Notes

1 Indian Innovation for All

1. T. Beard (2012) “Episode 1” in Welcome to , edited by T. Beard, (London: BBC) 3 October. http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01n8278, accessed on 4 October 2012. 2. R. Khan (2012) ‘Ray Khan Talks to Tom Beard’, BBC News (London: BBC). http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b01mykhk/Ray_Khan_New_BBC_ Two_series_Welcome_to_India/, accessed on 4 October 2012. 3. Beard, “Episode 1” in Welcome to India. 4. J. Lamont (2010) ‘The Age of “Indovation” Dawns’, Financial Times (London: Financial Times) 15 June. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/993f319c-7814-11df- a6b4-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1I0Po5FM4, accessed on 16 June 2010. 5. ‘We Agree … “Inventors are Lazy People”’ (1951) Popular Mechanics (Chicago: Popular Mechanics Company) 95, 3, 66. http://www.books.google.com/ books?id=tdkDAAAAMBAJ, accessed on 12 July 2012. 6. H. Sidebottom (2004) Ancient Warfare: A Very Short Introduction (Padstow: Oxford University Press). 7. K. Willsher (2012) ‘Christine Lagarde, Scourge of Tax Evaders, Pays No Tax’, The Guardian (London: Guardian News and Media Limited) 29 May. http:// www.guardian.co.uk/business/2012/may/29/christine-lagarde-pays-no-tax, accessed on 1 June 2012. 8. K. Chatzistefanou (2012) ‘Debtocracy – Χρεοκρατια’, The Press Project/tvxs. http://www.debtocracy.gr/indexen.html, accessed on 4 September 2012. 9. J. Henley (2012) ‘Greece on the Breadline: Cashless Currency Takes Off’, The Guardian (London: Guardian News and Media Limited) 16 March. http:// www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/mar/16/greece-on-breadline-cashless- currency, accessed on 17 March 2012. 10. W. Dalrymple (2004) White Mughals: Love and Betrayal in Eighteenth-Century India (London: Penguin Books). 11. A. Dow (1803) The History of Hindostan, Vol. 1 (London: A. Wilson Wild Court), p. cI. 12. D. Arnold (2004) ‘Race, Place and Bodily Difference in Early Nineteenth- Century India’, Historical Research, 77, 196, 254–73; W. Sypher (1939) ‘The West-Indian as a “Character” in the Eighteenth Century’, Studies in Philology, 36, 3, 503–20. 13. Dow, The History of Hindostan, Vol. 1, p. Ixxi. 14. J. A. Dubois (1862) Of the Character, Manners, and Customs of the People of India; and of Their Institutions, Religious and Civil (London: Allan and Co.), p. 46. 15. Dubois, Of the Character, Manners, and Customs of the People of India, p. 11. 16. Dubois, Of the Character, Manners, and Customs of the People of India, p. 345. 17. The East India Sketch-Book Volume 2; Comprising an Account of the Present State of Society in Calcutta, Bombay (1832) (London: Richard Bentley), pp. 45–6.

159 160 Notes

18. C. Taylor (2004) Modern Social Imaginaries (Durham: Duke University Press). 19. It was not only the religion of Hinduism which was equated with this trope, indeed the term ‘Hindoo’ was synonymous with ‘Indian’ in many accounts at this time. 20. T. Khan the Younger (1847) ‘The Musalmani’, The Metropolitan Magazine (London: Saunders and Otley) 49, 31, p. 31. http://www.books.google.com/ books?id=c8ERAAAAYAAJ, accessed on 5 August 2012. 21. J. Mohan (2005) ‘La Civilization La Plus Antique: Voltaire’s Images of India’, Journal of World History, 16, 2, 173–85. 22. E. J. Sharpe (2003) ‘The Study of Hinduism: The Setting’ in A. Sharma (ed.), The Study of Hinduism (Columbia: University of South Carolina), 20–55, p. 38. 23. T. Birtchnell (2009) ‘From “Hindolence” to “Spirinomics”: Discourse, Practice and the Myth of Indian Enterprise’, South : Journal of South Asian Studies, 32, 2, 248–68. 24. M. Weber (1976) The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (London: George Allen and Unwin), p. 265. 25. E. F. Elwin (1913) India and the Indians (London: John Murray, Albermarle Street, W.), pp. v–vi. 26. J. Urry (2013) Societies Beyond Oil: Oil Dregs and Social Futures (London: Zed), p. 140. 27. B. Moore (1966) Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Harmondsworth: Penguin Press), p. 386. 28. H. R. Isaacs (1958) Scratches On Our Minds: American Images of China and India (New York: John Day Company). 29. Isaacs, Scratches On Our Minds, p. 243. 30. Isaacs, Scratches On Our Minds, p. 274. 31. A. Simms and C. Lucas (2011) The New Home Front (London: House of Commons). http://www.greenparty.org.uk/assets/files/reports/the_new_ home_front_FINAL.pdf, accessed on 12 January 2012. 32. P. Almeida (2012) ‘Subnational Opposition to Globalization’, Social Forces, 90, 4, 1051–72. 33. Burrill and Company (2012) ‘Biotech 2012: Innovating in the New Austerity (San Francisco: Burrill and Company)’. http://www.burrillandco.com/ resources-66-0-0-503-Biotech_2012_Innovating_in_the_New_Austerity___ PRINT.html, accessed on 31 September 2012. 34. J. Clarke and J. Newman (2012) ‘The Alchemy of Austerity’, Critical Social Policy, 32, 3, 299–319. 35. D. Suryawinata and W. Maas (2012) ‘Austeria: City of Minimum Consumption’, Architectural Design, 82, 4, 114–17. 36. J. Sutton (2012) ‘Why the Famous Five had the Perfect Austerity Diet’, The Guardian (London: Guardian News and Media Limited) 18 April. http:// www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2012/apr/18/famous-five-perfect-austerity- diet, accessed on 19 April 2012. 37. F. Ginn (2012) ‘Dig for Victory! New Histories of Wartime Gardening in Britain’, Journal of Historical Geography, 38, 3, 294–305. 38. R. Bramall (2011) ‘Dig for Victory! Anti-Consumerism, Austerity and New Historical Subjectivities’, Subjectivity, 4, 1, 68–86. 39. B. Evans and G. Albo (2010) ‘Permanent Austerity: The Politics of the Canadian Exit Strategy’ in C. Fanelli, C. Hurl, P. Lefebvre and G. Özcan (eds), Saving Global Capitalism: Interrogating Austerity and Working Class Notes 161

Responses to Crises (Ottawa: Red Quill Books), 7–28; C. Fanelli et al. (2010) ‘AR Editorial Introduction: Saving Global Capitalism: Interrogating Austerity and Working Class Responses to Crises’ in C. Fanelli, C. Hurl, P. Lefebvre and G. Özcan (eds), Saving Global Capitalism: Interrogating Austerity and Working Class Responses to Crises (Ottawa: Red Quill Books), 1–6. 40. D. H. Allin and E. Jones (2012) Weary Policeman: American Power in an Age of Austerity (New York: Routledge); M. Sissons and P. French (1986) Age of Austerity (Oxford: Oxford University Press). 41. K. Kwarteng et al. (2012) Britannia Unchained: Global Lessons for Growth and Prosperity (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan), pp. 46–9. 42. J. Burton and J. Kerr (2011) The Cistercians in the Middle Ages (Woodbridge: Boydell Press). 43. J. P. Greene (2005) Medieval Monasteries (London: Continuum). 44. Burton and Kerr, The Cistercians in the Middle Ages, p. 179. 45. J. R. Gusfield (1967) ‘Tradition and Modernity: Misplaced Polarities in the Study of Social Change’, American Journal of Sociology, 72, 4, 351–62; M. B. Singer (1966) ‘Religion and Social Change in India: The Max Weber Thesis, Phase Three’, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 14, 4, 497–505. 46. T. L. Friedman (2008) The World is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux); T. L. Friedman (2009) Hot, Flat, Crowded: Why the World Needs a Green Revolution and How We Can Renew Our Global Future (London: Penguin Books). 47. Friedman, The World is Flat. 48. J. Goheen et al. (1958) ‘India’s Cultural Values and Economic Development: A Discussion’, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 7, 1, 1–12, p. 12. 49. D. Nayyar (2012) ‘Foreword’ in A. P. D’Costa (ed.), A New India? Critical Reflections in the Long Twentieth Century (London: Anthem Press), xi–xvi. 50. C. Jaffrelot (2012) ‘The Political Guru: The Guru as Éminence Grise’ in J. Copeman and A. Ikegame (eds), The Guru in South Asia: New Interdisciplinary Perspectives (Abingdon: Routledge), 80–96, p. 88. 51. R. G. Rajan (2010) Fault Lines: How Hidden Fractures Still Threaten the World Economy (Princeton: Princeton University Press). 52. L. Fernandes (2006) India’s New Middle Class: Democratic Politics in an Era of Economic Reform (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press), p. 30. 53. D. Gupta (2010) The Caged Phoenix: Can India Fly? (Chicago: Stanford University Press), pp. 69–73. 54. India: New Data Show 1.4 Billion Live on Less Than US$1.25 a Day, But Pro- gress Against Poverty Remains Strong (2008) (Washington: The World Bank). http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/ 0,,contentMDK:21881954~menuPK:336998~pagePK:64020865~piPK:14911 4~theSitePK:336992,00.html, accessed on 14 March 2012. 55. Urry, Societies Beyond Oil, p. 207. 56. J. Gordon and P. Gupta (2004) Understanding India’s Services Revolution (New Delhi: International Monetary Fund). 57. M. Kitson, R. Martin and P. Tyler (2011) ‘The Geographies of Austerity’, Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 4, 3, 289–302. 58. S. N. Kapadia (2012) ‘India’s Austerity Sham’, Business Insider (Menlo Park: Delaware Corporation) 21 August. http://www.businessinsider.com/indias- austerity-sham-2012-8, accessed on 1 September 2012. 162 Notes

59. M. Beeson (2009) Contemporary Southeast Asia (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan). 60. R. Latham and M. Prowle (2012) Public Services and Financial Austerity: Getting out of the Hole? (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan), p. 3. 61. N. Radjou, J. Prabhu and S. Ahuja (2012) Jugaad Innovation: Think Frugal, Be Flexible, Generate Breakthrough Growth (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass), p. i. 62. ‘Indovation’ as a term is furthermore complicated by the use of a similar term, ‘Chinovation’, for austere innovation in China. 63. V. Rai and W. L. Simon (2008) Think India: The Rise of the World’s Next and What It Means for Every American (New York: Penguin Group). 64. R. Chadha (2009) ‘Should Gucci Do a Sari?’ The Wall Street Journal (New York: HT Media) 5 December. http://www.livemint.com/2009/12/04214730/ Should-Gucci-do-a-sari.html, accessed on 31 January 2010. 65. P. Shah (2011) ‘“Innovations for India, by India” Says Mr. Sachin Duggal, CEO, Nivio at the India Economic Summit ’09’, IT News Online (Mumbai: IT News Online) 11 December. http://www.itnewsonline.com/showstory. php?storyid=15173&scatid=8&contid=1, accessed on 12 December 2009. 66. Google Insight’s searches begin in 2004: the numbers on the graph reflect how many searches have been done for a particular period, relative to the total number of searches done on Google over time. They do not represent absolute search volume numbers, because the data is normalized and pre- sented on a scale from 0–100. Each point on the graph is divided by the highest point or 100. When there is not enough data, 0 is shown. The num- bers next to the search terms above the graph are summaries or totals. 67. B. Schott (2010) ‘Indovation & the Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid’, The New York Times (New York: The New York Times Company) 1 February. http://schott.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/02/01/indovation-the-fortune-at-the- bottom-of-the-pyramid/, accessed on 26 July 2012, p. 1. 68. Lamont, ‘The Age of “Indovation” Dawns’. 69. C. K. Prahalad (2010) The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid: Eradicating Poverty through Profits (New York: Wharton School Publishing). 70. M. Mitra (2011) ‘Indovation Nation: Creating Products in India for the Indian Market’, (New Delhi: ET Bureau) 25 November. http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-11-25/news/30441105_ 1_pepsico-india-region-vidur-vyas-manu-anand, accessed on 26 November 2011, p. 1. 71. T. Birtchnell (2011) ‘Jugaad as Systemic Risk and Disruptive Innovation in India’, Contemporary South Asia, 19, 4, 357–72. 72. Radjou, Prabhu and Ahuja, Jugaad Innovation. 73. C. Marazzi (2011) The Violence of Financial Capitalism (Los Angeles: Semiotext(e)). 74. B. Majumdar and N. Mehta (2010) Sellotape Legacy: Delhi & the Commonwealth Games (New Delhi: HarperCollins Publishers India). 75. ‘Indovation at India Show’ (2011) Asia One News (Singapore: Singapore Press Holdings) 14 January. http://www.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne+News/ Singapore/Story/A1Story20110114-258259.html, accessed on 15 January 2011. 76. K. Freiberg, J. Freiberg and D. Dunston (2011) Nanovation: How a Little Car Can Teach the World to Think Big (Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers). 77. P. Thakur (2009) Tata Nano: The People’s Car (New Delhi: Pentagon Press). Notes 163

78. C. Nair (2011) Consumptionomics: Asia’s Role in Reshaping Capitalism and Saving the Planet (Oxford: Infinite Ideas), p. 100. 79. E. Kelly (2006) Powerful Times: Rising to the Challenge of Our Uncertain World (Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education), p. 238. 80. P. Cappelli et al. (2010) The India Way: How India’s Top Business Leaders are Revolutionizing Management (Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing). 81. Birtchnell, ‘From “Hindolence” to “Spirinomics”’. 82. C. A. Watt (2011) ‘Philanthropy and Civilizing Missions in India C. 1820– 1960: States, NGOs and Development’ in C. A. Watt and M. Mann (eds), Civilizing Missions in Colonial and Postcolonial South Asia: From Improvement to Development (London: Anthem Press), 271–316, p. 291. 83. R. Connell (2007) Southern Theory: The Global Dynamics of Knowledge in Social Science (Cambridge: Polity). 84. N. R. N. Murthy (2009) A Better India: A Better World (New Delhi: Penguin Books India). 85. See C. Lingle (1998) The Rise and Decline of the (Hong Kong: Asia 2000). 86. See H. Bauder (2012) ‘Nation, “Migration” and Critical Practice’, Area, 1–7. 87. A. Shachar (2009) The Birthright Lottery (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press). 88. Birtchnell, ‘From “Hindolence” to “Spirinomics”’. 89. See A. Elliott and C. C. Lemert (2009) The New Individualism: The Emotional Costs of Globalization (Abingdon: Routledge); A. Elliott and J. Urry (2010) Mobile Lives (Abingdon: Routledge).

2 Indomobilities

1. J. Darwin (2009) The Empire Project: The Rise and Fall of the British World-System (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 10. 2. J. N. Misra (2011) ‘The Civilization of Extremes’, India Review, 10, 1, 81–91. 3. N. Ferguson (2011) Civilization: The West and the Rest (New York: The Penguin Press). 4. D. Smith (2007) The Dragon and the Elephant: China, India and the New World Order (London: Profile Books). 5. S. Kesselring (2006) ‘Pioneering Mobilities: New Patterns of Movement and Motility in a Mobile World’, Environment and Planning A, 38, 2, 269–79; S. Kesselring and G. Vogl (2008) ‘Networks, Scapes and Flows – Mobility Pioneers between First and Second Modernity’ in W. Canzler, V. Kaufman and S. Kesselring (eds), Tracing Mobilities: Towards a Cosmopolitan Perspective (Aldershot: Ashgate), 163–80. 6. H. Hodson (2012) ‘Power Struggle: How to Keep India’s Lights On’, New Scientist (London: Reed Business Information Ltd.) 3 August. http://www. newscientist.com/article/dn22140-power-struggle-how-to-keep--lights- on.html?DCMP=OTC-rss&nsref=science-in-society, accessed on 24 August 2012. 7. T. Birtchnell (2012a) ‘All Hail Jugaad? Understanding the Latest Management Fad from India’, The Conversation (Melbourne: The Conversation Media Group) 14 August. http://theconversation.edu.au/all-hail-jugaad-understanding-the- latest-management-fad-from-india-8797, accessed on 14 August 2012. 164 Notes

8. S. Kannan (2012) ‘India Mobile Phone Firms Go Green’, BBC News (New Delhi: BBC) 23 August. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-19343563, accessed on 24 August 2012. 9. D. Gupta (2010) The Caged Phoenix: Can India Fly? (Chicago: Stanford University Press), p. 74. 10. N. Radjou, J. Prabhu and S. Ahuja (2012) Jugaad Innovation: Think Frugal, Be Flexible, Generate Breakthrough Growth (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass). 11. M. Weber (2000) Religion of India: The Sociology of Hinduism and Buddhism (New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharial Publishers Private Limited). 12. M. T. Chary (2009) India: Nation on the Move: An Overview of India’s People, Culture, History, Economy, IT Industry, & More (Bloomington: iUniverse), p. 313. This idea is, of course, relative as many ‘escape’ through regular pro- tracted holidays to India from the West for relative ideas of a ‘better life’. See M. Korpela (2009) ‘When a Trip to Adulthood becomes a Lifestyle: Western Lifestyle Migrants in Varanasi, India’ in M. Benson and K. O’Reilly (eds), Lifestyle Migration: Expectations, Aspirations and Experiences (Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.), 15–31. 13. F. B. Yahya and A. Kaur (2011) The Migration of Indian Human Capital: The Ebb and Flow of Indian Professionals in Southeast Asia (Abingdon: Routledge), p. 7. 14. Gupta, The Caged Phoenix. 15. A. Elliott and J. Urry (2010) Mobile Lives (Abingdon: Routledge). 16. V. Pota (2010) India Inc: How India’s Top Ten Entrepreneurs are Winning Globally (London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing). 17. S. Cwerner, S. Kesselring and J. Urry (2009) Aeromobilities (Abingdon: Routledge); M. Featherstone, N. Thrift and J. Urry (2005) Automobilities (London: Sage Publications); J. Urry (2007) Mobilities (London: Polity). 18. A. Elliott (2013) Reinventions (Abingdon: Routledge). 19. Elliott and Urry, Mobile Lives. 20. Elliott, Reinventions. 21. J. Urry (2012) ‘Social Networks, Mobile Lives and Social Inequalities’, Journal of Transport Geography, 21, 24–30. 22. B. Szerszynski and J. Urry (2010) ‘Changing Climates: Introduction’, Theory, Culture & Society, 27, 2–3, 1–8, p. 3. 23. Elliott and Urry, Mobile Lives, p. 65. 24. A. Ong (2005) ‘Splintering Cosmopolitanism: Asian Immigrants and Zones of Autonomy in the American West’ in T. B. Hansen (ed.), Sovereign Bodies: Citizens, Migrants and States in the Postcolonial World (Princeton: Princeton University Press), 257–75, p. 258. 25. J. Bhagwati and K. Hamada (1974) ‘The Brain Drain, International Integration of Markets for Professionals and Unemployment’, Journal of Developmental Economics, 1, 1, 19–42. 26. U. Kitzinger (1967) ‘Britain’s Crisis of Identity’, JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 6, 4, 334–58. 27. S. Commander, M. Kangasniemi and A. L. Winters (2004) ‘The Brain Drain: Curse or Boon? A Survey of the Literature’ in R. E. Baldwin and A. L. Winters (eds), Challenges to Globalization: Analyzing the Economics (London: The University of Chicago Press), 235–72. 28. ‘Commons Debates Drain of Scientists’ (1964) The New York Times (New York: The New York Times) 14 February. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract. Notes 165

html?res=F00F10F63E5415738DDDAD0994DA405B848AF1D3, accessed on 2 November 2009, p. 3. 29. R. Reed (1967) ‘“Braindrain” Curb by US is Opposed; 3 at Senate Hearing Reject Immigration Restriction’, The New York Times (New York: The New York Times) 7 March. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0810FA355F137A9 3C5A91788D85F438685F9, accessed on 16 November 2008, p. 18. 30. C. A. Myers (1966) ‘Human Resources and World Economic Development: Frontiers for Research and Action’, International Labour Review, 94, 5, 435–48. 31. W. A. Glaser and C. G. Habers (1978) The Brain Drain: Emigration and Return: Findings of a UNITAR Multinational Comparative Survey of Professional Personnel of Developing Countries who Study Abroad (Oxford: Pergamon Press). 32. ‘The Constitution of India’ (1950) (New Delhi: Law Ministry NIC). http:// lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-indexenglish.htm, accessed on 27 April 2012. 33. C. Crouch (2011) The Strange Non-Death of Neo-Liberalism (Cambridge: Polity), p. 126. 34. P. Geschiere and F. Nyamnjoh (2001) ‘Capitalism and Autochthony: The Seesaw of Mobility and Belonging’ in J. L. Comaroff and R. P. Weller (eds), Millennial Capitalism and the Culture of Neoliberalism (Durham: Duke University Press), 159–90, p. 162. 35. A. Dowty (1988) ‘Let Open Doors Swing Both Ways – “Brain Drain”: A Make- Believe Malady’, Wall Street Journal (Eastern edition), (New York: Wall Street Journal) 15 June, p. 1. 36. I. Sirkeci, J. H. Cohen and D. Ratha (2011) Migration and Remittances during the Global Financial Crisis and Beyond (Washington, DC: World Bank Publications). 37. R. Varma (2006) Harbingers of Global Change: India’s Techno-Immigrants in the United States (Plymouth: Rowman & Littlefield), p. 2. 38. S. B. Philpott (1968) ‘Remittance Obligations, Social Networks and Choice among Montserratian Migrants in Britain’, Man, 3, 3, 465–76. 39. H. De Haas (2005) ‘International Migration, Remittances and Development: Myths and Facts’, Third World Quarterly, 26, 8, 1269–84; D. Kapur (2009) ‘Remittances – the New Development Mantra’, XVIII G24 Technical Group Meeting (Geneva: G24). 40. K. Datta et al. (2006) Challenging Remittances as the New Development Mantra: Perspectives from Low-Paid Migrant Workers in London (London: Department of Geography, Queen Mary, University of London). http://www.geog.qmul. ac.uk/globalcities/reports/docs/remittances.pdf, accessed on 23 September 2010, p. 1. 41. G. P. Freeman and A. K. Kessler (2008) ‘Political Economy and Migration Policy’, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 34, 4, 655–78, p. 655. 42. T. C. Schaffer (2009) India and the United States in the 21st Century: Reinventing Partnership (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies); U. Kachru (2011) India: Land of a Billion Entrepreneurs (New Delhi: Pearson Education India), p. 186. 43. N. Vora (2008) ‘Producing Diasporas and Globalization: Indian Middle-Class Migrants in Dubai’, Anthropological Quarterly, 81, 2, 377–406, p. 382. 44. S. Singh (2012) ‘Migration and Money: The Shifting Patterns of the Indian Diaspora’, The Conversation (Melbourne: The Conversation Media Group) 29 166 Notes

March. http://theconversation.edu.au/migration-and-money-the-shifting- patterns-of-the-indian-diaspora-5064, accessed on 30 March 2012. 45. Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011 (2011) (Washington, DC: The World Bank). http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/migration-and-remittances, accessed on 2 March 2012. 46. D. Kapur (2010) Diaspora, Development, and Democracy: The Domestic Impact of International Migration from India (Princeton: Princeton University Press), p. 127. 47. J. Elliott (2012) ‘Manmohan Singh’s Friends Meet Him and Warn “Your Legacy is At Risk”‘, Riding the Elephant (New Delhi) 19 April. http://ridingth- eelephant.wordpress.com/2012/04/19/manmohan-singhs-friends-meet- him-and-say-your-legacy-is-at-risk/, accessed on 19 April 2012. 48. S. Laxman (2012) ‘NASA’s Mission Mars has an Indian Touch’, The Times of India (New Delhi: Bennett, Coleman and Co. Ltd.) 23 May. http://articles. timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-23/science/31826104_1_msl-martian- mission, accessed on 24 May 2012, p. 1. 49. R. Vaidyanathan (2012) ‘The Indian Dream’, BBC News (New Delhi: BBC) 21 October. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-19992062, accessed on 21 October 2012. 50. ‘How WPP and Bharti Chiefs Built Their Brands’ (2012) BBC News (London: BBC) 6 September. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-19342125, accessed on 6 September 2012. 51. ‘How WPP and Bharti Chiefs Built Their Brands’. 52. This term is a portmanteau word combining ‘oligarch’ and ‘Bollywood’. 53. R. Karnad (2012) ‘Vijay Mallya: End of Good Times?’ BBC News (London: BBC) 27 July. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-18882397, accessed on 5 August 2012. 54. T. Castle (2012) ‘Lakshmi Mittal Retains Crown as Britain’s Richest Man’, Reuters (London: Thomson Reuters) 29 April. http://in.reuters.com/article/2012/04/29/ britain-richlist-idINDEE83S00H20120429, accessed on 5 August 2012. 55. R. Pandita (2011) ‘The Curious Case of Vedanta University’, Open Magazine (Delhi: Open Media Network) 12 February. http://www.openthemagazine. com/article/nation/the-curious-case-of-vedanta-university, accessed on 5 August 2012. 56. W. Friesen (2008) ‘The Evolution of “Indian” Identity and Transnationalism in New Zealand’, Australian Geographer, 39, 1, 45–61, p. 52. 57. Kachru, India, p. 187. 58. S. Radhakrishnan (2007) ‘Rethinking Knowledge for Development: Transnational Knowledge Professionals and the “New” India’, Theory and Society, 36, 141–59, p. 143. 59. S. Nadeem (2009) ‘Macaulay’s (Cyber) Children: The Cultural Politics of Outsourcing in India’, Cultural Sociology, 3, 1, 102–22, p. 107. 60. Elliott and Urry, Mobile Lives, p. 67. 61. G. Pellegrino (2011) ‘Introduction: Studying (Im)Mobility through a Politics of Proximity’ in G. Pellegrino (ed.), The Politics of Proximity: Mobility and Immobility in Practice (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.), 1–14. 62. J. Dayton-Johnson et al. (2007) Gaining from Migration: Towards a New Mobility System (Paris: Development Centre). http://www.migrationpolicy. org/pubs/Gaining_from_Migration.pdf, accessed on 16 February 2008, p. 20. Notes 167

63. See C. Brosius (2010) India’s Middle Class: New Forms of Urban Leisure, Consumption and Prosperity (Abingdon: Routledge); N. Nisbett (2009) Growing up in the Knowledge Society: Living the IT Dream in Bangalore (Abingdon: Routledge). These are both excellent explorations of India’s gated ICT hubs and their links to globals overseas with stakes in India. 64. M. Beeson (2003) ‘Sovereignty under Siege: Globalisation and the State in Southeast Asia’, Third World Quarterly, 24, 2, 357–74.

3 Austerity in the Dark Ages

1. G. Cruikshank (1813) The Scourge: Or, Monthly Expositor of Imposture and Folly (London: Printed by WN Jones for M. Jones), p. 29. 2. D. Gupta (2010) The Caged Phoenix: Can India Fly? (Chicago: Stanford University Press), p. 1. 3. H. Blanshard (1836) An Appeal to the Inhabitants of Great Britain on Behalf of the Native Population of India: In a Letter to Sir Charles Forbes, Bart. (London: Wilson and Son Printers), pp. 5–11. 4. Blanshard, An Appeal to the Inhabitants of Great Britain on Behalf of the Native Population of India, p. 6. 5. Blanshard, An Appeal to the Inhabitants of Great Britain on Behalf of the Native Population of India, p. 8. 6. J. A. Page (1839) Scattered Leaves (Warrington: J. Haddock), p. 29. 7. M. Foucault (1977) Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group). 8. E. S. Ely (1810) A Sermon for the Rich to Buy: That They May Benefit Themselves and the Poor (New York: J. Seymour), p. 9. 9. A. Dow (1839) India, and India Missions: Including Sketches of the Gigantic System of Hinduism, Both in Theory and Practice (London: Whittaker and Co., and Nisbet and Co.), p. 191. 10. R. Rickards (1832) India; or Facts Submitted to Illustrate the Character and Condition of the Native Inhabitants (London: Smith, Elder and Co.), p. 351. 11. Rickards, India, p. 358. 12. J. Dickinson (1853) India: Its Government under a Bureaucracy (London: Saunders and Stanford), p. 169. 13. Dickinson, India, pp. 168–9. 14. H. S. Cotton (1885) New India; or, India in Transition (London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner, & Company Limited). 15. A. Duff (1839) India and India Missions: Including Sketches of the Gigantic System of Hinduism, Both in Theory and Practice; Also Notices Some of the Principal Agencies Employed in Conducting the Process of Indian Evangelization &C. &C (London: Whittaker and Co. and Nibbet and Co.), p. 191. 16. J. Urry (2007) Mobilities (London: Polity), p. 197. 17. P. Brown, H. Lauder and D. Ashton (2010) The Global Auction: The Broken Promises of Education, Jobs and Incomes (Oxford: Oxford University Press), p. 46. 18. It appears from his statements that Flournoy regards a physical (not only a spiritual) link between these different cultural worlds, as he elaborates:

What marvels does not the science of the future reserve for our succes- sors, and who would dare to say that Martian humanity and terrestrial humanity will not some day enter into communication with each other. 168 Notes

This splendid prospect seems still far off, along with that of wireless teleg- raphy, and almost an Utopian dream, so long as one holds strictly to the current conceptions of our positive sciences. T. Flournoy (1900) From India to the Planet Mars: A Study of a Case of Somnambulism with Glossolalia (New York: Harper and Brothers), p. 140.

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4 Austerity in the Spotlight

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49. P. Mishra (2006) ‘The Myth of the New India’, The New York Times (New York: The New York Times Company) 6 July. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/06/ opinion/06mishra.html?pagewanted=all, accessed on 24 July 2009. 50. Dasgupta, ‘Success, Market, Ethics Information Technology’, p. 218. 51. V. Wadhwa et al. (2007) ‘America’s New Immigrant Entrepreneurs’ (U.C. Berkeley: Duke University School of Information) 4 January http:// people.ischool.berkeley.edu/~anno/Papers/Americas_new_immigrant_ entrepreneurs_I.pdf., accessed on 8 June 2010. 52. M. Sharma, P. Bhalla and P. K. Das (2004) Pride of the Nation: Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam: From Human to Superhuman – a Saga (New Delhi: Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.), p. 115. 53. S. D. Rangnekar and D. B. Unny (2005) Realizing Brand India: The Changing Face of Contemporary India (New Delhi: Rupa and Co.), p. xii. 54. R. Venkataraman (2005) ‘Enabling the World’ in S. D. Rangnekar, D. Banerjee and E. P. Unny (eds), Realizing Brand India: The Changing Face of Contemporary India (New Delhi: Rupa & Co.), 12–19, p. 13. 55. S. Sassen (2008) ‘Two Stops in Today’s New Global Geographies: Shaping Novel Labor Supplies and Employment Regimes’, American Behavioral Scientist, 52, 3, 457–96, p. 464. 56. R. Halsall (2009) ‘The Discourse of Corporate Cosmopolitanism’, British Journal of Management, 20, s1, S136–S148. 57. T. F. Gieryn (2000) ‘A Space for Place in Sociology’, Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 463–96. 58. Radhakrishnan, ‘Examining the “Global” Indian Middle Class’. 59. Lakha, ‘The State, Globalization and Indian Middle-Class Identity’, p. 252. 60. L. Fernandes (2004) ‘The Politics of Forgetting: Class Politics, State Power and the Restructuring of Urban Space in India’, Urban Studies, 41, 12, 2415–30, p. 2418. 61. J. L. Goldsmith and T. Wu (2006) Who Controls the Internet? Illusions of a Borderless World (New York: Oxford University Press), pp. 143–4. 62. S. Castles (2001) ‘Studying Social Transformation’, International Political Science Review, 22, 1, 13–32. 63. A. Pratt (2010) Austerity Business: 39 Tips for Doing More with Less (Chichester: John Wiley and Sons). 64. D. Kapur and J. McHale (2006) Sojourns and Software: Internationally Mobile Human Capital and High-Tech Industry Development in India, Ireland, and Israel (Oxford: Oxford University Press). 65. World Bank, World Development Report 1998/99 in A. Ong (2006) Neoliberalism as Exception: Mutations in Citizenship and Sovereignty (Durham: Duke University Press), p. 162. 66. K. Datta (2010) ‘Indovation!’ (New Delhi: Business Standard Ltd.) 7 June. http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/ indovation/397219/, accessed on 24 August 2012. 67. A. Karnani (2009) ‘Romanticising the Poor Harms the Poor’, Journal of International Development, 21, 1, 76–86. 68. J. R. Faulconbridge et al. (2009) ‘The “War for Talent”: The Gatekeeper Role of Executive Search Firms in Elite Labour Markets’, Geoforum, 40, 5, 800–8. 69. B. Groysberg, A. N. McLean and N. Nohria (2006) ‘Are Leaders Portable?’ Harvard Business Review, 84, 5, 92–100, p. 1. Notes 175

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92. G. Barrett (2006) The Official Dictionary of Unofficial English (New York: McGraw-Hill Companies), p. 198. 93. B. S. Mitra (2006) ‘Grasssroots Capitalism Thrives in India’ in 2006 Index of Economic Freedom (New York: The Heritage Foundation), 39–47. 94. S. Krishna and J. Holla (2009) ‘Relocating Routines: The Role of Improvisation in Offshore Implementation of Software Processes’ in R. Hirschheim, A. Heinzl and J. Dibbern (eds), Information Systems Outsourcing (Berlin: Springer-Verlag), 423–40, p. 426. 95. S. Talukdar (2004) ‘Makeshift Miracles: The Indian Genius for Jugaad’, The Times of India (New Delhi: Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.) 1 January. 96. N. Nilekani (2008) Imagining India: The Idea of a Renewed Nation (New York: Penguin Books). 97. R. Mantri (2010) ‘The Jugaad Myth’ (Bangalore: Takshashila Institution). http://pragati.nationalinterest.in/2010/06/the-jugaad-myth/, accessed on 1 June 2010, p. 1. 98. Jana, ‘India’s Next Global Export: Innovation’. 99. R. T. Krishnan (2010) From Jugaad to Systematic Innovation: The Challenge for India (Bangalore: The Utpreraka Foundation). 100. R. Sagar (2009) ‘State of Mind: What Kind of Power Will India Become?’ International Affairs, 85, 4, 801–16, p. 812. 101. R. Bhoothalingam (2010) ‘Ways of Thinking: Psycholinguistic Reflections on Sino-Indian Relationships and Potentialities’, ORF Discourse, 5, 2, 1–8, pp. 6–7. 102. D. K. Dash (2010) ‘India Leads World in Road Deaths: WHO’, The Times of India (New Delhi: Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.) 17 August. http:// timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-leads-world-in-road-deaths- WHO/articleshow/4900415.cms, accessed on 18 Aug 2009. 103. Compared to the UK where the group ‘Drivers 4-Wheelers’ constitutes the largest deaths by road user at 36 per cent according to the Global Status Report on Road Safety (2009) (Geneva: World Health Organization). http://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19652008, accessed on 10 December 2010, p. 114. 104. M. Husain, A. Haroon and A. Mazhar (2009) ‘A Study in Minutiae of Road Traffic Accidents and Associated Mortality within 72 Hours of Hospita lisation’, Journal of Indian Academy of Forensic Medicine, 31, 3, 189–95. 105. P. S. Ranade (2009) Infrastructure Development and Its Environmental Impact (New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company), p. 7. 106. Innovate India: National Innovation Mission (2007) (New Delhi: CII), p. 17. 107. The Development Dimension: ICTs for Development, Improving Policy Coherence (2009) (Paris: OECD), accessed on 15 April 2010, p. 51. 108. Rai and Simon, Think India, p. 31. 109. Innovate India, p. 17. 110. Birtchnell, ‘Elites, Elements and Events’. 111. M. Bahree (2010) ‘Innovation with a Dash of Paprika’, Forbes.com (New York: Forbes.com) 7 April. http://www.forbes.com/2010/04/07/india- pepsico-beverages-emerging-markets-sales-and-marketing-sanjeev-chadha. html, accessed on 24 August 2012. 112. D. Athavale (2010) ‘India’s Elite Find Gandhi Relevant in Today’s World’, The Times of India (New Delhi: Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.) 25 September. Notes 177

http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-25/pune/28218593_ 1_gandhiji-mahatma-gandhi-cricketer, accessed on 24 August 2012. 113. M. Reddy (2010) ‘Indo-Vation: Tapping the Indian Market’, Forbes India (New Delhi: Forbes India) 28 December. http://business.in.com/article/ insead/indovation-tapping-the-indian-market/20222/1, accessed on 16 January 2011. 114. K. Nath (2008) India’s Century: The Age of Entrepreneurship in the World’s Biggest Democracy (New York: McGraw-Hill), pp. 4–8. 115. T. Birtchnell (2011) ‘Jugaad as Systemic Risk and Disruptive Innovation in India’, Contemporary South Asia, 19, 4, 357–72. 116. Datta, ‘Indovation!’ 117. N. K. Kulkarni (2010) Why India is the Perfect Testing Ground for World Saving Innovations (Los Angeles: Good Worldwide Inc.). http://www.good. is/post/indovation-why-india-is-the-perfect-testing-ground-for-huge-break- throughs/, accessed on 14 September 2012. 118. Reflections on Lean (2012) (Cambridge, MA: Lean Enterprise Institute), p. 9.

5 Expertise on a Shoestring

1. C. Marazzi (2011) The Violence of Financial Capitalism (Los Angeles: Semiotext(e)). 2. M. Walton-Roberts (2011) ‘Immigration, Trade and ‘Ethnic Surplus Value’: A Critique of Indo-Canadian Transnational Networks’, Global Networks, 11, 2, 203–21. 3. S. Shaw and C. Thomas (2006) ‘Discussion Note: Social and Cultural Dimensions of Air Travel Demand: Hyper-Mobility in the UK?’ Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 14, 2, 209–15. 4. S. Kesselring and G. Vogl (2008) ‘Networks, Scapes and Flows – Mobility Pioneers between First and Second Modernity’ in W. Canzler, V. Kaufman and S. Kesselring (eds), Tracing Mobilities: Towards a Cosmopolitan Perspective (Aldershot: Ashgate), 163–80, p. 168. 5. V. Kaufmann, M. M. Bergman and D. Joye (2004) ‘Motility: Mobility as Capital’, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 28, 4, 745–56. 6. J. Beckmann (2004) ‘Mobility and Safety’, Theory, Culture & Society, 21, 4–5, 81–100, p. 85. 7. M. N. Srinivas (1976) The Remembered Village (London: University of California Press). 8. J. R. Gusfield (1967) ‘Tradition and Modernity: Misplaced Polarities in the Study of Social Change’, American Journal of Sociology, 72, 4, 351–62, p. 357. 9. A. Bopegamage and R. N. Kulahalli (1971) ‘“Sanskritization” and Social Change in India’, European Journal of Sociology/Archives Européennes de Sociologie, 12, 1, 123–32, p. 123. 10. M. B. Singer (1972) When a Great Tradition Modernizes: An Anthropological Approach to Indian Civilization (New York: Praeger). 11. J. Harriss (2003) ‘The Great Tradition Globalizes: Reflections on Two Studies of “the Industrial Leaders” of Madras’, Modern Asian Studies, 37, 2, 327–62. 12. A. Shaw and M. K. Satish (2007) ‘Metropolitan Restructuring in Post- Liberalized India: Separating the Global and the Local’, Cities, 24, 148–63. 178 Notes

13. L. Fernandes (2006) India’s New Middle Class: Democratic Politics in an Era of Economic Reform (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press); ‘Infosys Campus’ (2012) Bangalore Mirror (Bangalore: Bangalorebest.com) 28 August. http://www.bangalorebest.com/WondersOfBangalore/InfosysCampus_ BangaloreWonder.asp, accessed on 28 August 2012. 14. M. Flamm and V. Kaufmann (2006) ‘Operationalising the Concept of Motility: A Qualitative Study’, Mobilities, 1, 2, 167–89, p. 169. 15. M. Tully (1992) No Full Stops in India (London: Penguin), pp. 71–2. 16. Tully, No Full Stops in India, pp. 71–2. 17. R. Ganguly-Scrase and T. J. Scrase (2009) Globalisation and the Middle Classes in India: The Social and Cultural Impact of Neoliberal Reforms (New York: Routledge), p. 38. 18. N. Krishnaswamy and L. Krishnaswamy (2006) The Story of English in India (New Delhi: Foundation Books), p. 116. 19. P. M. Lewis (2009) Ethnologue (Dallas: SIL International). 20. R. L. J. Hardgrave (1965) ‘The Riots in Tamilnad: Problems and Prospects of India’s Language Crisis’, Asian Survey, 5, 8, 399–407, p. 399. 21. Hardgrave, ‘The Riots in Tamilnad’, p. 404. 22. S. Mukherjee (2011) Producing the IT Miracle: The Neoliberalizing State and Changing Gender and Class Regimes in India (Charleston: BiblioBazaar), p. 105. 23. N. Iyer and B. Zare (2009) ‘Introduction: Problematizing Indian Literary Canons’ in N. Iyer and B. Zare (eds), Other Tongues: Rethinking the Language Debates in India (New York: Rodopi B. V. Editions), xi–xxxvii, p. xvii. 24. K. Srinivasa Iyengar (1966) Indian Writing in English (New Delhi: Sterling Publishers), pp. 11–12. 25. A. Saxenian (2006) The New Argonauts: Regional Advantage in a Global Economy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press), p. 276. 26. C. Dwyer and P. Jackson (2003) ‘Commodifying Difference: Selling EASTern Fashion’, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 21, 3, 269–91, p. 272. 27. S. R. Khan (2011) Privilege: The Making of an Adolescent Elite at St. Paul’s School (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press). 28. S. Srivastava (1998) Constructing Post-Colonial India: National Character and the Doon School (New York: Routledge). 29. P. Bourdieu (1996) The State Nobility (Stanford: Stanford University Press), p. 102. 30. Srivastava, Constructing Post-Colonial India, p. 201. 31. M. Tully (1997) ‘English: An Advantage to India?’ ELT Journal, 51, April, 157–64, p. 160. 32. E. Annamalai (2004) ‘Medium of Power: The Question of English in Education in India’ in J. W. Tollefson and A. B. M. Tsui (eds), Medium of Instruction Politics: Which Agenda? Whose Agenda? (Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum), 177–94, p. 188. 33. W. C. Mallalieu (1955) ‘The Structure of British Private Industry’, The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science/Revue Canadienne d’Economique et de Science Politique, 21, 1, 80–7, p. 85. 34. Bourdieu, The State Nobility. 35. J. Ball (2011) ‘Who’s Who in Who’s Who?’, The Guardian (London: Guardian News and Media Limited). Notes 179

36. P. Bronson (1998) ‘Hotmale’, Wired (New York: Condé Nast Digital) 6, 12, 1–2. http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/6.12/hotmale_pr.html, accessed on 12 July 2012, p. 2. 37. F. B. Yahya and A. Kaur (2011) The Migration of Indian Human Capital: The Ebb and Flow of Indian Professionals in Southeast Asia (Abingdon: Routledge). 38. Yahya and Kaur, The Migration of Indian Human Capital, p. 13. 39. Yahya and Kaur, The Migration of Indian Human Capital. 40. S. Marginson (2006) ‘Dynamics of National and Global Competition in Higher Education’, Higher Education, 52, 1, 1–39, p. 6. 41. M. A. Desai et al. (2009) ‘The Fiscal Impact of High-Skilled Emigration: Flows of Indians to the U.S.’, Journal of Development Economics, 88, 1, 32–44. 42. B. Purkayastha (2005) ‘Skilled Migration and Cumulative Disadvantage: The Case of Highly Qualified Asian Indian Immigrant Women in the US’, Geoforum, 36, 2, 181–96. 43. A. Weiss (2005) ‘The Transnationalization of Social Inequality: Conceptualizing Social Positions on a World Scale’, Current Sociology, 53, 4, 707–28, p. 714. 44. Weiss, ‘The Transnationalization of Social Inequality’, p. 721. 45. Weiss, ‘The Transnationalization of Social Inequality’, p. 721. 46. S. Sreenivasan (1994) ‘The Superboss: Factfile on Rajat Gupta’ (New Delhi: Sree.net), 1–11. http://sree.net/stories/bt-gupta.html, accessed on 14 September 2012, p. 1. 47. G. R. Cheney and B. B. Ruzzi (2006) ‘A Profile of the Indian Education System’, Paper Prepared for the New Commission on the Skills of the American Workforce, Literacy, 1–24, p. 24. 48. S. Dhume (2002) ‘From Bangalore to Silicon Valley and Back: How the Indian Diaspora in the United States is Changing India’ in A. Ayres and P. Oldenburg (eds), India Briefing: Quickening the Pace of Change (New York: M. E. Sharpe), 91–120, p. 99. 49. ‘IIT-Kanpur Barred from Taking Foreign Donations’ (2012) The Times of India (New Delhi: Bennett, Coleman and Co. Ltd.) 4 September. http://articles. timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-04/news/33580710_1_iit-k-fcra-mha- officials, accessed on 6 September 2012. 50. Dhume, ‘From Bangalore to Silicon Valley and Back’, p. 99. 51. V. Gupta (2010) ‘About Mr. Vinod Gupta’. http://www.som.iitkgp.ernet. in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6&Itemid=7, accessed on 23 February 2011. 52. B. R. Sharma (1976) ‘Professionals in the Making: Their Social Origin’, Economic and Political Weekly, 11, 9, 7–10. 53. D. Kapur and P. B. Mehta (2007) Indian Higher Education Reform: From Half-Baked Socialism to Half-Baked Capitalism (New Delhi: The Brookings Institution), p. 16. 54. P. Brown, H. Lauder and D. Ashton (2010) The Global Auction: The Broken Promises of Education, Jobs and Incomes (Oxford: Oxford University Press), p. 88. 55. While the IITs are globally credible, many of India’s technical colleges remain unaccredited; see L. R. Varshney (2006) Private Engineering Education in India: Market Failures and Regulatory Solutions (Cambridge, MA: Science, Technology, and Public Policy). http://web.mit.edu/~lrv/www/writing/Private_Engineering_ Education_in_India_Market_Failures_and_Regulatory_Solutions.pdf, accessed 180 Notes

on 23 September 2010. However, this does little to inhibit circuits of expertise for the highly skilled, who have access to top-tier institutions. 56. T. Bayly (2012) ‘Inside India’s Competitive “Student Town”’, BBC News (London: BBC) 14 September. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia- 19605984, accessed on 14 September 2012. 57. P. Agarwal (2006) Higher Education in India: The Need for Change (New Delhi: Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations). http:// www.eaber.org/node/22139, accessed on 23 September 2010, p. 125. 58. Science and Engineering Indicators 2006, Volume 1 (2006) (Arlington, VA: National Science Board). http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind06/, accessed on 23 November 2008. 59. Yahya and Kaur, The Migration of Indian Human Capital, p. 22. 60. Yahya and Kaur, The Migration of Indian Human Capital, p. 22. 61. G. Hiscock (2007) India’s Global Wealth Club: The Stunning Rise of Its Billionaires and Their Secrets of Success (Chichester: Wiley). 62. Brown, Lauder and Ashton, The Global Auction, p. 47. 63. Hiscock, India’s Global Wealth Club, p. 127. 64. F. Zakaria (2008) ‘The Future of American Power – How America Can Survive the Rise of the Rest’, Foreign Affairs, 87, 3, 18–43. 65. S. G. Kamat (2011) ‘Neoliberal Globalization and Higher Education Policy in India’ in R. King, S. Marginson and R. Naidoo (eds), Handbook on Globalization and Higher Education (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing), 286–305, p. 273. 66. S. Castles (2001) ‘Studying Social Transformation’, International Political Science Review, 22, 1, 13–32, p. 22. 67. B. Xiang (2007) Global ‘Body Shopping’: An Indian Labor System in the Information Technology Industry (Princeton: Princeton University Press). 68. B. G. Gregg (2003) Thick Moralities, Thin Politics: Social Integration across Communities of Belief (Durham: Duke University Press). 69. S. Castles and A. Davidson (2000) Citizenship and Migration: Globalization and the Politics of Belonging (New York: Routledge), p. viii. 70. S. Hardwick and G. Mansfield (2009) ‘Discourse, Identity, and “Homeland as Other” at the Borderlands’, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 99, 2, 383–405, p. 385. 71. S. K. Robertson (2008) ‘Residency, Citizenship and Belonging: Choice and Uncertainty for Students-Turned-Migrants in Australia’, International Journal of Asia-Pacific Studies, 4, 1, 97–119, p. 117.

6 Bare-Bones Entrepreneurship

1. UN Millennium Development Library: Innovation: Applying Knowledge in Development (2012) (London: Earthscan), p. 52. 2. D. Gupta (2010) The Caged Phoenix: Can India Fly? (Chicago: Stanford University Press), p. 280. 3. S. Manallack (2008) ‘The New India’ (Sydney: Company Directors). http:// www.companydirectors.com.au/Director-Resource-Centre/Publications/ Company-Director-magazine/Back-editions-2000-2009/2008/September/ India-The-New-India-Sep-08, accessed on 1 October 2008. Notes 181

4. U. Kachru (2011) India: Land of a Billion Entrepreneurs (New Delhi: Pearson Education India); T. Khanna (2007) Billions of Entrepreneurs: How China and India Are Reshaping Their Futures and Yours (Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing). 5. Kachru, India, p. 187. 6. C. B. Brettell (2006) ‘Introduction: Global Spaces/Local Places: Transnationalism, Diaspora, and the Meaning of Home’, Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power, 13, 3, 327–34, p. 129. 7. A. Basu (2006) ‘Ethnic Minority Entrepreneurship’ in The Oxford Handbook of Entrepreneurship (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 580–600, p. 585. 8. A. Gupta and J. Ferguson (1992) ‘Beyond “Culture”: Space, Identity, and the Politics of Difference’, Cultural Anthropology, 7, 1, 6–23. 9. V. Gupta and C. Fernandez (2009) ‘Cross-Cultural Similarities and Differences in Characteristics Attributed to Entrepreneurs a Three-Nation Study’, Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 15, 3, 304–18, p. 308. 10. J. A. Schumpeter (1991) The Economics and Sociology of Capitalism (Princeton: Princeton University Press), p. 407. 11. J. Sale (2007) ‘“I Loved Scouts, Cadets, Parades”; Passed/Failed An Education in the Life of Lord Bilimoria of Chelsea, Founder of Cobra Beer’, The Independent (London: The Independent) 22 February. http://www.independ- ent.co.uk/, accessed on 26 November 2011. 12. M. Goldman (2011) ‘Speculating on the Next World City’ in A. Roy and A. Ong (eds), Worlding Cities: Asian Experiments and the Art of Being Global (London: Wiley-Blackwell), 229–58, p. 247. 13. Gupta, The Caged Phoenix, p. xiii. 14. A. W. Helweg (2001) ‘Entrepreneurs and Entrepreneurial Networks of South Asia’, 104, 1–24 (Buenos Aires: Economic History Congress). 15. Helweg, ‘Entrepreneurs and Entrepreneurial Networks of South Asia’, p. 5. 16. R. Smith and G. McElwee (2011) ‘After the Fall: Developing a Conceptual Script-Based Model of Shame in Narratives of Entrepreneurs in Crisis!’ International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 31, 1/2, 91–109. 17. G. Burrell (1997) Pandemonium: Towards a Retro-Organization Theory (London: Sage Publications). 18. P. G. Audia and C. I. Rider (2005) ‘A Garage and an Idea: What More Does an Entrepreneur Need?’ California Management Review, 48, 1, 6–28. 19. J. Livingston (2008) Founders at Work: Stories of Startups’ Early Days (New York: Apress), p. 44. 20. M. Davis (2007) Planet of Slums (London: Verso), p. 162. 21. ‘Infosys Campus’ (2012) Bangalore Mirror (Bangalore: Bangalorebest. com) 28 August. http://www.bangalorebest.com/WondersOfBangalore/ InfosysCampus_BangaloreWonder.asp, accessed on 28 August 2012. 22. N. Puwar (2004) Space Invaders: Race, Gender and Bodies out of Place (Oxford: Berg). 23. R. Kloosterman and J. Rath (2001) ‘Immigrant Entrepreneurs in Advanced Economies: Mixed Embeddedness Further Explored’, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 27, 2, 189–201. 24. M. Castells (1994) Technopoles of the World: The Making of 21st Century Industrial Complexes (New York: Taylor & Francis). 182 Notes

25. C. Jeffrey (2010) Timepass: Youth, Class, and the Politics of Waiting in India (Stanford: Stanford University Press). 26. P. van der Veer (2005) ‘Virtual India: Indian IT Labor and the Nation-State’ in T. B. Hansen and F. Stepputat (eds), Sovereign Bodies: Citizens, Migrants, and States in the Postcolonial World (Princeton: Princeton University Press), 276–90, p. 276. 27. A. Saxenian (2008) ‘The International Mobility of Entrepreneurs and Regional Upgrading in India and China’ in A. Solimano (ed.), The International Mobility of Talent: Types, Causes, and Development Impact (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 117–44, p. 117. 28. Kloosterman and Rath, ‘Immigrant Entrepreneurs in Advanced Economies’, p. 197. 29. Saxenian, ‘The International Mobility of Entrepreneurs and Regional Upgrading in India and China’. 30. A. Nayak et al. (2007) ‘Entrepreneurship, Corporate Governance, and Indian Business Elites’, Business, 1, 1/2, 9–27, p. 11. 31. A. Saxenian (2002) ‘Silicon Valley’s New Immigrant High-Growth Entrepreneurs’, Economic Development Quarterly, 16, 1, 20–31. 32. Puwar, Space Invaders. 33. Davis, Planet of Slums, p. 162. 34. J. Goheen et al. (1958) ‘India’s Cultural Values and Economic Development: A Discussion’, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 7, 1, 1–12, p. 12. 35. N. Amarnath and D. Ghosh (2005) The Voyage to Excellence: The Ascent of 21 Women Leaders of India Inc. (New Delhi: Pustak Mahal), pp. 56–72. 36. A. Ong (2005) ‘Splintering Cosmopolitanism: Asian Immigrants and Zones of Autonomy in the American West’ in T. B. Hansen (ed.), Sovereign Bodies: Citizens, Migrants and States in the Postcolonial World (Princeton: Princeton University Press), 257–75. 37. S&T Professionals of Indian Diaspora, Government of India, Mission Statement (2012) (New Delhi: Indian Ministry of External Affairs). http://stio.nic.in, accessed on 24 August 2012. 38. E. Fisher (2010) Media and New Capitalism in the Digital Age (New York: Palgrave Macmillan), p. 118. 39. C. K. Prahalad (2010) The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid: Eradicating Poverty through Profits (New York: Wharton School Publishing). 40. T. N. Srinivasan (2005) ‘Information-Technology-Enabled Services and India’s Growth Prospects’, Brookings Trade Forum, 2005, 1, 203–31; R. Dossani and M. Kenney (2009) ‘Service Provision for the Global Economy: The Evolving Indian Experience’, Review of Policy Research, 26, 1–2, 77–104. 41. M. Tlostanova (2000) ‘“Beyond Modernity”: Millennial Mythology in the American Culture of the Present Fin-de-siècle’, Interlitteraria, 5, 200–17. 42. I. Chithelen (2004) ‘Outsourcing to India’, Economic and Political Weekly, 39, 10, 1022–4. 43. J. Stern (1999) ‘The Prospect of Domestic Bioterrorism’, Emerging Infectious Diseases, 5, 4, 1–9. 44. P. G. Neumann (1999) Computer-Related Risks: Excerpts on Computer Calendar- Clock Problems (Menlo Park: Addison-Wesley). 45. G. R. Jeffrey (1998) Millennium Meltdown: Spiritual and Practical Strategies to Survive Y2K (Carol Stream: Tyndale House), p. 23. Notes 183

46. D. E. Cowan (2003) ‘Confronting the Failed Failure: Y2K and Evangelical Eschatology in Light of the Passed Millennium’, Nova Religio, 7, 2, 71–85. 47. Goldman, ‘Speculating on the Next World City’, p. 247. 48. ‘America’s Pain, India’s Gain’ (2003) The Economist (London: The Economist Group) 9 January. http://www.economist.com/node/1527320, accessed on 5 September 2012. 49. R. Heeks (1996) India’s Software Industry (New Delhi: Sage Publications). 50. Heeks, India’s Software Industry, p. 127. 51. C. Perrow (1999) Normal Accidents: Living with High-Risk Technologies (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press). 52. A. Mir, B. Mathew and R. Mir (2000) ‘The Codes of Migration: Contours of the Global Software Labor Market’, Cultural Dynamics, 12, 1, 5–33, p. 7. 53. Mir, Mathew and Mir, ‘The Codes of Migration’, p. 28. 54. D. Hiro (2012) Apocalyptic Realm: Jihadists in South Asia (London: Yale University Press), p. 128. 55. P. Balakrishnan (2006) ‘Benign Neglect or Strategic Intent? Contested Lineage of Indian Software Industry’, Economic and Political Weekly, 41, 36, 3865–72, p. 3865. 56. A. Adiga (2008) The White Tiger (London: Atlantic Books), p. 2. 57. N. Kumar (2009) India’s Global Powerhouses: How They are Taking on the World (Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Publishing), p. 65. 58. M. Akbar (2009) ‘Strategic Response by Indian Internet Entrepreneurs to Dotcom Boom and Bust: An Exploratory Study’, Journal of International Business and Entrepreneurship Development, 4, 1–2, 45–61. 59. Akbar, ‘Strategic Response by Indian Internet Entrepreneurs to Dotcom Boom and Bust’, p. 54. 60. M. Patibandla and B. Petersen (2004) ‘“Role of Transnational Corporations in the Evolution of a High-Tech Industry: The Case of India’s Software Industry” – a Reply’, World Development, 32, 3, 561–6, p. 562. 61. J. Mathew (2007) ‘The Relationship of Organisational Culture with Productivity and Quality: A Study of Indian Software Organisations’, Employee Relations, 29, 6, 677–95. 62. Kumar, India’s Global Powerhouses, p. 195. 63. S. Krishna (2005) ‘India: Globalisation and IT Development’, South Asian Journal, 8, 1–9, p. 2. 64. Heeks, India’s Software Industry. 65. F. Täube (2009) ‘The Indian Software Industry: Cultural Factors Underpinning Its Evolution’ in K. M. Gokulsing and W. Dissanayake (eds), Popular Culture in a Globalised India (New York: Taylor and Francis), 223–36, p. 223. 66. Heeks, India’s Software Industry, p. 100. 67. B. Xiang (2007) Global ‘Body Shopping’: An Indian Labor System in the Information Technology Industry (Princeton: Princeton University Press), p. 112. 68. E. Carmel and R. Agarwal (2001) ‘Tactical Approaches for Alleviating Distance in Global Software Development’, IEEE Software, 18, 2, 22–9. 69. Carmel and Agarwal, ‘Tactical Approaches for Alleviating Distance in Global Software Development’, p. 27. 70. S. Krishna, S. Sahay and G. Walsham (2004) ‘Managing Cross-Cultural Issues in Global Software Outsourcing’, Communications of the ACM, 47, 4, 62–6. 184 Notes

71. Prahalad, The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid. 72. A. Karnani (2006) ‘Mirage at the Bottom of the Pyramid’, William Davidson Institute Working Paper No. 835, Ann Arbor. 73. R. Nanda (2005a) ‘Successful Indian of the Month’, Jeet Bindra – CALTEX Australia, India Today (Melbourne: Jadoo Information Systems). http://www. indiatoday.com.au/siom7.php, accessed on 12 August 2006. 74. T. Beard (2012) “Episode 1” in Welcome to India, edited by T. Beard, (London: BBC) 3 October. 75. N. R. N. Murthy (2009) A Better India: A Better World (New Delhi: Penguin Books India), p. 259.

7 Close-Knit Communities

1. P. Levitt and B. N. Jaworsky (2007) ‘Transnational Migration Studies: Past Developments and Future Trends’, Annual Review of Sociology, 33, 1, 129–56. 2. H. Foster (2008) ‘Religious Maintenance and Adaptation: An Example from the South Australian Hindu Diaspora’, Religion Compass, 2, 3, 316–30. 3. Foster, ‘Religious Maintenance and Adaptation’. 4. P. Bourdieu (1996) The State Nobility (Stanford: Stanford University Press), p. 383. 5. S. Castles and A. Davidson (2000) Citizenship and Migration: Globalization and the Politics of Belonging (Basingstoke: Macmillan), p. 134. 6. L. Sklair (2001) Transnational Capitalist Class (Oxford: Wiley Online Library), p. 295. 7. A. M. Gardner (2008) ‘Strategic Transnationalism: The Indian Diasporic Elite in Contemporary Bahrain’, City & Society, 20, 1, 54–78. 8. F. Anthias (2008) ‘Translocations: Migration and Social Change’, Translocations, 4, 1, 5–20, p. 6. 9. M. Best and L. Dustan (2006) ‘The Civic Participation of Visible Minority Canadians: A Literature Review’ (Ottawa: Social Planning Council of Ottawa). http://ioi.spcottawa.on.ca/research, accessed on 15 August 2008, p. 4. 10. Gardner, ‘Strategic Transnationalism’, p. 74. 11. Australia in the Asian Century White Paper (2012) (Canberra: Australian Government). http://asiancentury.dpmc.gov.au/white-paper, accessed on 29 October 2012. 12. J. S. Nye (2005) : The Means to Success in World Politics (New York: Public Affairs). 13. E. Shove, M. Pantzar and M. Watson (2012) The Dynamics of Social Practice: Everyday Life and How It Changes (London: Sage Publications Limited), p. 67. 14. T. Faist (2008) ‘Migrants as Transnational Development Agents: An Inquiry into the Newest Round of the Migration–Development Nexus’, Population, Space and Place, 14, 1, 21–42. 15. A. Elliott and J. Urry (2010) Mobile Lives (Abingdon: Routledge), p. 67. 16. R. R. Gesteland and M. C. Gesteland (2010) India: Cross-Cultural Business Behavior: For Business People, Expatriates and Scholars (Gylling: Copenhagen Business School Press DK), p. 85. Notes 185

17. P. Mercer (2012) ‘India’s Australian Dream’, BBC News (Sydney: BBC) 22 August. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-19091551, accessed on 24 August 2012. 18. A. Nayak et al. (2007) ‘Entrepreneurship, Corporate Governance, and Indian Business Elites’, Business, 1, 1/2, 9–27. 19. A. Ong (2003) ‘Techno-Migrants in the Network Economy’ in U. Beck, N. Sznaider and R. Winter (eds), Global America? The Cultural Consequences of Globalization (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press), 153–74, p. 155. 20. P. H. Cheong et al. (2007) ‘Immigration, Social Cohesion and Social Capital: A Critical Review’, Critical Social Policy, 27, 1, 24–49. 21. For a discussion of ‘brokerage’ as a sociological concept, see K. Stovel and L. Shaw (2012) ‘Brokerage’, Annual Review of Sociology, 38, 1, 139–58. 22. R. Nanda (2005b) ‘Successful Indian of the Month’, Neville Joseph Roach, India Today (Melbourne: Jadoo Information Systems). http://www.indiato- day.com.au/siom4.php, accessed on 22 March 2010. 23. Nanda, ‘Successful Indian of the Month’, Neville Joseph Roach. 24. R. Nanda (2005a) ‘Successful Indian of the Month’, Jeet Bindra – CALTEX Australia, India Today (Melbourne: Jadoo Information Systems). 25. Anthias, ‘Translocations’; F. Elejabarrieta (1994) ‘Social Positioning: A Way to Link Social Identity and Social Representations’, Social Science Information, 33, 2, 241–53. 26. P. Ehrkamp and H. Leitner (2006) ‘Rethinking Immigration and Citizenship: New Spaces of Migrant Transnationalism and Belonging’, Environment and Planning A, 38, 9, 1591–7. 27. Gardner, ‘Strategic Transnationalism’. 28. Gardner, ‘Strategic Transnationalism’. 29. Gardner, ‘Strategic Transnationalism’. 30. N. Vora (2008) ‘Producing Diasporas and Globalization: Indian Middle-Class Migrants in Dubai’, Anthropological Quarterly, 81, 2, 377–406. 31. Vora, ‘Producing Diasporas and Globalization’. 32. F. Moore (2005) Transnational Business Cultures: Life and Work in a Multinational Corporation (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing). 33. D. G. E. Caldicott et al. (2003) ‘Medical Activism, Refugees, and Australia (the Land of the ‘Fair Go’)’, Emergency Medicine (Fremantle, WA), 15, 2, 176–82. 34. T. V. Menzies, G. A. Brenner and L. J. Filion (2003) ‘Social Capital, Networks and Ethnic Minority Entrepreneurs: Transnational Entrepreneurship and Bootstrap Capitalism’ in H. Etemad and R. Wright (eds), Globalization and Entrepreneurship: Policy and Strategy Perspectives (Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing Inc.), 125–51. 35. A. Saxenian (2001) ‘The Role of Immigrant Entrepreneurs in New Venture Creation’ in C. B. Shoonhoven and E. Romanelli (eds), The Entrepreneurship Dynamic: The Origins of Entrepreneurship and the Evolution of Industries (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press), 68–108. 36. Saxenian, ‘The Role of Immigrant Entrepreneurs in New Venture Creation’. 37. TiE Melbourne – Fostering Entrepreneurship Globally (2013) ‘About TiE Melbourne’, http://www. https://melbourne.tie.org/page/about-tie- melbourne, accessed on 16 March 2012. 186 Notes

38. F. Osella and C. Osella (2009) ‘Muslim Entrepreneurs in Public Life between India and the Gulf: Making Good and Doing Good’, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 15, s1, S202–S221. 39. Faist, ‘Migrants as Transnational Development Agents’. 40. M. Sidel (2001) ‘Recent Research on Philanthropy and the Nonprofit Sector in India and South Asia’, International Journal, 12, 2, 171–80. 41. S. Chaturvedi (2005) ‘Diaspora in India’s Geopolitical Visions: Linkages, Categories, and Contestations’, Asian Affairs: An American Review, 32, 3, 141–68. 42. A. Mitra (2005) ‘Creating Immigrant Identities in Cybernetic Space: Examples from a Non-Resident Indian Website’, Media, Culture & Society, 27, 3, 371–90. 43. R. Chopra (2006) ‘Global Primordialities: Virtual Identity Politics in Online Hindutva and Online Dalit Discourse’, New Media & Society, 8, 2, 187–206. 44. Chopra, ‘Global Primordialities’. 45. W. Mazzarella (2004) ‘Culture, Globalization, Mediation’, Annual Review of Anthropology, 33, 1, 345–67. 46. J. D. Kelly (1995) ‘Bhakti and Postcolonial Politics: Hindu Missions to Fiji’ in P. van der Veer (ed.), Nation and Migration: The Politics of Space in the South Asian Diaspora (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press), 43–72, p. 46. 47. T. V. Berg, F. Kniss and T. Vande Berg (2008) ‘ISKCON and Immigrants: The Rise, Decline, and Rise Again of a New Religious Movement’, Sociological Quarterly, 49, 1, 79–104. 48. N. Zaidman (2000) ‘The Integration of Indian Immigrants to Temples Run by North Americans’, Social Compass, 47, 2, 205–19. 49. S. Velayutham and A. Wise (2001) ‘Dancing with Ga(y)nesh: Rethinking Cultural Appropriation in Multicultural Australia’, Postcolonial Studies, 4, 2, 143–60. 50. Berg, Kniss and Vande Berg, ‘ISKCON and Immigrants’, p. 99. 51. Zaidman, ‘The Integration of Indian Immigrants to Temples Run by North Americans’, p. 217. 52. ‘As It Happened: Australia in the Asian Century’ (2012) ABC News (Sydney: ABC). http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-10-28/live-coverage-australia-in- the-asian-century/4337812, accessed on 29 October 2012. 53. M. Humphrey (1998) Islam, Multiculturalism and Transnationalism (London: I. B. Tauris), p. 122. 54. J. Chua and P. W. Miller (2009) ‘The Impact of Immigrant Status on Home Ownership in Australia’, International Migration, 47, 2, 155–92. 55. A. I. Faria (2001) ‘The Future of Indian Ethnicity in Australia – An Educational and Cultural Perspective’, International Education Journal, 2, 4, 134–43, p. 142. 56. D. Ley and A. Kobayashi (2005) ‘Back to Hong Kong: Return Migration or Transnational Sojourn?’ Global Networks, 5, 2, 111–27. 57. G. A. Dymski (1996) ‘Business Strategy and Access to Capital in Inner-City Revitalization’, The Review of Black Political Economy, 24, 2, 51–65.

8 India: From Indolence to Innovation

1. For Kamdar, India’s ‘imagining of the future’ is wholly tied to communities of globals in the US and powerful community organizations of professionals Notes 187

such as the AIA. This relationship was founded on the ‘strong philosophical currents’ that ‘flowed back and forth between the two countries, currents that significantly affected the political futures of both nations’. It is a relationship solidified by the ‘impressive number of India’s top business and political leaders, who have studied, lived or worked in the United States’. See M. Kamdar (2008) Planet India: The Turbulent Rise of the Largest Democracy and the Future of Our World (New York: Scribner), pp. 25–8. 2. Sanyal makes clear it is globals who have initiated an ‘entrepreneurial explo- sion’ and an ‘open cultural attitude’ that precipitate this second renaissance: ‘Moreover, the country also now had a large and successful global Diaspora that provided the country with international linkages that it had not enjoyed since the days of the ancient spice trade’. See S. Sanyal (2008) The Indian Renaissance: India’s Rise after a Thousand Years of Decline (Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Company Incorporated), p. 3. 3. S. Yao (2002) Confucian Capitalism: Discourse, Practice and the Myth of Chinese Enterprise (London: RoutledgeCurzon). 4. M. B. Singer (1972) When a Great Tradition Modernizes: An Anthropological Approach to Indian Civilization (New York: Praeger), p. 12. References

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Adiga, Aravind 121 Bangalore 7, 38, 65–69, 73, 94, Agarwal, Anil 34 105–106, 112, 123, 139, 142 Agarwal, Pawan 101 bare-bones entrepreneurship 21, AIA 46, 55, 187 105, 111 Albin, Edgar A. 57 Barred Zones 54 alumni BBC 1, 33, 125 crisis of prestige 98–101 Beard, Tom 1 IIT Kanpur and 65 Behanan, Kovoor 49 India’s elite schools and 95–96, 110 Beijing 105 networks 35, 90, 140, 156 Bengal 4, 101 portable personhood and 75 Bengali 95 amelioration 49, 68, 96–99, 104, benightedness 11, 20, 23–25, 39, 109, 129, 148, 152–153, 157 40–42, 49, 51–52, 57, 60–61, 80, 16 89, 155 An Area of Darkness 66 Bhatia, Sabeer 97, 100 Annals of the American Academy of Bhattacharya, Arindam 75 Political and Social Science, The 47 Bilaine, Sylvain 84 ashrams 110 Bilimoria, Karan 110–111 Ashton, David 100 billion entrepreneurs 35, 108 ‘Asian century’ 16–18, 24, 89, 131 birthright 19, 36–37, 52–53 Asian Exclusion Act 49 BJP 22, 65, 68–69 asylum seekers 37, 138 Blanshard, Henry 40 Attlee, Clement 60 bodyshops 102–103, 123, 129, 134 austerity Bollygarchs 34 age of 8 bootstrap capitalism 138 dimensions of 3, 9–13 BoP 13–17, 61, 65, 69, 71, 74–75, ethic of 8, 12, 15, 20–21, 87, 153 77, 83, 92, 117, 124–126 innovation and 11–12, 124, 129 Bose, Subhindra 46 international dimensions of 93, 153 Bourdieu, Pierre 95–96, 130, 157–158 measures 3, 13 BPO 87 poverty and 1–7 Brahminical 90 Australia 2, 18, 36, 55, 86, 127–128, brain drain 24, 27–32, 115 131–139, 144 brawn drain 28 Australia in the Asian Century White Brhada¯ranyaka Upanishad 57 Paper 146 BRIC˙ 63˙ AXA 33 bricolage 80 bridgehead 134, 138, 140 backwardness 59 see benightedness Britain 7–8, 28, 34, 53, 71, 97, 132 Baden-Powell, Robert 48–49 British Empire 3–7, 22–24, 40–41, Bahrain 137 48, 60 Bajaj 18 British Labour Party 34 Bajaj, Avnish 73–74 Brown University 40 Bakshi, Aman 98–99 Brown, W. Norman 46

211 212 Index

Brown, Phillip 100 cultural capital 27, 34, 61, 96, 102, Buchanan, Agnes Foster 45 136 Burnett Immigration Bill 44 cultural immersion 140, 147–148 business climate 104, 121, 137, 147–148, 155–158 Daily News and Analysis 14 Dalrymple, William 4 California 32, 34, 44, 47 ‘Dark Ages’ 39 Cambridge University 14, 34, 57, 84, Darwin, John 22 97, 109–110 Das, Taraknath 47 caste 4–6, 44–45, 53, 80, 90, 92, 109, Davis, Mike 111 137 Dayal, Dinesh 83 Chakravarty, Chandra 45 debtocracy 3 Chandan, Nair 16 Delhi, fall of 4 Chandrasekhar, K. B. 142 development Chandrasekhar, S. 53 agents 131, 141 chauvinism 15–20, 84, 109 enabler 106 Chennai 32, 38, 86, 90, 94, 139 mantra 31 children’s health 106 Dhahan, Budh Singh 142 China 15, 18, 22, 36, 59, 78, Dhawan, Sacha 125 106–107, 114, 132 Dhingra, Madan Lal 44 16 diaspora 35–36 Chopra, Deepak 74, 128–129, Dickinson, John 41 143–144 disidentification 103 Chopra, Rohit 143 Dissolution of the Monasteries 8 CII 16 docility 6–7 Cistercian monks 7 Doon School 57, 95–96 Civilization 22 Dow, Alexander 4 climate 4, 28, 39–41, 106, 133, 152 Dowty, Alan 29 climate change 2 Dubois, Jean Antoine 4 close-knit communities 21, 127–133, Duff, Alexander 40 139–140, 142, 147, 156 Duggal, Sachin 15 Closed Borders 29 Dutch Antilles 34 COBOL 120 Columbia University 50 ease 95 Confucian Capitalism 154 East Africa 134 conjunctures 107–108, 111, 114–117, East India Company, The 4 121, 125–126, 129, 153, 156 Economic Times 14, 15 consecration 96 Edison, Thomas 3 Constructive Programme 17 Eisenhower, Dwight D. 54, 58 Consumptionomics 16 electric battery transportation corporate giving 141 106 corruption 1, 9–10, 71–72, 80, 82, elite institutions 91–92, 95–99, 123, 127 102–103, 105, 110, 133, 154 cosmopolitanism 13–14, 16, 36–38, elite, intellectual 6 64, 70–74, 80–83, 85, 111, 145, elites 4–7, 31, 41, 47, 51, 54, 58, 81, 157 143, 154, 158 Cotton, Sir Henry 41 Elliott, Anthony 24 CSR 16 Elwin, Edward Fenton 6 cultural brokers 26, 147 Ely, Ezra Stiles 40 Index 213 emissions 2, 106 Global Status Report on Road Safety see also climate change 82 English proficiency 92 Global Research Alliance 16 enlightenment 2, 12–14, 93, 109 Global South 13, 18, 20 entrepreneurship 86, 108, 111, 112, globalists 143 121, 145, 156 globalized 95 Eswaran, Vijay 129, 144 globals 3–9, 13 Etawah District 43 Goel, Prabhu 139 ethnicity 26–27, 36, 38, 53, 139 Goldman, Michael 110, 118 Eton 95, 97 grassroots innovation 17 EU 3 Great Indian Jugaad, The 81 EV 106 Greater Indian Society 46 ‘executive networks’ 26 Greece 3 Greek Parliament 4 Faist, Thomas 141 Greenspan, Alan 9 fakirs 6, 43, 48 guanxi 21 Fault Lines 9 Gucci 15 Federal Reserve Board 10 Guha, Ramachandra 51 Ferguson, Niall 22 Gulf, The 31, 137 Fiji 144 Gupta, Dipankar 39, 110 Financial Times 14, 16 Gupta, Rajat 100 First Wave 64 Gupta, Vinod 100 First World 28 Gurgaon 36 Fisher, Maxine 68 ‘guru kits’ 110 ‘flatness’ 8–9 Gusfield, Joseph 90 Flournoy, Theodore 42 FORTRAN 120 H1-B 67 Fortune at the Bottom of the Halsall, Robert 73 Pyramid 124 Harriss, John 90 Freiberg, Jackie 16 Harrow 95, 97 Freiberg, Kevin 16 Harvard Business School 34 Friedman, Thomas 9 Heeks, Richard 123 Friesen, Wardlow 34 Henry VIII 8 Heymath 32 Gandhi, M. K. (Mahatma) 7, 49–52, Hindi 94–95, 116 57–59, 64, 77, 83, 95, 116 Hindoo 44, 49 Gandhi, Rajiv 96, 122 Hindu ethic 23, 59, 155 Gandhian innovation 155 Hindu-German Conspiracy 45 Gangwal, Rakesh 100 Hinduism 108, 144 garage 112, 118 Hiscock, Geoff 101 Gardner, Andrew 130 Hotmail 98 General Electric 15 House of Commons 28 Germany 106 hubs 132, 154 Gillard, Julia 146 human capital 29, 35, 61, 76, 88, ‘glass ceiling’ 113 103–104, 109, 118, 141–143, global financial crisis 3, 10 149–150 ‘global Indians’ 109 Hume, Allan Octavian 43 Global North 13, 17, 35, 82, 96 hybrid corporate global primordiality 143 cosmopolitanism 144–145 214 Index

Hyderabad 3, 13, 38, 94 ideology 47–49 Hyderabad Public School 110 Indian 20 Indology 46 IBM 33 Indomobilities 25 see also mobilities IIT Kanpur 57–58, 65–66, 100 Indovation 2, 12–13 Imagining India 81 age of 15–18 IMF 3, 9 Indus 140 ‘immigrant entrepreneurs’ 112 Industrial Revolution 7–8, 24, 64 Immigration and Nationality Act information and patent rights 124 45 Infosys 65–66, 71, 81, 112, 121 In Spite of the Gods 60 infrastructure deficit 80, 141 Independence 8, 17, 29, 39, 44–48, Interfutures 63–64 51–54, 59–61, 69, 93, 102, 104, international students 143 115, 122 International University 51, 66 India Internet 116, 143, 154 awakening 5, 81 Iowa State University 46 benighted 2–6, 7, 11–12, 23 IPCC 2 see benightedness Isaacs, Harold 6 black-outs 23 ISB Hyderabad 13 brand 71–74 ISKCON 128, 144–145 brand equity 67, 70, 156 ISRO 78 mobile 22 Iyengar, Srinivasa, K. R. 95 new shiny 18, 60, 69–71, 74, 85, Iyer, K. V. 49 154, 157 pitching 133, 148, 153 Jagannath 80 rising 131 Jennings, Midgely John 4 virtual 22 Joshi, Hem 139 India: The Emerging Giant 60 Joshi, Kailash 139 India: The Rise of an Asian Giant 60 jugaad 14–18, 62, 78–85, 105 India: Trapped in Uncertainty 60 Jugaad to Systematic Innovation, India Lobby 45–47, 52–54 From 81 India to the Planet Mars, From 42 India Way, The 77 Kalam, A. P. J. Abdul 72 ‘India Way’ 18, 74 Kannada 95 India’s Economic Crisis 60 Karnani, Aneel G. 124 India’s Innovation Blueprint 77 Karnataka 107 Indian century 16 Kennedy Wave 67 Indian Congress 41 Kerala 107 Indian Dream, The 33 Khan the Younger, Tippoo 4 Indian Government 96, 100, 107, Khosla, Vinod 100, 139 115, 120 Kipling, Rudyard 6 ‘India Reform Society’ 41 Kirkpatrick, James Achilles 3 Indian Renaissance, The 151 knowledge economy ‘India Shining’ 22, 68–69 austerity 2, 8–12, 19, 24, 59, 63, ‘Indian-ness’ 73, 89, 135–136 87–88, 90–92, 102–103, 112, 121, indolence see also climate; 153 otherworldliness benightedness and 22, 51, 57, 75 austerity and 8 development of 13, 18, 52–54, Hindu 3–5, 7, 153 101, 104 Index 215

innovation 19–23, 27, 57, 64, 70, Metropolitan Magazine, The 4 78, 89, 96 Mexico 106 reputation of 99 middle-class technology 6, 10, 26, 93, 97 aspirational 10–11 Kota 101 car loans for 106 Kothari, D. S. 66 cosmopolitan 85 KPIT Cummins Infosystems 13 definition of 61 Krishna 145 discovery of 22 Krishna-Kaliya Temple 144 euphoria 10 Krishnan, Ananth 81 migration 19, 27, 29–31, 36–37, 133, Krishnan, M. S. 80 146–147, 154, 158 migration policy 146 Lader, Hugh 100 millennium bug 118–120 see Y2K Lagarde, Christine 3 Miller, Henry 56 ‘language crisis’ 93 missionaries 4–7, 40 ‘lean manufacturing’ 85 MIT 87, 100, 139 leanness 87, 153 Mitra, Moinak 14 leapfrogging 76–77 Mittal, Lakshmi 34, 69, 71 Lebanese 136 Mittal, Som 13 legacy-programming languages 120 Mittal, Sunil 33 leveraging 134 Mobile Lives 24 Life 49 mobilities link language 94 energy and 2, 18, 117 links forward 34, 86–88 Indovation 67 ‘living laboratory’ 14 migration and 19, 36, 148, 154 London 34, 139 mobility 90–92, 127, 153 low cost advantage 12 motility 89, 91, 96, 140 Lowy Institute 146 paradigm 25 Luce-Celler Act of 1946 54 turn 36 Ludhiana 33 Model T (Ford) 3 luxury 13, 87, 124–126 Moore, Barrington 5–6, 59–60 Moore, Fiona 138 Majumdar, Boria 15 Müller, Max 49 making do 2, 9, 10–11, 15, 26, 80, 82 multicultural 36, 129, 133 Malayalam 95 Mumbai terrorist attacks 128 Malhotra, Rajiv 110–111 Murthy, Narayana 65–66, 69–71, Mallya, Vijay 34 122, 126 Marazzi, Christian 15 Mardi Gras, Gay and Lesbian 144 Nagaland 94 Marlborough 97 Naipaul, V. S. 66 Mars 32, 42–43, 157 Nanda, Jeet Bindra 125 Mashelkar, Raghunath 14, 83 Nanovation 16 Maslow, Abraham 128 NASA 32 Mazumdar-Shaw, Kiran 114 NASSCOM 15 MBA colleges 108 National Innovation Foundation 14 McKinsey and Company 99–100 Nayyar, Deepak 9 Mehta, Ashoka 8 Nehru, Jawaharlal 59, 94 Mehta, Nalin 15 Netherlands 106 Menon, Nikhil 15 Netravali, Arun 100 216 Index network capital 138 Pravasi Bharatiya Samman, see network power 26 see also Overseas Indians Day mobilities PRC 29 New Age 144 primordialists 143 New Delhi Commonwealth Protestant ethic 6–8, 126 Games 15 Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of new Indian philanthropy 141 Capitalism, The 5 new religious architectures 129, 132, Protestantism 24 143–148 Punja, Deoji 144 New York 34, 68, 139, 145 Punjab 142 New York Times, The 13 Puritanism 5 see also Protestantism Nilekani, Nandan 81, 121 Purkayastha, Bandana 98 Noon, Sir Ghulam 142 Puwar, Nirmal 112

Oddie, Geoffrey 80 Quiet Crisis in India, The 60 OECD 37, 63–64, 69, 82 offshoring 69, 115–117, 121, 153, ‘race to the bottom’ 29 156 Radjou, Navi 16, 84 online technologies 132 Rajan, Raghuram 10, 32 Oriental Studies 46 Rangnekar, Sharif D. 72 Orissa 34 Rao, Rajesh 16 otherworldliness 4–5, 8–9, 43, 48 Ravi, Vayalar 31 outsourcing 108, 124, 156 Reader’s Digest 56 Overland Monthly 45 Realizing Brand India 72 Overseas Indians Day 30, 110 Rekhi, Kanwal 100, 139 Oxford University 57, 97 Reliance 20 Republic Day 94 Pachauri, Rajendra 2 Retarded Economies, The 60 Pandit, Ravi 15 Rickards, Robert 41 Panjab University 97 Ripon, George Robinson 43 Pantzar, Mika 131 risk-averseness 147 parachuting 87, 123 Roach, Neville 135–138 Partition 93 Roberts, Kevin 78 Patel, Ganpat 142 Roosevelt, Eleanor 59 Patil, Subhil 139 Paul, K. T. sadhus 48 Perrow, Charles 119 San Francisco Call 44 petroleum 12 Sanskritization 90 PIII 15 Santiniketan 51 Pitroda, Sam 15 Saxenian, AnnaLee 113 Planet India 151 Schott, Ben 14 Popular Mechanics 3 Schumpeter, Joseph 109 portable personhood 27 see also Scotland 34 network capital scratches on the mind 6, 60 Post, Laurens 60 self-sufficiency 7, 54, 92, 104, postural austerities 48 155 poverty 7, 17 Sellotape Legacy 15 power-knowledge venues 140–141 Sen, Joydeep 78 Prahalad, C. K. 16, 124 Shachar, Ayelet 19 Index 217

Shanti Mantra 57 super-included 132, 146 Shaping of Modern India, The 58 Sydney 86, 139, 145 Sharma, Robin 129, 144 shoestring expertise 87, 92, 97, 104 Tacitus 3 Shove, Elizabeth 131 Tagore, Rabindranath 47, 50–51, Sidel, Mark 141 57, 64, 66, 72 Siemens 14 talent Silicon Valley 66, 70–74, 86, 97, depreciation 157–158 see alumni 105–113, 116, 118, 139–140 flows 118, 136 silos 132 mobility 66, 113–114 Singer, Milton 8–9, 59–60, 90, 114, offshoring of 37 155 place 153 Singh, Anant Pal 142 portable personhood and 74–76 Singh, Karan Vir 80 surplus 132 Singh, Manmohan 97 Tamil 95 Singleton, Mark 48 Tamil Nadu 94, 107 six sigma way 15 Tata 14, 16, 18, 81, 122 SJM 65 Tata Nano 16 smartphones 26 Tawde, Sitaram Ramji 49, 50 Smith, Hélène 42 technopoles 112 social pyramid 92, 150 theosophy 43 social transformation 17, 23, 25, Think India 77 74, 102, 117, 122, 131, 134, 146, Third Wave, The 64–65 148, 158 Third World 28, 29, 64 Soete, Luc 76 Thorner, Daniel 58 ‘Song of Youth’ 72 Thrift, Nigel 76 soft power 131–133, 146, 149 TIE 138, 140, 145 sovereignty 36 Times of India, The 32 Soviet Union 29 TIP 155 ‘space invaders’ 112 Toffler, Alvin 64, 76 spiritualists 70, 104, 151 ToP 15, 61, 74, 77, 85, 92 spirituality 4–5, 17, 51, 77, 128–130, torchbearers 65 143–144, 149, 152 Traditional India 59 spirituality-lite 129 transnationalism 36–38, 158 spokespeople 136, 140, 147 Trivandrum 94 Sri Venkateswara Temple 145 Tully, Mark 93 St Xavier’s 93 Stagg High School 32 University Grants Commission stakeholders 23, 24, 35, 86, 131 66 stakes 35 University of Arkansas 57 State Nobility, The 96 University of Calcutta 40 STEM 21, 86, 87, 99, 101, 102 University of California 57 strategic transnationalism 130, Urry, John 19, 24 137 subprime Vasavada, Ashwin 32 market 75 Vendanta University 34 mortgages 9 Venkatraman, Naresh 65 programmers 120 Venkatraman, R. 72 qualifications 103 Violence of Financial Capitalism, The 15 218 Index visa systems 115 see also H1-B World Economic Forum 15 Vivekananda, Swami 6, 48, 57 World is Flat, The 81 Voltaire 4 Wozniak, Steve 111

Wall Street Journal, The 29 Xerox 14 Walmart 33 Xiang, Biao 103, 123 Watson, Matt 131 web ashram 127, 143, 144, 156 Y2K 114–117, 156 Weber, Max 5, 23, 126 Yale 40, 49, 57 Welcome to India 1, 125 Yao, Souchou 154 West Bengal 101 YMCA 49 Western lifestyles 137 yoga 48 When a Great Tradition Modernizes 60 Yoga Institute of America 49 White Tiger, The 121 Yoga: A Scientific Evaluation 49 Wilson, Harold 28 Yogendra, Shri 49 Winchester 95 yogis 6, 70 work-shy 8, 48 World Bank 31, 63, 75 zamindars 122