APPENDICES Appendix A

2.1 - Ambient Air Quality Standards

National standards for ambient air pollutants in Ireland have generally ensued from Council Directives enacted in the EU (& previously the EC & EEC) (see Table X.1 – X.3). The initial interest in ambient air pollution legislation in the EU dates from the early 1980s and was in response to the most serious pollutant problems at that time. In response to the problem of acid rain, sulphur dioxide, and later nitrogen dioxide, were both the focus of EU legislation. Linked to the acid rain problem was urban smog associated with fuel burning for space heating purposes. Also apparent at this time were the problems caused by leaded petrol and EU legislation was introduced to deal with this problem in the early 1980s.

In recent years the EU has focused on defining a basis strategy across the EU in relation to ambient air quality. In 1996, a Framework Directive, Council Directive 96/62/EC, on ambient air quality assessment and management was enacted. The aims of the Directive are fourfold. Firstly, the Directive’s aim is to establish objectives for ambient air quality designed to avoid harmful effects to health. Secondly, the Directive aims to assess ambient air quality on the basis of common methods and criteria throughout the EU. Additionally, it is aimed to make information on air quality available to the public via alert thresholds and fourthly, it aims to maintain air quality where it is good and improve it in other cases.

As part of these measures to improve air quality, the European Commission has adopted proposals for daughter legislation under Directive 96/62/EC. The first of these directives to be enacted, Council Directive 1999/30/EC, has been passed into Irish Law as S.I. No 271 of 2002 (Air Quality Standards Regulations 2002), and has set limit values which came into operation on 17th June 2002. Council Directive 1999/30/EC, as relating to limit values for sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, lead and particulate matter, is detailed in Table X.1. The Air Quality Standards Regulations 2002 detail margins of tolerance, which are trigger levels for certain types of action in the period leading to the attainment date. The margin of tolerance varies from 60% for lead, to 30% for 24-hour limit value for PM10,40% for the hourly and annual limit value for NO2 and 26% for hourly SO2 limit values. The margin of tolerance commenced from June 2002, and started to reduce from 1 January 2003 and every 12 months thereafter by equal annual percentages to reach 0% by the attainment date. A second daughter directive, EU Council Directive 2000/69/EC, has recently published limit values for both carbon monoxide and benzene in ambient air as set out in Table X.2. This has also been passed into Irish Law under the Air Quality Standards Regulations 2002.

Although the EU Air Quality Limit Values are the basis of legislation, other thresholds outlined by the EU Directives are used which are triggers for particular actions. The Alert Threshold is defined in Council Directive 96/62/EC as “a level beyond which there is a risk to human health from brief exposure and at which immediate steps shall be taken as laid down in Directive 96/62/EC”. These steps include undertaking to ensure that the necessary steps are taken to inform the public (e.g. by means of radio, television and the press).

The Margin of Tolerance is defined in Council Directive 96/62/EC as a concentration which is higher than the limit value when legislation comes into force. It decreases to meet the limit value by the attainment date. The Upper Assessment Threshold is defined in Council Directive 96/62/EC as a concentration above which high quality measurement is mandatory. Data from measurement may be supplemented by information from other sources, including air quality modelling. These various thresholds have been incorporated into the significance criteria for the development and will be appropriate for assessing the significance of the combined impact of the development plus the background environment.

An annual average limit for both NOx (NO and NO2)isapplicablefortheprotectionofvegetationin highly rural areas away from major sources of NOx such as large conurbations, factories and high road vehicle activity such as a dual carriageway or motorway. Annex VI of EU Directive 1999/30/EC identifies that monitoring to demonstrate compliance with the NOx limit for the protection of vegetation should be carried out distances greater than:

• 5 km from the nearest motorway or dual carriageway • 5 km from the nearest major industrial installation • 20 km from a major urban conurbation

As a guideline, a monitoring station should be indicative of approximately 1000 km2 of surrounding area.

Under the terms of EU Framework Directive on Ambient Air Quality (96/62/EC), geographical areas within member states have been classified in terms of zones. The zones have been defined in order to meet the criteria for air quality monitoring, assessment and management as described in the Framework Directive and Daughter Directives. Zone A is defined as Dublin and its environs, Zone B is defined as Cork City, Zone C is defined as 16 urban areas with a population greater than 15,000 and Zone D is defined as the remainder of the country. The Zones were defined based on among other things, population and existing ambient air quality.

EU Council Directive 96/62/EC on ambient air quality and assessment has been adopted into Irish Legislation (S.I. No. 33 of 1999). The act has designated the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as the competent authority responsible for the implementation of the Directive and for assessing ambient air quality in the State. Other commonly referenced ambient air quality standards include the World Health Organisation. The WHO guidelines differ from air quality standards in that they are primarily set to protect public health from the effects of air pollution. Air quality standards, however, are air quality guidelines recommended by governments, for which additional factors, such as socio- economic factors, may be considered. Appendix A

5.1

Quality Requirements for Bathing Water in Ireland Appendix A – 5.2 EU and Irish Legislation – Surface Water Limits Test Parameter Limits from Limits from Limits from Limits from S.I 293 of S.I. 294 of 1989 S.I. 294 of 1989 S.I. 294 of 1989 1988 2 1 1 1

A1 Waters A 2 Waters A 3 Waters

pH 5.5–8.5 5.5–9.0 5.5–9.0 6–9

Conductivity (μS/cm) 1000 1000 1000 N/A

Nitrate (mg NO3-N/l) 11.3 11.3 11.3 N/A

2 2 2 2 Nitrite (mg NO2-N/l) <0.015 <0.015 <0.015 <0.015

0.2 1.5 4.0 <1 Ammonium (mg NH4-N/l)

Iron (mg Fe/l) 0.2 2 2 N/A

Colour (mg/l Pt) 20 100 150 N/A

Dissolved O2 (%) >60 >60 >30 N/A

N/A N/A N/A N/A Dissolved O2 (mg O2/l)

C.O.D. (mg O2/l) N/A N/A 40 N/A

B.O.D. (mg O2/l) 557 <5

Aluminium (mg Al/l) 3 0.2 0.2 0.2 N/A

Manganese (mg Mn/l) 0.05 0.3 1 N/A

50 50 50 <25 Suspended Solids mg/l

Total Phosphorous (mg N/A N/A N/A N/A P/l)

0.03 0.03 0.03 N/A Orthophosphate (mg P/l )

1 European Communities (Quality of Surfaces Water Intended for the Abstraction of Drinking Water) Regulation, 1989. 2 European Communities (Quality of Salmonid Waters) Regulation, 1988 Appendix A – 5.3 Limits for bold-facing values for tables of Irish river physicochemical and biological data for the period 1995-1999

Determinand Min Med Max pH <6.6 or >9.5 <6.6 or >9.5 <6.6 or >9.5 Conductivity (μS cm-1 ) none none none Temperature (ºC) >21.5 >21.5 >21.5 Dissolved Oxygen (%) <70 or >130 <70 or >130 <70 or >130

-1 Dissolved Oxygen (mg O2 l ) <7 <9 <9

-1 BOD (mg O2 l ) >3 >3 >5 Cl (mg l-1 ) >50 >999 (saline) >999 (saline) Total ammonia (mg N l-1 ) >0.1 >0.1 >0.3 Un-Ionised ammonia >0.01 >0.01 >0.02 -1 (mg NH3 l ) Oxidised N (mg N l-1) >5.65 >5.65 >5.65 ortho-Phosphate (mg P l-1 ) >0.02 >0.03 >0.15 Colour (Hazen) >50 >50 >100

Biological Quality Rating Q-Value Q1, Q1-2, Q2, Q2-3, Q3, Q3-4 Appendix A – 5.4 Key to Q Ratings

Quality Classes Class A Class B Class C Class D Quality Ratings (Q) Q5 Q4 Q3-4 Q3 Q2 Q1 Pristine, Unpolluted Unpolluted Slight Pollution Moderate Pollution Heavy Pollution Gross Pollution Pollution Status Organic Waste Load None None Light Considerable Heavy Excessive Occasionally elevated Maximum B.O.D. Low (< 3 mg/l) Low (< 3 mg/l) High at times Usually high Usually very high Fluctuates from <80% to Very unstable Potential Low, sometimes zero Very low, often zero Dissolved Oxygen Close to 100% 80%-120% >120% fish-kills at all times Annual Median ortho- phosphate 0.015 mg P/l 0.030 mg P/l 0.045 mg P/l 0.070 mg P/l > 0.1 mg P/l > 0.1 mg P/l Usually very heavy and Siltation None May be light May be light May be considerable Usually heavy anaerobic ‘Sewage Fungus’ Never Never Never May be some Usually abundant May be abundant

Filamentous Algae Limited development Considerable growths. Cladophora may be Cladophora may be May be abundant Usually none Diverse communities abundant excessive

Macrophytes Diverse communities. Diverse communities. Reduced diversity Limited diversity Excessive Tolerant species only. Usually none or tolerant Limited growths Considerable growths Luxuriant growths growths May be abundant. species only.

Macroinvertebrates (from Sensitive forms usually Sensitive forms scarce Most tolerant forms. shallow riffles) numerous. or common. Sensitive forms scarce. Sensitive forms absent. Tolerant forms only. Minimal diversity. Diverse communities. High diversity. Diversity may be high. Tolerant forms common. Very low diversity. Normal density. Increased density. Density High. Low diversity.

Water Quality Highest quality Fair quality Variable quality Doubtful quality Poor quality Bad quality Abstraction Potential Low grade abstractions Suitable for all Suitable for all Potential problems Advanced treatment Extremely limited

Fishery Potential Game fisheries Good game fisheries Game fish at risk Coarse fisheries Fish usually absent Fish absent Amenity value Very high High Considerable Reduced Low Zero Condition Satisfactory Satisfactory Transitional Unsatisfactory Unsatisfactory Unsatisfactory Appendix A 6.1 - Legislation Relating to Flora and Fauna

At a national level the two important pieces of law for the conservation of the Irish flora and fauna are the Wildlife Acts 1976, and 2000 (amended). Of relevance to this study are the Schedules of protected flora and fauna, which the 2 Acts enable the state conservation service, National Parks & Wildlife Service, to issue in the form of Statutory Instruments. On these Schedules are the names of plants and animals, which cannot be disturbed, collected or killed without a licence being issued to do so. In the case of plants it is also an offence to disturb or destroy the habitat of any species.

From the aspect of habitats, the 2000 Act also allowed the listing and designation of Natural Heritage Areas by the Wildlife Service. These are areas, which are important for nature conservation for various reasons ranging from single species to sites being listed and designated for multiple interests. Disturbance to, or destruction of these NHAs is controlled through the legislation.

At the international level, two major Directives on nature conservation are in force. The Birds Directive deals solely with birds whilst the Habitats Directive deals with plants, vertebrates and habitats. For the former, Annex 1 lists all those bird species, which must be protected by all European Union states and this must be achieved through the declaration of Special Protection Areas (SPAs) throughout the state. Under the EU Birds Directive member states must take appropriate steps to avoid pollution, or deterioration of habitats, or any disturbance to birds within SPAs. These measures to avoid pollution or deterioration of habitats must also be applied outside protection areas.

The Habitats Directive lists all those habitats threatened at a European level on Annex 1 and including several types of coastal ecosystems, which has relevance to the current project. Priority status is accorded to some categories, which obliges a Member State to protect the bulk of the territory covered by that habitat. Annex 2 lists all those plants and animals threatened on a European level, which must be protected. The mechanism by which these obligations can be effected is through the declaration of Special Areas for Conservation.

Other international conventions of relevance are the Convention on Biodiversity and the Bern Convention and though Ireland has ratified both, there are no direct legal instruments issuing from either which have relevance to this study.

Planning authorities are required by law to ensure that developments in their area do not cause any significant damage to SACs and SPAs. All plans or developments likely to have an adverse impact on these sites must be assessed to determine their likely impact on their conservation interest. As with farming, developments likely to cause significant damage to the wildlife importance of a designated site must not be allowed. It is important to note that SACs do not automatically prohibit development. Developments not causing significant damage to the conservation interest of a site may be permitted.

Certain activities restricted within SACs, SPAs and NHAs can only be carried out with the permission of the Minister for the Environment and Local Government. In the case of NHAs, 3 months written prior notice is required to be given to the Minister before undertaking any notifiable activities. These are called Notifiable Actions and vary depending on the type of habitat that is present on the site.

For example for open marine waters, inlets, bays and estuaries, Notifiable Actions Include • placement of any structures or devices on the soil or bed of the sea seaward of high water mark

For mud flats and sand flats, sandy coastal beaches, shingle beaches, boulder beaches and bedrock shores, Notifiable actions include:

• placement of any structures or devices on the soil or bed of the sea seaward of high water mark Appendix A 7.2 List of RMP Sites

WITHIN CONSTRAINT RMP NO. TYPE GRID TOWNLAND STUDY AREA STATUS DU015-019 Earthwork unclassified 32506/23976 Burrow No – c. 65m N RMP DU015-023 Burial mound 32560/23933 Burrow Yes RMP DU015-022 Cemetery 32540/23942 Burrow No – c. 50m N RMP DU015-021 Church, graveyard and graveslab 32426/23908 Kilbarrack Lower Yes RMP DU015-083 Enclosure site 32357/23880 Kilbarrack Lower Yes RMP Dwelling, Armorial Stone (original Yes DU019-001 location), Watermill, Mill race 32218/23758 Watermill Road RMP DU019-012 Holy Well 32197/23731 St. Anne’s Park No – c. 5m W RMP DU019-016 Mound site 32099/23649 St Gabriel’s Road, Clontarf No – c. 500m N RMP DU019-033 Lead mine 31835/26591 Clontarf Road Yes RMP Clontarf Road / Vernon Yes DU019-034 Settlement 32016/23583 Avenue RMP DU019-017 Well 31931/23614 Castle Avenue, Clontarf No – c. 150m N RMP DU019-018 Martello tower 31952/23203 Strand Road, Sandymount Yes RMP DU018-020201 Quay 31728/23430 Sir John Rogerson’s Quay Yes RMP DU018-020564 Quay 31801/23439 North Wall Quay Yes RMP DU018-067 Burials site 31802/23642 Marino Crescent No RMP DU018-066 Sea wall 31858/23404 Great South Wall Yes RMP Settlement (including fort site, Revenue 31812/23398 Yes DU018-053 house site, Glasshouses site) Ringsend RMP DU018-054 Settlement (including Church, graveyard) 31846/23350 Irishtown Yes RMP DU018-056 Bridge site possible 31825/23302 New Bridge , Sandymount No – c. 400m SW RMP Tower house site, dwelling site, armorial No–c.30mSW DU023-001 stone, stone head 31966/23088 Merrion Road, Donnybrook RMP 31985/2306 No–c.75mSW DU023-053 Church site 0 Merrion Road, Donnybrook RMP 32080/2299 Yes DU023-002 Martello Tower 7Intake RMP 32159/2294 Yes DU023-005 Cross 0 Main St, Blackrock RMP 32203/2292 Yes DU023-008 Castle possible site 2 Newtown, Blackrock RMP 32222/2292 Yes DU023-009 Holy well 0Newtown,Blackrock RMP 32274/2290 Yes DU023-010 Martello tower 6Newtown,Blackrock RMP Promontory fort site, inscribed stones, 32390/2289 Yes DU023-052 martello tower site 5 Dun Laoghaire RMP 32485/2282 No–c.50mSW DU023-017 Martello tower site 3 Glasthule RMP 32556/2277 No–c.340mS DU023-018 Wedge tomb possible site 7 Bullock RMP 32858/2281 Yes DU023-019 Martello tower 2 Bullock RMP 32585/2281 No–c.100mN DU023-062 Battery 2 Sandycove Harbour RMP   $SSHQGL[$$SSHQGL[$7DEOHRI%XLOW+HULWDJH6LWHV  SITE AUTHORITY RMP NO WITHIN NO. CONSTRAINT TYPE LOCATION STUDY AREA STATUS BH1 James DCC N/A Yes Larkin Bettyglen House/ Sealawn Lodge Road RPS BH2 219, DCC N/A Yes Clontarf Houses Road RPS BH3 163-173 DCC N/A Yes Clontarf Terraced houses Road RPS BH4 St. Anthony's Parish Hall (formerly St. DCC N/A Yes Anthony's Church): Front granite façade Clontarf and steps Road RPS BH5 Clontarf DCC N/A Yes Methodist Church: Main gable and western Road/ entrance incorporating clock of church, St.Lawrenc façade fronting Clontarf Road e Road RPS BH6 St. John the Baptist R.C.Church: Front Clontarf DCC N/A Yes façade, railings, gate piers and plinth walls Road RPS BH7 The Wool Store including hexagonal lantern DCC N/A Yes Granite walls at former British Rail hotel, railings, gates and adjoining setts in cul-de- sac; Former goods depot (The Point); CIE goods depot including curved wall and chimneys; No. 47 Commercial premises; No. 73 Façade; (Nos. 81, 82) Business premises; (Nos. 91, 92, 93, 94) Dublin General Warehousing Ltd. entrance gate, North Wall railings and ironwork in front of office block. Quay RPS BH8 Granite ashlar quay walls, stone setts, DCC DU018- Yes mooring rings, steps, bollards, lamp North Wall 020564 RMP / standards and machinery Quay RPS BH9 Granite ashlar quay walls, stone setts, Sir John DCC DU018- Yes mooring rings, steps, bollards, lamp Rogerson's 020201 RMP / standards and machinery Quay RPS BH10 Rinsgend Bridge Rinsgend DCC N/A Yes RPS BH11 1a, 2, 4, 8, DCC N/A Yes 10 Bridge St, Façades Ringsend RPS BH12 Ringsend DCC N/A Yes St. Patrick's Church and sacristy Bridge RPS BH13 Pigeon DCC DU018- Yes RMP / Great south wall House 066 RPS BH14 Strand DCC N/A Yes Road, Sandymou nt and Sea wall Merrion RPS BH15 Strand DCC DU019- Yes Road, 018 Sandymou RMP / Martello Tower nt RPS BH16 Intake DCC DU023- Yes (Bootersto 002 RMP / Martello Tower wn) RPS BH17 Houses Rock Road DCC N/A Yes RPS BH18 Blackrock DCC N/A Yes House and Entrance Gates Park RPS BH19 House and Train Station Rock Hill DCC N/A Yes RPS BH20 1-27 Idrone DLR N/A Yes House Terrace Terrace RPS BH21 Main St, DLR N/A Yes Houses and Commercial Premises Blackrock RPS BH22 Newtown DLR N/A Yes Lord Cloncurry’s bridge over the railway Avenue RPS BH23 Newtown DLR N/A Yes Lord Cloncurry’s Temple/Bathing House Avenue RPS BH24 Newtown DLR N/A Yes Headland with Folly, Railings and Grotto Avenue RPS BH25 Blackrock House and entrance gates, Newtown DLR N/A Yes individual houses Avenue RPS BH26 Houses, Lodge and Walls to former stable Seapoint DLR N/A Yes (Seapoint Dart Station) Avenue RPS BH27 Dun DU023- Laoghaire- 010 Brighton Rathdown (Tower RMP / Bridge, Houses and Martello Tower Vale (DLR) only) RPS BH28 Dun DLR N/A Laoghaire West Pier Harbour RPS BH29 Dun DLR N/A Laoghaire Structures, including train station Harbour RPS BH30 Sandycove DLR DU023- Battery Wall Harbour 062 RPS BH31 Sandycove DLR DU023- Martello Tower Point 019 RPS  Appendix A 7.3: SMR Sites within the Surrounding Area

SMR No.: DU015-019 Townland: Burrow Parish: Howth Barony: Coolock Classification: Earthwork – unclassified Description: ‘Knock of Howth’, mound and burial site. Destroyed in 1930’s. A curving stone wall N of Boroughfield Road outlines the N portion of the site. Formerly a round-topped mound (H. 1.7m, diameter, c. 18m). Built up of 2 layers, a stone core and upper layer of sandy soil. Human skull and large white boulder found in upper strata. Original location was quite close to the sea wall. Marked on the 1837 and 1936 OS maps. Reference: SMR file; Westropp 1922, 62; Gogan 1933.

SMR No.: DU015-021 Townland: Kilbarrack Lower Parish: Kilbarrack Barony: Coolock Classification: Church Description: Church of St. Berach / Barroc. Earlier name is Mone (Moin – bog, muine – shrubbery). It is described by Walsh as the ruins of a chapel, consisting of a nave, chancel and side aisle, running E-W. Accessed via the coast road at Sutton Strand. This chapel comprises a divided nave and chancel with a S aisle. The W gable no longer stands. Built of roughly coursed masonry which incorporates ‘Howth’ stone and boulders. Nave is rectangular in plan (L. 9.8m, W. 5.1m). A blocked up doorway in N wall is overgrown with ivy. Chancel arch is blocked. E window is a tall pointed arch example. Round arched opening with chamfered jambs in N wall of chancel. Round arch of cut sandstone with holes for glass bars. The E gable of S aisle survives to gable height. Graveslab dated 1654 recorded in graveyard. Not precisely located. Reference: SMR file; Walsh 1888, 229/30; Anon. 1897, 455.

SMR No.: DU015-022 Townland: Burrow Parish: Howth Barony: Coolock Classification: Long stone cist Description: A cemetery of stone-lined graves were discovered on the present grounds of Suttonians Rugby Club in 1937. Skeletons were extended E- W within long stone cists of early iron age type (L. 1.8m). No grave goods. Marked on 1936 OS map. Reference: SMR file; Raftery 1941, 303.

SMR No.: DU015-023 Townland: Burrow Parish: Howth Barony: Coolock Classification: Mound Description: Site of mound is now in the front garden of a large domestic residence. No visible trace. Marked mound ‘site of’ on 1937 OS map. According to Gogan (Irish Independent), the site was destroyed in 1920’s and it contained a burial. Prior to its destruction is described by Westropp as a large shapely mound on the N shore between the railway and the sea. Reference: SMR file; Westropp 1922, 62; Gogan 1933.

SMR No.: DU015-083 Townland: Kilbarrack Lower Parish: Kilbarrack Barony: Coolock Classification: Enclosure, site Description: No description in file. Marked ‘fort’ on 1837 OS map. Not marked on 1936-7 map. Reference: SMR file; City Development Plan 1991, No. 85 ‘Site of Fort’.

SMR No.: DU018-053 Townland: Ringsend Parish: Donnybrook Barony: Dublin Classification: Settlement Description: The Down Survey maps show 2 gabled houses drawn at N end of Ringsend approximately where Thorncastle St is today. De Gomme in 1673 shows a large settlement and fort here. Reference: SMR file; Joyce 1912, 22; Ball 1903, 35-42; Ball 1907, 38ff; Kerrigan 1980, 22; Flynn 1990, 1-17; De Courcy 1996, 324-30.

SMR No.: DU018-054 Townland: Irishtown Parish: Donnybrook Barony: Dublin Classification: Settlement Description: The Down Survey maps show a large gabled house drawn approximately where Strand St is today. De Gomme in 1673 shows a large number of dwelling houses here. Listed in the Development Plan as a pre-1700 settlement. According to the ‘Ancient Calendar of Records of Dublin in 1654’, Cromwell issued a decree ordering all persons of Irish blood to move 2 miles outside the city limits. A community adjacent to Ringsend was set up which became known as Irishtown. Largely artisan dwellings today of 19th /20th century date. Reference: SMR file; Joyce 1912, 5-18; Craig 1969, 112; Flynn 1990, 49-50; De Courcy 1996, 345-6.

SMR No.: DU018-056 Townland: New Bridge , Sandymount Parish: Donnybrook Barony: Dublin Classification: Bridge, site Description: No description in file. According to Ball ‘On rebuilding of Ringsend Bridge in 1623, a village known as New Bridge grew up around it…’. Note: Although the present Ringsend Bridge at Ringsend is on Rocque’s map of 1760, there is no indication from other sources of any pre-1700 date. Not marked on 1837 OS maps. Marked ‘New Bridge’ on 1935-6 edition. Reference: SMR file; Ball, F. E. Post-Publication Scrapbook, Vol. 2, 82-3, RSAI.

SMR No.: DU018-066 Townland: Great South Wall Parish: - Barony: Dublin Classification: Sea Wall Description: No description in file. Reference: SMR file.

SMR No.: DU018-067 Townland: Marino Crescent Parish: Clontarf Barony: Dublin Classification: Burials Description: ‘At Marino Crescent; revealed during construction’. Marino Crescent (known as the Bath of Ireland) comprises Georgian houses built c. 1792 by Charles Ffolliot, an Aungier St. painting contractor. Once known as Spite Crescent due to a dispute between Ffolliot and Lord Charlemont, when Ffolliot erected these houses to shut out the view of the bay from Marino House. Many human bones were unearthed here when the foundations for the houses were being excavated - perhaps some of the fallen of the Battle of Clontarf. Reference: SMR file; Wren 1983, 24.

SMR No.: DU019-001 Townland: Watermill Road Parish: Raheny Barony: Coolock Classification: Dwelling – Dower House Site of / Armorial Stone, original location / Watermill Description: An armorial plaque originally set into the external wall of Water Mill Cottage is apparently now lodged in Howth Castle. Shows the Arms of the St Lawrence family of Howth, 20th Baron of Howth and his wife Elizabeth, daughter of Sir John Plunket of County Meath. The plaque contains the initials C. E. and the date 1572. Watermill Cottage was an ‘ornamental thatched house’ at the corner of Black Bush Lane, now demolished and was a dower house built by Sir Christopher St Lawrence. Traces of this watermill are incorporated into the NE corner of St Anne’s Park. The remains survive of foundations, with a section of wall running E-W (L. 6.3m, W. 0.97m). Built of heavily mortared water-rolled boulders, it survives to 3 corners. Appears slightly splayed. E facing wall is at right angles to it (H 4.45m). Possible mill race runs by this. Also traces of a W wall (L c. 8.5m). Area enclosed is artificially raised with collapsed material. Rocque 1760: named ‘Raheny Mill in Ruins’. Marked on 1837 and 1936 OS maps as ‘Watermill Cottage’ and ‘Watermill House’. Described in the Civil survey AD1654-6 as ‘One water mill’. Reference: SMR file; Joyce 1912, 253-4; Bowen 1963, 75-6; Dawson 1976, 126-7; Simmington 1945, 172.

SMR No.: DU019-012 Townland: St. Anne’s Park Parish: - Barony: Dublin Classification: Holy well Description: Access from the park gates at St. Anne’s Park. Site is located to NW of an artificial lake. The well is dried up but well maintained. A natural spring well at the base of a ridge. Elaborate gothic rustic covering and a stone- lined access way. Overall H. 1.75m, W. 0.65m, D. 1.35m. No tradition has survived . Formerly held in some repute and was a station (REP Nov. 1957-8, 78). Named ‘St. Anne’s Well on 1837 and 1936 OS map. Reference: SMR file; O Danachair 1957-8; City Development Plan, No. 13 ‘St. Anne’s Well’.

SMR No.: DU019-016 Townland: St Gabriel’s Road, Clontarf Parish: - Barony: Dublin Classification: Mound Site Description: No description in file. Reference: SMR file

SMR No.: DU019-017 Townland: Castle Avenue, Clontarf Parish: - Barony: Dublin Classification: Well Description: Well maintained. Very attractive metal doorway in wall. Inscription reads ‘Brian Boru’s Well’. A water dispenser has recently been inserted into this doorway (JRSAI 1879). According to O’Gorman, this is ‘the well from which the Irish chiefs are said to have refreshed themselves during the fight’ – Battle of Clontarf. It is especially associated with the legend of Murchad. Not named on 1837 map but symbol is present. Named ‘Brian Boroimhe’s Well’ on 1936 map and indicated as covered. Reference: SMR file; Ryan 1938, 40-1; O’Gorman 1879-80, 169.

SMR No.: DU019-018 Townland: Strand Road, Sandymount Parish: - Barony: Dublin Classification: Martello Tower Description: Erected in 1804, on baulks of oak on sandy foreshore. One of a series of 30 ordered by the British Government along the coastline from Bray to Ballsbridge as watch towers. Comprises a circular tower c. 30 ft H. constructed of carefully cut granite. Armament of 24 pounder guns on traversing platform. Cost c. £1800 and manned by a small garrison. Marked on 1837 and 1936 OS maps. Reference: SMR file; Flynn 1990, 58-61; Turner 1983, 1-97; De Courcy 1996, 247-8.

SMR No.: DU019-033 Townland: Clontarf Road Parish: - Barony: Dublin Classification: Leadmine Description: No description in file. Indicated on 1837 OS map as ‘pump and site of old lead mine’. Not marked on 1936 OS map. Reference: SMR file.

SMR No.: DU019-034 Townland: Clontarf Road Parish: - Barony: Dublin Classification: Settlement Description: No description in file. Reference: SMR file.

SMR No.: DU023-001 Townland: Merrion Road, Donnybrook Parish: Donnybrook Barony: Dublin Classification: Tower house site; dwelling site; armorial stone; stone head Description: The tower house site is W of Merrion Station along Sandymount Strand. Demolished c. 1780. St Mary’s Home for the Blind is built on the site. Ancestral home of the Fitzwiliam family since 15th century. Built by Sir John Cruise. Inspected by Arthur Cooper c. 1780 – ground floor was being used as a cow-house and part of out-lying buildings as stable. The Fitzwiliam coat of arms and stone head are in the Home for the Blind and built into the S gable of a new building called Fitzwiliam Hall, on the site of the Coach House, which had been contained in these two pieces. The stone head measures L 0.64m, W 0.44m. Reference: SMR file; Joyce 1912, 5-18; Craig 1969, 112; Flynn 1990, 49-50; De Courcy 1996, 345-6.

SMR No.: DU023-002 Townland: Intake Parish: Booterstown Barony: Dublin Classification: Martello Tower Description: In a park area bordering on the railway line, N of Blackrock. Well preserved. Built of dressed granite. Tower is free-standing. Doorway is to S. No traces of machicolation which may have defended it. Upper parapet carried on a double-corbel. Two openings in this on W side above a blocked-up tall narrow ope. Possible original entrance? Marked on 1837 and 1936 OS maps. Reference: SMR file.Turner 1983, 94.

SMR No.: DU023-006 Townland: Merrion Parish: Booterstown Barony: Rathdown Classification: Dwelling, post-1700 Description: Stillorgan Park Hotel now on site. Bote: According to Mr. Liam Clane (Foxrock Hunting Club) a large building on this site was demolished some months ago (1/8/88). Destroyed (24/7/95). Marked on 1837 and 1936 OS maps. Reference: SMR file; Ball 1898, 329-44.

SMR No.: DU023-008 Townland: Newtown, Blackrock Parish: Monkstown Barony: Rathdown Classification: Possible castle Description: No description in file. Marked ‘Castle Byrn’ on 1837 and OS map. Not on 1936 edition. Possible that the Civil Survey 1655 Castle is Castle Byrn marked on OS. Reference: SMR file.

SMR No.: DU023-009 Townland: Newtown, Blackrock Parish: Monkstown Barony: Rathdown Classification: Holy well Description: Ball: Well is known as Tobernea- site now occupied by the terrace of the same name. Stokes: c. 1780 a large boarding house was built close by Tobernea Well, which served as the water supply. O Danachair: Blackrock is named from the well, which is at the foot of the rocky declivity close to the end of the terrace. A strong trickle of water flows down the face of a rock at the end of a short tunnel, partly a natural cave and partly artificial. On or close to the edge of the sea until the railway embankment was built. Tradition until fairly recently of healing sore eyes. It was still held to be a holy well in 1959 when a small cross was hung there. Reference: SMR file; Stokes 1895, 5-6; O Danachair 1958-60, 234; O’Reilly 1902, 178-86; Ball, 1902, 21; Healy, P. 1975.

SMR No.: DU023-010 Townland: Newtown, Blackrock Parish: Monkstown Barony: Rathdown Classification: Martello tower Description: Located SE of the railway at Seapoint. Entrance from Brighton Vale Road down to sea. Stands on a small promenade. Well preserved. Free- standing. Dressed granite blocks. Machicolation in place over doorway on NW side. Stairs led to entrance above ground level. Double off-set or spring course marks the parapet level (Turner 1983, 94). Reference: SMR file; Misc. JRSAI 2001.

SMR No.: DU023-017 Townland: Glasthule Parish: Monkstown Barony: Rathdown Classification: Martello Tower (site of) Description: Martello Ave. marks the site of tower to W of railway line. Tower demolished c. 1860. Stood at Glasthule by the present park. Removed by blasting. No visible trace. Marked on 1837 OS map but not on 1936 edition. Reference: SMR file; Turner 1983, 93.

SMR No.: DU023-018 Townland: Bullock Parish: Monkstown Barony: Rathdown Classification: Megalithic tomb (site of) / Wedge tomb (possible site) Description: Close to Sandycove on junction between Sandycove Road and Albert Road Lower. Destroyed in beginning of 19th century. Mentioned by Ball (1902, 35-6) who claims that it had been removed in early 19th century. Includes a drawing by Berenger of the ‘rocking stone’ at Bullock in 1777. Shows side wall of a passage formed of large orthostats which ascend in height towards the point where a capstone rests. May have been a wedge tomb. Marked as ‘Druid’s Altar’ on 1st edition OS, possibly extant at this date. No visible trace. Not marked on 1936 edition. Reference: SMR file; Ball 1902, 36-7.

SMR No.: DU023-019 Townland: Bullock Parish: Monkstown Barony: Rathdown Classification: Martello Tower Description: ‘Joyce’s Tower’ (tower is mentioned in Ulysees). On Sandycove Point. Squat and granite built . Open to the public. Doorway in SSW, defended by a murder hole, leads to the ground floor that formerly stored the magazines and artillery. The round room on the 1st floor is accessed from a narrow stairs. Vaulted roof and fireplace in E. Door in W provided access to roof where there is a circular gun deck with metal tracks and a central surround. Recesses along the wall allow access to the gun loops. Marked on 1837 and 1936 OS maps. Reference: SMR file; Turner 1983.

SMR No.: DU023-052 Townland: Dun-Laoghaire Parish: - Barony: - Classification: Fort, Martello Tower, Two decorated stones, Ogham stone. Description: A fortified site is recorded immediately SE of the old harbour opposite the junction of Clarence St and Dunleary Road. The railway cut through the site. No visible trace. Stokes (1893) gives the position of the ‘Dun’ of Dun Laoghaire as to the left of the old pier. A martello tower was built in the middle of it. Marked on Rocque’s map of Co. Dublin 1765 as a circular mound on the highest peak of high ground by the harbour. This high ground has been levelled to make way for the railway c. 1834. The material from the dismantled earthwork was used to level the ground and form the foundation for the road. The decorated stones were found in the vicinity of the old harbour at Dun Laoghaire. The larger stone was found at the back of the W pier, the smaller found in the lane adjoining the old Revenue Officer’s houses. An ogham inscription was identified on the stones. Reference: SMR file; Ronan 1932; Turner 1983; Stokes, 1893, 346-7.

SMR No.: DU023-053 Townland: Merrion Road, Donnybrook Parish: Donnybrook Barony: Dublin Classification: Church site and graveyard Description: On S side of churchyard Lane, W of road to Blackrock. Beside Tara Towers Hotel. No visible trace above ground of church. This walled- in graveyard originally enclosed the church of ‘Merrion’ described on the Down Survey map of 1650 as ‘Chapel of Merryon’. One of the Fitzwilliam family bequeathed a gown and doublet of satin to make vestments in the 16th century. Graveslabs in present graveyard are 18th-20th century. Marked on 1837 OS map. Not marked as an antiquity on 1936 edition. Reference: SMR file; Joyce 1912, 29-30; Ball 1900, 312; Healy 1975.

SMR No.: DU023-062 Townland: Sandycove Harbour Parish: - Barony: - Classification: Battery Description: No description in file. Cf. De Courcy 1996, 365. Reference: SMR file. Appendix A 7.4: Stray Finds within the Surrounding Area

Information on artefact finds from the study area in Dublin has been recorded by the National Museum of Ireland since the late 18th century. Location information relating to these finds is important in establishing prehistoric and historic activity in the study area.  Museum No: Record only Townland: Sutton Parish: Howth Barony: Coolock Find: Dugout Canoe Find place: Found ¼ mile from the seafront at Kilbarrack sandpits in 1935. Description: Built of oak, this portion of the boat is 10 foot long and weighs half a tonne. Reference: NMI Topographical Files

Museum No: 1987:38 Townland: Kilbarrack Upper Parish: Coolock Barony: Dublin Find: Bronze axehead Find place: Found in back garden in the late 1960’s c. 600 m NW of coast. Description: Flat bronze axehead. Has a dark green patina and pitted corroded surface. Narrow thin butt, sides splay into broad shallow cutting edge, badly chipped. Appears to be decorated with incised lines on flat surface and incised chevron shapes are also present. Early bronze age in date. Possible monument within the garden. Reference: NMI Topographical Files

Museum No: C24:15 Townland: Clontarf Parish: Clontarf Barony: Clontarf Find: Flint axe Find place: Found at 31 Castle Avenue, Clontarf Description: Dated roughly to 3500 BC. May have been deposited within rubbish. Found at 12-18 inches depth underneath a cobblestoned park, c. 13cm in length and c. 6cm at widest. Reference: NMI Topographical Files

Museum No: 1916:30 Townland: Clontarf Parish: Clontarf Barony: Clontarf Find: Bronze axehead Find place: Vicinity of Clontarf Description: No description exists apart from a labelling which is Clontarf 1839. Reference: NMI Topographical Files

Museum No: 1968:312 Townland: Clontarf Parish: Clontarf Barony: Clontarf Find: Bronze axehead, flanged Find place: No detail. Found in 1882. Description: Flanged bronze axehead. The pronounced flanges are elliptical and slightly bevelled. This butt which is damaged, thick septum. Cutting edge splayed lunate shape. Golden and smooth as if used and polished. The rest of the surface has a dull patina. Reference: NMI Topographical Files

Museum No: 1907:116 Townland: Clontarf Parish: Clontarf Barony: Clontarf Find: Bronzeringpin Find place: No details. Description: Print broken off. Upper half of pin ornamented with an all-over interlacing pattern, inlaid with a white metal. Head is flat and inlaid with a white metal in plain pattern. Length of pin is 12cm, diameter of head 1.8cm. Reference: NMI Topographical Files

Museum No: 1931:2 Townland: Clontarf Parish: Clontarf Barony: Clontarf Find: Bronze axehead Find place: No details. Description: No details. Reference: NMI Topographical Files

Museum No: 1927:68 Townland: Clontarf Parish: Clontarf Barony: Clontarf Find: Shield boss Find place: No details. Description: Very decorative brass shield boss, no date. Reference: NMI Topographical Files

Museum No: P1953:11 Townland: Clontarf Parish: Clontarf Barony: Clontarf Find: Flint flake (worked) Find place: Found in garden of 118 Dunluce Road, Clontarf Description: Flake showing retouch around one edge, probably a scraper – dates to c. 2000 BC. Reference: NMI Topographical Files

Museum No: 1968:300 Townland: Clontarf Parish: Clontarf Barony: Clontarf Find: Bronze axehead Find place: No details Description: Flat bronze axehead with thin curved butt. Narrow edges slightly convex and with traces of lozenge ornament. Extending from the butt to the level of the cutting edge, on the surface is a triangular pattern of shallow grooves. The cutting edge is slightly curved. Reference: NMI Topographical Files

Museum No: 1954:4 Townland: Ringsend Parish: Donnybrook Barony: Dublin Find: Neck of medieval pottery vessel Find place: Gravel below estuarine mud (Pigeon House, now Station) Description: Dated to 12th /13th century. Part of a medieval jug of type found at Radcliffe Square, Oxford. The glaze has been washed away. Reference: NMI Topographical Files

Museum No: 1949:7 Townland: Sandymount Parish: Donnybrook Barony: Dublin Find: Iron horse shoe Find place: No details Description: Dated to 17th century, it has a tongue shaped centre and is fullered for nails. It had holes for 8 nails, 4 on each side of the shoe. Reference: NMI Topographical Files

Museum No: IA/54/76 Townland: Sandymount Parish: Donnybrook Barony: Dublin Find: Polished stone axe Find place: Found in garden of 34 Claremont Road, Sandymount Description: Approximately triangular in outline and roughly D shaped in cross- section. The butt is pointed, the cutting edge is convex and assymetrical. It is not fully rubbed down to a finished state. 13cm in length, 1.5 cm at butt width. Produced in County Antrim and neolithic in date. Reference: NMI Topographical Files  ARCHAEOLOGY CHAPTER FIGURES DU015-019

DU015-022

DU015-023

DU015-021

DU015-083

Project S2S Environmental Study

Reference AWN/04/2085ER01

Figure 7.1

KEY S2S route showing DU015-021 Archaeological Heritage Sites RMP and Built BH Built Heritage Site Heritage (BH) sites AAP Areas of Archaeological Potential (1 of 6) awn CA Conservation Area consulting The Tecpro Building, Clonshaugh Business & Technology Park, Dublin 17. Tel: +353 (0)1 847 4220 Fax: +353 (0)1 847 4257 DU019-001

BH DU019-012

BH1

Project S2S Environmental Study

Reference AWN/04/2085ER01 BH2 Figure 7.2 S2S route showing KEY DU015-021 Archaeological Heritage Sites RMP and Built BH Built Heritage Site Heritage (BH) sites AAP Areas of Archaeological Potential (2 of 6) awn CA Conservation Area consulting The Tecpro Building, Clonshaugh Business & Technology Park, Dublin 17. Tel: +353 (0)1 847 4220 Fax: +353 (0)1 847 4257 BH DU018-067 BH6

BH5

BH4

BH2

DU019-034 DU019-017

DU019-033 BH3

BH13 CA1 BH7 DU018-066

CA2 Project DU018-053 S2S Environmental Study CA3 Reference

AAP1 AWN/04/2085ER01 BH12 Figure 7.3 CA3 S2S route showing BH9 BH8 KEY BH10 DU018-054 RMP and Built DU018-020201 DU018-020564 DU015-021 Archaeological Heritage Sites Heritage (BH) sites BH Built Heritage Site (3 of 6) AAP Areas of Archaeological Potential awn CA Conservation Area consulting The Tecpro Building, Clonshaugh Business & Technology Park, Dublin 17. Tel: +353 (0)1 847 4220 Fax: +353 (0)1 847 4257 BH

BH DU019-018

Project S2S Environmental Study

Reference AWN/04/2085ER01 BH Figure 7.4 S2S route showing RMP and Built Heritage (BH) sites awn (4 of 6) consulting The Tecpro Building, Clonshaugh Business & Technology Park, Dublin 17. Tel: +353 (0)1 847 4220 Fax: +353 (0)1 847 4257 DU023-001

DU023-053

BH

DU023-002

BH24 BH21 BH22 BH23

BH7 CA5

Project S2S Environmental Study Reference

BH18 BH19 DU023-005 DU023-008 AWN/04/2085ER01 BH27 KEY BH25 DU015-021 Archaeological Heritage Sites DU023-010 Figure 7.5 CA4 BH Built Heritage Site DU023-009 S2S route showing AAP Areas of Archaeological Potential BH26 CA Conservation Area RMP and Built BH27 Heritage (BH) sites awn (5 of 6) consulting The Tecpro Building, Clonshaugh Business and Technology Park, Dublin 17. Tel: +353 (0)1 847 4220 Fax: +353 (0)1 847 4257 BH + CA

BH28 DU023-052

CA6 BH BH29 DU023-017 CA6 BH30 CA6 DU023-062 BH29 CA8 BH31 DU023-019

Project S2S Environmental Study CA6 Reference AWN/04/2085ER01

KEY DU015-021 Archaeological Heritage Sites Figure 7.6 BH Built Heritage Site S2S route showing AAP Areas of Archaeological Potential CA Conservation Area RMP and Built Heritage (BH) sites awn (6 of 6) consulting The Tecpro Building, Clonshaugh Business & Technology Park, Dublin 17. Tel: +353 (0)1 847 4220 Fax: +353 (0)1 847 4257 Appendix B EMP Structure for S2S

An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is proposed for both the construction and operational stages of the S2S project in order to self-regulate and integrate environmental management issues into the design, planning, construction and operation of S2S. As there are no specific Irish guidelines on the structure and content of an EMP, this EMP will be based on the specifications outlined in ISO 14001:2004 a, and also Australian EPA Guidelines b.

The EMP will be developed based on feedback and information gathered from this S2S Environmental report, using the baseline information and constraints to focus on the areas highlighted in the study that may be sensitive, vulnerable or be impacted upon as a result of the route.

The aims of the EMP are:

• To make a commitment to practical and achievable strategies and design standards for the route to ensure that environmental and legislative requirements are specified and complied with; • To provide a plan for ongoing monitoring and control of impacts during the construction phase of S2S; • To provide local and state authorities, and the public with ongoing progress updates, and information on all stages of S2S; • To provide the community with evidence that the environmental management of the project is acceptable and regulated

The proposed structure of the EMP is detailed below.

- Establishment of agreed performance criteria and objectives in relation to environmental and archaeological impacts. These will be based on consultation with relevant government agencies, environmental NGOs (Non- Governmental Organisations) and the community

- Detailed prevention, minimisation and mitigation measures (including design standards) for controlling environmental impacts along the route. Again, consultation with the relevant bodies will occur

- Detailed proposed monitoring of the effectiveness of remedial measures against the agreed performance criteria. A comprehensive methodology will be established in order to provide monitoring of each environmental element (water quality, air quality etc) throughout the project. This methodology will measure actual performance, with pre-selected indicators of change determined.

- A Time-scale for the implementation of environmental management initiatives

- Detailed methods and frequency of reporting. This will include format, timing and responsibility for reporting and auditing of monitoring results

- Detailed auditing responsibilities for meeting environmental performance objectives. This is necessary to determine how well the agreed construction environmental management strategies are being met, i.e. to establish the degree of compliance with the performance criteria.

- Corrective actions to be implemented if any of the performance standards are not met. This will include details of a number of options that may be considered to rectify the problem. It will also identify the person(s) responsible for the proposed action.

The environmental elements that will be specifically looked at under each of the sub- headings above are; Noise, Air Quality, Water Quality (including groundwater), Soils and Geology, Flora and Fauna and Archaeology.

The EMP will not be a static document. It will be reviewed and updated to reflect developments during each stage of S2S, to reflect information and knowledge gained as the project progresses. Changes to the EMP will only be made in consultation with relevant authorities and other organisations involved with the project. END OF REPORT