Why It Matters The States Ask students to recall what they learned BEFORE YOU READ TAKING As you read, about federal and state powers in Chap- NOTES take notes on ter 3. What powers do the states alone The Main Idea Reading Focus Key Terms the powers of state govern- ments and how state govern- have? What powers do states and the In the United States, all 1. What powers do state delegated powers, p. 202 ments work in our federal federal government share? Then lead 50 independent states governments have? reserved powers, p. 202 system. Use a diagram like this a discussion about your state govern- fit together to form one 2. How do states work together concurrent powers, p. 203 one to record your notes. country. The federal system with other states and with the full faith and credit clause, ment. Ask students if they know of any allows state governments national government in our p. 205 laws that might be particular to their to serve the needs of their federal system? extradition, p. 205 State Powers citizens while cooperating state and how these laws affect them. as a united country. Federal System Students’ answers might include differ- ences in education requirements or the legal age to marry or drive. Key Terms For a few years after they won Powers Reserved to the States Preteach the following terms: their independence, the 13 states The states kept control over more local con- delegated powers powers held by the acted like small, separate coun- cerns. The Tenth Amendment of the U.S. federal government (p. 202) tries. Then they joined together Constitution says any power not delegated to reserved powers powers held by the under an agreement called the Constitution, which the federal government belongs to the peo- states (p. 202) established the rules of the new country. Under the ple and the states. These powers are known Constitution, the states set aside some of their own concurrent powers powers held by both as reserved powers . rights and powers for the good of the whole country. federal and state governments (p. 203) Reserved powers allow state governments Those powers went to the new national government. to establish rules for the health, safety, and full faith and credit clause part of the The states, however, kept some of their powers. welfare of the citizens of their states. For exam- Constitution that ensures each state will ple, states are responsible for rules concerning accept the decisions of civil courts in other State Government Powers marriage, driving laws, and traffi c regulations. states (p. 205) When the 13 states ratifi ed the Constitution States also maintain education systems. The extradition method of returning fugitives and agreed to come together as one country, Constitution, however, requires that state to the state where they committed a crime they did not want to hand too much power laws meet appropriate federal standards and (p. 205) over to the federal government. Instead, adhere to Supreme Court rulings. they chose a federal system that divides Another reserved power of the state Taking Notes government powers between the federal is to conduct all local, state, and nation- and state governments. Some powers— al elections. States decide most of the Powers include: establish rules concerning marriage, delegated powers —were given to the fed- qualifi cations for voting not otherwise driving laws, and traffi c eral government. Those powers include specifi ed in the U.S. Constitution. In addi- regulations; maintain conducting foreign policy, printing money, tion, state governments have control over State Powers education systems, conduct elections, control local maintaining a post offi ce, and defending the all governments within their boundaries— governments country. Some powers were granted exclu- districts, cities, towns, townships, and sively to the states, while other powers are counties. Local governments receive their shared by state and federal governments. powers from the states. States control the affairs of their states and citizens. They also share some 202 CHAPTER 8 powers, such as the Federal System power to tax, with the federal government. State governments cooperate Teach the Main Idea At Level with each other and the federal government. The States 1. Teach Ask students the Reading Focus 3. Review Have students create a poster with questions to teach this section. three columns: state powers, federal powers, 2. Apply Ask students to write each power and shared powers. Tell students to affi x the the state and federal governments have index cards to the poster in the appropriate individually and those they share on separate column. index cards. Put the cards into a box. Call on 4. Practice/Homework Instruct students students to pull out a card and say whether to write an editorial explaining why it is the power belongs to the states, the federal important for states to have the power to tax. government, or both. 202 CHAPTER 8 Reading Focus Schools and the Lottery What powers do state governments have? Education is expensive. Every day in school, you use many resources: computers, science equipment, and sports gear. Your school also employs many people, State Government Powers such as teachers, a school nurse, and the maintenance Identify What six parts do most staff. Where does the money to pay for everything come from? state constitutions have? preamble, bill of rights, organization of govern- Education is funded at many ment, election provisions, state affairs levels: the local, state, and management provisions, amendment federal. Most of the money used for school fund- ing comes from taxes. Some states, though, have process looked for other ways to raise money. One way used Draw Conclusions Why do you by many states is a lottery. People buy lottery tickets think the power to print money was that give them a very small chance to win lots of money. People who support lottery funding say that left to the federal government rather everyone has to pay taxes, but playing the lottery than the states? Possible answer: is a choice. Other people think lotteries are not fair In some states, like California, lottery money People might have the inconvenience because people who earn less money are more goes to help fund education. of having to change their currency likely to play the lottery. In 2005, 37 states and go.hrw.com ANALYSIS every time they visited another state. Washington, D.C., had lotteries, and 20 states used SKILL EVALUATING THE LAW KEYWORD: SZ7 CH8 some of the money for schools. Some states also 1. Is it fair that everyone should pay taxes to Predict What might happen if raise education money through slot machines. fund schools? Why or why not? state constitutions did not contain an 2. What is your opinion about using lotteries amendment process? Constitutions and slot machines to pay for education? might have to be rewritten every time powers and duties of state government Concurrent Powers Another important concurrent, or change. Some government powers are shared by shared, power is making and enforcing U.S. Supreme Court Cases: Case 3: both state and federal governments. These laws. Similar to the national government, Gibbons v. Ogden shared powers are called concurrent powers . state governments have legislatures that For example, taxation is a concurrent power. propose and pass new laws. Most states Both the federal government and the state also have a state police force that helps governments can tax their citizens. The to enforce those laws and to keep the national government taxes U.S. citizens states safe. through federal income taxes. State govern- Other concurrent powers used by the ments may raise money with sales taxes, states are the establishment of state and income taxes, and property taxes. The mon- local court systems and the power to bor- ey raised through state taxes pays for state row and spend money. Without these con- services such as education, highways, and current powers, states would be unable to health and safety programs. carry out their day-to-day business. STATE GOVERNMENT 203 Differentiating Instruction Below Level Learners Having Diffi culty Answers Create a Collage of State Powers 3. Have students list the state powers underneath Evaluating the Law 1. Possible the collage. answers: It is fair because educating 1. Tell students to review the powers that are children benefits everyone now and reserved for the states. Discuss the difference 4. Direct students to exchange collages and when students enter the workforce later between delegated and reserved powers. compare what each of them has included. in life. It is not fair because those who 2. Ask students to create a collage using Verbal/Linguistic, Visual/Spatial do not have children should not have to newspaper and magazine clippings Alternative Assessment Handbook: Rubric 8: pay to educate other people’s children. (especiallly headlines) and their own Collages 2. Possible answers: They are a fair way to pay for education because people pay drawings to illustrate state government into them voluntarily and may win money. powers. It is not good to use them because those with the least money are more likely to play them. 203 Powers of the State The U.S. Constitution established a federal system in Analyze Charts which powers are divided between the national and This chart should help students differen- state governments. Some powers are granted exclu- Federal Shared State tiate between powers given exclusively sively to the states, while others are shared with the Powers Powers Powers to the states