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Investigation on the Decay and Termite Resistance of Five Wood Species from Tanintharyi Region

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Investigation on the Decay and Termite Resistance of Five Wood Species from Tanintharyi Region Leaflet No.15/ 2016 The Republic of the Union of Myanmar Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation Forest Department Investigation on the Decay and Termite Resistance of Five Wood Species from Tanintharyi Region Cho Cho Win, Assistant Research Officer Lwin Lwin Aung, Research Assistant- 2 Forest Research Institute, Yezin December, 2016 Contents Pages i Abstract ii 1 Introduction 1 2 Literature Review 2 2.1. Thingan 2.2. Thingan-net 2 2.3. Kadut 2 2.4. Uban 2.5. Durability of Timber 3 3 Materials and Methods 3 3.1. Material 3 3.2. Sample Preparation 3 3.3. Laboratory Decay Test 4 3.4. Evaluation of Termite Test 4 3.5. Method of Analysis 5 4 Results and Discussion 6 4.1. Moisture content of tested species 6 4.2. Decay Resistance of Tested Species 6 4.3. Termite Resistance of Tested Species 8 4.4. Correlation between Specific Gravity and weight Loss 9 5 Conclusion and Recommendation 11 5.1. Conclusion 11 5.2. Recommendation 11 References 12 13 List of tables Pages Table 2.1 Durability Classification of Timber based on Weight Loss 3 Table 3.2 Visual Rating of timber for termite Resistance 5 Table 4.1 Moisture Content of Tested Species 6 Table 4.2 The Average Weight Loss of Tested Species against White 7 Rot Fungus Table 4.3 Visual Rating and weight Losses of Tested Species against 8 Termite Table 4.4 Correlation between Specific Gravity and Weight Loss by 10 Termite List of Figures Figure 4.1 Decay Resistance of Tested Species 7 Figure 4.2 Termite Resistance of Tested Species 9 Figure 4.3 Correlation between Specific Gravity and Weight Loss by 10 Termite ၊ ၊ -၂ (H. helferi Band)၊ (HopeaodorataRoxb)၊ (Shoreacinera CEC Fischer)၊ (Shoreafarinosa CEC Fischer)၊ (Shoreasericiflora) ။ ၏ Agar Block ။ Agar (၁၆) ။ (under- ground method) ။ ၏ (၅) ၀.၂၁၉% ။ ၂.၃၈၅% ။ ၊ ၊ ၊ (၃) ။ ။ (၃) ။ Investigation on the Decay and Termite Resistance of Five Wood Species from Tanintharyi Region Cho Cho Win (Assistant Research Officer) Lwin Lwin Aung (Research Assistant-2) Abstract Dipterocarpaceae is one of the important timber families were largely exploited for their timber in the past. In this study, we performed laboratory evaluations of selected five wood species namely, Thingan-net (H. helferi Band), Thingan (HopeaodorataRoxb), Kadut (Shoreacinera CEC Fischer), Uban (Shoreafarinosa CEC Fischer) and Kaban-thangyin (Shoreasericiflora) from Tanintharyi Region. The objective of this study is to study the natural durability of tested species. The laboratory test of the relative decay resistance was carried out using Agar-block test in this research. The resistance on subterranean termites of tested wood samples was conducted using the visual rating and weight losses of tested species after four months exposure in ground. According to the results, it was found that the average weight loss in dry weight percent of Thingan-net is 0.219% and it is Very Durable, and that of Thingan is 2.385% and it is Durable species. That of Kadut, Uban and Kaban-Thangyin are 5.632, 7.224 and 5.986 respectively and they are moderately durable class. Among the tested species, two Hopea species (Hopeahelferi and Hopeaodorata) were found to be comparable with Teak in termite resistance. In the case of Shorea species were found to be slightly attack by Termite. Key words: Natural Durability, Decay Resistance, Termite Resistance, Hopea spp., Shorea spp. Investigation on the Decay and Termite Resistance of Five Wood Species from Tanintharyi Region 1. Introduction Dipterocarpaceae is one of the main timber families in the forests of Southeast Asia that forms a high proportion of the emergent and main canopy strata of the forest (Manokan, 1996). The members of this family, besides playing a vital role as potential timber species that form an important means of economy in the timber market (Appanah, 1998; Poore, 1989) also act as source of other non-timber products for the livelihood of the forest dwellers (Panayota & Ashton, 1992). From the oleoresins of Dipterocarpus alatus and Dipterocarpus grandiflorus, Gurjan oil is produced which is used as medicine to treat various skin ailments and ulcers. The resins also have industrial application as varnish and anti-corrosive coatings. The hard solid resin, commonly called as rock dammar, derived from Hopea species is used for making boats and handicrafts (Shiva&Jantan, 1998). Dipterocarpus includes about 19 genera and 380 species of trees or rarely shrubs and among them 70 species of large trees widely scattered through the Indo-Malayan region. Shorea is a genus of about 196 species of mainly rainforest trees in the family Dipterocarpaceae. Many economically important timber trees belong to the genus, sold under names including "meranti", "lauan", "luan", "lawaan", "seraya", "balau", "bangkirai" and "Philippine mahogany". Dipterocarps are observed mostly on the low altitudinal zones (Whitemore, 1988) and the number of individuals and species decreases with increasing altitude (Devraj, 2001). In Myanmar, there are 24 species under Dipterocarpaceae family (Appandix). Tanintharyi Region in Myanmar is almost covered by tropical rain forest in high elevation mountain sites, but the forest is associated with mixed deciduous and bamboo forest in the lowlands. There are altogether 258 species found in the Flora Survey of TNR of which 5 critically endangered species and 5 endangered species are recorded. List of critically endangered and endangered species are found to be mostly of Dipterocarp species (Hla Maung Thein, 2007). The canopy layer is occupied by evergreen tree species with the height ranging from 40-60 m (including Hopea odorata Roxb.)(GIS section, 2007). Dipterocarp forests in general, and Hopea odorata forests in particular, are now seriously depleted due to heavy exploitation and degradation of habitats by people and concessions. Widespread utilization of wood and ever increasing export markets will eventually call for proper utilization of lesser used timber species. Effective utilization of wood depends on strength, durability, beauty and availability of a species. There have no updated data on durability of some timber species under Dipterocarpaceae family. In the present research, we performed laboratory evaluations of selected five wood species (primarily heartwood, since sapwood rarely resists termite or decay) from Tanintharyi region using standard laboratory method for fungus resistant testing and termite resistant testing. The objectives of this study is • To study the natural durability of five wood species from Tanintharyi Region by evaluation of resistance to decay and termite tests. • From the results obtained, to suggest how these test species could be used for various end uses. 2. Literature Review 2.1.Hopea odorata Roxb. (Thingan) It was distributed from Bangladesh into Indochina and Peninsular Malaysia, (Myanmar), India (Andamans), Indochina, Malaysia (North Peninsula), Thailand, Laos (Khammouan). It is a large tree reaching up to 45 m in height with the base of the trunk reaching a diameter of 4.5 m (including buttresses). It was found often gregariously along river banks, up to 600 m elevation. The sapwood is pale yellow or grayish yellow turning pale brown on exposure, heartwood yellowish-brown to brownish red sometimes with dark streaks, turning purplish on exposure, with lustrous white resin canals at irregular intervals, becoming dull with age. Thewood is very hard and heavy weighing 755-kg/cu m, difficult to saw but finishes well. Durable timber used for shipbuilding and houses. It is chiefly used for boat-building, dug-out canoes and for construction purposes, where durability and strength are of primary importance. It is also used for carts, presses flooring, roofing, piles, fence-posts, ploughs, furniture, etc. It is a first class sleeper wood. 2.2. Hopea helferi Brandis (Thingan net) It is a critically endangered species of plant in the Dipterocarpaceae family. It is found in Cambodia, the Andaman Islands of India, Peninsular Malaysia, Myanmar, and Thailand. Synonyms are Hopea dealbata Hance, Shorea helferi (Dyer) Kurz, Vatica helferi Dyer. Hopea helferi is a medium-sized to large evergreen tree usually growing 20-37 meters tall. 2.3. Shorea cinerea C.E.C.Fisch., (Kadut) It is a evergreen tree of 24-40m height. It is found in Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam. Synonyms are Parashorea stellata Slooten 1927, non Kurz 1870, Shorea stellata (Kurz) Dyer and also called White Seraya. It was distributed in mixed and open degraded forests on poor soil from 300 - 800 m altitude. It is threatened by habitat loss. (Ashton, P. 1998). 2.4. Shorea farinosaC.E.C.Fisch (Uban) Shorea farinosa is a tree in the Dipterocarpaceae family. It grows some 30-45m tall while its trunk may reach 2m in circumference; it occurs in the dense forests of the plains of southern Myanmar, Thailand and Cambodia, while it is cultivated in Vietnam. The wood is in demand for use in construction ( DY PHON Pauline, 2000). It is called as Kyauk –thingan, Thingan –phyu. 2.5. Durability of Timber It is important to note that natural durability refers only to mature outer heartwood. Sapwood of all timbers is considered non durable. The heartwood of all timbers can be classified according to its natural durability (or resistance) against attack by wood destroying organisms such as termites, borers and decay fungi. The resistance is due to the presence of special tannins, oils, resins and extractives in the heartwood that repel or kill insects and decay. It is usual to classify timber into five classes with respect to their natural durability. In the following table, the corresponding life of 2"x2"x2" stakes in average soil was compared with average loss in dry weight percent of wood specimens caused by one of the selected decay fungi in laboratory tests. Table.2.1. Durability Classification of Timber based on Weight Loss Life of Test Stake in the field Average loss in dry Durability Class England Tropics weight (%) Very Durable Over 25 yr.
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