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The Determinants of Capital Structure of the Chemical Industry in Pakistan
The Lahore Journal of Economics 13 : 1 (Summer 2008): pp. 139-158 The Determinants of Capital Structure of the Chemical Industry in Pakistan Muhammad Rafiq∗, Asif Iqbal∗∗, Muhammad Atiq∗∗∗ Abstract This study is an attempt to determine the capital structure of listed firms in the chemical industry of Pakistan. The study finds that by studying a specific industry's capital structure, one can ascertain unique attributes, which are usually not apparent in the combined analysis of many sectors as done by Shah and Hijazi (2004). This study analyzed 26 of 39 firms in the chemical sector, listed at the Karachi Stack Exchange for the period 1993-2004 using pooled regression in a panel data analysis. Six regressors i.e. firm size, tangibility of assets, profitability, income variation, non-debt tax shield (NDTS) and growth were employed to examine their effects on leverage. The results show that these six independent variables explain 90% of variation in the dependent variable and, except for firm tangibility, results were found to be highly significant. The study has policy implications of importance for researchers, investors, analysts and managers. JEL Classification: C13, C23, C51, L65 Keywords: Chemical, Panel Data, Karachi Stock Exchange, Pakistan 1. Introduction A firm can combine different proportions of debt and equity in an attempt to increase the market value of the firm and is recognized as capital structure of the firm. Firms differ with respect to capital structure which has given birth to different capital structure theories in an attempt by researchers to explain variation in capital structure over time or across regions. -
Chapter 5.2: Tourism Development
PUNJAB ECONOMIC | REPORT national GDP in 2015. If we include indirect and induced eects of tourism, the contribution of the sector increases to Tourism Development PKR 1,918.5 bn or almost 7 percent of GDP. Domestic tourism in a country tends to precede international tourism. More than 45 million domestic tourists travel 5.2.0 Introduction each year across Pakistan.2 As per World Travel and Tourism Council estimates, in the year 2015, domestic travel spend- ing in Pakistan claimed 90.8 percent of direct travel and tourism GDP. Domestic travel spending is expected to grow by Pakistan is endowed with immense geographical beauty with an equally rich and diverse tapestry of cultural heritage in 3 percent in 2016 to more than PKR 1 trillion and rise by 5.3 percent per annum to almost two trillion rupees in 2026. every province. Notwithstanding that, for a host of factors, the performance and state of tourism in the country is much lower than its potential, especially if compared to similar countries. Direct contribution of tourism towards Pakistan’s e gures below show Pakistan’s relative positioning in tourism export. Both gures clearly indicate that Pakistan is not GDP was PKR 793.0 bn in 2016, this is equivalent to 2.7% of GDP, which is a mere fraction of the sector’s potential.1 competitive as spending by foreigners is less than the comparator group countries shown. Pakistan’s international tourist Now that tourism is a provincial subject, there exists a great opportunity for Punjab to formulate an eective and ecient receipts (excluding travel) as percentage of GDP are the lowest when compared to the world average, India and South institutional framework to unravel the tourism potential of the province to the fullest. -
Impact of China Pakistan Economic Corridor
Impact of China Pakistan Economic Corridor Muhammad Aqeel (16546) Förnamn DegreeEfternamn Thesis BBA International Business 2016 DEGREE THESIS Arcada Degree Programme: BBA International Business Identification number: 5400 Author: Muhammad Aqeel Title: Impact of China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) Supervisor (Arcada): Siv Relander Commissioned by: Abstract: The work of this thesis primarily revolves around the concept of logistics’ shipping cost and transit time. China needs a short, safe and inexpensive trading route to European and Middle Eastern countries. The aim of the study is to verify if CPEC is a viable solution to the need. The study analyzes the impact of China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) on trade in terms of the shipping costs and transit time. Transport and infrastructure are called strategic levers of trade as they help in reducing the shipping costs and transit time. In the modern era, organizations want to reduce the shipping costs and transit time to maximize profit and ensure timely delivery of product. The focal point of the thesis is to study the importance of CPEC and its impact on import and export in terms of costs and transit time. Besides, this study compares existing route with proposed route. The re- search methodology used in the study follows qualitative and descriptive approach. In this study, dry port Kashgar (western China) has been taken as origin and three ports of each European and Middle Eastern countries are taken as destinations. The destination ports which have been selected in this study are key trading players with the port of origin. The selected European ports (Hamburg, Le Havre and Rotterdam) share huge trading volume with China. -
Pakistan History Culture and Goverment.Pdf
Pakistan: History, Culture, and Government Teaching Guide Nigel Smith Contents Introduction to the Teaching Guide iv Introduction (Student’s Book) 7 Part 1 The Cultural and Historical Background of the Pakistan Movement Chapter 1 The Decline of the Mughal Empire 9 Chapter 2 The Influence of Islam 11 Chapter 3 The British in India 14 Chapter 4 Realism and Confidence 24 Part 2 The Emergence of Pakistan, 1906-47 Chapter 5 Muslims Organize 27 Chapter 6 Towards Pakistan: 1922-40 36 Chapter 7 War and Independence 41 Part 3 Nationhood: 1947-88 Chapter 8 The New Nation 47 Chapter 9 The Government of Pakistan 52 Chapter 10 The 1970s 60 Part 4 Pakistan and the World Chapter 11 Pakistan and Asia 66 Chapter 12 Pakistan and the rest of the world 71 Chapter 13 Pakistan: 1988 to date 77 Revision exercises 86 Sample Examination Paper 92 Sample Mark Scheme 94 1 iii Introduction to the Teaching Guide History teachers know very well the importance and pleasure of learning history. Teaching the history of your own nation is particularly satisfying. This history of Pakistan, and the examination syllabus that it serves, will prove attractive to your pupils. Indeed it would be a strange young person who did not find a great deal to intrigue and stimulate them. So your task should be made all the easier by their natural interest in the events and struggles of their forebears. This Teaching Guide aims to provide detailed step-by-step support to the teachers for improving students’ understanding of the events and factors leading to the creation of Pakistan and its recent history and to prepare students for success in the Cambridge O level and Cambridge IGCSE examinations. -
S.No Branch Code Br Name Region Branch Address 1 11 Schon Circle Branch, Karachi South Plot No. G-13/3,Block-9,Kehkhsan, Clifton, Khayaban-E-Jami, Karachi
S.No Branch Code Br Name Region Branch Address 1 11 Schon Circle Branch, Karachi South Plot No. G-13/3,Block-9,Kehkhsan, Clifton, Khayaban-e-Jami, Karachi. 2 13 Korangi Branch, Karachi South Plot No. SC-7 (ST-17), Sector 15, Korangi Industrial Area, Karachi-74900 3 21 Main Branch, Karachi South Main branch, opposite Habib Bank Plaza, I.I. Chundrigar Road, Karachi. 4 34 Jinah Road Branch, Quetta South Muhammad Ali Jinnah Road, Quetta Cantt, Quetta 5 47 Defence Shahbaz Phase-4 Branch, Karachi South 12-C LANE 2 KHY-E-SHAHBAZ PHASE VI DHA KHI 75500 6 49 Gulistan-e-Johar Branch, Karachi South AlFiza Tower Plot # SB 38, Shop # 8 & 9, Gulistan-e-Jauhar Karachi 7 72 Clifton W.T.C. Branch, Karachi South WORLD TRADE CENTER 10 KHY-E-ROOMI CLIFTON KHI 8 73 Hill Park Branch, Karachi South SNPA 16-A/1, Shaheed-e-Millat Road, PO Box 20087 9 90 Dolmen Branch South Outlet # LG-6/7, Dolmen Mall Clifton, Karachi 10 119 S.I.T.E. Branch, Karachi South S.I.T.E SCB Branch B/9, B/2, Main Estate Avenue, Near Metro, SITE , Karachi 11 120 Defence Phase-6 Branch, Karachi South Plot No. 23-C, Lane II, Shahbaz Commercial Area, Main Khayaban-e-Hafiz, DHA-Phase-VI, Karachi. 12 123 Autobhan Branch, Hyderabad South D-3, Railway Employees Co-operative Housing Authority, Main Auto Bhan Road, Latifabad No.3, Hyderabad. 13 24 Gulshan-e-Iqbal Branch, Karachi South SB-9 Block 13-B, University Road, Gulshan-e-Iqbal,Karachi, Pakistan 14 48 North Nazimabad Block-H Branch, Karachi South D-15 Block H North Nazimabad 15 81 Saadiq Operation building, Karachi( formely Trade Tower Branch) South Ground Floor, Mohatta Building, Main I.I. -
Cotton Processing and Spinning Industry in Pakistan: a Case Study of Lyallpur City Hamid Iqbal 1 Dr
Pakistan Social Sciences Review P-ISSN 2664-0422 December 2018, Vol. 2, No. 2 [01-19] O-ISSN 2664-0430 RESEARCH PAPER Cotton Processing and Spinning Industry in Pakistan: A Case Study of Lyallpur City Hamid Iqbal 1 Dr. Abdul Qadir Mushtaq 2 Robina Khan 3 1. M. Phil Scholar, Department of History & Pakistan Studies, Govt. College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan 2. Assistant Professor, Department of History & Pakistan Studies, Govt. College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan 3. Ph. D Scholar Department of Political Science & IR Govt. College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan PAPER INFO ABSTRACT Received: This study explores the growth of cotton processing and May 14, 2018 spinning industry in Lyallpur. Cotton industry was established Accepted: by British government especially in Lyallpur which was August 31, 2018 renowned as the greatest industry of Pakistan. Cotton the white Online: gold enhanced the position of spindles and spinning industry. December 30, 2018 These industries played important role in the economy of Keywords: Pakistan generally and especially in Lyallpur, a city of Punjab. Cotton, Spinning, Library research has been used to analyze the growth of cotton Economy, processing and spinning industry in Lyallpur. Primary and Development, secondary sources were used to draw a rational conclusion. This Industry study observed that due to vague strategy of governments the Corresponding cotton industry faced problems in growth. Heavy taxes were Author: imposed on production of cotton industry and many taxes were robinakhan101@o also imposed on the imports of industrial machinery. This study utlook.com recommends that government should reserve a special budget for industry. Machinery and industry must be given rebate on imports and exclusion of taxable income. -
Market Systems Analysis for Afghan Refugees in Pakistanpdf
MARKET SYSTEMS ANALYSIS PAKISTAN Market Systems Analysis for Afghan Refugees in Pakistan MARKET SYSTEMS ANALYSIS PAKISTAN Market Systems Analysis for Afghan Refugees in Pakistan iii Copyright © International Labour Organization 2018 First published (2018) Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copy- right Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Licensing), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: [email protected]. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with a reproduction rights organization may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. ISBN: 978-92-2-031227-8 (print) ISBN: 978-92-2-031228-5 (web pdf) The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Office of the opinions expressed in them. Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorse- ment by the International Labour Office, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval. -
Analyzing Pakistan's Freight Transportation Infrastructure Using
Proceedings of the 2nd WSEAS International Conference on URBAN PLANNING and TRANSPORTATION Analyzing Pakistan’s Freight Transportation Infrastructure Using Porter’s Framework and Forecasting Future Freight Demand Using Time Series Models Muhammad Abbas Choudhary1, Nawar Khan1, Muhammad Arshad1, Aisha Abbas2 1Department of Engineering Management, College of E&ME, National University of Science & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan 2Department of Electronic Engineering, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences & Technology-Topi, Pakistan Corresponding Author: [email protected] Abstract: Logistics play an important role in the development of any country. Transportation is the back-bone of a successful and efficient LOGISTICS system [1]. Transportation cost accounts for 39% of the logistics cost (logistics cost accounts for 10% of the sales) [2]. The transport system has direct and indirect linkage with all the important sectors of the economy. The size of transport infrastructure affects the economic development of any country [3]. An efficient and good quality transport system contributes to economic growth by lowering production cost. Pakistan has several thousand kilometers of land borders with its neighboring countries: Iran, Afghanistan, China and India, with five main entry points but the volume of trade through these routes is very low. Geographically, Pakistan is divided in to Eastern and Western corridors and flow of traffic is from North to South as sea ports are located in the South. This paper examines the freight transport industry of Pakistan and forecasts the future freight demand. The research revealed that freight transport industry in Pakistan is highly fragmented. The relative bargaining power of buyers (logistics service users) is high, while the relative bargaining power of suppliers (logistics service providers) is low. -
A Position Paper on the Challenges Faced by the Tourism Industry of Pakistan
A Position Paper on Challenges Faced by Tourism Industry of Pakistan (Final Draft) P A K I S T A N T O U R I S M F O R U M A Position Paper on the Challenges Faced by the Tourism Industry of Pakistan Acknowledgements This position paper was developed after the consultation with many talented people who were brought together in the round table discussion organized by Pakistan Tourism Forum (PTF) under the auspicious of Sustainable Tourism Foundation Pakistan (STFP). Special thanks are hereby extended to all the members of Pakistan Tourism Forum (list given as Annexure-A) for their active participation in the discussion and help in formulation of recommendations for the strengthening of tourism sector in Pakistan. Aftab ur Rehman Rana Convener, Pakistan Tourism Forum March 2017 Any part of this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted with a clear reference to the Pakistan Tourism Forum and Sustainable Tourism Foundation Pakistan, together with a copy of the publication containing the quotation or reprint. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of Sustainable Tourism Foundation Pakistan. ________________________ This publication is available from: Sustainable Tourism Foundation Pakistan House 5, St. 11, Main Road, Banigala, Islamabad, Pakistan Tel: +9251 2612448, Email: [email protected]. Website: www.stfp.org Pakistan Tourism Forum- Sustainable Tourism Foundation Pakistan 2 A Position Paper on the Challenges Faced by the Tourism Industry of Pakistan Table of Contents Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… -
Governing the Ungovernable? Reflections on Informal Gemstone Mining in High-Altitude Borderlands of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
Local Environment The International Journal of Justice and Sustainability ISSN: 1354-9839 (Print) 1469-6711 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cloe20 Governing the ungovernable? Reflections on informal gemstone mining in high-altitude borderlands of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan Kuntala Lahiri-Dutt & Hugh Brown To cite this article: Kuntala Lahiri-Dutt & Hugh Brown (2017) Governing the ungovernable? Reflections on informal gemstone mining in high-altitude borderlands of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan, Local Environment, 22:11, 1428-1443, DOI: 10.1080/13549839.2017.1357688 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2017.1357688 Published online: 30 Aug 2017. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 248 View related articles View Crossmark data Citing articles: 1 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=cloe20 LOCAL ENVIRONMENT, 2017 VOL. 22, NO. 11, 1428–1443 https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2017.1357688 Governing the ungovernable? Reflections on informal gemstone mining in high-altitude borderlands of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan Kuntala Lahiri-Dutt a and Hugh Brownb aResource Environment & Development Program, Crawford School of Public Policy ANU College of Asia and the Pacific, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia; bIndependent Researcher and Photographer, Darlington, Western Australia, Australia ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY The ethnically diverse high-altitude region of Gilgit-Baltistan, with its Received 8 November 2016 complex political history, remains relatively free from the controlling Accepted 30 June 2017 gaze of the central state apparatus of Pakistan. In these extraordinary KEYWORDS terrain, where local communities rule the region as the “State by proxy”, Informal mining; informal gemstone mining provides an important supplement to ungovernability; ASM; livelihoods. -
Transport and Communications
Chapter 13 Transport and Communications Transport has an indispensable role in economic activity. Without physical access to resources and markets, economic growth and development would not be possible. An effective transport system is, therefore, a fundamental element in enabling sustainable economic development as it helps in promoting the use of natural resources, mobility of labor force and increasing agricultural and industrial production. Transport is also essential for providing access to supply chains and basic public services such as health and education. Removal of physical and non-physical barriers to effective transportation, therefore, has a direct impact on economic and social development of a country. Besides its role in economic development, modern and effective transport infrastructure and services, enabling smooth flow of goods and services within and across international borders, is key for strengthening regional economic cooperation and integration. Pakistan is at a unique geo-strategic location, offering both opportunities and challenges. The opportunities can only be realized by exploring and developing the critical land, coastal and air routes that this location offers. Pakistan can serve as the most effective, economical and viable transit route to the land locked Central Asia and other neighboring countries. China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), with its roads and railways network, will integrate Pakistan with all regional countries and generate much needed economic activity. The Corridor will be a strategic game changer and would go a long way in strengthening our economy. Modes of Transportation Users of the transport network have a wider range of modes to choose from, however, most common and extensively used at present would be highlighted below: Air Linkage Performance of the Pakistan International Airlines Corporation (PIAC) Table 13.1: PIAC Performance Indicators Units 2017 2018 2019 2020 PIAC Fleet No. -
Measuring Economic Cost of Electricity Shortage: Current Challenges and Future Prospects in Pakistan
Munich Personal RePEc Archive Measuring Economic Cost of Electricity Shortage: Current Challenges and Future Prospects in Pakistan Shahbaz, Muhammad COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan 1 October 2015 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/67164/ MPRA Paper No. 67164, posted 11 Oct 2015 09:05 UTC Measuring Economic Cost of Electricity Shortage: Current Challenges and Future Prospects in Pakistan Muhammad Shahbaz Center for Energy Research COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan. Email: [email protected] Abstract: The consistent energy supply is a big challenge for Pakistan. Pakistan’s economy has been hit severely by energy crisis. The electricity shortfall rose to 6000 mega watts in 2013. This study visits the impact of electricity shortage on sectoral GDP such as agriculture, industrial and services sectors in case of Pakistan for the period of 1991-2013. The Ordinary Least Square (OLS) approach is applied for empirical analysis. Our estimates show that electricity shortage is inversely linked with agriculture sector output. Industrial sector output is negatively affected by electricity shortage. Electricity load-shedding deteriorates services sector output. The present study discusses current as well as future economic loss to be caused by electricity shortage. This study provides new insights for policy to devise a wide-ranging energy policy for sustainable agriculture sector, industrial sector and services sectors growth which not only enhances domestic output but will also speed up economic growth for better living standard for people of Pakistan. Keywords: Electricity Shortage, Agriculture, Industry, Services, Pakistan 1 1. Introduction Gross domestic product comprises of agriculture, industry and services sectors.