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Complete Restriction Supplementary material BMJ Global Health Appendix 1 Table S1: Characteristics of individual studies Population Bacteria studied Description of intervention or Study Country sampled intervention group Outcomes measured Complete restriction Ecological farms with no antibiotic use in feed Aarestrup (1995) Denmark Broilers Enterococcus faecium Resistance to glycopeptide antibiotics or for therapeutic purposes Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus Abdalrahman Characterization of resistance to antibiotics USA Broilers, turkeys Staphylococcus aureus Organic retail meat (2015) (including beta-lactams, tetracyclines, macrolides, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, lincosamides, amphenicols, glycopeptides, rifamycines, sulfonamides) and presence of toxin genes Escherichia coli Pasture-raised non-antimicrobial treated beef Resistance to antibiotics (including cephalosporins, Agga (2015) USA Beef cows Salmonella enterica cows, which were co-mingled with ceftiofur tetracyclines, sulfonamides, macrolides) Enterococcus spp. treated cows Prevalence of Salmonella spp. in fecal and farm samples Alali (2010) USA Broilers Salmonella spp. Organic farms (USDA certified) Characterization of resistance to antibiotics (including penicillins, aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, amphenicols, quinolones, sulfonamides, tetracyclines) Organic broilers which were raised without Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter spp. (including aminoglycosides, Bailey (2019) USA Broilers Campylobacter spp. antibiotics, processed using “organic methods” at a processing plant (USDA certification amphenicols, tetracyclines, macrolides, quinolones, standards cited) lincosamides, ketolides) Organic dairy farms (USDA certified for a at Bombyk (2007) USA Dairy cows Staphylococcus spp. Resistance to tetracycline least 1 year) Level and pattern of antimicrobial resistance Antimicrobial free swine farms, with no use of (including penicillins, aminoglycosides, Bunner (2007) USA Pigs Escherichia coli any antimicrobial agents in production for 1 cephalosporins, amphenicols, quinolones, year minimum sulfonamides, tetracyclines) Characterization of resistance to antibiotics (including penicillins, aminoglycosides, Cho (2007) USA Dairy cows Escherichia coli Organic dairy farms (USDA certified) cephalosporins, amphenicols, quinolones, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, aminocyclitols) Cicconi-Hogan Coagulase-negative staphylococci USA Dairy cows Organic dairy farms Prevalence of methicillin resistant bacteria (2014) Staphylococcus aureus 1 Tang KL, et al. BMJ Global Health 2019; 4:e001710. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001710 Supplementary material BMJ Global Health Population Bacteria studied Description of intervention or Study Country sampled intervention group Outcomes measured Prevalence of Salmonella spp. Characterization of resistance to antibiotics Cui (2004) USA Broilers Salmonella spp. Organic retail carcasses (including penicillins, aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, amphenicols, quinolones, sulfonamides, tetracyclines) Prevalence of Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. Salmonella spp. Cui (2005) USA Broilers Organic retail carcasses Characterization of resistance to antibiotics Campylobacter spp. (including penicillins, aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, amphenicols, quinolones, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, macrolides) Alternative “Neuland” farms, characterized by their smaller size, environmental features, no Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Cuny (2012) Germany Pigs Staphylococcus aureus administration of antimicrobials to pigs of a aureus certain size (body mass greater than 25kg), and no imports from conventional farms Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella spp. (including penicillins, Antimicrobial-free production systems aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, amphenicols, (samples collected in farms and slaughter- sulfonamides, tetracyclines) Gebreyes (2006) USA Pigs Salmonella spp. houses), where no antimicrobials were used for any reason post-weaning Presence of multi-drug resistant strains and phenotypic diversity at the production and processing stages Resistance to antibiotics (including penicillins, Herd with no antimicrobial exposure for 154 Gellin (1989) USA Pigs Gram negative enteric bacteria aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, amphenicols, months quinolones, sulfonamides, tetracyclines) Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Organic farms certified by an organic Campylobacter spp. (including penicillins, certification agency and having had no use of Halbert (2006a) USA Dairy cows Campylobacter spp. aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, amphenicols, antibiotics for at least three years in cattle over quinolones, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, macrolides, the age of 1 lincosamides) Resistance to antibiotics (including amphenicols, aminoglycosides, quinolones, macrolides, Halbert (2006b) USA Dairy cows Campylobacter spp. Organic dairy farms tetracyclines, lincosamides), and mechanism of tetracycline resistance Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Han (2009) USA Broilers Campylobacter spp. Organic retail carcasses Campylobacter spp. (including aminoglycosides, quinolones, tetracyclines, macrolides) Resistance to antibiotics (including bacitracin, macrolides, lincosamides, aminoglycosides, Joseph (2007) USA Poultry Enterococcus spp. Organic / antibiotic-free farms streptogramins, nitrofurans, tetracyclines, penicillins) 2 Tang KL, et al. BMJ Global Health 2019; 4:e001710. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001710 Supplementary material BMJ Global Health Population Bacteria studied Description of intervention or Study Country sampled intervention group Outcomes measured Resistance to antibiotics (including penicillins, Joseph (2008) USA Broilers Salmonella spp. Organic / antibiotic-free farms cephalosporins, amphenicols, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, sulfonamides) Prevalence of antibiotic resistant organisms Kassem (2017) USA Laying hens Campylobacter spp. Organic layer farms (USDA certified) (including resistance to quinolones, tetracyclines, macrolides, aminocyclitols) Prevalence and serotypes of Salmonella at farm and at slaughter Antibiotic free farms, where no antimicrobials were used for any purpose. Other features Antimicrobial resistance profiles (including Keelara (2013) USA Pigs Salmonella spp. included: outdoor housing, access to ambient penicillins, aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, environment, feed was non-pelleted amphenicols, quinolones, sulfonamides, tetracyclines) and genotypic profiles of bacterial isolates along the swine production chain Antibiotic-free retail poultry, confirmed per Susceptibility to streptogramins (quinupristin- Poultry (chicken product label or based on information dalfopristin) in isolates from humans and retail Kieke (2006) USA Enterococcus faecium and turkey) obtained through direct contact with poultry susceptibility manufacturer or distributor of the product Resistance to antibiotics (including penicillins, Discontinuation of both therapeutic and non- aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, amphenicols, Langlois (1983) USA Pigs Lactose-positive enteric bacteria therapeutic uses of antimicrobials in a closed quinolones, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, polymyxins, swine herd nitrofurans) Contributors to levels, persistence, and transfer of Discontinuation of all antibiotics (including for antibiotic resistance (including penicillins, Langlois (1986) USA Pigs Lactose-positive enteric bacteria subtherapeutic, prophylactic, and therapeutic aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, amphenicols, indications) in a closed swine herd quinolones, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, polymyxins, nitrofurans) Prevalence of Salmonella spp., characterization of genotypes, and characterization of antimicrobial Lestari (2009) USA Broilers Salmonella spp. Organic retail carcasses susceptibilities (including penicillins, aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, amphenicols, quinolones, sulfonamides, tetracyclines) Prevalence of fecal coliforms and their resistance to Discontinuation of all antibiotics (including for antibiotics (including penicillins, aminoglycosides, Lou (1995) USA Pigs Fecal coliforms subtherapeutic, prophylactic, and therapeutic cephalosporins, amphenicols, quinolones, indications) in a closed swine herd sulfonamides, tetracyclines) and genetic determinants of resistance to tetracycline Prevalence of Campylobacter spp. and their Luangtongkum Poultry (broilers resistance to antibiotics (including penicillins, USA Campylobacter spp. Certified organic farms (2006) and turkey) aminoglycosides, quinolones, tetracyclines, macrolides, lincosamides) Resistance to antibiotics (including penicillins, Escherichia coli aminoglycosides, quinolones, sulfonamides, Nulsen (2008) New Zealand Pigs Organic farm that used no antimicrobials Enterococcus spp. tetracyclines, macrolides, glycopeptides, streptogramins) 3 Tang KL, et al. BMJ Global Health 2019; 4:e001710. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001710 Supplementary material BMJ Global Health Population Bacteria studied Description of intervention or Study Country sampled intervention group Outcomes measured Prevalence of Salmonella spp., serovar prevalence, Broilers, cattle, and resistance to antibiotics (including Peng (2016) USA goats, laying Salmonella spp. Organic mixed crop livestock farms cephalosporins, amphenicols, aminoglycosides, hens, pigs tetracyclines, sulfonamides, quinolones) Characteristics of antibiotic resistance (including resistance to penicillins, aminoglycosides, Closed swine herd with no use of antibiotics Pettey (2008) USA
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