DOCSLIB.ORG

Ethnic/Religious Communities in Egypt: Grievances and Inclusive Prospects

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ethnic/Religious Communities in Egypt: Grievances and Inclusive Prospects ISSUE BRIEF 10.05.18 Ethnic/Religious Communities in Egypt: Grievances and Inclusive Prospects Hala Nouhad Nasreddine, Lebanese American University Egypt is ranked 36th out of 178 states in the resulted in the deaths of about 50 and 2018 Fragile States Index conducted by The 305 individuals, respectively.2 Additionally, Fund For Peace.1 The index placed Egypt Copts and prominent Shiite figures were under the “high warning” category—in targeted and assassinated in several which higher scores indicate higher levels of different incidents; for instance, four Shiite fragility—with a score of 88.7 out of 120. The figures were assassinated in 2013 and report suggests that Egypt is most fragile two Coptic churches were bombed on in the areas of human rights and the rule of Palm Sunday in 2017.3 Despite Egyptian law (9.9/10) and group grievances (8.9/10) President Abdel Fattah El Sisi’s emphasis on (Figure 1). While Egypt is a state founded on inclusion, progress has been minimal in part equal citizenship regardless of religious or because the state refuses to acknowledge ethnic identity, long-standing grievances discrimination against different religious and among minority groups such as the Copts, ethnic communities. Moreover, these ethnic the Shiites, the Nubians, and the Bedouins and religious minorities are marginalized indicate fundamental problems with regard by the state, the media, and other societal to the state of pluralism in Egypt. actors, worsening the problem. This brief examines the status of Egypt’s different ethnic and religious communities and intercommunal divisions, with an I. COPTS Despite Egyptian emphasis on the policy implications of The Copts are the largest minority group President Abdel Fattah entrenching pluralism. Specifically, questions in Egypt and constitute the majority of the El Sisi’s emphasis on to be explored include: What grievances Christians in the country. They account for have the different minority groups in Egypt inclusion, progress approximately 10% of the country’s overall experienced? How can Egypt become a more has been minimal in population.4 There are three “clusters” of inclusive state for the different ethnic and Copts in Egypt: in the Minya-Assiut region part because the state religious groups? The analysis focuses on (17.6% of the region’s total population), in refuses to acknowledge the following communities: Copts, Nubians, the Assiut-Sohag region (15.1%), and in the Shiites, and Bedouins in Sa’id and Sinai. discrimination against Greater Cairo region (9.4%).5 The Copts have Pluralism in Egypt is an urgent issue. different religious and been allocated 24 seats in parliament based Violence against minorities is increasingly on a religious quota,6 which was instituted ethnic communities. becoming the principal mechanism for in the 2014 electoral law codified under resolving intercommunal conflicts. This interim president Adly Mansour. The law is evident in recent attacks against the stipulates that parliamentary members may Copts, the Sufis, and the Shiites; for be elected through individual campaigns for instance, two Christian churches and one specific seats and via closed absolute lists Sufi-affiliated mosque (Rawda mosque whereby voters can only vote for the list in Sinai) were bombed in 2017, which RICE UNIVERSITY’S BAKER INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY // ISSUE BRIEF // 10.05.18 FIGURE 1 — EGYPT’S RANKING IN THE FRAGILE STATES INDEX, 2014–2018 10 9 8 7 6 5 Indicator Scores 4 3 2 1 0 Security Aparatus Group Grievances Economic Decline State Legitimacy Human Rights and Rule of Law 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 SOURCE The Fund for Peace as a whole, and that each party list should holding between one and three ministry include at least three Christians among its 15 positions under the Nasser, Sadat, Mubarak, candidates.7 In addition to the 24 allocated and Morsi administrations. seats, 12 individual Coptic candidates were Additionally, Copts suffer the effects elected to parliament, bringing the total of discriminatory language in official number of Coptic members of parliament to discourse that categorizes them as 36 out of 596 total MPs.8 second-class citizens. Although the Egyptian Copts face various challenges 2014 constitution guarantees freedom to their inclusion into the country’s social, of religion, it also declares Islam as the economic, and political realms. One of the official religion of the state and prohibits main challenges is their relative absence conversion to any other religion.9 from prominent public roles; few Copts serve Furthermore, attacks against Christians in as university presidents or governors, or in Northern Egypt who sought to build new sensitive military and security positions, for churches were reported in May 2018.10 example. Likewise, Copts are largely excluded Copts also are often subject to eruptions from Egypt’s political life, particularly with of violence.11 Various radical Islamist groups regard to cabinet positions; their presence in Egypt like Wilayat Sinai (an Islamic State in the cabinet recently dropped from three affiliate in Sinai) have targeted Coptic out of 36 ministry positions to just one out churches, religious figures, and church- of 32 (MP Nabila Makram), following El-Sisi’s goers of all ages. For instance, on Palm cabinet changes in June 2018. Copts had Sunday in April 2017, Coptic churches St. always been nominally represented in the George’s Coptic Cathedral in Tanta and cabinet since Egypt’s independence in 1952, St. Mark’s Coptic Orthodox Cathedral in 2 ETHNIC/RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES IN EGYPT: GRIEVANCES AND INCLUSIVE PROSPECTS Alexandria suffered deadly attacks, with displacement took place between 1963 and about 50 people killed.12 In April 2013, 1964, when around 50,000 Nubians were several Coptic churches were destroyed displaced into 33 villages north of the city following a sectarian clash between Muslims of Aswan following the flooding caused by and Christian Copts in the town of Khosus construction of the Aswan High Dam and in northern Cairo. The Egyptian government the consequent Lake Nasser. Although the promised to reconstruct the damaged government compensated the Nubians with sanctuaries; however, these pledges new homes following their resettlement in have thus far not been fulfilled.13 Less the 1960s, Nubians were largely dissatisfied importantly, yet still significant, Copts also because they were provided uncomfortable, face discrimination in sports; some Coptic cement-block houses that were very football players “had been excluded from different from their old homes. Moreover, national and international competitions due their resettlement “disrupted family ties to their religious identity.”14 and ignored historical rivalries among the three Nubian ethnic groups,” since Nubia had its own pluralism; the different tribal II. NUBIANS groups in Nubia spoke different languages and had competing interests. Further, the Nubia was an ancient African kingdom resettlement of Nubians did not take into around the Nile that extended from the Nile consideration the Nubian identity, as many River Valley in Upper Egypt eastward to the schools in the new areas taught only Arabic, shores of the Red Sea, south to Khartoum, thereby weakening the younger generations’ Egyptian Copts face and west toward the Libyan Desert. Nubia 20 ties with their Nubian identity and history. various challenges to had its own autonomy within Egypt under Additionally, the government forced certain King Farouk and had minimal relations with conditions upon the Nubian farmers, such their inclusion into 15 Egypt prior to the 1952 revolution. Yet as requiring them to join agricultural the country’s social, post-1952, the Egyptian regime became cooperatives and pressuring them to add economic, and political overtly involved in Nubia after the Aswan commercial crops like sugarcane that were realms. One of the High Dam flooded the Nubians’ residences in not part of their traditional agricultural the Nubian valley and consequently ruined heritage. All of these issues led the Nubians main challenges is their it. This was detrimental to Nubians; the to start reconstructing their own villages in relative absence from 7,000-year-old kingdom has nothing left of their ancestral lands around Lake Nasser’s prominent public roles. its historical boundaries but “a thin, sparsely shores. By the 1980s, they succeeded in populated strip of land along the Nile that's building about four villages.21 now bisected by the Egypt-Sudan border Today, Nubians’ main demand is the 16 and is crossable only by boat.” While the right to return back to “their ancestral home” U.S. Library of Congress estimated that there around the Nile River Valley in Upper Egypt. were around 160,000 Nubians in Egypt in Although the post-revolution constitution of 1990, National Geographic in 2014 estimated 2014 recognized the land as belonging to the 17 their population to be around 300,000, Nubians and declared that the area would divided across three different linguistic be developed within 10 years (Article 236),22 groups: “the Kenuzi in northern Nubia; the a decree issued by El-Sisi in January 2016 beduin-descended Arabs in central Nubia; proclaimed this area “off-limits and under and the Fadija-speaking people in southern military control.”23 Nubia.”18 Furthermore, Nubians have been subjected to racist comments due to their dark skin, which distinguishes them from III. SHIITES Egyptian Arabs.19 Although Nubians were resettled The estimated Shiite population in Egypt twice under British mandate due to the ranges between 800,000 and 2 million, construction of the Aswan Dam in 1902 according to a 2016 U.S. Department of and its transformation into the Aswan Low State Report.24 However, there is no official Dam between 1913 and 1933, their major census or data from the Central Agency for 3 RICE UNIVERSITY’S BAKER INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY // ISSUE BRIEF // 10.05.18 Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS) Brotherhood and then-Egyptian president on the size of this religious community.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 6 SOCIO-ECONOMIC JUSTICE for BEDOUIN WOMEN in EGYPT “The
    6 THE COOPERATIVE REFORM PROCESS IN EGYPT ACTIVATED It has been almost two years since the ILO prepared the Cooperative roadmap, a report on the reform of cooperatives in Egypt. Due to the political changes in the country, the follow up on the Cooperative Roadmap was only resumed in the past couple of months. A joint workshop was organized by the Egyptian National Competi- tiveness Council (ENCC), an independent NGO, with technical and financial assis- tance of the ILO on 30 October 2014. The objective of the workshop was to discuss, among other agricultural issues, the new cooperative law in light of the Cooperative Roadmap. ILO Consultant Mr Huseyin Polat present- ed an updated version of the Cooperative SOCIO-ECONOMIC JUSTICE FOR BEDOUIN WOMEN Roadmap with concrete suggestions for next IN EGYPT steps as to its implementation. The presentation of the “The Way Forward After the Revolution: Decent Work for Roadmap was well received by the national stakeholders where Women in Egypt and Tunisia” project, funded by the Ministry issues and expectations regarding the process were raised. of Foreign Affairs of Finland, has undertaken an intervention Although the Minister of Agriculture, who was scheduled to on “Socio-Economic Justice for Bedouin Women” which make a keynote address at the opening, could not be at the started in September 2013 in partnership with the Centre event, he later invited the ILO Cairo Director, the ILO Consult- for Egyptian Family Development (CEFD), a local NGO. The ant and ENCC representatives to his office for a discussion. project aims at creating decent work opportunities for women from the Eastern Desert, 450 Bedouin mainly in Aswan and The Minister informed the group that the Government has Red Sea governorates.
    [Show full text]
  • The Corvus, the Roman Boarding Device
    Wright State University CORE Scholar Classics Ancient Science Fair Religion, Philosophy, and Classics Spring 2020 The Corvus, the Roman Boarding Device Jacob Stickel Wright State University - Main Campus, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/ancient_science_fair Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Commons, and the Military History Commons Repository Citation Stickel , J. (2020). The Corvus, the Roman Boarding Device. Dayton, Ohio. This Presentation is brought to you for free and open access by the Religion, Philosophy, and Classics at CORE Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Classics Ancient Science Fair by an authorized administrator of CORE Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A philological examination of Eratosthenes’ calculation of Earth’s circumference Kelly Staver1 1 Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, U.S.A. Introduction Errors in Eratosthenes ’ Assumptions Historical Inconsistencies of Eratosthenes’ Final Result • A Greek mathematician named Eratosthenes calculated an accurate measurement Two of Eratosthene’s five assumtpions are either mistaken or questionable at • Cleomedes and John Philophus state Eratosthenes’ result was 250,000, whereas of the Earth’s circumference, that being 250,000 stades or close to Earth’s actual best: many others such as Vitruvius, Martianus Capella, Strabo, and many others state circumference of 40,120 km,¹ in Hellenistic Alexandria, Egypt circa 240 B.C.E.² • Assumption (1) is incorrect. The longitudinal difference between it was 252,000 stades.¹⁴ • To do this, Eratosthenes’ utilized the distance between Alexandria and Syene and Syene and Alexandria is about 3 degrees.⁶ • Benefits of 252,000 stades: gnomon measurements taken in Syene and Alexandria at noon on the summer • Assumption (2) is questionable since we do not know how long a • Yields a clean 700 stades per circular degree.¹⁵ solstice.³ stadion is.
    [Show full text]
  • Forgotten Legacy: an Endeavor to Highlight Heritage Food of Egyptian Bedouins
    EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CULTURAL MANAGEMENT & POLICY || Vol. 9, Issue 1, 2019 || ISSN 2663-5771 Forgotten legacy: an endeavor to highlight heritage food of Egyptian Bedouins Mostafa Abdulmawla Hesham Ezzat Saad Fayoum University, Egypt; visiting PhD Fayoum University, Egypt Researcher to University of Salento, Italy [email protected] [email protected] Francesca Imperiale Omar Qoura University of Salento, Italy Fayoum University, Egypt [email protected] [email protected] Mohamed Abd El-Wahab Morsy Fayoum University, Egypt [email protected] ABSTRACT Despite the issue of food heritage having an important debate around the globe, there is still inconclusive literature addressing Egyptian heritage food in general, and particularly the gastronomic heritage of Egyptian Bedouins. The main argument of the Keywords: current study is firstly to identify a set of genuine heritage foods of Egyptian Bedouins Cultural Heritage by using explicit criteria. Then, transfer the data to develop a documented recipe book for these meals, which is intended to be an initial phase of promoting them as a Heritage food unique component of the Egyptian cultural legacy. The target population of the study is the Egyptian Bedouin society, both in the western and eastern deserts. Through Egyptian a qualitative approach, 15 semi-structured interviews with elderly local people were Bedouins undertaken before conducting a focus group with six Bedouin experts. The findings Bedouin food section reported eight heritage foods of Egyptian Bedouins and produced a recipe book for them. Food heritage ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to express our endless gratitude to all Egyptian Bedouins who helped us to compile the field data.
    [Show full text]
  • Pharaonic Egypt Through the Eyes of a European Traveller and Collector
    Pharaonic Egypt through the eyes of a European traveller and collector Excerpts from the travel diary of Johann Michael Wansleben (1672-3), with an introduction and annotations by Esther de Groot Esther de Groot s0901245 Book and Digital Media Studies University of Leiden First Reader: P.G. Hoftijzer Second reader: R.J. Demarée 0 1 2 Pharaonic Egypt through the eyes of a European traveller and collector Excerpts from the travel diary of Johann Michael Wansleben (1672-3), with an introduction and annotations by Esther de Groot. 3 4 For Harold M. Hays 1965-2013 Who taught me how to read hieroglyphs 5 6 Contents List of illustrations p. 8 Introduction p. 9 Editorial note p. 11 Johann Michael Wansleben: A traveller of his time p. 12 Egypt in the Ottoman Empire p. 21 The journal p. 28 Travelled places p. 53 Acknowledgments p. 67 Bibliography p. 68 Appendix p. 73 7 List of illustrations Figure 1. Giza, BNF Ms. Italien 435, folio 104 p. 54 Figure 2. The pillar of Marcus Aurelius, BNF Ms. Italien 435, folio 123 p. 59 Figure 3. Satellite view of Der Abu Hennis and Der el Bersha p. 60 Figure 4. Map of Der Abu Hennis from the original manuscript p. 61 Figure 5. Map of the visited places in Egypt p. 65 Figure 6. Map of the visited places in the Faiyum p. 66 Figure 7. An offering table from Saqqara, BNF Ms. Italien 435, folio 39 p. 73 Figure 8. A stela from Saqqara, BNF Ms. Italien 435, folio 40 p. 74 Figure 9.
    [Show full text]
  • Mining of Leaf Rust Resistance Genes Content in Egyptian Bread Wheat Collection
    plants Article Mining of Leaf Rust Resistance Genes Content in Egyptian Bread Wheat Collection Mohamed A. M. Atia 1,* , Eman A. El-Khateeb 2, Reem M. Abd El-Maksoud 3 , Mohamed A. Abou-Zeid 4 , Arwa Salah 1 and Amal M. E. Abdel-Hamid 5 1 Molecular Genetics and Genome Mapping Laboratory, Genome Mapping Department, Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza 12619, Egypt; [email protected] 2 Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt; [email protected] 3 Department of Nucleic Acid & Protein Structure, Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza 12619, Egypt; [email protected] 4 Wheat Disease Research Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza 12619, Egypt; [email protected] 5 Department of Biological and Geological Sciences, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Roxy, Cairo 11341, Egypt; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +20-1000164922 Abstract: Wheat is a major nutritional cereal crop that has economic and strategic value worldwide. The sustainability of this extraordinary crop is facing critical challenges globally, particularly leaf rust disease, which causes endless problems for wheat farmers and countries and negatively affects humanity’s food security. Developing effective marker-assisted selection programs for leaf rust Citation: Atia, M.A.M.; El-Khateeb, resistance in wheat mainly depends on the availability of deep mining of resistance genes within the E.A.; Abd El-Maksoud, R.M.; germplasm collections. This is the first study that evaluated the leaf rust resistance of 50 Egyptian Abou-Zeid, M.A.; Salah, A.; wheat varieties at the adult plant stage for two successive seasons and identified the absence/presence Abdel-Hamid, A.M.E.
    [Show full text]
  • Pre-Islamic Arabia
    Pre-Islamic Arabia The Nomadic Tribes of Arabia The nomadic pastoralist Bedouin tribes inhabited the Arabian Peninsula before the rise of Islam around 700 CE. LEARNING OBJECTIVES Describe the societal structure of tribes in Arabia KEY TAKEAWAYS Key Points Nomadic Bedouin tribes dominated the Arabian Peninsula before the rise of Islam. Family groups called clans formed larger tribal units, which reinforced family cooperation in the difficult living conditions on the Arabian peninsula and protected its members against other tribes. The Bedouin tribes were nomadic pastoralists who relied on their herds of goats, sheep, and camels for meat, milk, cheese, blood, fur/wool, and other sustenance. The pre-Islamic Bedouins also hunted, served as bodyguards, escorted caravans, worked as mercenaries, and traded or raided to gain animals, women, gold, fabric, and other luxury items. Arab tribes begin to appear in the south Syrian deserts and southern Jordan around 200 CE, but spread from the central Arabian Peninsula after the rise of Islam in the 630s CE. Key Terms Nabatean: an ancient Semitic people who inhabited northern Arabia and Southern Levant, ca. 37–100 CE. Bedouin: a predominantly desert-dwelling Arabian ethnic group traditionally divided into tribes or clans. Pre-Islamic Arabia Pre-Islamic Arabia refers to the Arabian Peninsula prior to the rise of Islam in the 630s. Some of the settled communities in the Arabian Peninsula developed into distinctive civilizations. Sources for these civilizations are not extensive, and are limited to archaeological evidence, accounts written outside of Arabia, and Arab oral traditions later recorded by Islamic scholars. Among the most prominent civilizations were Thamud, which arose around 3000 BCE and lasted to about 300 CE, and Dilmun, which arose around the end of the fourth millennium and lasted to about 600 CE.
    [Show full text]
  • Country Advice Egypt Egypt – EGY37024 – Treatment of Anglican Christians in Al Minya 2 August 2010
    Country Advice Egypt Egypt – EGY37024 – Treatment of Anglican Christians in Al Minya 2 August 2010 1. Please provide detailed information on Al Minya, including its location, its history and its religious background. Please focus on the Christian population of Al Minya and provide information on what Christian denominations are in Al Minya, including the Anglican Church and the United Coptic Church; the main places of Christian worship in Al Minya; and any conflict in Al Minya between Christians and the authorities. 1 Al Minya (also known as El Minya or El Menya) is known as the „Bride of Upper Egypt‟ due to its location on at the border of Upper and Lower Egypt. It is the capital city of the Minya governorate in the Nile River valley of Upper Egypt and is located about 225km south of Cairo to which it is linked by rail. The city has a television station and a university and is a centre for the manufacture of soap, perfume and sugar processing. There is also an ancient town named Menat Khufu in the area which was the ancestral home of the pharaohs of the 4th dynasty. 2 1 „Cities in Egypt‟ (undated), travelguide2egypt.com website http://www.travelguide2egypt.com/c1_cities.php – Accessed 28 July 2010 – Attachment 1. 2 „Travel & Geography: Al-Minya‟ 2010, Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2 August http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/384682/al-Minya – Accessed 28 July 2010 – Attachment 2; „El Minya‟ (undated), touregypt.net website http://www.touregypt.net/elminyatop.htm – Accessed 26 July 2010 – Page 1 of 18 According to several websites, the Minya governorate is one of the most highly populated governorates of Upper Egypt.
    [Show full text]
  • A Brief History of Coptic Personal Status Law Ryan Rowberry Georgia State University College of Law, [email protected]
    Georgia State University College of Law Reading Room Faculty Publications By Year Faculty Publications 1-1-2010 A Brief History of Coptic Personal Status Law Ryan Rowberry Georgia State University College of Law, [email protected] John Khalil Follow this and additional works at: https://readingroom.law.gsu.edu/faculty_pub Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, and the Human Rights Law Commons Recommended Citation Ryan Rowberry & John Khalil, A Brief History of Coptic Personal Status Law, 3 Berk. J. Middle E. & Islamic L. 81 (2010). This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Publications at Reading Room. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications By Year by an authorized administrator of Reading Room. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Brief History of Coptic Personal Status Law Ryan Rowberry John Khalil* INTRODUCTION With the U.S.-led "War on Terror" and the occupation of Iraq and Afghanistan, American legal scholars have understandably focused increased attention on the various schools and applications of Islamic law in Middle Eastern countries. 1 This focus on Shari'a law, however, has tended to elide the complexity of traditional legal pluralism in many Islamic nations. Numerous Christian communities across the Middle East (e.g., Syrian, Armenian, Coptic, Nestorian, Maronite), for example, adhere to personal status laws that are not based on Islamic legal principles. Christian minority groups form the largest non-Muslim . Ryan Rowberry and Jolin Khalil graduated from Harvard Law School in 2008. Ryan is currently a natural resources associate at Hogan Lovells US LLP in Washington D.C., and John Khalil is a litigation associate at Lowey, Dannenberg, Cowey & Hart P.C.
    [Show full text]
  • International Selection Panel Traveler's Guide
    INTERNATIONAL SELECTION PANEL MARCH 13-15, 2019 TRAVELER’S GUIDE You are coming to EGYPT, and we are looking forward to hosting you in our country. We partnered up with Excel Travel Agency to give you special packages if you wish to travel around Egypt, or do a day tour of Cairo and Alexandria, before or after the ISP. The following packages are only suggested itineraries and are not limited to the dates and places included herein. You can tailor a trip with Excel Travel by contacting them directly (contact information on the last page). A designated contact person at the company for Endeavor guests has been already assigned to make your stay more special. TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS: The Destinations • Egypt • Cairo • Journey of The Pharaohs: Luxor & Aswan • Red Sea Authentic Escape: Hurghada, Sahl Hasheesh and Sharm El Sheikh Must-See Spots in: Cairo, Alexandria, Luxor, Aswan & Sharm El Sheikh Proposed One-Day Excursions Recommended Trips • Nile Cruise • Sahl Hasheesh • Sharm El Sheikh Services in Cairo • Meet & Assist, Lounges & Visa • Airport Transfer Contact Details THE DESTINATIONS EGYPT Egypt, the incredible and diverse country, has one of a few age-old civilizations and is the home of two of the ancient wonders of the world. The Ancient Egyptian civilization developed along the Nile River more than 7000 years ago. It is recognizable for its temples, hieroglyphs, mummies, and above all, the Pyramids. Apart from visiting and seeing the ancient temples and artefacts of ancient Egypt, there is also a lot to see in each city. Each city in Egypt has its own charm and its own history, culture, activities.
    [Show full text]
  • Nvskh Ktvb 2007.Pdf
    First Annual Levtzion Lecture The Islamisation of Egypt and North Africa (Delivered 12 January 2005) Michael Brett The School of Oriental and African Studies The University of London The Nehemia Levtzion Center for Islamic Studies The Institute of Asian and African Studies The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 2006 1 Abstract The subject of Islamization is clearly a major issue in the history of the Middle East, to which Nehemia Levtzion devoted much attention. In this lecture, attention is drawn to its development in two adjacent areas, Egypt and North Africa, in which the process differed with the society. In Christian Egypt, the Church survived, but intermarriage and a continuous trickle of conversion on the part of the Copts contributed to a higher rate of reproduction on the part of the Muslim element in the population, which eventually transformed it into a majority. In North Africa, the transformation began with the identification of the pagan Berbers as a nation which had submitted to Islam, and their recruitment into the Arab armies. Immigration into the cities created an urban Muslim population, but the framework for the incorporation of the rural population was created by the revolutionary appeal of Islam to the tribes, which resulted in the unification of North Africa in the Almohad empire. תקציר סוגית ההתאסלמות היא נושא מרכזי בהיסטוריה של המזרח התיכון, והיתה אחד מתחומי המחקר הבולטים של נחמיה לבציון. בהרצאה שלפניך, נבחנת סוגיה זו בשני אזורים סמוכים -- במצרים ובצפון אפריקה -- בהם התרחשו תהליכי התאסלמות שונים. במצרים הנוצרית, הכנסייה הצליחה לשרוד, אולם נישואי תערובת ותהליך המרה אטי אך מתמשך מצד הקופטים תרמו לשיעור ריבוי גבוה יותר בקרב המרכיב המוסלמי של החברה.
    [Show full text]
  • Cairo-Luxor-Aswan-Ci
    Cairo, Luxor & Aswan City Package 6 Days – 5 Nights Daily Arrivals Motorboating on the Nile, Aswan Limited to 12 participants Day 3: Cairo / Luxor to see the Temple of Isis and the Aswan High Early morning flight to Luxor; transfer to Dam. Optional extra night in Aswan is available; Tour Includes: your hotel. Morning tour the Valley of the please inquire. Overnight in Aswan. (B.L) • Flights within Egypt as per Itinerary Kings containing the secretive tombs of New Kingdom Pharaohs; enter the Tomb Day 5: Aswan / Cairo • Choice of Deluxe Hotel Plans c Return flight to Cairo. Balance of day at ai • Meals: Buffet Breakfast Daily, of Tutankhamen. Continue to the famed leisure, or take an optional tour to Abu , and R 3 Lunches. 1 Dinner on the Nile Colossi of Memnon Temple of Queen Hatshepsut. After lunch, visit the vast Simbel (See Page 23 for details). Overnight o, • All Transfers as indicated Karnak Temple-Complex, Avenue of the in Cairo. (B) l • Sightseeing with Egyptologist Guide uxo Sphinxes and the imposing Temple of Day 6: En Route by Exclusive IsramBeyond Services Luxor. Evening: Optional Sound & Light • All Entrance Fees to Sites as indicated Show at the Temple of Karnak ($75 per Transfer to the airport for your departure flight. R • Visa for Egypt (USA & Canadian person based on 2 participants, please (B) & Passports only) reserve at time of booking). (B.L) EXTEND YOUR STAY! a Day 4: Luxor / Edfu / Aswan Optional extra night in Aswan is swan Highlights: Depart Luxor driving to the Temple of Horus highly recommended; or extend • Panoramic “Cairo by Night” Tour & at Edfu, the best preserved of all large your tour to Sharm el-Sheikh on Dinner on the Nile Egyptian temples before continuing to the Red Sea, Alexandria, Jordan or c • Entrance to one of the Great Pyramids Aswan, Egypt’s southernmost city.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification of Terrestrial Gastropods Species in Sohag Governorate, Egypt
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science 3(1): 45-48 (2018) https://doi.org/10.26832/24566632.2018.030105 This content is available online at AESA Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science Journal homepage: www.aesacademy.org e-ISSN: 2456-6632 ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE Identification of terrestrial gastropods species in Sohag Governorate, Egypt Abd El-Aleem Saad Soliman Desoky Department of Plant protection (Agriculture Zoology), Faculty of Agriculture, Sohag University, EGYPT E-mail: [email protected] ARTICLE HISTORY ABSTRACT Received: 15 January 2018 The study aims to identify of terrestrial gastropods species in Sohag Governorate during the Revised received: 10 February 2018 year 2016 and 2017. The present study was carried out for survey and identification for ran- Accepted: 21 February 2018 dom land snail in 11 districts, i.e. (Tema, Tahta, Gehyena, El-Maragha, Saqultah, Sohag, Akhmim, El-Monshah, Gerga, El-Balyana, and Dar El-Salam) at Sohag Governorate, Egypt. Samples were collected from 5 different locations in each district during 2016-2017 seasons. The monthly Keywords samples were taken from winter and summer crops (areas were cultivated with the field crops Egypt such as wheat, Egyptian clover, and vegetables crops. The results showed that found two spe- Eobania vermiculata cies of land snails, Monacha obstracta (Montagu) and Eobania vermiculata (Muller). It was
    [Show full text]