Section 1: 10-Q (10-Q)
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Incentives for Central Clearing and the Evolution of Otc Derivatives
INCENTIVES FOR CENTRAL CLEARING AND THE EVOLUTION OF OTC DERIVATIVES – [email protected] A CCP12 5F No.55 Yuanmingyuan Rd. Huangpu District, Shanghai, China REPORT February 2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................... 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................. 5 1. MARKET OVERVIEW ............................................................................................. 8 1.1 CENTRAL CLEARING RATES OF OUTSTANDING TRADES ..................... 8 1.2 MARKET STRUCTURE – COMPRESSION AND BACKLOADING ............... 9 1.3 CURRENT CLEARING RATES ................................................................... 11 1.4 INITIAL MARGIN HELD AT CCPS .............................................................. 16 1.5 UNCLEARED MARKETS ............................................................................ 17 1.5.1 FX OPTIONS ...................................................................................... 18 1.5.2 SWAPTIONS ...................................................................................... 19 1.5.3 EUROPE ............................................................................................ 21 2. TRADE PROCESSING ......................................................................................... 23 2.1 TRADE PROCESSING OF NON-CLEARED TRADES ............................... 23 2.1.1 CUSTODIAL ARRANGEMENTS ....................................................... -
Section 1256 and Foreign Currency Derivatives
Section 1256 and Foreign Currency Derivatives Viva Hammer1 Mark-to-market taxation was considered “a fundamental departure from the concept of income realization in the U.S. tax law”2 when it was introduced in 1981. Congress was only game to propose the concept because of rampant “straddle” shelters that were undermining the U.S. tax system and commodities derivatives markets. Early in tax history, the Supreme Court articulated the realization principle as a Constitutional limitation on Congress’ taxing power. But in 1981, lawmakers makers felt confident imposing mark-to-market on exchange traded futures contracts because of the exchanges’ system of variation margin. However, when in 1982 non-exchange foreign currency traders asked to come within the ambit of mark-to-market taxation, Congress acceded to their demands even though this market had no equivalent to variation margin. This opportunistic rather than policy-driven history has spawned a great debate amongst tax practitioners as to the scope of the mark-to-market rule governing foreign currency contracts. Several recent cases have added fuel to the debate. The Straddle Shelters of the 1970s Straddle shelters were developed to exploit several structural flaws in the U.S. tax system: (1) the vast gulf between ordinary income tax rate (maximum 70%) and long term capital gain rate (28%), (2) the arbitrary distinction between capital gain and ordinary income, making it relatively easy to convert one to the other, and (3) the non- economic tax treatment of derivative contracts. Straddle shelters were so pervasive that in 1978 it was estimated that more than 75% of the open interest in silver futures were entered into to accommodate tax straddles and demand for U.S. -
Understanding Swap Spread.Pdf
Understanding and modelling swap spreads By Fabio Cortes of the Bank’s Foreign Exchange Division. Interest rate swap agreements were developed for the transfer of interest rate risk. Volumes have grown rapidly in recent years and now the swap market not only fulfils this purpose, but is also used to extract information about market expectations and to provide benchmark rates against which to compare returns on fixed-income securities such as corporate and government bonds. This article explains what swaps are; what information might be extracted from them; and what appear to have been the main drivers of swap spreads in recent years. Some quantitative relationships are explored using ten-year swap spreads in the United States and the United Kingdom as examples. Introduction priced efficiently at all times, swap spreads may be altered by perceptions of the economic outlook and A swap is an agreement between two parties to exchange supply and demand imbalances in both the swap and cash flows in the future. The most common type of the government bond markets. interest rate swap is a ‘plain vanilla fixed-for-floating’ interest rate swap(1) where one party wants to receive The volume of swap transactions has increased rapidly floating (variable) interest rate payments over a given in recent years (see Chart 1). Swaps are the largest period, and is prepared to pay the other party a fixed type of traded interest rate derivatives in the OTC rate to receive those floating payments. The floating (over-the-counter)(4) market, accounting for over 75% of rate is agreed in advance with reference to a specific short-term market rate (usually three-month or Chart 1 six-month Libor).(2) The fixed rate is called the swap rate OTC interest rate contracts by instrument in all and should reflect, among other things, the value each currencies Total interest rate swaps outstanding party attributes to the series of floating-rate payments to Total forward-rate agreements outstanding Total option contracts outstanding US$ trillions be made over the life of the contract. -
An Analysis of OTC Interest Rate Derivatives Transactions: Implications for Public Reporting
Federal Reserve Bank of New York Staff Reports An Analysis of OTC Interest Rate Derivatives Transactions: Implications for Public Reporting Michael Fleming John Jackson Ada Li Asani Sarkar Patricia Zobel Staff Report No. 557 March 2012 Revised October 2012 FRBNY Staff REPORTS This paper presents preliminary fi ndings and is being distributed to economists and other interested readers solely to stimulate discussion and elicit comments. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and are not necessarily refl ective of views at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York or the Federal Reserve System. Any errors or omissions are the responsibility of the authors. An Analysis of OTC Interest Rate Derivatives Transactions: Implications for Public Reporting Michael Fleming, John Jackson, Ada Li, Asani Sarkar, and Patricia Zobel Federal Reserve Bank of New York Staff Reports, no. 557 March 2012; revised October 2012 JEL classifi cation: G12, G13, G18 Abstract This paper examines the over-the-counter (OTC) interest rate derivatives (IRD) market in order to inform the design of post-trade price reporting. Our analysis uses a novel transaction-level data set to examine trading activity, the composition of market participants, levels of product standardization, and market-making behavior. We fi nd that trading activity in the IRD market is dispersed across a broad array of product types, currency denominations, and maturities, leading to more than 10,500 observed unique product combinations. While a select group of standard instruments trade with relative frequency and may provide timely and pertinent price information for market partici- pants, many other IRD instruments trade infrequently and with diverse contract terms, limiting the impact on price formation from the reporting of those transactions. -
Derivative Valuation Methodologies for Real Estate Investments
Derivative valuation methodologies for real estate investments Revised September 2016 Proprietary and confidential Executive summary Chatham Financial is the largest independent interest rate and foreign exchange risk management consulting company, serving clients in the areas of interest rate risk, foreign currency exposure, accounting compliance, and debt valuations. As part of its service offering, Chatham provides daily valuations for tens of thousands of interest rate, foreign currency, and commodity derivatives. The interest rate derivatives valued include swaps, cross currency swaps, basis swaps, swaptions, cancellable swaps, caps, floors, collars, corridors, and interest rate options in over 50 market standard indices. The foreign exchange derivatives valued nightly include FX forwards, FX options, and FX collars in all of the major currency pairs and many emerging market currency pairs. The commodity derivatives valued include commodity swaps and commodity options. We currently support all major commodity types traded on the CME, CBOT, ICE, and the LME. Summary of process and controls – FX and IR instruments Each day at 4:00 p.m. Eastern time, our systems take a “snapshot” of the market to obtain close of business rates. Our systems pull over 9,500 rates including LIBOR fixings, Eurodollar futures, swap rates, exchange rates, treasuries, etc. This market data is obtained via direct feeds from Bloomberg and Reuters and from Inter-Dealer Brokers. After the data is pulled into the system, it goes through the rates control process. In this process, each rate is compared to its historical values. Any rate that has changed more than the mean and related standard deviation would indicate as normal is considered an outlier and is flagged for further investigation by the Analytics team. -
Financial Derivatives 1
Giulia Iori, Financial Derivatives 1 Financial Derivatives Giulia Iori Giulia Iori, Financial Derivatives 2 Contents • Introduction to Financial Markets and Financial Derivatives • Review of Probability and Random Variable • Vanilla Option Pricing. – Random Walk – Binomial model. – Stochastic Processes. ∗ Martingales ∗ Wiener process ∗ Some basic properties of the Stochastic Integral ∗ Ito’s Lemma – Black-Scholes model: portfolio replication approach. – The Greeks: Delta hedging, Gamma hedging. – Change of probability measures and Bayes Formula. – Girsanov Theorem. – Black-Scholes model: risk neutral evaluation. – Feynman-Kac Formula and Risk neutral pricing. – Change of Numeraire Theorem. • Interest Rate Models • Overview of Exotic Derivatives • Energy and Weather Derivatives Giulia Iori, Financial Derivatives 3 Overview of Financial Markets Functions of Financial Markets: Financial markets determine the prices of assets, provide a place for exchanging assets and lower costs of transacting. This aids the resource allocation process for the whole economy. • price discovery process • provide liquidity • reduce search costs • reduce information costs Market Efficiency: • Operational efficiency: fees charged by professional reflect true cost of providing those services. • price efficiency: prices reflect the true values of assets. – Weak efficiency: current price reflect information embodied in past price movements. – Semistrong efficiency: current price reflect information embodied in past price movements and public information. – Strong efficiency: current price reflect information embodied in past price movements and all public and private information. Brief history: Birth of shareholding enterprise, Muscovy Company (1553), East India Company (1600), Hudson’s Bay Company (1668). Trading starts on the shares of these com- pany. Amsterdam stock exchange (1611), Austrian Bourse in Vienna (1771). In London coffee houses where brokers meet. -
Swap Curve Building at Factset: the Multi-Curve Framework
www.factset.com SWAP CURVE BUILDING AT FACTSET: THE MULTI-CURVE FRAMEWORK By Tom P. Davis Vice President, Director, Research, Fixed Income and Derivatives QRD Figo Liu Financial Engineer, Fixed Income and Derivatives QRD Swap Curve Building at FactSet Tom P. Davis Figo Liu [email protected] [email protected] 1 Introduction The interest rate swap (IRS) market is the third largest market in the U.S. for interest rate securities after U.S. Treasuries and mortgage backed securities (MBS), as demonstrated by Table 1. Interest rate swap curves are important not just for valuing swaps, but also for their role in determining the market expectation of future LIBOR fixings, since many financial securities have coupons that are set based on this fixing. Financial markets changed significantly due to the global financial crisis (GFC) of 2008, none more so than the IRS market. The market changes were so disruptive that they caused a reexamination of the entire foundation of quantitative finance. Security Type Gross Market Value U.S. Treasuries 17.57 Trillion USD U.S. Mortgage Backed Securities 10.076 Trillion USD Interest Rate Derivatives 1.434 Trillion USD Table 1: U.S. market sizes as of Q4 2017. The U.S. Treasury and the Interest Rate Derivatives data are taken from the Bank of International Settlements, and the U.S. mortgage data is taken from the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. The IRD market may look small in comparison; however, the notional amount outstanding is 156.5 trillion USD. To begin to understand why these changes were so disruptive, a basic refresher on IRS is useful. -
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
www.pwc.com 2015 Derivative instruments and hedging activities www.pwc.com Derivative instruments and hedging activities 2013 Second edition, July 2015 Copyright © 2013-2015 PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, a Delaware limited liability partnership. All rights reserved. PwC refers to the United States member firm, and may sometimes refer to the PwC network. Each member firm is a separate legal entity. Please see www.pwc.com/structure for further details. This publication has been prepared for general information on matters of interest only, and does not constitute professional advice on facts and circumstances specific to any person or entity. You should not act upon the information contained in this publication without obtaining specific professional advice. No representation or warranty (express or implied) is given as to the accuracy or completeness of the information contained in this publication. The information contained in this material was not intended or written to be used, and cannot be used, for purposes of avoiding penalties or sanctions imposed by any government or other regulatory body. PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, its members, employees and agents shall not be responsible for any loss sustained by any person or entity who relies on this publication. The content of this publication is based on information available as of March 31, 2013. Accordingly, certain aspects of this publication may be superseded as new guidance or interpretations emerge. Financial statement preparers and other users of this publication are therefore cautioned to stay abreast of and carefully evaluate subsequent authoritative and interpretative guidance that is issued. This publication has been updated to reflect new and updated authoritative and interpretative guidance since the 2012 edition. -
Accessing the U.S. Capital Markets
ACCESSING THE U.S. CAPITAL MARKETS SECURITIES PRODUCTS An Introduction to United States Securities Laws This and other volumes of Accessing the U.S. Capital Markets have been prepared by Sidley Austin LLP for informational purposes only, and neither this volume nor any other volume constitutes legal advice. The information contained in this and other volumes is not intended to create, and receipt of this or any other volume does not constitute, a lawyer-client relationship. Readers should not act upon information in this or any other volume without seeking advice from professional advisers. Sidley Austin LLP, a Delaware limited liability partnership which operates at the firm’s offices other than Chicago, London, Hong Kong, Singapore and Sydney, is affiliated with other partnerships, including Sidley Austin LLP, an Illinois limited liability partnership (Chicago); Sidley Austin LLP, a separate Delaware limited liability partnership (London); Sidley Austin LLP, a separate Delaware limited liability partnership (Singapore); Sidley Austin, a New York general partnership (Hong Kong); Sidley Austin, a Delaware general partnership of registered foreign lawyers restricted to practicing foreign law (Sydney); and Sidley Austin Nishikawa Foreign Law Joint Enterprise (Tokyo). The affiliated partnerships are referred to herein collectively as “Sidley Austin LLP,” “Sidley Austin” or “Sidley.” This volume is available electronically at www.accessingsidley.com. If you would like additional printed copies of this volume, please contact one of our lawyers or our Marketing Department at 212-839-5300, e-mail: [email protected]. For further information regarding Sidley Austin, you may access our web site at www.sidley.com Our web site contains address, phone and e-mail information for our offices and attorneys. -
The Benchmark US Treasury Market: Recent Performance
Michael J. Fleming The Benchmark U.S. Treasury Market: Recent Performance and Possible Alternatives he U.S. Treasury securities market is a benchmark. As crisis in the fall of 1998 in a so-called “flight to quality.” A Tobligations of the U.S. government, Treasury securities are related “flight to liquidity” also caused yield spreads among considered to be free of default risk. The market is therefore a Treasury securities of varying liquidity to widen sharply. benchmark for risk-free interest rates, which are used to Consequently, some of the attributes that make the Treasury forecast economic developments and to analyze securities in market an attractive benchmark were adversely affected. other markets that contain default risk. The Treasury market is This paper examines the benchmark role of the U.S. also large and liquid, with active repurchase agreement (repo) Treasury market and the features that make it an attractive and futures markets. These features make it a popular benchmark. In it, I examine the market’s recent performance, benchmark for pricing other fixed-income securities and for including yield changes relative to other fixed-income markets, hedging positions taken in other markets. changes in liquidity, repo market developments, and the The Treasury market’s benchmark status, however, is now aforementioned flight to liquidity. I show that several of the being called into question by the nation’s improved fiscal attributes that make the U.S. Treasury market a useful situation. The U.S. government has run a budget surplus over benchmark were negatively affected by the events of fall 1998, the past two years, and surpluses are expected to continue (and and that some of these attributes did not quickly return to their to continue growing) for years. -
An Analysis and Description of Pricing and Information Sources in the Securitized and Structured Finance Markets
An Analysis and Description of Pricing and Information Sources in the Securitized and Structured Finance Markets The Bond Market Association and The American Securitization Forum October 2006 ANALYsis AND DESCRipTION OF PRiCING AND INFORmaTION SOURCES IN THE SECURITIZED AND STRUCTURED FINANCE MARKETS TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary ................................................................................................. 1 I. Introduction and Methodology ............................................................................. 9 Study Objective ............................................................................................................................. 9 What Does the Study Cover ....................................................................................................... 9 The Pricing and Information Sources Covered in this Report .............................................10 II. Broad Observations and Conclusions ................................................................10 Each product sector is unique, though some general conclusions may be drawn ..........10 Structured Finance Products Trade in Dealer Markets .................................................10 Types of Pricing ..........................................................................................................................11 Primary Market vs. Secondary Pricing ....................................................................................11 Pricing Information Contexts and Applications ................................................................. -
Fixed Income Clearing Corporation Mortgage-Backed Securities
EFFECTIVE AS OF July 19, 2021 FIXED INCOME CLEARING CORPORATION MORTGAGE-BACKED SECURITIES DIVISION CLEARING RULES TABLE OF CONTENTS RULES RULE 1 – DEFINITIONS .............................................................................................................. 5 RULE 2 - MEMBERS .................................................................................................................. 37 RULE 2A – INITIAL MEMBERSHIP REQUIREMENTS ......................................................... 38 RULE 3 - ONGOING MEMBERSHIP REQUIREMENTS ........................................................ 48 RULE 3A - CASH SETTLEMENT BANK MEMBERS............................................................. 60 RULE 4 – CLEARING FUND AND LOSS ALLOCATION ...................................................... 63 RULE 5 – TRADE COMPARISON............................................................................................. 79 RULE 6 – TBA NETTING ........................................................................................................... 84 RULE 7 – POOL COMPARISON AND OBLIGATIONS .......................................................... 86 RULE 8 – POOL NETTING AND EXPANDED POOL NETTING SYSTEMS ....................... 89 RULE 9 – POOL SETTLEMENT WITH THE CORPORATION .............................................. 91 RULE 10 – [RESERVED] ............................................................................................................ 96 RULE 11 – CASH SETTLEMENT .............................................................................................