour Don't Teach respect: Connect withyour child: Create rituals: Give feedback Encourage interests Find role models Rethink priorities authoritarian parenting, butthisbattlehasnow beenwon. There are newlevels tolerance to sethisown levels offrustration,and, theref getting your own way. As adultsspendlesstimewithchildren, youngsters have of angertoday thatare nothingto dowithrepressive parents andnormal, parent education—to develop nurture, andprotect achild'sauthentic core self become closerto theirpeergroups. What isbeingeroded istheessential goalof rebellious teenagers. It doesn't haverebellious teenagers. doesn't deeppsychological It causesbutissocially learned. One ofmy gurus, DrRon Taffle, haspointed outthatthesegamesallow thechild 4 . That onfeelings inturnfeeds andgettinginstantresults. thevalueofacting Rituals helpprovide Rituals continuing security. That canbethingssuchas We for andinsistonrespect needto ourselves expect, andothers. : Children needguidance andmany are notgettingenough. That : From about14onwards, children opento theirpar- are notvery : Recently, Iheard theheadofachurch schoolsay hewasfrus- : The peergroup may say it'snotcool to have interests and You thedetailsoftheirlives; needto theirinter- know THE SOLUTIONS ore, he isn't taught normal frustration ore, taughtnormalfrustration heisn't 5 . whatshapeschildren’s behaviour inthe21 — — how to become a perfect parent? how to become aperfect — parents’ andthesociety’s attitudesto bringing upchildren inthenewmillennium? — relations between schoolandparents? — 1. What is the article about…: (subject matter) about…:(subject What isthearticle 1. . Parents shouldtakeaspecialcourse to learnto cope withthechallengesofbringing up 1. . What doestheauthorthinkaboutit?(mainidea/message) 2. (mark withatickV) 2. In the21 In 2. 6 Ex.18. Write a summary usingtheaboveEx.18. Write sentences asummary asadraft. Make sure thattheyare in Ex. 17.Write in down intowhichyou themainideaofeachsection dividedthetext (inex.13)orsuggestyour own. Ex. 16.Сhooseoneasthemainideaofarticle Ex. 15.Readagaintofind(andunderline)topicsentences and key facts. Ex. 14.Readstraight through tounderstandtheauthor’s mainidea. Ignore theminor 3. In the21 In 3. e.g. logical order. Useyour own wording andsentence structure. Add words. somelinking one sentence.
способность переносить способность разочарование
spending incomparison to £5billionincinematurnover. highlighted ABritishreport tions — nearly a quarter ofchildren aretions —nearlyaquarter overweight turn feeds the value of acting onfeelingsturn feeds thevalueofacting andgettinginstantresults.V inactivity ofchildren, sittinginfront ofacomputerinactivity screen implica- ortelevision, hasworrying happening to children's minds. own levels offrustration,and, therefore, NB WRITING A summary shouldbe1∕3or¼oftheoriginal text. Asummary children inthe21 parents change their attitudes and use certain strategies.parents changetheirattitudesandusecertain learn theways ofcoping withthese difficulties. PART 4.WRITINGASURVEYREPORTANDSUMMARY Caught intheNet:Lastyear intheUS,computer gamesaccounted for more than£4,6billion One ofmy gurus, DrRon Taffle, haspointed outthat sations needto address theseassumptions. We needto changetheway we thinkand that istheemerging challengefor thenewmillennium.(1150) business andthemessyworld offamily. There hasbeenresentment towards maternity leave andwomen having familieshave Parent lostoutoncareer opportunities. organi- st st century parents face anumberofnewchallengesthatcanbeeffectively century metif parents have century to dealwithfour problems ofbringing uptheirchildren and For years there hasbeenaclashbetween thestructured, streamlined culture of details (crossout). /Michael Quinn. Interview by GavanNaden. Quinn.Interview /Michael st . century. Clarify thepointsyou donotunderstand he isn't taughtnormalfrustrationtolerance he isn't st century? . ButI'd bemore concerned aboutwhatis thesegamesallow thechildto sethis The Express Parent. March 2000/ 201 6 thatthe . That in . That
UNIT 3 UNIT 3 . WhatdoesCLILstandfor? 1. 2. In whatlanguageisCLILnormallydone? In 2. . Whatisthedifference between thelanguagebeingacquired andlearned? 7. 0 IsCLILanalternative to traditionalteaching? 10. . Whatismeantby theteacher’s ‘dual expertise’? 4. . Why istheauthorskepticalaboutdoingCLILinEnglish? 3. 202 8 7 CLIL” ‘Viewpoints: Ex. 19.a).Readthearticle andanswer thequestions. . Whatis, intheauthor’s view, theweak spotofanaverage thelanguageor CLILteacher: 5. . Why doesmotivationdecrease intheCLILclassroom, according to theauthor? 9. Comprehension questions: . Why doestheauthorseeCLILasathreat to theteaching profession? 6. b). Write a summary of the article usingtheguidelinesabove. ofthearticle b). Write asummary . Whatis thelanguage’‘learning according to theCLILtheory? 8. Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи intermediate admittedly youngsters to useanotherlanguagenaturally, insuchaway that theysoonforget aboutthe works best when the teacher has dual expertise inbothcontentworks andlanguage. bestwhentheteacher Reality, hasdualexpertise how- seems to bethatatwo-week summercourse issufficientto beable to teachaCLILclass. This students may behigherthanthatoftheteacher. thathappens, If thebestcasescenario is some, andIhappento have someseriousdoubtsaboutCLIL.CLIL(Content andLanguage sequence, itisfoolish to befor oragainstthisthatapproach. Butonecanstillbecriticalof additional language. In this article I'd liketo explainsomeofthereasonsadditional language. thisarticle behind my In scepticism. David oneofthemainadvocates Marsh, ofCLIL,explains, allowto 'CLILoffers opportunities thus integrate more fullyinto theirnewenvironment? tion over thelastdecade:thinkofcountries likeAustria, France, Italy. thecasethat isoften It that theteacher willlosecredibility. The worst casescenario isthattheteacher willbecome a Let me start withafewLet generalissues. mestart is, inmy view, itisalsoaninsultto atbestwishfulthinking, qualified teachers, anditmay inthe criterion asitisnothard to imagine thatthelevelis clearlynotasatisfactory ofsomethe kids donotmaster theirhost'slanguage.kids Wouldn't itbemore sensibleto usesomeofthe ever, isalittledifferent andatpresent, inseveral European countries thelanguage require- education across Europe have teachers adequately andthecurrent failedto thinking support ment for acontent teacher inthetarget to teach languageisamere asubject B1level resources employed to promote learntheiradopted languagefirstand CLILto helpthesekids' raise. First ofall, CLILseemsto thatlanguagesare rely acquired, onthefact ratherthanlearned. Integrated Learning) ofteaching agiven isthepractice (Biology, subject inan Music, History) lish isthedominantCLILlanguage. Furthermore, Europe hasseenamassive wave ofimmigra- language teacher aspecialistinthatsubject? ourprofession. After all, would atwo-week crashcourselong runde-skill onBiologymakethis laughing stock for thestudents. languages. Granted, subject? Apart from theimplementationproblems,Apart there are more fundamentalquestionsI'd liketo Another problem isthelackofadequate teacher training. Here again, mostministriesof Some of my reservations concern ofmySome theway reservations CLILisbeingimplemented. CLIL,we are told, No onereally muchabouthow knows second orforeign languagesare learned. As acon- First off, Iam concerned thatEnglishwillinthelongrunthreaten some weaker European 7 CLILdoesnothave remains to thatEng- bedoneinEnglish,butthefact Viewpoints: CLIL. 8 . This WRITING THE THESIS STATEMENT OF A SUMMARY 10 9 text andparaphrasetext later. Compare itwithyour partner’s. Discuss itwithapartner.Discuss Ex. 20. a) Read the article and focus on the underlined parts. What doyou What thinkthey andfocusontheunderlinedparts. Ex. 20.a)Readthearticle b) Would you like towritethethesisofasummary? tosuggestadifferent selection represent? Answer thequestionsbelow. c) Write your you thesis statement.If can’t doitinyour own words, usesomefrom the What result Why What Where When Who Having saidthat research into how asecond/foreign languageislearned A study inHongKong, for example, showed suffered thatthestudents'motivationactually in Second LanguageAcquisition research say withoutany necessarily greatIt doesn't follow, difficulties. however, thatthestudent in willsimplydevelop mastering asaconsequence. Englishskills donottransfer soeasily; Skills CLIL classes. This isbecauseCLILteachers have often to oversimplify content to makeitdigest- and thiscanreduce ofthiscontent to thedelivery adepressing seriesoftidbits. Studentslose the languageandonlyfocus onthelearningtopic'. What puzzlesmeistheadverb 'naturally’. they're taughtaCLILclass. Buttheresearch carriedoutdoesnotallpointinthesamedirection. ible. Understandingofthecontent ofCLILlessonsmay behampered by weak languageskills just doesn't doit,inmy view.just doesn't Unlessonelives in thetarget country, butthat'sanother story. causes, languageclasseshave nothadthespace that'sneededinthecurriculum. That said guage teaching programs across Europe have failed:thisisessentiallybecause, amongst other confidence asa result; somemay even develop asenseofinferiority astheysense could contexts. ever, learningto talkaboutagiven doesnotimplythatmore generalcommunicative subject do better thanthegrades show. Which Ithinkisdeeplyunfair. notice and then practise thekeyfeaturesnotice andthenpractise ofthelanguage. Learning by usingthelanguagealone I feel thatCLIL,withitsmany flaws, cannot be considered asensiblealternative thestatus to learning means that the students can talk about a subject, then no objections here. thennoobjections How-learning meansthatthestudentscantalkaboutasubject, for Academic Purposes, for instance, willenabletheuserto follow andwrite alecture anes- quo. (845words) question will be able to function just as comfortably in a variety ofmore inavariety general, justascomfortably everydayquestion willbeableto function PART 4.WRITINGASURVEYREPORTANDSUMMARY Which leadsmeto yet anotherquestion:whatismeantby 'learning'inCLILterms? If CLIL is often hailed asthealternativeCLIL isoften to traditionallanguageteaching programs. True, lan- Moving onto motivationalissues, saidthatthestudents'motivationwillincrease itisoften if /by ChazPugliese 9 hasproved itisfor thestudentsto how first important .
Voices November-December 2011Issue223/ 203 10 ,
UNIT 3 UNIT 3 #1 statement? Suggestyour own. 204 11 the text. What shouldyou What dotodecidewhetherany canthe text. beappropriate asthethesis Ex. 21. Read an extract from the article “The Characteristics, and Distribution, “The fromEx. 21.Readanextract thearticle Migration ofHumanPopulation onEarth’s Surface”. thestatementsbelow Discuss Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи действующий посвоемуусмотрению Abramovich have predecessors inGermantycoons ofthe19thcentury. ofthesemay Some simply waves ofpeoplegoingfrom settledareas to newlandsintheinterior (e.g., thewestward move- setting andtoward anotherarea. people’s reflect These factors knowledge ofplaces objective scendants of the Russian Jewish migrants of the late 19th century havescendants oftheRussian Jewishmigrants ofthelate goneonto 19thcentury become major sation could have takenplace withoutthem. scales andindifferent contexts. internationalAt scalesgeographers tracktheflows ofimmigrants flows from rural to urbanareas, whichare aprincipalcauseofurbanization. At alocalscalethey and alsotheirsecondhand impressions. As aconsequence, many countries have experienced and Edwardian years found themselves inEast Endsweatshops, working British whilepostwar and emigrants. At nationalscalestheyconsider regional balances ofin-andout-migrants orthe tion isimpelledinto migration streams, whofled theUnitedto States suchasthemillionsofIrish inthe1960s, ofBrasiliawasbuilt). whenthenewcapitalcity the interior ofBrazilstarting East EndofLondon, RussianJewishimmigrants includingsugarbaking. inthelate Victorian ing. “Pull” may factors makeanotherplace seemmore andtherefore attractive influence the is constantly changing Earth’s landscapesandmodifyingitscultures. of takesplace atavariety It have owned bakersandbutchers shops, butothershelpedto establishsomeofBritain's largest companies. Ludwig Immigrant sonwasoneofthefounders Mond's ofIСI.Meanwhile, thede- of thetoughest manualjobs, leadingsomehistorians to to whichindustriali- doubt theextent consider ofcollege the continuous students, mobility retirees, andtourists orthechangesofad- decision to move. are factors unpleasantenoughto Other “push” themigrant outofthelocal dress thatoccur withoutnecessarily resulting inajobchangeorfriendshippatterns. unavoidable (thedenialoftherightto chooseaplace to live). ment in the United States in the nineteenth century and themovement intheUnited States inthenineteenth from century thesoutheastcoast to point oforigin andatpotential destinationsagainstthe costs (financialandemotional)ofmov- place to live), butunavoidable to voluntary (thesearch for aplace to live), to and involuntary players in British industry andtheprofessions,players inBritishindustry ashave refugees from NaziGermany.(222) millionaires in contemporary Londonmillionaires incontemporary testifies. Fabulously wealthy businessmensuchasRoman prosperity immigrants could from nothave allover happenedwithoutworking-class theworld. ofthelabourforceperiod. formed For onsome part theIrish working muchofthe19thcentury much oftheBritishpopulationshun,replicates patterns thatdeveloped duringthe Victorian leads to significant reshaping ofpopulationdistribution andcharacter. isadynamicprocessIt that The recent arrivalofeastEuropeans employment into which Britain,inorder to undertake The anddiscretionary ofmigration context variesfrom voluntary Voluntary andunavoidable migration occurs whenmuch ofaregion’s orcountry’s popula- Similarly, Germanimmigrants in someofthehardestVictorian work Britainundertook inthe Migration is one of the most distinctive and visible characteristics ofhumanpopulations, andvisiblecharacteristics isoneofthemostdistinctive andit Migration However, migrants have asacheaplabour force notsimplyacted —asthenumberofforeign In the two voluntary contexts, results migration often thetwo voluntary from atthe In theanalysis offactors Migration ofHumanPopulation onEarth’s Surface /from The economy: migrant support Arriving inStyle Arriving by Panikos Panayi. Magazine. July2010/ History 11 (thesearch for abetter 1. Migration changes the face of the Earth anditspopulations. changestheface Migration oftheEarth 1. 2. Migration, whichistheflow Migration, ofpeoplebetween countries and regions, and town andthe 2. (see the article below). Follow(see thearticle thestepsdescribedinex.20. 4. Many factors determine Many populationmovements. factors 4.
the flawsinothers. 3. Migration isthemostdecisive Migration inshapingtheworld factor populationmap. 3. Ex. 23. Read the article and the summaries (1–5). Decide which isthebest.Point andthesummaries(1–5).Decide out Ex. 23.Readthearticle EDITING Ex. 22.Write athesisstatementoftheprospective summary younger peoplemore choseto often leave inangerorengageyelling andname-calling. World War, asthisFrench concept ofbourgeois dining(therestaurant) spread throughout who moved inthe1990sbecauseofdrought, famine, andcivilwar. However, somemigrations which would nothave developed intheway itdidinBritainwithoutmigration. Duringthe Greek Cypriots theSecond inthedecadesafter World War — astheGreek namesofmany fish and South Americaintheseventeenth,and South eighteenth, are forced andinvoluntary. SuchwasthecasewithAfrican Americanswhowere takento North and Swiss staffed restaurants by ofallsizes theoutbreak throughout oftheFirst thecountry Britain. to determine how they solved interpersonal problems. wasfound thattheadults whowere It ties of Italian 'penny iceties ofItalian men', onthestreet whoinitiallysoldtheirproducts andthenopened in the1840sbecauseofpotato famineorthemillionsofSomalis, Sudanese, andRwandans introduced food 'Chinese'and'Indian' inthe1950sand1960srespectively. ing many coffee andsandwichbars.More obviously, HongKongandBangladeshi migrants in London, includingtheCafe At Royal andtheRitz. thesametimeGermans, Frenchmen older than80were more likely to avoid waitinguntilthingsimproved,by conflict whilethe content intheirinterpersonal relationships. older peopleare better atgettingalongwithothersthanyounger peopleare, andmuchmore cafes, especiallyinsouth Wales. bars, liketheAcropolis in Telford, would suggest.(237) by and, migrants, inparticular, inthefirsthalfof20th initiallybycentury Jews andItalians by northern European predecessorsnorthern immediately theSecond after World War, establishingandstaff- laborers onsugar, cotton, andtobacco plantations. late Victorian periodcontinental settlersestablishedsomeofthemostfamousrestaurants country, cantakeplace for different reasons. PART 4.WRITINGASURVEYREPORTANDSUMMARY Similarly, fishandchips, whichprobably has French andJewishorigins, beensold hasoften Grumpy oldmen andwomen may notbesogrumpy all. after Two that newstudiesreport Continental —continued migrants thework —from oftheir Cyprus inparticular andItaly oftheeconomyOne sector inwhichmigrants have played acentral role iscatering, In onestudy,In theresearchers with184people ages13to lengthy conducted 99 interviews Ice cream asaresult eatinginBritainbeganto develop oftheactivi- duringthe19thcentury Research Dispels MythoftheOldandGrumpy Eating out:changing tastes /from www.learner.org/powerofplace/standards.html and nineteenth centuries to work asslave 205
UNIT 3 UNIT 3 #1 206 Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи volved more than1,000peopleages25to 74whocompleted eightsuccessive days ofphone women, are better atcommunicating withpeople whenthere isaconflict. This, according to with, andwhenproblems arose, theyexperienced lessnegative emotionandbehaved less survival value, strategies andthatpeople whousedestructive eitherdonotstaysurvival together ordo socially acceptable. They alsomentionthatolderadultsmay remember thepastmore favorably andtheleadauthorontwo studies. ofMichigan «Whensity theydofeel upset,they're more situations. second study, whichwasmore thorough, showed similarresults: olderpeople, bothmenand separate ornotreach advanced years. (170) ficulties ininterpersonal relations. The first studyrevealed thatpeople over 80 tendto wait for and usinglessaggressive strategies when theyhave problems intheirrelationships. mightbe It aggressively. The studyappearsintheMay issueof as peoplemay aboutbehaviours notbecompletely theyseeasinap- honestwhenspeaking Dr. Birditt, to aresearcher thecommon beliefthat iscontrary from theUniversity ofMichigan, that relationships getbetter aswe age.» (550words) than younger people. matter,» ofrelationshiptype didn't shesaid. «Olderpeopleare justbetter atit.» they have problems intheirrelationships,» saidDr. S.Birditt, aresearch Kira fellow attheUniver- terpersonal tension thanyounger adults, ofstressful even andfrequency with similarintensity things to improve instead ofconfronting themopenly, whichiswhat young peopleprefer to interviews, atechniqueinterviews, thattheauthorsbelieve produces more reliable recollections. handling conflict notonlywithfamilybut co-workers,handling conflict neighborsandacquaintances.»The change, itmay behelpfulto justignore it.» outside theirfamilies. However, theresearchers admit thattheresults may notbetotally valid old peopleare grumpy. outproblems Shealsopointsoutthatolderpeopleare better atsorting do. suchsituationsolderpeopleare In lessaggressive; theyhave amore positive approach. The not live aslongthosewhofindways getalong.to orfeelings whatis ontheiractions canbiasthefindingsbecausepeoplemay only report report problems, avoid olderadultsoften may thisapproach. bethatavoiding «It problems isgood premise. But thetwo studiesfound nosuchvariationbetween thesexes. men by withdrawing andwomen by insistingonasolution.Andsomeresearch confirms this propriate, and, what’s more, peoplewithnegativ cal Sciences likely to waitto seeifthingsimprove thanto yell orargue.» for relationships,» Dr. Birditt said. issue, «Particularly ifit'sapersonality somethingunlikelyto «Over all,»«Over Dr. Birditt concluded, «olderpeopleare experiencinglessangerandstress, thinkofolderadultsasdisagreeable,«Although peopleoften nicer they're when actually The results were people60andolderwere similar: better atregulating to theirreactions in- The researchers point to several limitationsoftheirstudy. They concede thathaving people The second study, scheduledfor publicationintheJuneissueof The olderpeople, theresearchers found, hadfewer interpersonal difficultiesto begin Two were studiesbasedoninterviews carriedoutto discover theways peopledealwithdif- And whileconfronting viewed issuesopenlyisoften asthebestway to handleinterpersonal Moreover, Dr. Birditt pointed outthatolderadultsofbothsexes appeared to bebetter at In addition,theresults mayIn that beinfluenced strategiesconstructive thefact by may have iswidelybelieved thatmenandwomen respondIt often differently — interpersonalto stress . e strategies ininterpersonal relations tend to / By Nicholas Bakalar. /ByNicholas The Journal of Gerontology: Psychologi-The JournalofGerontology: Psychology andAging The NewYork Times June 20,2005/ , in- , #5 #4 # 3 #2 women’s response to interpersonal tension found. Besides, seniorpeopleapparently solve in- studies produced similarresults: olderpeopleare more capable ofcontrolling negative feelings solve interpersonal conflicts. The chief researcher, Dr. BirdittKira said, “Older peopleare just and stay together. (152) age. Moreover, theresearch discovered thatbothsexes and candealwithinterpersonal friction and behaving reasonably thanyounger people. This wisdomcomes isonlyto with beexpected: according ofpeople from to 13to two newstudiesbasedoninterviews 99years ofage. Both and Dr. Birditt says, ithelpsinterpersonal relationships.(94) Both studiesproduced similarresults andfound nodifference between sexes intheway they tern whichisfollowed by no steps to bothmenandwomen solve inthe istaking aconflict the present. More importantly, researchers pointoutthatpositive strategies olderpeopleprefer the case. Researchers themselves admitthatrespondents may nothave beencompletely hon- tension equally well. I,however, thinkthere isnoconclusive evidence to believe thisis, indeed, that olderpeoplewhoare tolerant tend to live longerandto live asacouple. (151) that theconclusions may notbe100%reliable for two reasons. Firstly, therespondents might terpersonal problems outsidethefamilymore efficiently. DrBirditt, themain researcher, sug- solvingthanthe terpersonal conflict young. The firststudydiscovered thatpeople over 80 are in theirrelationships both thepeopleandtheirrelations, may helpsurvive thatislive longer ing immediate action suchasshoutingandaccusing eachother.ing immediate action The olderrespondents, the in case of friction or conflict, oldpeopleappear inamoreto takethingsmore orconflict, calmlyandact in caseoffriction inclined to waittillthesituationimproves instead ofarguing withtheotherparty. What’s more, hope thesituationwilltakecare ofitself. Asimilarpattern emerges when relationships atwork help live longerand stay inarelationship; hence thehigherpercentage ofthoseamongolder est intheiranswers. Besides, itishumannature to seethepastinamore favourable lightthan or within the community areor withinthecommunity examined. ofyoung Anotherpattern characteristic peopleistak- of behavior ininterpersonal conflicts. typical ofpeople The patternover 80 consists inolder older peoplebehaved lessaggressively, young peopletended to yell andargue witheachother. gests thattheirstrategy ofavoiding ismore conflict effective. The researchers admit, however, down instead ofdemanding achangeinthepersonquestion. The researchers alsopointout people addressing difficultiesininterpersonal relationshipsby avoiding confrontation. Apat- ofrelationshipbetter atit,thetype didn’t matter.” Olderpeopleavoid confronting issuesopenly, problems. They found thatpeopleover 80solve theseproblems by avoiding conflict. While research suggests, seemto realize thatifitisamatter ofpersonalqualitiesitiswiserto play it respondents.(157) not have mentionedsociallyunacceptable incidents. Secondly, positive attitudesmay both reasonable way. The second studyconfirmed thesefindings, withnodifference in men’s and PART 4.WRITINGASURVEYREPORTANDSUMMARY Two studies, involving withpeopleofdifferent interviews ages, discovered different patterns Two newstudiesreveal thatoldpeopletend to takeamore constructive approach to in- Old peopleappearto bemuchbetter atsolvinginterpersonal difficultiesthanthe young, Researchers two conducted studiesaimedto findouthow peoplesolved interpersonal 207
UNIT 3 UNIT 3 . Have you accurately represented theauthor’s ideasandkeypoints(theauthor’s emphasis)? 1. . Have you written itinyour OWNwords? you If quoted theauthor, usethequotationmarks. 2. 208 Revise itforstyle, grammar, spellingandpunctuation. Parents”. “Perfect ofthearticle Ex. 24.Readyour summary Answer thefollowing . Isittherightlength? 4. . Have you includedany minordetailsoryour own ideas? 3. questions: Ex. 25. Compare the article andthesummary.Ex. 25.Compare Suggestways thearticle toimprove it. Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи 2 percent ofwomen in an area surveyed justoutside Mumbaiandwhohadbeento Marathi- who hadbeento English-mediumschoolshaddoneso, compared to fewer thanoneinten who few women low-caste 1980, very women. were In ofthem Butlow inpaidwork. expectations and girls, ofIndia’s from theshackles ancientcaste system. are also breaking down social barriers by marrying outsidetheircaste: nearlyathirdare down ofthose also breaking socialbarriersby marrying are now willingto spend more oneducatingtheirdaughters thantheir sons. Low-caste women the past twenty yearsthe pasttwenty revealed anewtrend amonglow- ineducation choices andjobselection the long-standingcaste system. The despite rigid quotasfor caste system hassurvived inIndia the caste system). anewstudypublishedintheAmericanEconomic Review, In econo- Indian traditional white-collar jobsthanksto globalisation. traditional white-collar tion [that]could ultimately leadto thedisintegration ofasystem thathasremained firmlyin English-speaking secondary schools. 12%more secondary women inEnglish are with proficiency in English-speaking work jobs to befilled peopleoflowby caste and Dalits(so-calledby ‘untouchables’, wholieoutside had attended Marathi-medium schools.had attended Marathi-medium caste boys and girls. Surprisingly, itisgirls whohave madeabreakthrough thanksto attending ernization may beoverestimated helps. (130) butitcertainly enrolments andincomehasseenabigriseinnon- inMumbai(Bombay). thattimeIndia Over now; besides, morenow; than30%marriedinto ahighercaste. my In viewEnglishasaforce ofmod- places. Anewstudywhichcompared thedataonschoolenrolments andincome inMumbaifor mist Kaivan Munshi and an American colleague examined twenty years’ MunshiandanAmericancolleague examinedtwenty mist Kaivan ofdataonschool worth place for thousandsofyears’.(371) more endedupinEnglish-mediumschoolsthantheboys. roughly ofthiswasclear: The impact meant there were fewer stereotypical theirchoices attitudesaffecting ineducation,andmany In a 1990 sampleofovera malesaround 4,000 low-caste Mumbai,thosewithacommand ofEng- In low-caste peopleandthe low-caste ‘untouchables’, whichwere introduced bothatuniversities andwork- local language, andfrom whichtheywould graduate into ‘blue-collar’ occupations traditional language schoolswere compared inwork, women. to nearly14percent ofEnglish-speaking lish earned24percent more onaverage thanthosewithlittleEnglish. for theircaste. However, somebroke withtraditionandenrolled inEnglish-mediumschools. The caste system hasproved hard to dentdespite aseriesofquotasfor university places and They found boys thatlow-caste stilltended to the attend schoolsthattaughtinMarathi, The studyconcluded thatEnglishwasthemostsignificant ofvarious ‘forces ofmodernisa- A goodcommand ofEnglishhaschangedthelives ofmany women Indian andisbreaking Summary Women have surged aheadineducationandemployment, families somuchthatlow-caste More dramaticwere brought thechangesthatEnglishproficiency thelivesto oflow-caste Proficiency in English is an important factor in helping to free Indians, particularly inhelping women to freeIndians, factor particularly Proficiency inEnglishisanimportant English Shakes Caste System /by Salusbury. Matt EL GAZETTE . Issue#340.April2008/ Accurate: You shouldincludeallofthemainideas, express themclearly, theauthor’s andreflect — Concise: You shouldincludeonlyonestatement ofthethesis(mainidea),even iftheauthorre- — Coherent: You shouldhave smoothtransitions, orconnections, between sentences. — Objective: You shouldincludeonlytheauthor’s ideas, not your own opinions, interpretations, — . The world would beabetter place to live inifscientificand technological endeavour 1. TOPICS: . Shouldscientific research bediscouraged for ethical reasons 2. V The possiblebenefitsofscientific research are huge.Trying toblock research forethicalor IV. . The dailyavalanche oftechnological innovations thatmakeourlives easierandatthesame I. A summary shouldbe: A summary APPENDIX
Ex. 27.Readthefollowing paragraphs anddecidewhichcan asintroductionor serve CHARACTERISTICS OFCHARACTERISTICS A SUMMARY REVISION: WRITING OPINION ESSAYS. and revise itusingthequestionsinex.24. I. We are newworld entering where aworrying somepeople willbeclonedwhileothers III. conclusion to thetopicsbelow II. If we If didn’t takeachance atall, thenthere could benonewtechnologies ofany orany kind, II. Ex. 26. Read your summary of the article “Eatingout:changingtastes” ofthearticle Ex. 26.Readyour summary
Should society discourage scientistsfromShould society proceeding withtheirresearch? slowed down. a postcard. The messagehewrites mightwell have come from any ofus, of areflection applied science; andthat,takenallinall, would beabadthing. Butwe shouldalways bearin and judgments. technology’s onourlives: effect time. “Having a wonderful Why?” time more complicated putsmostpeopleinavexed mood—likethedepressive who can reserve thescientiststheirfreedomcan reserve butallow themnopower, the thenwe shouldextract other reasons oflong-awaited candeprive cures themankind for lethaldiseases. As longaswe gets timeoutfrom hisclinicandgoesto thebeachfor afew days. Hesendshispsychiatrist emphasis. maximum benefitswiththeminimumofrisks. be rendered andyet otherswillhave immortal, theirintelligences andappearances changed. be quite differentkind from anything in can yet be conceived, andfarbigger. peats it;review onlythemainpoints;and, ifnecessary, details. includeseveral majorsupporting mind how vastisthescope ofourignorance; that PART 4.WRITINGASURVEYREPORTANDSUMMARY there isalways achance ofdisaster thatmay ? /from New Directions /
UNIT 3 UNIT 4 What makesWhat you thinkso?How paraphrasing? doesitaffect SECTION SECTION 1. USEFUL LANGUAGE FOR SUMMARIES UNIT 4 210 14 13 12 Stansted Read the extract andchooseappropriateRead theextract synonyms from thelistbelow. Lead-in. Look through below. theextract is? doyou What thinkthetoneofarticle Ex. 1. Read and decide on the tone of the article. Ex. 1.Readanddecideonthetoneofarticle. PRACTICE 1PRACTICE and thesenumbersare also risingfast—500Britishcitizens leave theUKpermanentlyeachday. The Roman instrumentoftorture. Anyone attempting to drive onBank Holiday orsuffering delays at the US,Canada andIreland. tions, butBulgariaisthefastest growing. Almostoneinten Britons now islivingoutsideGreat Britain Formal, informal, angry, enthusiastic, detached, humorous, serious, optimistic, pessimisticconcerned…? country withthemostBritish immigrants isAustralia, withmorecountry thanamillion,followed by Spain, b) Rewrite the text inyour ownb) Rewritethetext words, changesentence where structure necessary. number ofBritishresidents for thefirsttime. Spain, FranceIreland and remain thefavourite destina- a) Paraphrase (compress ifappropriate). theunderlinedparts Stansted —London airport. Fairy lights—smallusedfor decorating Christmastrees. SpeakeroftheHouseCommons since 2009. “Travel” shares thesameroot astravail meaning “work”. Bothderive from splurging: spendingspree/ shopping/moneywasting a man of his delicate aesthetics: a man of fine taste / artistically minded a manofhisdelicate aesthetics:amanoffinetaste /artistically entails: implies/involves/ means It was felt necessary: [theSpeaker]thoughtitagoodidea/decided wasfelt necessary: It 14 willunderstandthis, yet in2004, thetotal numberofBritishvisitsabroad the overtook (пылесосить) thepineneedlesfrom thecarpet? when more than£26,000 wasspentonChristmastree maintenance sary to spend£1,240ondecorations. sary That's alotto spendonfairies of aChristmastree entailsisnotexplained. Doesitmean Hoovering even for amanofhisdelicate what'maintenance' aesthetics. Exactly by theCommons authoritieshecontrols. 2009itwasfelt In neces- Tone istheattitude thewriter wants to convey, theemotional Mr Bercow’s /from Decks theHallwithBagsofMoney”. Squeaker “The 12 biggestyear for Christmassplurging was2010, colouring ofhis/herwriting Overseas Travel The Daily Mail Daily . March 24,2012/ trepalium 13 , , a three-staked , athree-staked 2016. This compares withoddsofaround onein400,000ofgettinginto theEnglandfootball squad. бег спрепятствиями) inAmsterdam inthe1928 Games onasteady dietofchampagne. words from thoseinthebrackets tone of the article. a)Chooseanappropriate equivalenttone ofthearticle. fortheunderlined 16 15 Ex. 2.Readandsupplyappropriate subtitlesfrom thelistbelow shooting events. sambani from theSydney He’d 2000Games? only learntto swimeightmonthsearlier, buthewas squads of14,andfewer than1,000leagueplayers, thededicated newcomer has oddsofroughly one the basicOlympicstandard inyour chosenevent andare prepared to move to atiny Pacific South the sameas)ridingabike. cycling isaseasy(notmuch different/ the fitnessandnerve, practically nomore difficultthan/ that canbedonewithoutstandingup—rowing, horseriding, sailing, your canoeingandcycling. If For Britons, for statisticallytheeasiestto getselected isHandball. With maleandfemale Olympic Subtitles: island, theNaurauanswould gladto probably have bevery you. Similarly, Dominicahadonlytwo in 35(hasagoodchance/ islikelyto…) theteam year, -maybe notnext ofmaking butatleastin history, allofthemweightlifters. That unrepresented, leaves 25othersports provided you canmake her maleequivalentHaileGebrselassieloves aBigMac. Lord David Burghley won the400mhurdles ( outlook (attitude/preference for…) iseven more sedentary, liedown you for can actually some exactly meet/way below)exactly Olympicstandard. Remember100mfreestyle swimmerEric ‘the eel’ Mous- cliffe onadietof…/consumes/ devours (survives regularly eats)hundreds of oping countries withoutdecent trainingfacilities. dividual pursuit cycling gold in Beijing, having only taken up the sport two goldinBeijing, yearsdividual pursuitcycling earlier. having onlytakenupthesport you If have do you remember them? representatives justfour. inBeijing;Iraq fast-tracked to represent Equato ‘lottery’ whowouldn’t to chooseasportsmen inacompetition. normallybeallowed to takepart three dotsmeanthatyou have to paraphrasetherest ofthephrase. Sometimes, smallernations’ athletes are allowed to compete, even ifthey’re notquite upto (not Sure, halfthepace asslowly hewent of(twice as/wasasslow atexactly asasnail…) hisrivals, but Choose anunpopularsport. found ineveryday life. thatusesskills Choose asport thatinvolvesChoose asport alotofsittingaround. Change your nationality. Do not restrict yourselfDo notrestrict on food. PART 4.WRITINGASURVEYREPORTANDSUMMARY rial Guineathrough awildcard draw How to BeanOlympicStar 15 . The former rower Rebecca Romero in- won the3km Traditionally, theBritishhave beengoodatevents Nauruhasfieldedonlyseven athletes inOlympic World-record-holding marathonrunnerPaula Rad- There covering are 26Olympicsports, 300events. /by
Jim White, the Jim White, 16 designed to encourage devel- Reader’s Digest, Mars . Decide onthe Decide barsayear, while 211 July2011/
UNIT 4 UNIT 4 . At thebeginning theauthor 1. 2. Then (after that, further, further on, next,) the author argues/explains, Then that,further, on,next,) (after looksat,explores, further 2. 1. In which Olympic sport iscompetition lessintense? whichOlympicsport In 1. 2. What kind of sports dotheBritishtraditionallyexcel at? ofsports Whatkind 2. 3. What skills can be crucial to sports achievements? canbecrucialto sports Whatskills 3. Экзамен, 2007. Экзамен, 212 20 19 18 17 “Live Forever” fromEx. 3.Readtheextract thearticle Paraphrase useofappropriate words making andchanginggrammar . Isfood to break really restriction arecord necessary insports? 4. 3. In conclusion theauthordescribes .../theauthorconcludes In with.../attheendofstory/ 3. the article. tion ofhumanintelligence itselfsomethousandsofgenerations ago. Current overlook predictions the 5. How can taking on a new nationality raiseone’s onanewnationality How cantaking chances ofcompeting intheOlympics? 5. imminence hausts itspotential, anewone, whichismore sophisticated, emerges to keepusmoving atanexpo- creating humanlevel intelligence inamachine. Butby 2030,we’ll have themeansto scanthehuman b) Answer the questions below and write a summary inyour ownb) Answer thequestionsbelow words andwriteasummary nential pace reality. We have down thisroad: already humanandmachinehave started already begunto meld. brains enhanced withbillionsof “nanobots”, microscopic usinandoutofvirtual robots transporting propriately to humanemotion,andhumansbecome more likemachines—ourbiological bodiesand match thantheevolu- andvastlyexceed thecapabilitiesofhumanbrainwillbenolessimportant itsdesign electronically.brain andre-create two years; andithasrecently year.between 1950and1966,itdoubledevery beendoublingevery Expressions to beused: NB and sentence structure. Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи after thefirstreference after to theauthor by fullname, reference donotusepersonal pronouns. by lastname only; неизбежность. понарастающей. «Курс See английского студентов для языковых вузов», языка Е. Л. Б. Ястребова, Г. ВладыкинаМ. В. Ермакова. М.— The history oftechnology hasshownThe over history andover that astheexistingmodeoftechnology ex- Of course,Of achievingtheprocessing butnotsufficient power for ofthehumanbrainisnecessary Most peopledon’tMost ofthat. realize impact therevolutionary The development ofcomputers that There are more words to introduce anauthor’s opiniondependingonthecontent andtone of (description, etc. of)/enumerates/ pointsout.../according to theauthor (description, etc. of)/enumerates/ article the author draws /comes to the conclusion that/ .../ the story/article endswith…atthe theauthordraws /comes toarticle theconclusion that/.../thestory/article analyses/ comments on,gives his/her(an)account of, criticizes, etc. end of the story/article, theauthorsumsitallup(by saying).... end ofthestory/article, examines/ passesonto .../goesonto say that...,/gives adetailed(thorough) analysis 19 18 ofaworld inwhichmachinesbecome more likehumans—programmed to respond ap- . Between 1910and1950,computer technology doubledinpower three years; every LANGUAGE FOR DESCRIPTIVE SUMMARIES When writing a descriptive summary it is necessary itisnecessary When writingadescriptive summary to mention theauthor’s nameperiodically 20 describes/dwells on/touches upon/explains,/introduces/ 17 , decideonitstone. 22 21 Ex. 5. Make the summary of the article “Research Dispels Myth of the Old and oftheOld “Research Myth Dispels ofthearticle Ex. 5.Make thesummary Ex. 4.Fill withappropriate phrases inthegapssummary from thelistabove. The first isdonefor you. well-to-do andpoorwillchooseto stay.well-to-do world. However, peopleseemto thinkthere isnoalternative to themove to thesuburbsdespite the Grumpy” PRACTICE 2 PRACTICE ers andRichardBurdet analyse theadvantagesofdeveloping urbanareas innercitiesinparticular. existing urbanarea. The argument isthatcitieshave beenabandonedbecauseofcongestion and ers andBurdet, there isawidespread beliefthatpeoplewantnewhousingto bebuiltoutsidethe noise. The oflife authorsconclude thatifthequality incitieschangesfor thebetter, people, both fact thatsuburbandevelopment isaburdenfact onthebudgetandenergy resources. According to Rog- See the article inunit3ex.23. thearticle See inunit3ex.19. thearticle See The authorsstate thatEngland, though,small, hasoneof thehighestpopulationdensitiesin 223, 1)ChazPugliese explainshisskepticalpositiononCLIL,i.e. teaching immigrants’ children (учитель-предметник) canhave aratherpoorcommand ofEnglish,whichmay undermine student lives inthelanguageenvironment. a second (usuallyEnglish)languagesimultaneouslywithadifferent subject. that CLILisbasedontheconcept oflanguageacquisition asopposedto languagelearning. training. Pugliese 5) summercourse provided for_____ thatashort content teachers isnot amongthestudents.their authority 3) _____the author4) ______thesituationwithteacher English for Academic Purposes isquite possible. Studentsare notnecessarily better motivat- in terms of ‘general communicative skills’ isdifficultintheCLILclassroom whilelearningsome enough to obtainagoodcommand ofEnglish. classroom issimplified, whichleads adropto inmotivation. ed; research suggeststhatdueto students’ matter intheCLIL thesubject poorlanguageskills 8) _____ theauthorthere alanguageby islittlechance merely ofknowing usingitunlessthe non-English speaking country,non-English speaking whichdoesn’t helpintegration/assimilation. Acontent teacher In the article thearticle In factory solution. factory terpersonal conflict solvingthanthe terpersonal conflict young. The firststudy discovered thatpeople over 80 are in case of friction or conflict, oldpeopleappear inamoreto takethings more orconflict, calmlyandact in caseoffriction inclined to waittillthesituationimproves instead ofarguing withtheotherparty. What’s more, reasonable way. The second studyconfirmed these findings, withnodifference in men’s and PART 4.WRITINGASURVEYREPORTANDSUMMARY 10) ______thatwhatever problems languageteaching inEurope faces, CLILisnotasatis- The author6)_____basicproblems____ inherent inlanguagelearningviaCLIL.Pugliese 7) Two newstudiesreveal thatoldpeopletend to takeamore constructive approach to in- At thebeginning Pugliese 2) It isusuallydoneinEnglisheven_____ theflaws ina ofCLIL. 9) _____ the interpretation of learning in CLIL theory andatstudents’_____ theinterpretation9) oflearninginCLILtheory motivation.Learning In the article thearticle In 22 adescriptive one. Let’s Cram More intoCities Viewpoints: CLIL 21 publishedinthe publishedinthe Sample Voices New Statesman, November–December 2011,issue May 22 , 2000,Richard Rog- 213
UNIT 4 UNIT 4 . To indicate thatyou are goingto give additionalinformation: 1. . To indicate where information fitsinasequence: 2. . To another(contrast): withor indicatecontradicts thatoneideaconflicts 4. . To indicate thatoneideaissimilarto another(comparison): 3. 1. Quotation marks enclose direct quotationsor Quotationmarksenclosedirect 1. Transitional phrases 214 Ex. 7.Improve inex.4by adding transitional thesummary phrases where necessary. Ex. 6.Look inex.5andfindtransitional through phrases. thesummary PUNCTUATION: QUOTING Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи women’s response to interpersonal tension found. Besides, seniorpeopleapparently solve inter- that theirstrategy ofavoiding ismore conflict effective. The researchers admit, however, thatthe ger andstay inarelationship; hence thehigherpercentage ofthoseamongolderrespondents. conclusions may notbe100%reliable for two reasons. Firstly, therespondents mightnothave mentioned sociallyunacceptable incidents. Secondly, positive attitudesmay bothhelplive lon- personal problems outside thefamilymore efficiently. DrBirditt, themain researcher, suggests “Caroline Lucas, theGreen Party, Platts, theLabourParty, 16,238…Nancy 14,986…” The mayor ofLondon proclaimed themeritsofhis newRoutemaster buses. are madein ‘They The candidates stood ontheplatform andthereturning to officer readoutthenumbers: started Germany,’ hewrote inhiscolumn. also, inthesamemanner/way, like/likewise, similarly and then,again,inthefirstplace (first/firstly),inthe second place (second/secondly),next, etc, and, also, besides, further, inaddition,moreover, furthermore, too Britain anddeliver jobsto thepeopleofthiscountry, unlikethebendybuseswhichare madein but, even so, however, incontrast, instead, onthecontrary, nevertheless, ontheotherhand, still, yet borrowed from others). belong to’, Dilts’s to quote Robert aphorismonleadership. e.g. In teaching Englishalotdependson theteachers’In ability ‘to create aworld studentswantto last, finally. When writing a summary (oressay) you mayWhen writingasummary have to quote the author. correctly. to usepunctuation isimportant It For use asmooth,logical flow ofideasinthesummary transitional words andphrases fragments ofquotations(words orphrases . More thanafew commentators, onthesaddeclineofstandards reflecting since the great days 1. . Aperiodorcomma usuallygoes 3. . Quotation marksenclosetranslationofborrowed orforeign terms ordefinitions. Specialized 2. Ex. 8. Add punctuation marks to bring out the quoted parts inthefollowing sentences.Ex. 8.Add markstobring outthequotedparts punctuation 4. In general, quotationmarksare In placed atthebeginning andatendofthequotation.(‘We’ve 4. PRACTICE 3 PRACTICE 5. In caseofaquotationwithinquotation,combination ofdifferent In (doubleorsingle) 5. “John Brown linkto themovement isournationallyknown to endslavery,” saidtheMayor “Carla “I usedto beshy ‘This is a huge responsibility for all of us and top oftheresponsibility ofeducation.’ isahugeresponsibility for allofusand ‘This They wouldn’t believe shereally said A semi-colon andcolon areA semi-colon placed A questionmark(?)andanexclamation point(!)are thequoted placed insideiftheypunctuate She [Joan McVittie] told theconference:She [Joan ‘Many young peoplelearn theirvaluesinschool. Sadly, meansa Serendipity ‘happy accident’ or ‘pleasant surprise’; specifically, theaccident offinding Westminster asthemotherofparliaments. words are sometimesenclosedinquotationmarksoritalicized. won!’ shesaid.) However, to show that “the quoted speechcontinues inanewparagraph, put some oftheirparents are unableto provide guidance thevaluesprovided and often by their for it. something goodorusefulwithoutlooking Davis willclosetheceremony withthesong trons andchildren chimedin. Everyone inthecrowd joinedthecheer “Long live, Duce”: adolescents andoldpensioners, ma- include thepunctuation. of theRepublic’.” of Gladstone andDisraeli, have reached for JohnBright’s famouslinesaboutthePalace of ends.” ( peer groups takeprecedence over allelse. matter e.g. e.g. e.g. e.g. e.g. e.g. e.g. In Britishusage,In though,theseare placed outsidethequotationmarksifquoted didnot text quotation marksisused. quotation marksatthebeginning ofthat PART 4.WRITINGASURVEYREPORTANDSUMMARY The Borzoi HandbookforWritersThe Borzoi but outside ,” says theyoung coach. how“But now to Iknow talkto theladsandtheylisten to me when they punctuate thewholesentence. whentheypunctuate within outside , “I love you ). the quotationmarks. paragraph, andkeepdoingsountilthepassage thequotationmarks.
first created in memory ofBrownfirst created — inmemory Hymn ‘Battle ”! 215 .”
UNIT 4 UNIT 4 . The university says thatstudentsbenefitfrom thestaffspendingmore timeon 1. 0 According to Professor Livingstone, middleclassparents tend to steer (направлять)their 10. . Then theofficer announced: Ihereby declare that Caroline Lucashasbeendulyelected 2. . The term fairplay shouldbegiven suggeststhateveryone anequalchance, thatno 4. . The phrasegoingpostal, meaning ‘going berserk’ originated (uncontrollably intheUSA angry) 4. 3. The chief inspector of schools said A culture which is sometimes self-obsessed andputssuch TheofschoolssaidAculture chiefinspector whichissometimesself-obsessed 3. . The statement The inhabitantsoftheBritish Isleswere never calledCelts hasnow become 9. . BrianCox: I’m notgoingto say, climate modeliscorrect. My never Science claimsto be ‘right’. 7. . To usedto meanto have sport fun. 6. 2. She [Alaska governor She[Alaska SarahPalin] really doherjob (воковах), isfeeling shecan't shackled 2. 216 21 Ex . OnEnglishirony. We [theEnglish]have to say atendency Well, we’ll Iexpect managesomehow, 3. 5. Mandy Mandy Telford, president isnotsurprisingthatthe oftheNationalUnionStudents, saidIt 5. 5. It isnothard to It understand why BrianCox —referred to by hisfriendsasthePeter Andre 5. . Baroque may originally come from thePortuguese word 8. Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи Asuccessful British-Australian musician. . 9.Checkformistakes in punctuation. The better your staff, themore likelyitisthat you willlosethem,andbe forced to find replace- immigrant complained. You assumethatpeoplewillplay fair, andyou are shockedand one shouldhave anunfairadvantage. You [theEnglish]justtakeitfor granted, aPolish upset whentheydonot. workers for theUnites States shotguns randomlyattheirfellow Postal employees. Service when there hasbeenacomplete disaster. when we mean Yes, certainly, notrouble and That would bequite helpful, whenwe meanFor University said. The tutorial isnotbeingcompletely phased outbutthenumberoftutorials is staff, atapress conference of following her Nizich saidthatwasatactic resignation. Palin's Our youngsters are too exposedto often doublestandards, where badbehaviour andviolence Christ’s sake, thatshould have beendoneyesterday!; and We seemto have abitofproblem are publiclycondemned but academic community toacademic community allow more timefor research world-class aspokesmanfor the Member ofParliamentMember for theBrighton Pavilion Constituency. But itisthemostreliable way we have to findoutwhatisgoing happen. to the essential virtues of effort anddiligence whichare ofeffort sofundamental successto atschools and the essentialvirtues the 1980sand1990s. peoplewere Duringthosetwo decadesover inincidentswhen forty killed tutorial time. in thefullestbecauseofethicscomplaints, thelawsuits, Palin's Nizich, saidMike chiefof of particle physics —has ruffledaof particle fewfeathers inthescientific community. Hisnew project colleges andlife. andinstantgratificationemphasis oncelebrity doesn’t necessarily foster inour young people children oftheinternet, towards sotheyusetheinternet more widelyand theopportunities commonplace inmany booksandsometelevision programmes. opponents, to throw thegovernor onherheels»andkeepfrom beingableto govern. deeply. research becauseitmakesthembetter teachers. isintheinterests ofthewhole It ofparentsmajority are fees. opposedto top-up is. ofthecountry The majority ments, Anthony Smith,President College, ofMagdalen being reduced. endlessly available as enterendlessly available as Oxford, said. Allofthesethingseatinto barroco, meaningmisshapenpearl. tainment. 23
. The Clinton asamoralconservative. Time magazinedescribedHilary 1. √ poems, stories, essays, inperiodicals, chapters short of short dissertations, The titlesofarticles √ Words intitlesofbooks, magazines, newspapers, longpoems, plays, movies, radioandtelevision se- WRITING TITLES . BrianCox attempted to bringastrophysics to themasseswithhishitseries suchasBBC2 2. 25 24 Ex. 10.Readcarefully markswhere necessary. andaddpunctuation Ex. 11.Write thetitlesproperlymarkswhere necessary. andaddpunctuation/quotation PRACTICE 4 PRACTICE their namefor thewhite man. The tribehadcome across white invaders already withthearrivalof if we could makepeace withthemsays Naramatiga. in theAmazonian rainforests ofBrazil. Suruiisthenamegiven by theanthropologists, butthereal had onlylived inwar, we wanted to makepeace. There were bad, withthe timeswhenitwasvery enclosed inquotationmarks. ernment andwe takecare ofthemourselves. threecontact: orfour aday—we from simplyhadnoimmunity thediseasesNaramatigarecalls. ent. We wanted to seeifwe could befriends. These knives, pansandmirrors Brancos left tiedto tree of theinfinitives. Prepositions of four ormore letters are capitalized. often The entire titleisitalicized. deaths from disease, butithasnotbeenallnegative. We now have ourlandsrecognised by thegov- date with indigenouspeopleandto wasto protect makecontact theirrights. books, novellas episodesofradioandtelevision programs, inacollection, etc. are capitalized and branches for us. Iwanted to asktheBranco why theywere leaving thesethings andIwanted to see rubber planters, andtheseencounters hadusuallyendedinbloodshed. Butthisday wasto bediffer- name isPaiter whichmeansthetruepeople, we ourselves. ries, works of art, etcries, are works capitalized except ofart, for conjunctions, prepositions internals articles, andthe The firstword thecolon after (:)iscapitalized. doneinhandthetitleisunderlined. If The April2012issueofthe On September 1969,Naramatiga wasoneofagroupOn September ofSuruiwhowent to meettheBranco— But thesemeetingsbrought disaster to theSurui.People dyingquite thatfirst soonafter started It was staff from the Indigenous Protection Service ofBrazilwho Indigenous wasstafffromwere the Service leavingProtectionIt the gifts. Their man- I askNaramatigaifheever wisheshehadnever goneto meettheBranco, andhereplies We Surui “Budapest: City ofCulture“Budapest: City andFestivals” “Population, Computers and Culture Wars”, achapter from The Daily TelegraphThe Daily HandbookforWritersThe Borzoi Wonders oftheUniverse. Class: AView Uncaged Monkeys:National Tour ofhigh-tech isamixture presentations, and projections support, thattheGovernment isforcedsupport, to whatdowe say needto Right, do?says the Manchester University Professor. comedy on BBC2. I want to make science so culturally important, withsuchwidespreadcomedy onBBC2.Iwantto makescience soculturallyimportant, e.g. PART 4.WRITINGASURVEYREPORTANDSUMMARY 25 fromEngland Middle Reader’s Digest ran an article aboutPaiter rananarticle Suruitribethatlives deep /from
an article in the an article Merriam-Webster’s Pocket GuidetoPunctuation The Next 100YearsThe Next Economist by George Friedman 217 to 24 /
UNIT 4 UNIT 4 1. In hisnewstudy In 1. 2. The Chinese state-run Global The Chinesestate-run Times South gave lastOctober thesecountries [Japan, awarning:If 2. 7. A study published by the Industrial Society lastmonthrevealed Society Astudypublishedby thatmore theIndustrial employers demand 7. 10. Vanessa Redgrave . The goldengirl ofBritishswimming, Rebecca Adlington, becauseshe remains body-conscious 5. 6. The Oxford Dictionary ofNationalBiography The Oxford suggeststhatCharlesFry took to writingashe Dictionary 6. 8. The language group first called Gallic was further definedas The Celticintheearly18 languagegroupGallic wasfurther firstcalled 8. 4. Soon after thedeathofApple co-founder, after Soon there appeared Steve Jobs: The Exclusive 4. 218 26 Ex. 12.Rewritethesentence following rules. punctuation . China’s build-upisringing alarmbellsinAsia. military The Americanstrategic-guidance 3. . Paradise ofBermudaby Peter Lost: theBirth Thompson publishedintheAugust 2009issueof 3. 4. In hisbookAusterity Britain1945–1951 David In Kynaston ofBritainin sumsupapicture 4. . RichardH. Thaler andCasstheirreaders N.Sunstein asbabies, intheirnewbookNudgedepict 9. 5. In 2010there In wasalotofdebate aboutwhy TIME pickedZuckerberg over Assange, director of 5. Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи AfamousBritishactress. Twentieth Century Things like that hurt, says Rebecca.Things Iamsize likethathurt, 12andhave bigshouldersandhugecalves (икры). WikiLeaks, asitsPerson ofthe Year; many editorials describedAssange asadangerous cyber- without beingnudged(подталкивать) into amore sensiblearchitecture ofbehaviour, to quote we willhave to rebalance towards theAsia-Pacific region. /The Economist/ spends somuchtimeinpublicwearing hardly any clothes. Herconfidence wasn’t helped by several neatlists:nosupermarkets, …clothesboiledinatub…Homosexual nomotorways accompanied by greater ofitsstrategic clarity intentions in order to avoid in causingfriction austerity, rationed, Meat butter rationed, sugarrationed, tea rationed, soaprationed, clothes, Biography, asripe for digital destruction. industry whichclaimedJobshadidentifiedthe textbook theatrical experience you willnever forget. the authors. terrorist. the History Magazine charts thedeclineofanislandhaven. charts Magazine the History the backofaspoononBBC2’s the Mock Week willcontinue tothe region.alsosays contribute globally, to thatwhiletheUSmilitary It security Edward Lhuyd, authorofArchaeologica Britannica. How many people thatsize would beseeninfront ofmillionsinaswimming costume? inaccuracies, halftruthsandcliches. heavy suitcase,heavy tweed coats, heavy nounbearablelightnessofbeing. Andinterms ofpost-war critics. The New York DailyNews said: We to are have lucky herbackonBroadway, addingitisa comedian Frankie at themselves Boyle saying in thatshelookedlikesomeonewhoislooking document spellsouttheconcern. The growth ofChina’s power itsays, military mustbe unable to stop smoking bitingtheir nailsandborrowingunable to stop smoking more moneythantheycanrepay more intense according to theauthors, JudithDoyle Nathan. andMax rationed. doandmend. Make relationships illegal, suicideillegal, capitalpunishmentlegal… coins, Heavy shoes, heavy found that…wasthemostagreeable way ofsubsidizinghiscareer asanamateur cricketer. frequent travelling from theirstaff. isbecomingWork more mobile, more international and Korea, Vietnam, thePhilippines]don’t wantto changetheirways withChina,theywillneedto prepare for China’s thesoundsofcannons. /from thearticle rise:thedragon’s military newteeth. /
Bloody Victory: Bloody ofthe Victory: TheMaking SacrificeSomme andthe onthe 26
William Philpottdescribes Taylor’s asfullof History Illustrated in The Year ofMagical wasshoweredThinking withpraiseby theatre
in August 2008. th century by century
??? — — Keeping the tone and the style oftheauthor Keepingthetone andthestyle — oftheoriginal Keepingthestructure article — Keepingtheauthor’s mainideas — WRITING A SUMMARY: THE PARTICULARS What is a descriptive summary? Which part of a descriptive summary is particularly isparticularly ofadescriptive summary part Which isadescriptiveWhat summary? SECTION 2.SECTION writing? Ex. 14. a) Read the text anddecide ifthelistofkeyEx. 14.a)Readthetext word iscomplete. andmake anoral accordingEx. 13.Readthearticle descriptive summary tothe insummary Lead isimportant writing?What are in.What thestagesofsummary CHANGING THE OF STRUCTURE THE ORIGINAL READING &WRITING AN OUTLINE Key words: outline. Suggestathesisstatementfirst. different from aninformative summary?
Jews’ impact
South Asian South London’s East European cities; theIrish and inner reputation immigrants; impact immigrants Conclusio: Main body Main Introduction PART 4.WRITINGASURVEYREPORTANDSUMMARY school, parenting, (family, culture. celebrity values, culturaland community) virtues, vived years, into thepostwar althoughitwould break down astheupwardly suits andcaps, andalsoopenedkosherfood shops. The JewishEastEndsur- as aglobalmetropolis. (222) appeared allover thecountry. Reformation, RomanCatholicism asamassreligion aschapelsand churches they would introduce newreligions andfood shopsandtransform wholein- in thearea, shoes, butnewcomers boots, establishedsmallbusinessesmaking city areascity throughout the country. andJewishpredecessors, LiketheirIrish completely transformed thearea. Notonlydidnewplaces ofworship appear ner city areasner city upanddown the country, aswell asreaffirming London's place period,postwar asnewcomers settledininner from Asia South inparticular mobile descendants ofthemigrants moved to theLondon suburbs. nating particular streets, theyalsoreintroduced,nating particular for thefirsttimesince the pecially Liverpool. Notonlydidtheytransform theurbanlandscapeby domi- prejudice. settledinmostofthebigurbancentres, Irish es- The 19th-century found themselves concentrated and intheinnercitiesasaresult ofpoverty The pattern established by East End Jewry wouldThe replicate pattern establishedby East EndJewry itselfinthe The vast majority ofimmigrantsThe to vastmajority Britainover thelasttwo centuries have At the end of the 19th century thearrivalofeastEuropeanAt Jews theendof19thcentury into Stepney The urbanlandscape:innercitytransformation /from the article /from thearticle Arriving inStyle Arriving The History Magazine History by Panikos Panayi. 219 July2010/
UNIT 4 UNIT 4 a $5millionrecording withEpicRecords. contract 220 26 Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи TheXFactor 'family, values', culturalandcommunity headded. ed inexperience, thatschoolscanstep into thevacuumandmakeadifference; even ifthismeans communities. Too children often, grow upwithoutthefamily, valuesthey culturalandcommunity being unfash ionable, andsettinggoodexampleswhere counter-cultural few existathome. need to thrive. This is, Ihasten to add, notacounsel of despair-farfrom it-simplyabelief, ground- surrogate parents sothatchil dren retreat canachieve andIdon't from thatposition.' self-obsessed and puts such emphasis on celebrity and instant gratification doesn't necessar- andinstantgratification andputssuchemphasisoncelebrity doesn't self-obsessed are themostpositive. They cul willsee examples on orcelebrity TV ture ofpeoplenotspeaking they can't 'just sound off' every timetheyare 'alittlebitangry'. every 'justsoundoff' they can't emotive' lan they display 'very guage and'histrionics'. However, children needto learnthat to remember isthattheir rightsandresponsibilities thanevery are not more important one their parents are unableto provide guidance thevaluesprovided andoften by theirpeer the few‘vacuum' andsetgoodexamples'where existathome'. in the right way and not interact in therightway andnotinteract ing intheway we themto. would expect is crucial and very few peoplewalkontois crucialandvery ing influence culture, of Ofstedcelebrity warned theheadof yesterday. instant pleasure’, hetold andCol theAssociation ofSchool lege Leaders' annualconference. ily foster in our young people the essential virtues of effort anddiligenceily fosterwhichare ofeffort sofunda- in our young peopletheessentialvirtues else’s. They have aresponsi to thinkofotherpeople.'bility groups takesprecedence over allelse. consider others, control theirangerandresolve peacefully. conflicts enough support to schoolsandtheirheadteachers. Hesaid:'Aenough support culture whichissometimes by David Cameron oflastsummer'sriots. intheaftermath mental to success atschoolsandcolleges andlife. lence are publiclycondemned butendlesslyavailable asentertainment. 'This isahugeresponsibility for'This allofus and top oftheresponsibility ofeducation.' 'I have saidthatschoolsinthemostdifficultcircum often stances have nooptionbut to be 'Our youngsters are too exposedto often doublestandards, where badbehaviour andvio- 'As aresult, schoolsare too askedto often makeupfor muchwiderfailingswithinfamiliesand They must also combat a self-obsessed cultureThey and which'putssuchemphasisoncelebrity mustalsocombat aself-obsessed She added: 'When we talktoShe added:'When ourstudentsaboutrightsandresponsibilities, whattheyhave She told theconference: 'Many young peoplelearntheirvaluesinschool. Sadlysomeof Speaking beforeSpeaking theconfer ence, McVittie saidthatherpupilsare Mrs taughtthathard work Schools areSchools having to 'makeupfor where widerfailings'insociety children lackproper Sir Michael Wilshaw, ofschools, chiefinspector saidteachers are beingforced to step into haveSchools become 'surrogate' familiesto pupilsdueto badparent ing andthedamag- Sir Michael told shouldconsider delegates whetheritisgivingSir Michael inBirminghamthatsociety Mrs McVittie ishead of Mrs Woodside School, in High Wood Green, London, whichwaspraised Brian Lightman,generalsecre oftheASCL,saidsome soapoperasare unhelpfulas tary TV He added:'Children are faced withalotofdifferent role modelsthesedays, notallofwhich Earlier, JoanMcVittie, presi dent oftheASCL,saidthatschoolshave to show pupilshow to isanAmericantelevision musiccompetition to findnewsinging talent;thewinnerofwhichreceives as parents failtodotheirjob’ Schools Schools ‘are toteachvalues left The XFactor 27 andachieve 'instantsuccess'. . What negative experience dochildren inmodernBritainfallunder? 1. . Have you accurately represented theauthor’s ideasandkeypoints(theauthor’s emphasis)? 1. . Why doschoolshave to takegreater responsibility for bringing upchildren? 2. . Have you given theauthor’s nameandthedetailsofpublication 2. . Whatvaluesare schoolsto teach theirpupilsaccording to 3. essay, etc.) economic report, 27 to theunderlinedwords. c)Paraphrase whatyou intendtoincludeinyour summary. Pay attention b)Write anoutline. . Have you written itinyour OWNwords? you If quoted theauthor, usethequotationmarks. 4. table below once you have answered them. Revise the summary forstyle, grammar,Revise thesummary spellingandpunctuation Ex. 15. Write a descriptive summary ofthearticle Ex. 15.Write adescriptive summary Ex. 17. a) Read the article and divide it into logical parts. Decide whichparagraphs Decide anddivideitintological parts. areEx. 17.a)Readthearticle andanswer thequestions: Ex. 16.Readyour summary . Have you mentionedtheauthorperiodically? 3. Questions: . Have you includedany minordetailsoryour own ideas? 5. b) Readagainandcross outrepetitions. below Questions maybehelpful. Fill inthe built around similarmainidea.Combine theseparagraphs (section). intoonepart Editing parents fail todotheirjob’”. compress the article logically.compress thearticle c) Write anoutline/planofyour summary. You mayneedtorearrange theideasto d) Discuss yourd) Discuss outlinewithapartner. Suggestathesisstatement. . Isittherightlength? 6. Identify the title of the piece you are summarizing, the date of publication the genre or type of piece (journal article, article, Identifythetitleofpiece you are summarizing, thedate ofpublicationthegenre ofpiece (journal ortype that's the important part ofthecurriculumaschool, over part andabove theobviousthat's theimportant things you ioned standards ofdisciplineandwe dosounashamedly. have onthetimetable.' (659words) Why What Where When Who a) Michael a) Michael Wilshaw b)JoanMcVittie, c)BrianLightman? PART 4.WRITINGASURVEYREPORTANDSUMMARY 'In many'In ways, schoolsare thelastbastionofthosetraditionalvalues. We old-fash- doassert 'There's a whole raft of values we would try to incorporate ofvalueswe would into awholeraft 'There's theethosofaschool. try To me, . / by SarahHarris. The
“Schools ‘are“Schools toteachvalues left as Daily Mail Daily 27 intheintroduction? . March 24,2012 221 /
UNIT 4 UNIT 4 222 Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи Turkey closedtheseroutes andincreased thecost ofimports. Atlantic Europe created asingleworld. world. whatmadeitthecenter? So Europe really wasa technical andintellectual which all of the parts interacted witheachother. interacted which alloftheparts What happenedto Australian ab- something. It wasalsoacrucialpsychologicalsomething. moment. It The Spaniards, having just Chinese didn't know of the Aztecs, and the Mayas didn't know oftheZulus. know oftheAztecs, andtheMayas didn't know Chinese didn't The Eu- and would pay for, would come andhistorically overland Asian imports alongthe about anotherroute, assumingthattheworld wasround, aroute thatwould take and power. Everything, for goodorevil, revolved around it.Andthepivot ofEu- Portuguese – the Iberians – chose the nonmilitary alternative: theysoughtanother –chosethenonmilitary Portuguese –theIberians then andnotfive hundred years before orfive hundred yearslater? countries? Andwhy didtheybegin theirdomination these small, out-of-the-way them to India bythem to goingwest. India the highway to theworld. the twentieth century hardly any part oftheworld hardly escaped European anythe twentieth century part influence to eachother. withthem. interact didn't Thethey certainly Tower ofBabelhaddonemore than Finally, outsuchexplorationwasathandaswell. themeansfor carrying Technol- had anarray ofnavigational devices, from thecompass to the astrolabe. Finally ic painwasreal andthe Turks were dangerous, very sothere waspressure to do have onlyfalleneven deeperinto and poverty. backwardness Buttheeconom- kings wastiedto therelationship betweenkings SpainandPortugal. The imperialismof of theEuropean economy. goodsthat Europe needed, Asia wasfilledwithluxury ogy existed that,ifproperly used, mightprovide asolutionto the Turkey problem. expelled theMuslimsfrom Spain,were attheheightoftheirbarbaricarrogance. origines wasintimately to connected theBritishrelationship andthe with Ireland down thelengthofAfrican coast Ocean. andupinto theIndian They theorized route to India. ofonlyoneroute thatavoided to knew The India Iberians Turkey, wasacriticalpart spice itsimportation butalsoameatpreservative; ply acooking Pepper, India. from Asia, particularly pended onimports for example, wasnot sim- backwater in the fifteenth century asopposed ChinaortheIslamic to world. century inthefifteenth backwater Why rope was the North Atlantic.rope was theNorth Whoever controlled thatstretch ofwater controlled nations andregions withone eye onEurope. dideverything From to thesixteenth pened inEurope definedmuchofwhathappenedelsewhere inthe Other world. need to findpenal colonies for Britishprisoners overseas.Inca Whathappened to between thesesequestered regions andturnedtheworld in into asingleentity make itimpossiblefor peopleto speakto eachother. madecivilizationsoblivious It ropeans may have heard reallythem–and oftheJapanese, know buttheydidn't famous SilkRoadandotherroutes untilreaching theMediterranean. The riseof The Iberians had aship,The Iberians thecaravel, voyages. thatcould handledeep-sea They AtlanticThis Europe wasauniquemoment.At other pointsinhistory would Atlantic Europe becamethecenter ofgravity oftheglobalsystem. What hap- Until the fifteenth Until thefifteenth century, humanslived inisolated, sequestered worlds. The European traderswere desperate to findaway around the Turks. Spaniards and European power wasabouttwo things:moneyandgeography. Europe de- Europe wasneitherthemostcivilized northemostadvanced region inthe Europeans living ontheeastern rimoftheAtlantic Ocean shattered thebarriers Europe . Underlinetopicsentences andkey facts. Ignore theminor 1. . Write anoutline. 2. . Write asummary. 3. 4. Read your summary andedititifnecessary. Readyour summary 4. sections. Shouldtheorder inwhichtheideasare presented bepreserved? Ex. 18. Write a summary of the article. Read the text anddivideitinto Readthetext ofthearticle. Ex. 18.Write asummary Read your partner’s summary andcheckitagainstthe questionsinex.16. Read your partner’s summary Go through thefollowing stages: Peer reading and nitrogen-based fertilizers, bothofwhichaggravate globalwarming, river andocean pollu- tion, andahostofotherills. cies, innovative choices that canpotentially solve technologies food and newdietary andenergy problems together. The samesteps would alsomakeour bodies, andourecosystems, healthier. now entering anewera.Food isrisingsharply, production requiring more carbon-based fuels food anddistribution. production The food-energy relationship hasbeen agoodone, but it is out). PART 4.WRITINGASURVEYREPORTANDSUMMARY Examining ourfood supplythrough poli- thelensofenergy for use reveals smart opportunities For more than50years fossil have fuelsandfertilizers beenthe keyingredients inglobal Clarify thepointsyou donotunderstand The European economy wasshattered, andEuropean confidence broken. Europe (871 words) Spanish, thentheFrench, andfinallytheGermansmanaged to dominate the Euro- World War ofageneration. I,inwhichover ten millionmendied–agoodpart able to fight–andwin. People whoheard acannonfire and saw abuildingexplode tinations, they could kick inthe doorandtakeover.tinations, theycould kick several centu- thenext Over tended to bemore flexibleinnegotiations.Iberians reached theirdes- Whenthe cannons. Allofthesemighthavethey hadguns, particularly beenborrowed from themselves inendless warswitheachotherwhiletheyinvaded, subjugated, and French empire, aPortuguese empire, andsoon. The European nationsexhausted For five hundred years Europe incivilwars, andasa toreresult there itselfapart was other cultures, integrated buttheIberians theminto aneffective economic and end itcamedown to asimplefeature theEnglishChannel. ofgeography: First the eventually ruledmuchoftheworld. global system, the European Age. emerged asademographic, economic, andculturalshadow ofitsformer self. of peace truces. were Europe simply temporary wasexhausted by theadvent of defeat Britain,conqueror conqueror after failedto holdEurope asawhole. Periods military system. military They could now sailto distantplaces. When theyarrived theywere never aEuropean empire –there wasinstead aBritishempire, aSpanishempire, a ries, European ships, guns, andmoneydominated theworld andcreated thefirst pean continent, butnoneofthemcould cross theChannel. Becausenoone could There were many reasons for oftheEuropeans theinability to unite, butinthe Here Europe istheirony: dominated theworld, butitfailedto dominate itself. More Food, Less Energy The Next 100YearsThe Next
(mark withatickV). by George Friedman.2009/ details (cross / a section from chapter/ asection 1. 223
UNIT 4 UNIT 4 224 Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи The U.S. expendsroughly 10unitsoffossil energy to produce oneunitoffood energy. A healthy, adultmale’s active power consumption isapproximately 2,500nutritionalcalories which isthecurrent U.S. practice. Let ususethekernelsto feed peopleandlivestock anduse wish to reduce ourfood-energy consumption, we needto findways to reduce the10:1ratioof which is10percent ofthetotal annualU.S. energy consumption of100quads. we If asasociety U.S. already energyincludesapush for policy thissolution. animals graze onrain-fed grass thatgrows orirrigation,andshipitto mostlywithoutfertilizer the U.K. thanitisto grow lambintheU.K. usingenergy-intensive inputs. tion’s power generation. tons ofmanure annually. Anaerobic digesters and micro turbinescould convert thatmanure to orchicken(10 10percentto 15percent). efficiency) We theningestthat foodand it convert into enoughrenewable, displaceto 2.5 percent biogas-fired electricity low-carbon ofthena- into power. Livestock manure (навоз)isonerichresource. theolddays, In smallfarmshadamix inefficiencies,we can reduce the10:1ratioofenergy usedto energy eaten, as wellas reduce into humanenergy stored asglycogen inmusclesandasfats—notablyaround ourmidsection. into stored energy. That low rate isworsened whenanimalsconvert plantmatter into beef(5 cross-country to bigfarms. cross-country The system alsocreates environmental hotspotssuchasmanure created by large animaloperationsfarexceed any localdemand, anditistoo expensive to ship ofcropsof animalsandavariety in onelocation;farmersspread manure instead ofchemical only thecellulosic stover (thestalkandleaves oftheplant)to makeethanolorsyntheticfuels. environmental damage. industrialized agriculture.energy oflarge-scale intensity “Eat local” campaigns encourage resi- energy shows thatthey do notalways help. For example, many peoplehave joinedthelocal- energy inputto food output.? of fossil energy to produce oneunitoffood energy, feeding thepopulationrequires 10quads— typically photosynthesis lessthan2percentconverts ergy-efficient: ofincoming solarenergy different innovations, policies, marketsandculturalchoices that focus on reducing waste and dents to shopfor localfood from farmer’s farms. marketsornearby community-supported more energy for irrigation,andtheystillgetlow yields. )Strangelyenough,shipping (урожай need aboutonequadrillionBtu(onequad)offood year. energy every Becausewe use10units per day, orabout10,000Britishthermalunits(Btu). Thus, the312millionpeopleinU.S. less environmental damage. lagoons, source whichcanbearemarkable of energy. U.S. farmsgenerate more thanone billion fertilizer onfieldsofcrops.fertilizer Today hasbeenlost. thatpractice The massive amountsofmanure food thousandsofmilescansometimesrequire lessenergy, emitlesscarbondioxide anddo food movement, asanantidote food to theenergy longdistances usedtoandthe transport The magnitude whenoneconsiders ofconsumption the entire isremarkable population. The energy usedto makefood isvastlygreater thantheamountofenergy we getoutofit. Another step to improve thefood-energy equationisto convert agricultural waste products A firststep is to stop using corn kernels(сердцевина) to produce starch-based ethanol, Simple mathshows thatfood isaninefficient production process. Plant growth isnoten- Unfortunately, aboutsomepopularfood production thinking “solutions” through thelensof Despite all theconcerns of the food-energy relation, there issomecausefor optimism. With For example, lessenergy-intensive itistypically to grow lambinNewZealand, where the Local farms, however, sometimesproduce nonnative crops thatrequire more chemicalsand Farm toFork isHighlyInefficient Local Farming NotHelp Might Exploit the Waste This by studywasconducted the Yale Project onClimate ChangeCommunication andthe George (250–300 words) Ex. 20. Write a survey report basedonallthequestions inthesurvey. report Ex. 20.Write asurvey Ex. 19. Write a survey report basedonquestions 1,2,5,7,9in report Ex. 19.Write asurvey Margin oferror: +/–3percentage pointsatthe95%confidence level. Mason University CenterMason for Climate ChangeCommunication. REVISION: WRITING A SURVEY REPORT in theAmerican survey, Mind’ (200–250words). NOTE: Allresults show percentages labeled. amongallrespondents, unlessotherwise Totals may oc- casionally sumto more than 100percent dueto rounding. Interviews: 1,010Adults (18+) Interviews: dates: April23—May 12,2011 Interview 2011 intheU.S. andmore thantheenergy thatwillbeproduced in2030.Simplydecreasing the 2.5 percent ofannualU.S. energy consumption—more energy thanalltheethanolproduced in (дымовые трубы) atcoal canbeusedto plants. grow It algaefor humanfood, animalfeed and viding a low-carbon, domestic, renewableviding alow-carbon, fuelthatismadefrom something otherthanfood- with theoriginal green revolution, hungerhasnotbeensolved. Aglobalapproach to reducing supply policiesthathave beenproposed. sions more over decadeortwo thanmany thenext oftheexpensive orcontroversial energy amount offood we throw away mightreduce energy consumption andgreenhouse gasemis- as 25percent ormore ofthefood grown iswasted annually. That massive amountrepresents already eat algae (водоросли) directly for directly already nutritionalreasons, eatalgae(водоросли) andsomenationalrestaurant to widespread success. There isnoreason to thinkthisnewgreen revolution willbeany different. the energy waste infood thatincorporates newbehaviors, attitudesandpolicieswillbecritical andaggravatedthe incidence ofobesity climate change. Technology aloneisnotenough;even than anticipated. Yet surprisescanarise, too: years ofabundantfood have production increased chains usethemasastiffening ingredient. Algaecanalsobe converted into biodiesel, pro- based feedstock. fuel, thereby avoiding sometraditionalenergy inputsfor people agricultural Some production. quickly overquickly justafew decades. The changescanbedramatic, achievingoutcomes farbetter PART 4.WRITINGASURVEYREPORTANDSUMMARY As theoriginal green revolution showed, changescanbeimplemented relatively large-scale Another waste stream thatcansave food energy iscarbondioxide from smokestacks (1037 words) Reducing wasted food canalsolower the10:1ratioofenergy usedto food eaten. As much Americans’ Global Warming Beliefs andAttitudes inMay 2011 Climate ChangeintheAmerican Mind: (this isanabridgedversion) Better Behavior Better Scientific American Scientific January 2012.abridged/ January /by Michael B./by Michael Webber. ‘ Climate Change 225
UNIT 4 UNIT 4 Assuming globalwarmingishappening, doyou thinkitis… 226 People whoanswered notoquestion1(i.e. thosewhodonotbelieve globalwarming ishappening)were People who answered yes toquestion1(i.e. thosewhobelieve globalwarming ishappening)were asked Global warmingrefers to theideathatworld’s average temperature hasbeenincreasing over the Question 3 Question 4. Question 1 Question 2. the following question. Recently, you may have noticed thatglobalwarminghasbeengettingsomeattention inthenews. How sure are you thatglobalwarmingisnothappening? How sure are you thatglobalwarmingishappening? result. What doyou think? past 150years, may beincreasing more inthefuture, andthattheworld’s climate may changeasa asked thefollowing question. (volunteered) Caused mostlyby humanactivities Caused andnaturalchanges by bothhumanactivities Caused mostlyby naturalchangesintheenvironment Other None oftheabove because globalwarmingisn’t Don’t (volunteered) know happening Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи Do you thinkthatglobalwarmingishappening? .
e 64 Yes eysr 31 Very sure eysr 33 Very sure oehtsr 38 sure Somewhat oehtsr 40 sure Somewhat o’ nw18 Don’t Know o talsr 4 5 6 Not atallsure 18 No o talsr 178 7 11 Not atallsure xrml ue21 sure Extremely 21 sure Extremely a 01Jn21 Nov 2008 Jan2010 May 2011 Nov 2008 Jan2010 May 2011 Nov 2008 Jan2010 May 2011 28 34 31 20 24 23 35 37 57 a 01Jn21 Nov 2008 Jan2010 May 2011 35 47 11 11 86 89 10 19 28 24 26 38 35 71 37 36 47 32 57 4 1 1 5 Which ofthefollowing statements comes closestto your view? Question 9. Question 6. Question 5. Question 7. Question 8. How muchdoyou thinkglobalwarmingwillharmyou personally? How worried are you aboutglobalwarming? How muchdoyou thinkglobalwarmingwillharmfuture generationsofpeople? How important istheissueofglobalwarmingto you personally? How important willing to changetheirbehavior, sowe’re notgoingto so successfully Humans could reduce globalwarming, but peoplearen’t Humans could reduce globalwarming, butit’s unclearatthis Humans canreduce globalwarming, andwe are goingto do point whetherwe willdowhat’s needed PART 4.WRITINGASURVEYREPORTANDSUMMARY ra el11 A great deal oeaeaon 22 A moderate amount ra el37 A great deal oeaeaon 18 A moderate amount eyiprat15 Very important 17 12 9 Very worried oehtwrid43 worried Somewhat oehtiprat38 important Somewhat nyaltl 097 9 10 Only alittle nyaltl 28 Only alittle o tal12 Not atall o’ nw18 Don’t know o o motn 25 Not too important o taliprat14 Not atallimportant 19 Don’t know o eywrid28 worried Not very o tal25 Not atall 20 Not atallworried xrml motn 11 5 7 important Extremely a 01Jn21 Nov 2008 Jan2010 May 2011 May 2011 Nov 2008 Jan2010 May 2011 Nov 2008 Jan2010 May 2011 Jan 2010 14 12 15 15 20 38 38 23 23 23 22 22 42 11 27 31 a 01Jn21 Nov 2008 Jan2010 May 2011 51 22 17 25 14 51 45 41 510 6 Nov 2008 10 10 18 13 24 24 40 44 23 17 46 22 22 22 11 21 227
UNIT 4 UNIT 4 The actions ofasingleindividualwon’tThe actions makeany difference inglobalwarming. Question 11. Question 10. Question 12. Most of my friends are trying to act inways to ofmy act thatreduceMost friendsare globalwarming. trying New technologies cansolve globalwarming, withoutindividualshaving to makebigchangesin their lives. lblwriginthpeig1 35 13 11 Global warmingisn’t happening uascntrdc lblwrig vni ti apnn 81 16 15 18 Humans can’t reduce globalwarming, even ifitishappening Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи togydsge 19 Strongly disagree togydsge 81 11 4 40 44 14 37 5 43 18 25 4 38 46 41 26 4 Strongly disagree 19 disagree Somewhat 33 6 agree Somewhat 42 Strongly agree 21 33 40 7 Strongly disagree disagree Somewhat agree Somewhat Strongly agree 15 Strongly agree oehtdsge 36 31 disagree Somewhat agree Somewhat a 01Jn21 Nov 2008 Jan2010 May 2011 Nov 2008 Jan2010 May 2011 Nov 2008 Jan2010 May 2011 29 17 17 37 a 01Jn21 Nov 2008 Jan2010 May 2011 24 22 45 9 1. What are the types ofparagraphs are1. What thetypes below? . Aparagraph isamini-essay. 1. 2. What useful tipsshouldyou2. What follow towriteaneffective paragraph? #4 #3 #2 #1 2. It consists of3-8sentences It onONEtopic. 2. Complete thelist: PART I PART REVISION 700 menhadbeensentby William the Conqueror to thetown buttheywere promptly killed There exist2,176orphanagesinRussiatoday. Approximately 15,000children leave Russian or- tions: surprise, angerandtriumphdisplayed by shoutingorswearing. Female players and spectators areand spectators allowed amuchwiderrangeofacceptable emotions, andamuch struggle withpocketmoneyeconomics to runouraffairs.(79) a cluehow to getusoutofthemesswe are in,from Gordon Brown to George Osborneand Mervyn King. Mervyn The answer isto employ peoplewhohave madebigsuccesses inbusiness. They more extensive vocabulary withwhichtomore express extensive vocabulary them.(93) both asplayers isnotdoneto jumpaboutandexclaim andasspectators. It over one’s know what making moneyisallabout.Let’s whatmaking know stop relying onafew college boys whowould homeless. (92words) orphans, meaningthattheyhave atleastonelivingparent whohasgiven themupto the state. press therevolt andforcing many oftheinhabitants to flee.In 1072 buildinga William started reacted withstrength, responseby brigadeto sendinginaheavy localEnglish.In the king sup- phanages eachyear, usuallyattheageof16or17years graduation ofage;50%orphansafter own oranotherplayer’s Englishmalesare luckorskill. allowed to express three emo- games. Englishmalesare supposedto adoptastrong, manlyapproach to thegame, fortress inDurhamtofortress helpkeeporder amongpotentially unrulypopulation.(78) fall into ahigh-riskcategory. percent stayThirty-three unemployed; percent become twenty There are somesexdifferences governing and intherulesof conduct many sports The mainproblem withoureconomic affairsisthat theyare run by peoplewhohaven’t got One oftheoldestattacksagainstNormanruletook place inDurham1069.Agarrison of 700,000orphansliveOver inRussia.UNICEFestimates that95%ofthesechildren are social 229
REVISION REVISION 1. Compare letters. willyou theformatsoftwo Which usetowritealetter . The topic sentence … 3. 7. … 3. Find intheparagraph orwriteatopicsentence ofyour own in#1. What kind ofparagraphs kind What maynotcontain asingletopicsentence? 4. … 4. Analyse theparagraphs4. Analyse anddecidewhichneedsimproving andwhy. Thendoit. #1 230 5. … friend, abusiness? PART II PART 6. … Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи Your titleifany andrelevant Your name, The addressee’s name, titleoroffice Signature Closing: Sincerely (yours), Paragraph 3(indented) Paragraph 2(indented) Paragraph 1(indented) Salutation: Name ofthecompany/institution Full address Telephone number Your address Date ofwriting Email address ( month/date/year optiona l) The item you ordered you didnotarrive discovered ontime;upondelivery itwas damaged. — Your holiday inthemountainswasfantasticyou wantto share your experience. — You forgot card. to sendyour auntabirthday — You strongly disagree withapublicationinnewspaper. — Your friendabroad hassuccessfully passedexams. — 2. What types oflettersare appropriate types inthefollowing2. What situations? 3. What rulesofletterwritingshouldyou3. What follow ineachsituation? 4. You are towritea letter or/andanemailtoaperspective businesspartner/customer. #2 How different are emailsfrom letters? Choose appropriate words
Thanks for thequickresponse Can you sendus…ASAP a prompt reply willbe mostwelcome Dear Partners Dear SirorMadam Best regards Looking forward toLooking hearingfrom you get intouch as soonyou can I amwritingwithregard to your… Closing Paragraph 4(indented) Paragraph 2(indented) Paragraph 1(indented) Salutation: signature Paragraph 3(indented) PART 4.WRITINGASURVEYREPORTANDSUMMARY
from thelist: Address to your (ifunknown addressee) Date ofwriting 231
REVISION REVISION 1. What are the main types of essay? What are ofessay?What thedifferences are1. What themaintypes them? between 2. Make essaylayouts two outofthesejumbledblocks. . to express opinion: 1. 3. Make a list of the most important pointsofwritingIntroduction andConclusion. 3. Make alistofthemostimportant . to illustrate apoint: 7. 4. Complete words: thelistsof following linking . to introduce points: 2. 232 . to present theothersideofargument: 4. . to addpoints:secondly, … 3. PART III . to makecontrasting points: 5. . to indicate cause/effect: 6. 8. to conclude: Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи The A summary ofthemainpoints. A summary Viewpoint 2supported Arguments for Optional: own views /opinions. Conclusion and reasons by alogical reason opposing viewpoints etrealboth email letter To sum(it)up, … 1 believe for example, ,sucha… In thefirstplaсe So, therefore…
, however, although Inmy opinion
, to start with tostart , …. Contrary towhatmostpeoplebelieve … … The subject ortopic.The subject Thesis: astate- ortopic: thesisstate- The subject Viewpoint 1 Arguments against supported by alogical reasonsupported ment ofyour opinion. ment Introduction Introduction
... compress andparaphrase — begin with thethesisstatement — 1. Which ofthe following1. Which advice shouldbeincludedin Usefultipsforsummary 1. What are the main parts of a survey report? ofasurvey are1. What themainparts 2. What informationdoestheintroduction contain?2. What 3. What is the function ofgeneralizations report? isthefunction 3. What inasurvey 4. What is the conclusion of a survey report toinclude? report istheconclusion4. What ofasurvey SUMMARY SURVEY REPORT SURVEY writing? Make a sample survey report outoftheseblocks Make report asamplesurvey PART IV IV PART
a week). Ten percent usethebusiftheyhave problems amere withthecar; 5%never goby bus. 63% use the bus to get to work or to school on every weekday, while 22% use it occasionally (2–3 times 63% usethebusto getto work weekday,times orto schoolonevery while22%useitoccasionally (2–3 with passengers’ withtheservice. satisfaction should beputonallroutes duringpeakhours. sated thatbusesare cleanandcomfortable.respondents Most (70%)complain thatbusesare telephone interviews.. was concerned withpatternsThe ofbususe;thesecond firstpart dealt two busescoming atonce. Generallypassengershave ahighopinionofthedrivers. 49%of gers insistonbusesrunningatregular As intervals. aresult itisrecommended thatmore buses overcrowded intherushhours. don. inthearea. wasto ofbusservice determineThe thequality purposeofthesurvey respondents saidthatthedrivers are polite andhelpful. However, only35%ofthosesurveyed PART 4.WRITINGASURVEYREPORTANDSUMMARY 1. Alarge usethebusregularly. numberofthosesurveyed This that isdemonstrated by thefact 2. In February 2009, a survey was conducted among700residents wasconducted ofEpsom,Greater February 2009,asurvey 2. In Lon- 4. Nearly half of the passengers (48%) find the bus service reliable andefficientmostofthetime. 4. Nearlyhalfofthepassengers(48%)findbusservice 3. In conclusion, crowding3. In andlackofcleanlinessappear to bethemainproblems. Passen- 5. by wasconducted meansofaquestionnaireThe survey given to passengersonbusesand Quite afew (onethird) stated theyhadto waitfor thebusfor more than20minutes with 233
REVISION REVISION state your own opinionintheconclusion — avoid repetition — includeminordetails — keeptheautho’r tone andstyle — beaccurate inpresenting theauthor’s ideas — follow theauthor’s order inpresenting ideas — 2. What isatabooinsummary? 2. What 3. What isthedifference3. What aninformative between andadescriptive summary? 4. Find below typical mistakes (compare inthesummary inex.13,unit4) itwiththetext Учебное пособиедляразвитиянавыков письменнойречи
after after World War II,thus reaffirming London’s place asaglobalmetropolis, which knowl- to my Newcomers builttheirown churches, openedshopsandsetupbusinesses. The pattern that edge itstillis. immigrants camewaslateremerged replicated whenIrish by the emigrants from Asia South Most immigrants toMost Great andisolation. Britainsettledininnercities, whichledto poverty 0 Jordan R.R.,Academic Writing Course. inEnglish.Longman, StudySkills 1999. 10. . Adams Dow Peter & Amy.Tickle The HarperCollins Concise Handbookfor Writers. HarperCollins 1. 8 Vince, Englishgrammar Macmillan Michael. inContext. Advanced. Oxford, Macmillan, 2008. 18. 15. Oxford Collocations Dictionary for Oxford StudentsofEnglish.Oxford Collocations University Press, Dictionary 2003. 15. O’Neil, Gilda.EastEnd Tales. Penquin Books, 2008. 14. 13. Merriam-Webster’s Pocket Guideto Punctuation. Merriam-Webster Inc., Springfield, Maggio Rosalie., How to Prentice Say It. Hall, 1990. 12. for Advanced Learners. EnglishDictionary Macmillan 2006. Macmillan, 11. 7 Reader’s Digest.rdmag.co.uk. 2010,April, May Oct 2011. 17. Ann.,Exploring Raimes Through Writing. Cambridge University Press, 1998. 16. . Gardner Peter S.NewDirections. AnIntegrated Approach to Reading, Writing andCritical 7. . Carter, Ronald, McCarthy, Cambridge Michael. GrammarofEnglish.AComprehensive Guide. 2. . EmmersonPaul. 2007. EmailEnglish.Macmillan, 4. . Crews, Frederick, Schor, Sandra. The Handbookfor Borzoi Writers. Alfred A.Knopf, New York, 3. CПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ . Fava-Verde Anthony, Amanda,Manning Paul Harvey., Essay Writing. Education,2007. Garnet 5. . Ingram Beverly, Carol., King From Writing to Composing. Cambridge University Press, 2004. 9. . Fox, Kate. Watching theEnglish.HodderandStoughton, London, 2005. 6. 8. Hewings, Martin. Advanced GrammarinUse. Hewings, Martin. Cambridge University Press, 1999. 8. 1995. Thinking. Cambridge University Press, 1998. Spoken and Written English.GrammarandUsage. Cambridge University Press, 2006. College Publishers. 1994. Massachusetts, 2001.
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