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Antibiotic and Antibiotic Resistance
ANTIBIOTIC AND ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE Helle Ericsson Unnerstad Veterinarian, Associate Professor Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden ITP, SVA, 28 September, 2018 Antibiotics or antimicrobials? • Old definition: Antibiotics are naturally produced by microorganisms. • Perhaps more useful definitions today: Antimicrobials are compounds with direct action on microorganisms. They are used for treatment or prevention of infections. Antimicrobials are inclusive of anti-bacterials, anti-virals, anti-fungals and anti-protozoals. Antibiotics are synonymous with anti-bacterials. • “Antibiotic resistance” more familiar for the public than “antimicrobial resistance” according to WHO survey. • In many contexts antibiotic resistance and antimicrobial resistance are used synonymously. Antibiotics – toxins for bacteria Antibiotic Antibiotic activity • Bactericidal activity – kill bacteria • Bacteriostatic activity – inhibit or delay bacterial growth Mechanisms of action for antibiotics Inhibition of Inhibition of cell wall synthesis protein synthesis • Aminoglycosides • Beta lactams • Tetracyclines • Cephalosporins • Macrolides • Glycopeptides • Lincosamides • Chloramphenicol • Fusidic acid • Pleuromutilins Inhibition of Inhibition of folic acid synthesis DNA/RNA synthesis • Sulphonamides • Quinolones • Trimethoprim • Coumarins • Rifamycins Spectra of activity • Broad-spectrum antibiotics Ex. tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, 3:d and 4:th gen cephalosporins, carbapenems (G+, G-, aerobes, -
Corynebacterium Species Rarely Cause Orthopedic Infections
Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2018 Corynebacterium species rarely cause orthopedic infections Kalt, Fabian ; Schulthess, Bettina ; Sidler, Fabian ; Herren, Sebastian ; Fucentese, Sandro F ; Zingg, Patrick O ; Berli, Martin ; Zinkernagel, Annelies S ; Zbinden, Reinhard ; Achermann, Yvonne Abstract: Corynebacterium spp. are rarely considered as pathogens but data in orthopedic infections are sparse. Therefore, we asked how often Corynebacterium spp. caused an infection in a defined cohort of orthopedic patients with a positive culture. In addition, we aimed to determine the species variety and susceptibility of isolated strains in regards to potential treatment strategies. Between 2006 and 2015, we retrospectively assessed all Corynebacterium sp. bone and joint cultures from an orthopedic ward. The isolates were considered as relevant indicating an infection if the same Corynebacterium sp. was present in at least two samples. We found 97 orthopedic cases with isolation of Corynebacterium spp. (128 positive samples), mainly Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum (n=26), Corynebacterium amycolatum (n=17), Corynebacterium striatum (n=13), and Corynebacterium afermentans (n=11). Compared to a cohort of positive blood cultures, we found significantly more C. striatum and C. tuberculostearicum but no C. jeikeium cases. Only 16 cases out 66 cases (24.2%) with an available diagnostic set of at least 2 samples had an infection. Antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) of different antibiotics showed various susceptibility results except for vancomycin and linezolid with a 100% susceptibility rate. Rates of susceptibility of corynebacteria isolated from orthopedic samples and of isolates from blood cultures were comparable. In conclusion, our study results confirmed that Corynebacterium sp. -
Farrukh Javaid Malik
I Farrukh Javaid Malik THESIS PRESENTED TO OBTAIN THE GRADE OF DOCTOR OF THE UNIVERSITY OF BORDEAUX Doctoral School, SP2: Society, Politic, Public Health Specialization Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance By Farrukh Javaid Malik “Analysis of the medicines panorama in Pakistan – The case of antimicrobials: market offer width and consumption.” Under the direction of Prof. Dr. Albert FIGUERAS Defense Date: 28th November 2019 Members of Jury M. Francesco SALVO, Maître de conférences des universités – praticien hospitalier, President Université de Bordeaux M. Albert FIGUERAS, Professeur des universités – praticien hospitalier, Director Université Autonome de Barcelone Mme Antonia AGUSTI, Professeure, Vall dʹHebron University Hospital Referee Mme Montserrat BOSCH, Praticienne hospitalière, Vall dʹHebron University Hospital Referee II Abstract A country’s medicines market is an indicator of its healthcare system, the epidemiological profile, and the prevalent practices therein. It is not only the first logical step to study the characteristics of medicines authorized for marketing, but also a requisite to set up a pharmacovigilance system, thus promoting rational drug utilization. The three medicines market studies presented in the present document were conducted in Pakistan with the aim of describing the characteristics of the pharmaceutical products available in the country as well as their consumption at a national level, with a special focus on antimicrobials. The most important cause of antimicrobial resistance is the inappropriate consumption of antimicrobials. The results of the researches conducted in Pakistan showed some market deficiencies which could be addressed as part of the national antimicrobial stewardship programmes. III Résumé Le marché du médicament d’un pays est un indicateur de son système de santé, de son profil épidémiologique et des pratiques [de prescription] qui y règnent. -
Corynebacterium Bovis: a Rare Case of Persistent Bacterial Keratitis and Corneal Perforation
Open Access Case Report DOI: 10.7759/cureus.16913 Corynebacterium Bovis: A Rare Case of Persistent Bacterial Keratitis and Corneal Perforation Mohammed Elsheikh 1 , Ahmed Elsayed 1 , Nicholas Bennett 1 , Martin Connor 2 1. Ophthalmology, NHS Dumfries & Galloway, Dumfries, GBR 2. Microbiology, NHS Dumfries & Galloway, Dumfries, GBR Corresponding author: Mohammed Elsheikh, [email protected] Abstract We report a rare case of severe, non-contact lens-related Corynebacterium bovis corneal infection on a background of viral keratitis, resulting in corneal abscess formation with subsequent corneal perforation. An 89-year-old Caucasian lady presented with a significant epithelial defect and a dense stromal infiltrates on a background of herpes zoster keratitis, ultimately resulting in corneal perforation. Enrichment culture obtained from corneal scraping isolated the unusual organism Corynebacterium bovis. This was treated with a combination of culture-directed, targeted course of antibiotics and surgical interventions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of profuse bacterial keratitis secondary to Corynebacterium bovis infiltration, on a background of viral keratitis, resulting in corneal abscess formation and subsequent perforation. This report highlights this rare bacterium’s characteristics including its pathogenicity in causing severe corneal disease, particularly in immunosuppressed environments such as in this case, apparent antibiotic sensitivities & resistance, and potential transmission route. Categories: Ophthalmology, Infectious Disease Keywords: corynebacterium bovis, cornea, microbial keratitis, corneal perforation, corneal infection Introduction Corynebacterium species are frequently isolated on the conjunctiva of healthy adults and are thus increasingly regarded as non-pathogenic bacteria [1,2]. Recently, however, there have been increasing reports detailing the pathogenicity of Corynebacterium species isolated on ocular surfaces, with immunosuppression representing a risk factor [3-6]. -
Topical Antibiotics
Topical antibiotics Microbiological point of view [email protected] • Topical antibiotics • Efficacy • Antibiotic resistance – Propionibacteria/acne • Tetracyclines • macrolides – Staphylococci/impetigo • Fusidic acid • Mupirocin • Epilogue Topical antibiotics in dermatology • Bacitracin • Chloramphénicol • Clindamycin • Erythromycin • Fusidic acid • Gentamicin • Miconazol • Mupirocin • Neomycin • Polymyxin B • Sulfamides • Tétracyclines • Benzoyle peroxyde • Azelaic acid + “bactéries (filtrat polyvalent) + huile de foie de morue 125 mg + sulfanilamide 200 mg/1 g “ Topical antibiotics in ophtalmology / ORL • Bacitracine • Chloramphénicol • Fusidic acid • Gentamicin • Gramicidin* • Quinolones: o-,nor-, cipro-, lome- floxacin* • Neomycin • Polymyxin B • Rifamycin* • Sulfamides • Tétracyclines • Trimethoprim* • Tobramycin* • Tyrothricine* Topical antibiotics: efficacy • Impetigo: mupirocin & fusidic acid*: + ** • Acne: + ~ benzoyl peroxyde • Chronic suppurative otitis media*: + ** • Acute bacterial conjunctivitis*: + * (Cochrane review) ** better than antiseptics Topical antibiotics: resistance • Propionibacterium spp: resistance to erythromycin: – mutation in the genes encoding 23S ribosomal RNA (3 phenotypes) resistance to tetracycline: – Mutation of the gene encoding 16S ribosomal RNA Propionibacteria Distribution and differentiation of human commensal propionibacterium P. acnes P. avidum P. granulosum P. propionicum distribution Skin +++ +++ +++ - Eye + - - +++ Mouth ++ - + +++ Gut +++ - - - differentiation Esculin - + - - Catalase + -
The Prevalence of Genotypes That Determine Resistance to Macrolides
Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Vol. 111(3): 155-160, March 2016 155 The prevalence of genotypes that determine resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramins B compared with spiramycin susceptibility among erythromycin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis Marek Juda/+, Beata Chudzik-Rzad, Anna Malm Medical University of Lublin, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Lublin, Poland Coagulase-negative staphylococci, particularly Staphylococcus epidermidis, can be regarded as potential reser- voirs of resistance genes for pathogenic strains, e.g., Staphylococcus aureus. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of different resistance phenotypes to macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramins B (MLSB) antibiotics among erythromycin-resistant S. epidermidis, together with the evaluation of genes promoting the following differ- ent types of MLSB resistance: ermA, ermB, ermC, msrA, mphC, and l i n A /A’. Susceptibility to spiramycin was also examined. Among 75 erythromycin-resistant S. epidermidis isolates, the most frequent phenotypes were macrolides and streptogramins B (MSB) and constitutive MLSB (cMLSB). Moreover, all strains with the cMLSB phenotype and the majority of inducible MLSB (iMLSB) isolates were resistant to spiramycin, whereas strains with the MSB phenotype were sensitive to this antibiotic. The D-shape zone of inhibition around the clindamycin disc near the spiramycin disc was found for some spiramycin-resistant strains with the iMLSB phenotype, suggesting an induction of resistance to clindamycin by this 16-membered macrolide. The most frequently isolated gene was ermC, irrespective of the MLSB resistance phenotype, whereas the most often noted gene combination was ermC, mphC, l i n A /A’. The results obtained showed that the genes responsible for different mechanisms of MLSB resistance in S. -
Third ESVAC Report
Sales of veterinary antimicrobial agents in 25 EU/EEA countries in 2011 Third ESVAC report An agency of the European Union The mission of the European Medicines Agency is to foster scientific excellence in the evaluation and supervision of medicines, for the benefit of public and animal health. Legal role Guiding principles The European Medicines Agency is the European Union • We are strongly committed to public and animal (EU) body responsible for coordinating the existing health. scientific resources put at its disposal by Member States • We make independent recommendations based on for the evaluation, supervision and pharmacovigilance scientific evidence, using state-of-the-art knowledge of medicinal products. and expertise in our field. • We support research and innovation to stimulate the The Agency provides the Member States and the development of better medicines. institutions of the EU the best-possible scientific advice on any question relating to the evaluation of the quality, • We value the contribution of our partners and stake- safety and efficacy of medicinal products for human or holders to our work. veterinary use referred to it in accordance with the • We assure continual improvement of our processes provisions of EU legislation relating to medicinal prod- and procedures, in accordance with recognised quality ucts. standards. • We adhere to high standards of professional and Principal activities personal integrity. Working with the Member States and the European • We communicate in an open, transparent manner Commission as partners in a European medicines with all of our partners, stakeholders and colleagues. network, the European Medicines Agency: • We promote the well-being, motivation and ongoing professional development of every member of the • provides independent, science-based recommenda- Agency. -
( 12 ) United States Patent
US009956282B2 (12 ) United States Patent ( 10 ) Patent No. : US 9 ,956 , 282 B2 Cook et al. (45 ) Date of Patent: May 1 , 2018 ( 54 ) BACTERIAL COMPOSITIONS AND (58 ) Field of Classification Search METHODS OF USE THEREOF FOR None TREATMENT OF IMMUNE SYSTEM See application file for complete search history . DISORDERS ( 56 ) References Cited (71 ) Applicant : Seres Therapeutics , Inc. , Cambridge , U . S . PATENT DOCUMENTS MA (US ) 3 ,009 , 864 A 11 / 1961 Gordon - Aldterton et al . 3 , 228 , 838 A 1 / 1966 Rinfret (72 ) Inventors : David N . Cook , Brooklyn , NY (US ) ; 3 ,608 ,030 A 11/ 1971 Grant David Arthur Berry , Brookline, MA 4 ,077 , 227 A 3 / 1978 Larson 4 ,205 , 132 A 5 / 1980 Sandine (US ) ; Geoffrey von Maltzahn , Boston , 4 ,655 , 047 A 4 / 1987 Temple MA (US ) ; Matthew R . Henn , 4 ,689 ,226 A 8 / 1987 Nurmi Somerville , MA (US ) ; Han Zhang , 4 ,839 , 281 A 6 / 1989 Gorbach et al. Oakton , VA (US ); Brian Goodman , 5 , 196 , 205 A 3 / 1993 Borody 5 , 425 , 951 A 6 / 1995 Goodrich Boston , MA (US ) 5 ,436 , 002 A 7 / 1995 Payne 5 ,443 , 826 A 8 / 1995 Borody ( 73 ) Assignee : Seres Therapeutics , Inc. , Cambridge , 5 ,599 ,795 A 2 / 1997 McCann 5 . 648 , 206 A 7 / 1997 Goodrich MA (US ) 5 , 951 , 977 A 9 / 1999 Nisbet et al. 5 , 965 , 128 A 10 / 1999 Doyle et al. ( * ) Notice : Subject to any disclaimer , the term of this 6 ,589 , 771 B1 7 /2003 Marshall patent is extended or adjusted under 35 6 , 645 , 530 B1 . 11 /2003 Borody U . -
Macrolides and Associated Antibiotics Based on Similar Mechanism Of
Gaillard et al. Malar J (2016) 15:85 DOI 10.1186/s12936-016-1114-z Malaria Journal REVIEW Open Access Macrolides and associated antibiotics based on similar mechanism of action like lincosamides in malaria Tiphaine Gaillard1,2,3, Jérôme Dormoi1,2,4, Marylin Madamet2,5,6 and Bruno Pradines1,2,4,6* Abstract Malaria, a parasite vector-borne disease, is one of the biggest health threats in tropical regions, despite the availability of malaria chemoprophylaxis. The emergence and rapid extension of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to various anti-malarial drugs has gradually limited the potential malaria therapeutics available to clinicians. In this context, mac- rolides and associated antibiotics based on similar mechanism of action like lincosamides constitute an interesting alternative in the treatment of malaria. These molecules, whose action spectrum is similar to that of tetracyclines, are typically administered to children and pregnant women. Recent studies have examined the effects of azithromycin and the lincosamide clindamycin, on isolates from different continents. Azithromycin and clindamycin are effective and well tolerated in the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in combination with quinine. This literature review assesses the roles of macrolides and lincosamides in the prophylaxis and treatment of malaria. Keywords: Antibiotics, Antimalarial drug, Malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, Macrolides, Lincosamides, Treatment, Resistance Background with 14-20 membered macrolactone ring. Another class Malaria, a parasite vector-borne disease, is one of the of antibiotics, licosamides whose chemical structure dif- largest health threats in tropical regions, despite the fers from the macrolides, are associated with the mac- availability of malaria chemoprophylaxis and the use of rolides based on similar mechanism of action. -
Intracellular Penetration and Effects of Antibiotics On
antibiotics Review Intracellular Penetration and Effects of Antibiotics on Staphylococcus aureus Inside Human Neutrophils: A Comprehensive Review Suzanne Bongers 1 , Pien Hellebrekers 1,2 , Luke P.H. Leenen 1, Leo Koenderman 2,3 and Falco Hietbrink 1,* 1 Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands; [email protected] (S.B.); [email protected] (P.H.); [email protected] (L.P.H.L.) 2 Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands; [email protected] 3 Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 6 April 2019; Accepted: 2 May 2019; Published: 4 May 2019 Abstract: Neutrophils are important assets in defense against invading bacteria like staphylococci. However, (dysfunctioning) neutrophils can also serve as reservoir for pathogens that are able to survive inside the cellular environment. Staphylococcus aureus is a notorious facultative intracellular pathogen. Most vulnerable for neutrophil dysfunction and intracellular infection are immune-deficient patients or, as has recently been described, severely injured patients. These dysfunctional neutrophils can become hide-out spots or “Trojan horses” for S. aureus. This location offers protection to bacteria from most antibiotics and allows transportation of bacteria throughout the body inside moving neutrophils. When neutrophils die, these bacteria are released at different locations. In this review, we therefore focus on the capacity of several groups of antibiotics to enter human neutrophils, kill intracellular S. aureus and affect neutrophil function. We provide an overview of intracellular capacity of available antibiotics to aid in clinical decision making. -
Emergence of Cfr-Mediated Linezolid Resistance in Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated from Pig Carcasses
antibiotics Communication Emergence of cfr-Mediated Linezolid Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Pig Carcasses Hee Young Kang, Dong Chan Moon , Abraham Fikru Mechesso, Ji-Hyun Choi, Su-Jeong Kim, Hyun-Ju Song, Mi Hyun Kim, Soon-Seek Yoon and Suk-Kyung Lim * Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea; [email protected] (H.Y.K.); [email protected] (D.C.M.); [email protected] (A.F.M.); [email protected] (J.-H.C.); [email protected] (S.-J.K.); [email protected] (H.-J.S.); [email protected] (M.H.K.); [email protected] (S.-S.Y.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-54-912-0738 Received: 5 October 2020; Accepted: 30 October 2020; Published: 2 November 2020 Abstract: Altogether, 2547 Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cattle (n = 382), pig (n = 1077), and chicken carcasses (n = 1088) during 2010–2017 were investigated for linezolid resistance and were further characterized using molecular methods. We identified linezolid resistance in only 2.3% of pig carcass isolates. The linezolid-resistant (LR) isolates presented resistance to multiple antimicrobials, including chloramphenicol, clindamycin, and tiamulin. Molecular investigation exhibited no mutations in the 23S ribosomal RNA. Nevertheless, we found mutations in ribosomal proteins rplC (G121A) and rplD (C353T) in one and seven LR strains, respectively. All the LR isolates carried the multi-resistance gene cfr, and six of them co-carried the mecA gene. Additionally, all the LR isolates co-carried the phenicol exporter gene, fexA, and presented a high level of chloramphenicol resistance. LR S. -
Reflection Paper on the Use of Macrolides, Lincosamides And
14 November 2011 EMA/CVMP/SAGAM/741087/2009 Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use (CVMP) Reflection paper on the use of macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins (MLS) in food-producing animals in the European Union: development of resistance and impact on human and animal health Draft agreed by Scientific Advisory Group on Antimicrobials (SAGAM) 2-3 June 2010 Adoption by CVMP for release for consultation 10 November 2010 End of consultation (for comments) 28 February 2011 Agreed by Scientific Advisory Group on Antimicrobials (SAGAM) 22 September 2011 Adoption by CVMP 12 October 2011 7 Westferry Circus ● Canary Wharf ● London E14 4HB ● United Kingdom Telephone +44 (0)20 7418 8400 Facsimile +44 (0)20 7418 8416 E-mail [email protected] Website www.ema.europa.eu An agency of the European Union © European Medicines Agency, 2011. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Reflection paper on the use of macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins (MLS) in food-producing animals in the European Union: development of resistance and impact on human and animal health CVMP recommendations for action Macrolides and lincosamides are used for treatment of diseases that are common in food producing animals including medication of large groups of animals. They are critically important for animal health and therefore it is highly important that they are used prudently to contain resistance against major animal pathogens. In addition, MLS are listed by WHO (AGISAR, 2009) as critically important for the treatment of certain zoonotic infections in humans and risk mitigation measures are needed to reduce the risk for spread of resistance between animals and humans.