As You Write It

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As You Write It Е. Б. ЯСТРЕБОВА AS YOU WRITE IT УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ ДЛЯ РАЗВИТИЯ НАВЫКОВ ПИСЬМЕННОЙ РЕЧИ Уровень A2 B2 Компетентностный подход МГИМО 2012 ББК 81.2 Англ Я 85 Ястребова Е. Б. Я 85 As you write it. Part 1. From sentence to paragraph : Учебное пособие для развития навыков пись- менной речи. Часть I. Уровень B1. / Е. Б. Ястребова, М.: МГИМО — Университет, 2010. — 54 с. ISBN 978-5-9228-0604-6 Пособие, состоящее из четырех частей, предназначено для развития умений и навы- ков письменной речи как компонента коммуникативной компетенции студентов первого и второго курсов факультетов и отделений МО, регионоведения, межкультурной комму- никации с исходным уровнем коммуникативной компетенции не ниже А2 (первый курс) и В1 (второй курс). ББК 81.2 Англ ISBN 978-5-9228-0604-6 © МГИМО (У) МИД России, 2012 © Ястребова Е. Б., 2012 CONTENTS ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ ................................................................................................................................ 5 PART I. FROM SENTENCE TO PARAGRAPH UNIT 1 SECTION 1. WRITING A SIMPLE SENTENCE ................................................................................. 8 SECTION 2. READING A PARAGRAPH AND LEARNING TO THINK CRITICALLY ....................15 UNIT 2 SECTION 1. WRITING COMPOUND AND COMPLEX SENTENCES ............................................17 SECTION 2. READING A PARAGRAPH AND BUILDING YOUR OWN ........................................23 UNIT 3 SECTION 1. WRITING A PARAGRAPH: AVOIDING REPETITION ...............................................26 SECTION 2. WRITING A PARAGRAPH: NARRATION ...................................................................28 UNIT4 SECTION 1. WRITING A PARAGRAPH: MAKING USE OF RELATIVE CLAUSES ........................32 SECTION 2. WRITING A PARAGRAPH: DESCRIPTION ................................................................36 UNIT 5 SECTION 1. WRITING A PARAGRAPH: MAKING USE OF ADVERBIAL CLAUSES ....................40 SECTION 2. WRITING AN ARGUMENTATIVE PARAGRAPH BASED ON FACTS .......................43 UNIT 6 SECTION 1. WRITING A PARAGRAPH: MAKING USE OF PARTICIPLES ...................................46 SECTION 2. WRITING ARGUMENTATIVE PARAGRAPH BASED ON OPINION ....................................................................................................................................50 PART II. STAYING IN TOUCH UNIT 1. SECTION 1. STYLE MATTERS: FORMAL VS INFORMAL ............................................................ 57 SECTION 2. WRITING AN INFORMAL LETTER ............................................................................60 UNIT 2. SECTION 1. LANGUAGE OF COMPARISON .................................................................................65 SECTION 2. WRITING FORMAL LETTERS BASED ON ARGUMENTATIVE PARAGRAPHS; LETTERS TO THE EDITOR ...............................................................................................................70 UNIT 3. SECTION 1. LANGUAGE FOR EMAILS ..........................................................................................78 SECTION 2. WRITING EMAILS: BASIC RULES; INQUIRIES, REQUESTS, ARRANGEMENTS ...82 UNIT 4. SECTION 1. LANGUAGE FOR COMPLAINTS AND APOLOGIES ................................................91 SECTION 2. WRITING COMPLAINTS AND APOLOGIES .............................................................98 UNIT 5. SECTION 1. LANGUAGE MATTERS .............................................................................................103 SECTION 2. WRITING LETTERS FOR DIFFERENT OCCASIONS ...............................................107 PART III. FROM PARAGRAPH TO ESSAY UNIT 1. SECTION 1. LANGUAGE MATTERS: JOINING SENTENCES AND IDEAS (1) ..........................113 SECTION 2. PARAGRAPH WRITING ............................................................................................118 UNIT 2. SECTION 1. WRITING IN STYLE: ACADEMIC WRITING ............................................................121 SECTION 2. WRITING ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAYS (FOR and AGAINST). WRITING A GOOD INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................125 UNIT 3. SECTION 1. LANGUAGE MATTERS: JOINING SENTENCES AND IDEAS (2) .........................130 SECTION 2. PARAGRAPH WRITING: EXPRESSING OPINION. WRITING A GOOD CONCLUSION ...............................................................................................133 UNIT 4. SECTION 1. WRITING IN ACADEMIC STYLE ..............................................................................137 SECTION 2. WRITING AN ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY EXPRESSING OPINION ........................141 UNIT 5. SECTION 1. LANGUAGE MATTERS: APPLICATIONS.................................................................146 SECTION 2. WRITING TO GET A JOB. WRITING AN OPINION ESSAY WITH ELEMENTS OF DESCRIPTION ...........................................................................................153 PART IV. WRITING A SURVEY REPORT AND A SUMMARY UNIT 1. SECTION 1. LANGUAGE FOR SURVEY REPORTS (1): COMPARISON & CONTRAST ............169 SECTION 2. WRITING A SURVEY REPORT: STRUCTURE AND CONTENT ..............................174 UNIT 2. SECTION 1. LANGUAGE FOR SURVEY REPORTS: GENERALISATION, QUALIFICATION AND CAUTION .................................................................................................179 SECTION 2. WRITING SURVEY REPORTS ...................................................................................183 UNIT 3. SECTION 1. LANGUAGE FOR SUMMARIES: PARAPHRASING .................................................189 SECTION 2. WRITING A SUMMARY: THE BASICS .....................................................................197 UNIT 4. SECTION 1. USEFUL LANGUAGE FOR SUMMARIES ................................................................210 SECTION 2. WRITING A SUMMARY: THE PARTICULARS .........................................................219 REVISION .......................................................................................................................................229 CПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ .............................................................................................................235 PART 1. FROM SENTENCE TO PARAGRAPH ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ Настоящее пособие предназначено для работы со студентами первого и второго курсов факультетов и отделений международных отношений, регионоведения и межкультурной ком- муникации, имеющих исходный уровень коммуникативной компетенции не ниже А2 (первый курс) и В1 (второй курс) по классификации Совета Европы. Конечная цель пособия — развитие письменной речи как компонента речевой компетен- ции студента. Одновременно, обязательной промежуточной целью является развитие языко- вой компетенции как фундамента речевой; кроме того, содержание текстов и система заданий обеспечивают развитие общекультурных компетенций. Таким образом, пособие способствует развитию профессиональных компетенций бакалавра по указанным направлениям. Структура и содержание пособия. Пособие состоит из четырех частей. Первая часть From Sentence to Paragraph (6 уроков) обучает основам написания кратких текстов с использованием сложных предложений разного типа. Вторая часть Staying in touch (5 уроков) обучает основам ведения официальной переписки, в том числе электронной, и закрепляет навык написания не- официальных писем в разных ситуациях письменного общения. Третья часть From Paragraph to Essay (5 уроков) направлена на развитие навыков написания разных типов эссе и документов, Предисловие связанных с наймом на работу; а также на закрепление навыка написания краткого письмен- ного сообщения (Paragraph). Четвертая часть Writing a Survey Report and a Summary (4 урока) посвящена наиболее профессионально значимым “жанрам”: обзору, написанному на основе опросов и анализа статистических данных, и резюме текстов разных жанров. В конце пособия предлагаются задания для активизации пройденного (раздел Revision). Первый раздел (Section 1) каждого урока посвящен языковым явлениям, лежащим в основе грамотной письменной речи, в том числе “академической”. Задания во втором разделе направ- лены на обучение написанию собственных текстов (разные типы краткого письменного сооб- щения, эссе, деловые письма, обзоры и резюме) на основе анализа образцов с точки зрения структуры текста и отработки навыка написание отдельных элементов текста (например, тезиса, основных положений, аргументов; вводной и заключительной части). Текстовой материал посо- бия является аутентичным и современным; в качестве источников использовались отрывки из современных англоязычных произведений разных жанров: публикации в газетах и журналах, художественная и научно-популярная литература, интернет ресурсы и образцы деловой и лич- ной переписки. В пособие включены “human interest stories” и тексты, представляющие профес- сиональный интерес, в том числе тексты лингвокульторологического и страноведческого плана. Текстовой материал обоих разделов в основном представляет собой связные тексты. Методические рекомендации. Работа с пособием предполагает сочетание аудиторной и са- мостоятельной работы студентов. Каждая часть рассчитана на один семестр при сетке шесть часов в неделю; на обучение письменной речи рекомендуется отводить 30–40 минут аудитор- ного времени в неделю. Языковой материал в первом разделе (Section 1) вводится на занятии, но отрабатывается самостоятельно дома, с последующим анализом типичных ошибок. Важной частью работы является написание собственных текстов в аудитории (“paragraphs”, эссе, кратких обзоров и резюме). Во всех разделах предусмотрены упражнения для более сильных
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