Cholera Factsheet Malawi

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Cholera Factsheet Malawi CHOLERA FACTSHEET MALAWI Figure 1. Annual number of cases and case fatality rate in Malawi, CHOLERA OVERVIEW 1990 – 20171 Seventh pandemic cholera was first reported in Malawi in 1973. Since 1990, large-scale outbreaks were reported in 1990-1991, 1993, 1999, and 2002. The yearly trend shows that epidemics have decreased in magnitude since 2002 (Fig. 1).1 Between 2001 and 2018, epidemiological surveillance reported 42,397 cases with 473 fatalities (case fatality rate ≈ 1.1%). The majority of suspected cases were reported in Southern Region (57%), where the districts that reported the greatest number of cases were Blantyre, Machinga, Chikwawa. More recently, the most affected districts from 2014 to 2018 were Machinga (23%), Karonga (17%) and Chikwawa (14%).2 The country has been affected by cross-border outbreaks, especially along the southern border with Mozambique and likely along the border with Tanzania albeit to a lesser degree (Fig. 2).3 Figure 2. Cumulative cholera incidence by district in Malawi, 2001- CHOLERA DISTRIBUTION 20182 From 2001 to 2018, Lilongwe District reported the highest proportion of cholera cases (27.8%). Lilongwe was affected by 11 outbreaks over the 18-year period, although the large majority of cases were reported from 2002 to 2009 (Fig. 4, Table I).2 Blantyre District reported 16.4% of all cases, which were primarily reported between 2001 and 2012. Blantyre also reported 11 outbreaks over the study period (Fig. 4, Table I).2 In the Lake Chilwa area, Machinga, Zomba and Phalombe accounted for a combined 13.9% of all cholera cases, where affected populations often involved fishing communities living on islands or floating homes on the lake. Since 2010, Lake Chilwa districts have accounted for 34.5% of all cases (Fig. 4, Table I).2,3 In the Shire River floodplain, Chikwawa and Nsanje reported a combined 13.1% of all cases. Since 2010, this percentage has increased to 31.5%. Chikwawa was also the most often affected district with 14 outbreaks from 2001 to 2018 (Fig. 4, Table I).2 In Northern Region, Karonga District reported 4.5% of all cases, which represents the highest proportion among districts along Lake Malawi (Fig. 4, Table I).2 Cholera case numbers in Malawi tended to increase between December and April following the rainy season (Fig. 3).2,4 Table I. Epidemiological parameters of cholera outbreaks in primarily affected districts in Malawi, 2001-20182 [1] Figure 3. Monthly cholera case numbers and precipitation levels in (%) atality DISTRICT 2,4 f e Malawi, 2015 – 2018 cases at (No. (No. of Cases / r deaths % of %total of outbreaks) Recurrence Case Lilongwe 11,789 / 18 27.8 0.2 11 Blantyre 6,959 / 126 16.4 1.8 11 Machinga 4,243 / 59 10 1.4 9 Chikwawa 3,860 / 61 9.1 1.6 14 Balaka 2,831 / 0 6.7 0.0 8 Kasungu 2,432 / 0 5.7 0.0 4 Karonga 1,904 / 45 4.5 2.4 9 Nsanje 1,696 / 22 4 1.3 9 Mangochi 1,384 / 33 3.3 2.4 8 Zomba 1,187 / 15 2.8 1.3 6 Note: [1] Total cases = 42,397 and deaths = 473, from 2001 to 2018 (week 27). CHOLERA FACTSHEET MALAWI Figure 4. Priority cholera foci in Malawi by district, 2001-20182 PRIORITY CHOLERA FOCI Location of cholera foci (Table II, Fig. 4): • Urban districts of Lilongwe and Blantyre • Lake Chilwa districts – Machinga, Zomba and Phalombe, including fishing communities temporarily living on islands or floating homes on Lake Chilwa • Shire River floodplain and districts bordering Mozambique – Chikwawa and Nsanje • Lake Malawi districts –Karonga, Nkhata Bay and Salima • Cross-border district with Tanzania - Karonga • Balaka District – crossroad between Zomba and Lilongwe (via road) as well as Blantyre and Salima (via rail) STRATEGIC RECOMMENDATIONS High-risk areas along national borders were located in zones where cholera outbreaks spread between neighboring countries, including Mozambique and to a lesser degree Tanzania (Table II, Fig. 4). This highlights the importance of cross-border surveillance and coordinated response between countries in the region, especially in Southern Region and Karonga District. In priority cholera foci, preparedness and response plans should be developed and implemented including: (1) strengthening early detection and rapid response including community-based surveillance and cross-border alerts; (2) establishing multisectoral and cross-border coordination mechanisms; (3) building outbreak management capacity; (4) targeted pre- positioning of supplies and (5) developing risk communication, social mobilization and community engagement plans with harmonized approaches and messaging (Table II – Type 1 - Type 3). In hard-to-reach areas, early rehydration (e.g., community 3,5,6 oral rehydration points) should be enhanced to reduce the CFR. Risk factors • Limited access to safe water - 63% of rural populations and 87% Sustainable water, sanitation, hygiene and social mobilization of urban population have access to at least basic drinking water activities should be implemented in the six priority districts sources regularly affected by cholera outbreaks, especially fishing • Limited access to sanitation facilities - 43% of rural populations communities of Lake Chilwa, residents of the Shire River and 49% of urban populations have access to at least basic floodplain, overpopulated urban areas, and cross-border districts sanitation with high population flux to and from Mozambique and Tanzania • Living in floodplain areas in Chikwawa and Nsanje Districts (Table II – Types 1-2). The Type 1 and Type 2 priority areas • Frequent travel to Mozambique during a cholera outbreak in accounted for 71.8% of the disease burden.2 Identification of provinces across the border transmission foci at a finer scale within the priority counties is • Obtaining drinking water from Lake Chilwa • Performing open defecation (approximately 7% of rural necessary to best target at-risk communities. populations) Table II. Summary of priority cholera foci classification in Malawi, 2001-20182 Attack rate Priority Recurrence Case fatality Cross-border Region District % of total cases (median per 10,000 area type (No. of outbreaks) rate (%) area inhabitants) SOUTHERN CHIKWAWA 9.1 14 3.7 1.6 Yes SOUTHERN BLANTYRE 16.4 11 5.3 1.8 No Type 1 NORTHERN KARONGA 4.5 9 4.3 2.4 Yes SOUTHERN MACHINGA 10 9 5.1 1.4 Yes CENTRAL LILONGWE 27.8 11 1.9 0.2 Yes Type 2 SOUTHERN NSANJE 4 9 2.8 1.3 Yes SOUTHERN BALAKA 6.7 8 1.2 0 No NORTHERN NKHATA BAY 1 7 2.0 2.7 No Type 3 SOUTHERN ZOMBA 2.8 6 3.3 1.3 No CENTRAL SALIMA 1.7 5 1.6 1.4 No SOUTHERN PHALOMBE 1.1 4 1.3 1.9 Yes Note: Type 1: Highest-priority area with outbreaks of high frequency (≥9 outbreaks) and high median incidence rate; Type 2: High-priority area with outbreaks of high frequency and moderate median incidence rate; Type 3: Medium-priority area with outbreaks of moderate frequency (4-8 outbreaks) and moderate median incidence rate. References[10:50:24] jessica dunoyer: and a long duration (>40th percentile) Authors 1. Global Health Atlas. WHO (http://apps.who.int/globalatlas). Moore S. PhD, Dunoyer J. MSc, Kagoli M. MD, Chimwaza W. PhD, Khambira M. MSc, 2. Ministry of Health Malawi, epidemiological surveillance data (2001–2018). Valingot C. MSc, Piarroux M. MD PhD, Piarroux R. MD PhD, Sudre B. MD PhD. 3. Moore et al., Epidemiological study of cholera hotspots and epidemiological basins in East and Southern Africa. In-depth report on cholera epidemiology in Malawi (2018), UNICEF. Acknowledgements 4. Precipitation data, Famine Early Warning Systems Network (http://www.fews.net). Ameda M.I. and Tabbal G. (UNICEF ESARO) 5. Msyamboza KP, et al. Cholera outbreaks in Malawi in 1998-2012: social and cultural Senbete M. (UNICEF Malawi) challenges in prevention and control. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2014;8(8):720–6. 6. Joint Water Supply and Sanitation Monitoring Programme, WHO, UNICEF, 2015 .
Recommended publications
  • Lake Malawi Destination Guide
    Lake Malawi Destination Guide Overview of Lake Malawi Occupying a fifth of the country, Lake Malawi is the third largest lake in Africa and home to more fish species than any other lake in the world. Also known as Lake Nyasa, it is often referred to as 'the calendar lake' because it is 365 miles (590km) long and 52 miles (85km) wide. Situated between Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania, this African Great Lake is about 40,000 years old, a product of the Great Rift Valley fault line. There are fishing villages to be found along the lakeshore where residents catch a range of local fish including chambo, kampango (catfish), lake salmon and tiger fish. The export of fish from the lake contributes significantly to the country's economy, and the delicious chambo, similar to bream, is served in most Malawian eateries. Visitors to Lake Malawi can see colourful mbuna fish in the water, while there are also occasional sightings of crocodiles, hippos, monkeys and African fish eagles along the shore. The nearby Eastern Miombo woodlands are home to African wild dogs. Swimming, snorkelling and diving are popular activities in the tropical waters of the lake, and many visitors also enjoy waterskiing, sailing and fishing. There are many options available for holiday accommodation at the lake, including resorts, guesthouses and caravan or camping parks. All budgets are catered for, with luxury lodges attracting the glamorous and humble campsites hosting families and backpackers. Cape Maclear is a well-developed lakeside town, and nearby Monkey Bay is a great holiday resort area. Club Makokola, near Mangochi, is also a popular resort.
    [Show full text]
  • We Will Still Live: Confronting Stigma and Discrimination
    Leitner Center for International Law and Justice We Will Still Live Fordham Law School Confronting Stigma and Discrimination Against 33 West 60th Street Second Floor New York, NY 10023 Women Living with HIV/AIDS in Malawi 212.636.6862 REPORT MALAWI www.leitnercenter.org THE LEITNER CENTER We Will Still Live Confronting Stigma and Discrimination Against Women Living with HIV/AIDS in Malawi Chi Mgbako Jeanmarie Fenrich Tracy E. Higgins Associate Clinical Professor of Executive Director, Leitner Center Leitner Family Professor of Law, Fordham Law School for International Law and Justice International Human Rights, Fordham Law School Supervisor, Walter Leitner Fordham Law School International Human Rights Clinic Co-Director, Leitner Center for J.D. Fordham Law School 1998 International Law and Justice J.D. Harvard Law School 2005 J.D. Harvard Law School 1990 B.A. Columbia University 2001 B.A. Princeton University 1986 Contents Introduction 2 Acknowledgments 5 Part I Background 6 Malawi’s Obligations Under International and Domestic Law 6 International Law 6 Domestic Law 8 Women’s Vulnerability to HIV/AIDS in Malawi 8 Condoms and Negotiating Power 8 Economic Dependency 10 Violence Against Women 11 Harmful Traditional Practices 12 Commercial Sex Workers 14 Girls and Young Women 16 Male Sexuality and Denial 16 Part II Stigma and Discrimination Against Women Living with HIV/AIDS in Malawi 18 Community-Level Stigma 18 Verbal Attacks 18 Social Exclusion and Fear of Casual Transmission 19 AIDS, Sex, Morality, and Death 20 Fear of Stigma as an Impediment
    [Show full text]
  • DRONES in INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT Innovating the Supply Chain to Reach Patients in Remote Areas
    DRONES IN INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT Innovating the Supply Chain to Reach Patients in Remote Areas AUTHORS: SCOTT DUBIN, ASHLEY GREVE, RYAN TRICHE DISCLAIMER: This activity was funded by the U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, through the U.S. Agency for International Development. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein are our own and do not necessarily state or reflect those of the U.S. Government. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 KEY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SUCCESS 2 SECTION I: PLANNING 9 ACTIVITY OVERVIEW AND OBJECTIVES 9 SELECTING THE RIGHT DRONE 11 INITIAL INVESTIGATIONS AND SCOPING VISITS 12 VALIDATION OF USE CASES 13 ACTIVITY DESIGN 14 CONTRACTING WITH DRONE SERVICE PROVIDERS 17 SECTION II: IMPLEMENTATION 19 FLIGHT OPERATIONS APPROVALS 19 COMMUNITY SENSITIZATION 20 START-UP 20 PHASE 1: JUNE-JULY 2019 21 PHASE 2: AUGUST-OCTOBER 2019 23 PHASE 3: NOVEMBER 2019-FEBRUARY 2020 23 STAKEHOLDER AND PARTNERSHIP MANAGEMENT 25 INCIDENT MANAGEMENT 27 SECTION III: ASSESSING AND COMMUNICATING VALUE 29 HEALTH IMPACT ANALYSIS 30 CARGO DATA 33 SAMPLE TURNAROUND TIME 34 SAMPLE COLLECTIONS 35 COMMUNICATING VALUE 36 COST CONSIDERATIONS 37 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 39 ANNEX 1. RESULTS FRAMEWORK 40 ANNEX 2. FLIGHT DATA REQUIREMENTS 42 ANNEX 3. UAV PROCUREMENT GUIDE 43 ANNEX 4. MEDICINE DELIVERIES MISSION NOTES 48 ANNEX 5. SAMPLE INITIAL SCOPE OF WORK FOR DRONE SERVICE PROVIDER 49 INTRODUCTION The USAID Global Health Supply Chain Program-Procurement and Supply Management (USAID GHSC- PSM) project works to ensure an uninterrupted supply of public health commodities. Through procurement and delivery of medicines and in-country technical assistance, the project strengthens health supply chains for HIV/AIDS, malaria, family planning, and maternal, newborn, and child health.
    [Show full text]
  • Implementation Status & Results
    The World Bank Report No: ISR16677 Implementation Status & Results Malawi Strengthening Safety Nets Systems - MASAF IV (P133620) Operation Name: Strengthening Safety Nets Systems - MASAF IV (P133620) Project Stage: Implementation Seq.No: 2 Status: ARCHIVED Archive Date: 17-Nov-2014 Country: Malawi Approval FY: 2014 Public Disclosure Authorized Product Line:IBRD/IDA Region: AFRICA Lending Instrument: Investment Project Financing Implementing Agency(ies): MALAWI THIRD SOCIAL ACTION FUND Key Dates Board Approval Date 18-Dec-2013 Original Closing Date 30-Jun-2018 Planned Mid Term Review Date 30-Apr-2016 Last Archived ISR Date 03-Mar-2014 Public Disclosure Copy Effectiveness Date 16-Sep-2014 Revised Closing Date 30-Jun-2018 Actual Mid Term Review Date Project Development Objectives Project Development Objective (from Project Appraisal Document) The Project Development Objective of the proposed project is to strengthen Malawi’s social safety net delivery systems and coordination across programs. Has the Project Development Objective been changed since Board Approval of the Project? Yes No Public Disclosure Authorized Component(s) Component Name Component Cost Productive Safety Nets 28.80 Systems and Capacity Building 2.00 Project Management 2.00 Overall Ratings Previous Rating Current Rating Progress towards achievement of PDO Satisfactory Satisfactory Overall Implementation Progress (IP) Satisfactory Moderately Satisfactory Overall Risk Rating Substantial Substantial Public Disclosure Authorized Implementation Status Overview Following Project approval in December 2013, government procedures related to the authorization to borrow took longer than expected and the project became effective only in September 2014. On October 6, 2014 a project launch workshop was organized in Lilongwe by the Local Development Fund-Technical Support Team (LDF-TST).
    [Show full text]
  • Map District Site Balaka Balaka District Hospital Balaka Balaka Opd
    Map District Site Balaka Balaka District Hospital Balaka Balaka Opd Health Centre Balaka Chiendausiku Health Centre Balaka Kalembo Health Centre Balaka Kankao Health Centre Balaka Kwitanda Health Centre Balaka Mbera Health Centre Balaka Namanolo Health Centre Balaka Namdumbo Health Centre Balaka Phalula Health Centre Balaka Phimbi Health Centre Balaka Utale 1 Health Centre Balaka Utale 2 Health Centre Blantyre Bangwe Health Centre Blantyre Blantyre Adventist Hospital Blantyre Blantyre City Assembly Clinic Blantyre Chavala Health Centre Blantyre Chichiri Prison Clinic Blantyre Chikowa Health Centre Blantyre Chileka Health Centre Blantyre Blantyre Chilomoni Health Centre Blantyre Chimembe Health Centre Blantyre Chirimba Health Centre Blantyre Dziwe Health Centre Blantyre Kadidi Health Centre Blantyre Limbe Health Centre Blantyre Lirangwe Health Centre Blantyre Lundu Health Centre Blantyre Macro Blantyre Blantyre Madziabango Health Centre Blantyre Makata Health Centre Lunzu Blantyre Makhetha Clinic Blantyre Masm Medi Clinic Limbe Blantyre Mdeka Health Centre Blantyre Mlambe Mission Hospital Blantyre Mpemba Health Centre Blantyre Ndirande Health Centre Blantyre Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital Blantyre South Lunzu Health Centre Blantyre Zingwangwa Health Centre Chikwawa Chapananga Health Centre Chikwawa Chikwawa District Hospital Chikwawa Chipwaila Health Centre Chikwawa Dolo Health Centre Chikwawa Kakoma Health Centre Map District Site Chikwawa Kalulu Health Centre, Chikwawa Chikwawa Makhwira Health Centre Chikwawa Mapelera Health Centre
    [Show full text]
  • Inception Report
    b Adapting to Climate Change Through Integrated Risk Management Strategies and Enhanced Market Opportunities for Resilient Food Security and Livelihoods Inception Report September 2020 Table of Contents List of acronyms....................................................................................................................................... ii 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Purpose of the report .............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Background to the project ..................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Target areas identification ..................................................................................................... 2 1.4 Project Objectives .................................................................................................................... 3 2. Inception Workshop Methodology and Process ..................................................................... 4 2.1 Inception workshop objectives and agenda ..................................................................... 4 2.2 Methodology and Approaches ............................................................................................. 5 3. Inception Workshop Outcomes .................................................................................................... 8 3.1
    [Show full text]
  • Appeal Coordinating Office
    150 route de Ferney, P.O. Box 2100 1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland Tel: 41 22 791 6033 Fax: 41 22 791 6506 e-mail: [email protected] Appeal Coordinating Office Malawi Famine Mitigation Follow-up – AFMW51 Appeal Target: US$ 2,017,307 Geneva, 6 September 2005 Dear Colleagues, Drought-prone Malawi is yet again suffering from food crisis this year following adverse climatic conditions arising from severe drought and erratic rains, inadequate accessibility to farm inputs and the effect of previous food shortage situations. The drop in crop performance, especially for the country's main staple food, maize, have created big food security concerns for many parts of the country including those that are currently on food aid. The immediate household food shortage caused by low expected yields from the current crops is an indicator that most households will have food shortage from August 2005 to April 2006 if no appropriate interventions are put in place. The continued grip of the food shortage, the increased funding of current appeal AFMW41 almost towards the end of the appeal period, the increased number of beneficiaries and the change in nature of implementation prompted the Malawi ACT Forum: Church of Central Africa Presbyterian (CCAP) Development Department of Synod of Livingstonia, Church of Central Africa Presbyterian (CCAP) Blantyre Synod, the Evangelical Lutheran Development Programme (ELDP), Christian Health Association of Malawi (CHAM) and Churches Action in Relief and Development (CARD), to submit this new proposal which will be for a implementation period of six additional months. The AFMW41 appeal will remain the same and will be closed, while this appeal represents new needs identified by the ACT members in Malawi.
    [Show full text]
  • Malawi Country Operational Plan 2017 Strategic Direction Summary
    Malawi Country Operational Plan 2017 Strategic Direction Summary April 26, 2017 1 1.0 Goal Statement While there has been significant progress in the fight against HIV, Malawi still has 980,000 people living with HIV (PLHIV), including 350,000 undiagnosed. The Malawi Population-Based HIV Impact Assessment (MPHIA) showed significant progress toward the globally endorsed targets of 90-90-90. The number of new adult infections each year continues to decline (28,000/year in 2016), coinciding with an increase in ART coverage. With the number of annual HIV-related deaths reduced to 27,000/year in 2016, Malawi continues making progress toward epidemic control. However, MPHIA also highlights a disproportionately high HIV incidence among adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) with point estimates for HIV incidence 8 times higher among females aged 15-24 than males. Therefore, the overarching goal of COP17 is to interrupt HIV transmission by reducing incidence among AGYW through testing and treatment of potential sexual partners (men 15-40) and primary prevention (e.g., expansion of DREAMS and AGYW targeted interventions), thereby interrupting the lifecycle of HIV transmission and accelerating progress to epidemic control. The 1st 90 remains the greatest challenge and requires a number of key strategy shifts: Targeting testing and treatment strategies: Increased focus on targeting men and youth with the most efficient testing modalities (e.g., index case testing) and treatment strategies (e.g., same-day ART initiation) to achieve saturation across all age and gender bands in scale-up districts by the end of FY18. Increasing focus in five “acceleration” districts: Per the MPHIA, the epidemic is most intense in population-dense regions of Southern Malawi, especially Blantyre; therefore, PEPFAR will focus on Blantyre and four other high burden, scale up districts (deemed “acceleration” districts) that include 70% of the national gap to saturation.
    [Show full text]
  • Connectivity Solutions for 752 PEPFAR Supported MOH Clinics
    REQUEST FOR PROPOSALS (RFP) #MAL-122019-EMR Connectivity Solutions for 752 PEPFAR Supported MOH Clinics ELIZABETH GLASER PEDIATRIC AIDS FOUNDATION (EGPAF) NED BANK House, City Centre, P.O. Box 2543, Lilongwe, Malawi FIRM DEADLINE: Friday, 17 January 2020 at 11am INTRODUCTION Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation (“EGPAF” or “Foundation”), a non-profit organization, is a world leader in the fight to eliminate pediatric AIDS. Our mission is to prevent pediatric HIV infection and to eliminate pediatric AIDS through research, advocacy, and prevention and treatment programs. For more information, please visit http://www.pedaids.org. OBJECTIVE OF THE ASSIGNMENT | SCOPE OF WORK | EXPECTED DELIVERABLES EGPAF seeks to contract with a reputable Vendor to immediately meet our current connectivity needs (with the possibility of fulfilling future needs as they arise) in support of an ambitious national Electronic Medical Records (EMR) initiative. It is anticipated that the selected Vendor can assess our requirements, develop a comprehensive and effective solution to implement at all 752 PEPFAR-supported MOH Clinics throughout Malawi (see Attachment 1), and eventually implement and install, in coordination with the necessary Foundation staff, all necessary infrastructure at each site to reflect its proposed solution(s). More specifically, the selected Contractor is expected to offer a fast and affordable Carrier Backbone network services to cover 752 clinics across the 28 Districts in Malawi to support regular and incremental data transmission from the Clinics/health facilities to a Central Data Repository hosted at the Ministry of Health. The winning Contractor will be responsible for installation of last mile connection to connect each health facility to the backbone network, including configuring Point-to-Point connections between the health facility and the Central Data Repository.
    [Show full text]
  • “Killing Two Birds with One Stone”? a Case Study of Development Use of Drones
    Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2021 “Killing Two Birds with One Stone”? A Case Study of Development Use of Drones Wang, Ning Abstract: With the rise of the “humanitarian drone” in recent years, drones have become one of the most controversial public interest technologies that have gained increasing media attention. It is worth noting that, although there is a perception in the aid sector that drones hold the promise to reinvent the health supply logistics, to date, routine drone delivery is still relatively new and largely unproven. This paper presents a recent field study conducted in 2019, where drones were deployed in Malawi tohelp address the last mile challenge in medical supply delivery, and where a noticeable mentality of “killing two birds with one stone” around the attempt of using drones in resource-poor settings is observed. The objective of the paper is to shed light, through a real-world case study and from the ethical perspective, on the impacts of implementing such a systemic change in the existing health supply chain systems. As conclusion, a call for more reflexive approaches for the critical examination, as well as more structured guidance for the responsible evaluation, of medical cargo drones is raised. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ISTAS50296.2020.9462187 Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-204596 Journal Article Accepted Version Originally published at: Wang, Ning (2021). “Killing Two Birds with One Stone”? A Case Study of Development Use of Drones.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 6 Master Plan for Development of the Sena Corridor
    CHAPTER 6 MASTER PLAN FOR DEVELOPMENT OF THE SENA CORRIDOR Project for the Study on Development of the Sena Corridor Final Report Chapter 6 Master Plan for Development of the Sena Corridor Chapter 6 Master Plan for Development of the Sena Corridor 6.1 Objective of the Master Plan The objective of the Master Plan for development of the Sena Corridor is to prepare improvement plans for transport sub-sectors, i.e. road, railway and inland waterway sub-sectors, which form the Sena Transport Corridor. The development goals of the Master Plan are sustainable economic growth in Malawi and poverty alleviation in the Study Area. Master Plan programmes are prepared for the short term with a target year of 2015, the medium term with a target year of 2020, and the long term with a target year of 2030. The Master Plan indicates definite plans for the transport system and its services in the Southern Region of Malawi. The long-term programme has been prepared to achieve the following challenges of the Master Plan: 1) strengthen the SADC transport network, 2) develop an alternative corridor to Beira Port, 3) improve access to ocean ports and international markets, 4) promote exports by agricultural development, 5) secure steady import of fuel and fertiliser, 6) accelerate mobility of people and logistics to/from Blantyre, and 7) improve communication in the Study Area, with appropriate investment in the transport sector. The long-term programme is also planned to contribute to regional integration in Southeastern Africa under the SADC Treaty. 6.2 Overview for the Development of the Sena Corridor (1) Viewpoint of Southeastern Africa a) Current Situation • The regional infrastructure needs to be developed to accelerate the growth of Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Emergency Appeal 2020
    EMERGENCY May - October APPEAL 2020 MALAWI MALAWI Overview Map Chitipa CHITIPA Chitipa v" District Hospital Karonga District Hospital v"v"Karonga old Hospital KARONGA Chilumba TANZANIA RUMPHI Rumphi Rumphi District v"Hospital ZAMBIA NORTHERN MZUZU CITY v" Mzuzu Mzuzu Central Hospital v" Nkhata Bay District Hospital NKHATA BAY MZIMBA Mzimba District v" Hospital LIKOMA LILONGWE CITY Lake Malawi MOZAMBIQUE Lilongwe Central Hospital "v KASUNGU \! NKHOTAKOTA "v v" Nkhotakota Bwaila/Bottom Hospital Kasungu District Hospital Kasungu v" District Hospital NTCHISI Ntchisi District ZOMBA CITY CENTRAL v"Hospital DOWA Dzaleka Refugee MCHINJI SALIMA Camp (44,385) v" Dowa District Hospital v"Salima District v" Mchinji District Hospital Hospital ZOMBA LILONGWE CITY v" \!v" DEDZA "v Zomba Central Hospital LILONGWE Dedza Dedza District v" Mangoche BLANTYRE CITY Hospital v" Mangochi District "v MANGOCHI Hospital NTCHEU Ntcheu Ntcheu District Hospitalv" !\ Capi Balaka District Hospital MACHINGA v" Liwonde Majo own BLANTYRE BALAKA v"Machinga District Hospital He ility "v Machinga Lake Centr ospital LIMBE "v Queen Elizabeth Chilwa ZOMBA CITY Central Hospital NENO "v Distr ospital v"Zomba Central Hospital Mwanza District Hospital SOUTHERN Refugee " ZOMBA (Numbe efugees) v BLANTYRE PHALOMBE v"Chiradzulu District Hospital MWANZA Road v" CHIRADZULU BLANTYRE CITY Ional der MULANJE Chikwawa District v" Thyolo District v" Mulanje District Region Hospital Hospital v" Hospital District CHIKWAWA THYOLO MOZAMBIQUE Popul en (People m) Bangula NSANJE ZIMBABWE Nsanje District v" Hospital The designations employed and the presentation of material in the report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or Theof itdesignationss authorities, or conc eemployedrning the delim iandtation othef its fpresentationrontiers or boundarie sof.
    [Show full text]