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Advancements of Microbiology 2020 POLSKIE TOWARZYSTWO MIKROBIOLOGÓW Kwartalnik Tom 59 Zeszyt 1•2020 STYCZE¡ – MARZEC CODEN: PMKMAV 59 (1) Advancements of Microbiology 2020 Index Copernicus ICV = 101,48 (2017) Impact Factor ISI = 0,298 (2018) Punktacja MNiSW = 20,00 (2019) http://www.pm.microbiology.plhttp://www.pm.microbiology.pl RADA REDAKCYJNA JACEK BARDOWSKI (Instytut Biochemii i Biofizyki PAN), DARIUSZ BARTOSIK (Uniwersytet Warszawski), JACEK BIELECKI (Uniwersytet Warszawski), RYSZARD CHRÓST (Uniwersytet Warszawski), JERZY DŁUGOŃSKI (Uniwersytet Łódzki), NADZIEJA DRELA (Uniwersytet Warszawski), EUGENIA GOSPODAREK-KOMKOWSKA (Collegium Medicum w Bydgoszczy, Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu), JERZY HREBENDA (Uniwersytet Warszawski), WALERIA HRYNIEWICZ (Narodowy Instytut Leków), MAREK JAKÓBISIAK (Warszawski Uniwersytet Medyczny), JACEK MIĘDZOBRODZKI (Uniwersytet Jagielloński), ANDRZEJ PIEKAROWICZ (Uniwersytet Warszawski), ANTONI RÓŻALSKI (Uniwersytet Łódzki), ALEKSANDRA SKŁODOWSKA (Uniwersytet Warszawski), RADOSŁAW STACHOWIAK (Uniwersytet Warszawski), BOGUSŁAW SZEWCZYK (Uniwersytet Gdański), ELŻBIETA TRAFNY (Wojskowa Akademia Techniczna), STANISŁAWA TYLEWSKA-WIERZBANOWSKA (Narodowy Instytut Zdrowia Publicznego), GRZEGORZ WĘGRZYN (Uniwersytet Gdański), PIOTR ZIELENKIEWICZ (Uniwersytet Warszawski) REDAKCJA JACEK BIELECKI (Redaktor Naczelny) Instytut Mikrobiologii, Wydział Biologii, Uniwersytet Warszawski, ul. Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warszawa; tel. 22 5541304; e-mail: [email protected] RADOSŁAW STACHOWIAK (Zastępca) Instytut Mikrobiologii, Wydział Biologii, Uniwersytet Warszawski, ul. Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warszawa; tel. 22 5541312; e-mail: [email protected] AGNIESZKA SOBOLEWSKA-RUTA (Sekretarz) Instytut Biotechnologii i Antybiotyków, ul. Starościńska 5, 02-516 Warszawa tel. 22 3786229, e-mail: [email protected] ADRES REDAKCJI Instytut Mikrobiologii, Wydział Biologii, Uniwersytet Warszawski ul. Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warszawa; tel.: 22 3786229, 22 5541312 e-mail: [email protected] REDAKTORZY MONIKA ADAMCZYK-POPŁAWSKA (Uniwersytet Warszawski), GABRIELA BUGLA-PŁOSKOŃSKA (Uniwersytet Wrocławski) ALEKSANDER DEPTUŁA (Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu) HENRYK KRUKOWSKI (Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Lublinie), BOŻENA NEJMAN-FALEŃCZYK (Uniwersytet Gdański) RENATA MATLAKOWSKA (Uniwersytet Warszawski), EDYTA PODSIADŁY (Uniwersyteckie Centrum Kliniczne WUM) ADRIANNA RACZKOWSKA (Uniwersytet Warszawski) AGATA GORYLUK-SALMONOWICZ (Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie) AGNIESZKA KWIATEK (Uniwersytet Warszawski), AGNIESZKA SZCZEPANKOWSKA (Instytut Biochemii i Biofizyki PAN) PIOTR ZALESKI (Instytut Biotechnologii i Antybiotyków) PUBLIKACJE METODYCZNE I STANDARDY Redaktor odpowiedzialny: STEFANIA GIEDRYS-KALEMBA (Pomorski Uniwersytet Medyczny w Szczecinie) Adres Redaktora działu Publikacje Metodyczne i Standardy ul. Malinowa 11, 72-003 Wołczkowo tel. 605031324; fax 91 3113186; e-mail: [email protected] ISBN 978 - 83 - 923731 - 3 - 1 Informacja o zdjęciu na okładce: Adhezja komórek Neisseria gonorrhoeae FA1090 do ludzkich komórek nabłonkowych linii HEC-1-B. Preparatyka: mgr Jagoda Płaczkiewicz i dr Agnieszka Kwiatek, Zakład Wirusologii, Instytut Mikrobiologii, Uniwersytet Warszawski. Zdjęcie: dr Paweł Bącal, Pracownia Inżynierii Nanohybrydowych Biosystemów Regulacji, Instytut Biocybernetyki i Inżynierii Biomedycznej im. M. Nałęcza Polskiej Akademii Nauk. Obraz SEM uzyskano przy użyciu aparatury zakupionej w ramach projektu CePT POIG.02.02.00-14-024/08-00. POLSKIE TOWARZYSTWO MIKROBIOLOGÓW Skład i druk: Zakład Wydawniczy Letter Quality, tel.: 22 115 38 10, 607 217 879 e-mail: [email protected]; projekt okładki: Jerzy Grzegorkiewicz POSTĘPY MIKROBIOLOGII – ADVANCEMENTS OF MICROBIOLOGY 2020, 59, 1, 3–10 DOI: 10.21307/PM-2020.59.1.001 OD WIELKIEJ GENETYKI DO NEUROPSYCHOLOGII – ZARYS HISTORII BADAŃ NAD POWIĄZANIEM MIKROBIOMU Z ZACHOWANIEM CZŁOWIEKA Dominik Czajeczny*, Karolina Kabzińska, Rafał Wojciech Wójciak Katedra i Zakład Psychologii Klinicznej, Uniwersytet Medyczny im. Karola Marcinkowskiego w Poznaniu Wpłynęło w sierpniu, zaakceptowano w grudniu 2019 r. Streszczenie: Po sukcesie Projektu Poznania Genomu Ludzkiego, w wyniku którego oszacowano liczbę genów u człowieka na jedynie 30–40 tysięcy, badacze skierowali swoją uwagę na ogromną pulę dodatkowych genów obecnych w ciele i na powierzchni ciała człowieka. Same tylko jelita są siedliskiem dla nawet 1000 szczepów bakterii i innych mikroorganizmów. Mikroorganizmy współżyjące z człowie- kiem dostarczają pulę 2–4 milionów dodatkowych genów. W 2009 roku postawiono hipotezę mówiącą, że zmiany kompozycji mikro- biomu wychwytywane są przez neurony zlokalizowane na całej długości jelita i komunikowane do mózgu, tworząc tzw. oś mózgowo- -jelitową, której głównym szlakiem jest nerw błędny. Poza wpływem na funkcjonowanie układu trawiennego i odpornościowego, pierwsze badania prowadzone w obszarze neuropsychologii wskazują, że mikrobiom jelitowy powiązany jest także z funkcjonowaniem osi HPA, a przez to z regulacją pobudzenia i emocji. Badania sugerują także związek z funkcjonowaniem poznawczym. Jak na razie, mechanizmy tych oddziaływań pozostają w dużej mierze niepoznane. Historia badań nad mikrobiomem człowieka obrazuje złożoną naturę naszego funkcjonowania i potrzebę integrowania wiedzy pochodzącej z dziedzin, na pierwszy rzut oka, bardzo odległych, jak mikrobiologia i psychologia. Dopóki związki pomiędzy człowiekiem a jego mikrobiomem nie zostaną poznane, nasza wiedza o ludzkiej biologii i zacho- waniu będzie niekompletna. 1. Projekt Poznania Ludzkiego Genomu. 2. W poszukiwaniu brakujących genów. 3. Projekt Poznania Ludzkiego Mikrobiomu. 4. Poszuki- wanie struktury w nieskończoności. 5. Oś mózgowo-jelitowa, w kierunku neuropsychologii. 6. Podsumowanie FROM GREAT GENETICS TO NEUROPSYCHOLOGY – OUTLINE OF THE RESEARCH ON THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN MICROBIOTA AND HUMAN BEHAVIOUR Abstract: After the success of the Human Genome Project, which lead to estimating the number of human genes at only about 30–40 thou- sand, researchers started paying attention to a great number of genes present inside and on the surface of the human body. The gastrointes- tinal tract alone is a habitat for up to 1000 species of bacteria and other microorganisms. These microorganisms add a pool of 2–4 million additional genes. In 2009, a hypothesis was proposed that changes in microbiota are sensed by neurons localized along the entire bowel length, and communicated to the brain, making up the gut-brain axis. The vagus nerve seems to serve as the main communication path. Besides affecting gastrointestinal tract functions, primary neuropsychological studies show that gut microbiota is linked to HPA activity, and thus with arousal regulation and emotional functions. Research also suggests a link to cognitive functions. For now, mechanisms of those connections remain, for the most part, unknown. History of the research on human microbiota shows a complex nature of human functions and the need for integration of knowledge from, as it may seem, distant branches of science, like microbiology and psychology. While connections between microbiota and host organism remain unrecognized, our knowledge of human biology will be incomplete. 1. Human Genome Project. 2. In search for the missing genes. 3. Human Microbiome Project. 4. In search for the structure in infinity. 5. Gut-brain axis, towards neuropsychology. 6. Conclusions Słowa kluczowe: genom człowieka, mikrobiom jelitowy, psycholgia Key words: human genome, gut microbiota, psychology 1. Projekt Poznania Ludzkiego Genomu wówczas, badacz ten uznał tę liczbę za „niepokojąco wysoką”. Wtedy nie było jeszcze wiadomo, że między Gwałtowny rozwój badań nad mikroorganizmami genami kodującymi białka znajdują się liczne sekwencje zasiedlającymi przewód pokarmowy człowieka i jego niekodujące (introny), jak też – powtarzające się, two- znaczeniem dla całego organizmu jak też zachowania, rzone przez liczne mutacje punktowe, sekwencje – tzw. związany był w dużej mierze z opublikowaniem pierw- nonsensowne [60]. Korzystając z coraz bardziej zaawan- szej kompletnej sekwencji genomu ludzkiego. sowanych narzędzi molekularnych, kolejni naukowcy W 1964 roku, Vogel [74] opublikował pracę, w której podejmowali się szacowania liczby genów człowieka zawarł obliczenia szacujące liczbę genów u człowieka. [1, 6, 26, 28]. Wyniki tych szacunków przynosiły coraz Bazując na ówczesnej wiedzy i czyniąc szereg zało- niższe liczby. Raport opublikowany w 1990 roku przez żeń, uzyskał liczbę rzędu 6,7 miliona genów. Nawet National Institutes of Health (NIH) oraz Department of * Autor korespondencyjny: Dominik Czajeczny, Katedra i Zakład Psychologii Klinicznej, Uniwersytet Medyczny im. Karola Marcin- kowskiego w Poznaniu, ul. Bukowska 70, 60-812 Poznań; e-mail: [email protected] 4 DOMINIK CZAJECZNY, KAROLINA KABZIŃSKA, RAFAŁ WOJCIECH WÓJCIAK Energy (DE) [3] zawierał już szacunkową liczbę genów Subcommittee on Energy and Environment of the wynoszącą około 100 000. W 2000 roku praca Ewinga Committee on Science of the U.S. House of Representa- z zespołem [26] przewidywała istnienie 35 000 genów tives zorganizował 17 czerwca 1998 przesłuchanie [72], kodujących białka w genomie człowieka. Spodziewano mające na celu zweryfikować, czy Celera jest projektem się, że dokładną liczbę genów pozwoli ustalić dopiero uzupełniającym wobec HGP, czy też może potencjalnie wykonanie pełnej sekwencji genomu. To wymagało jed- sprawić, że ten drugi okaże się zbyteczny [58]. Po prze- nak powołania projektu naukowego
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