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The Transformation of Agriculture and Rural Life Downstream of Hanoi AGRICULTURAL TRANSFORMATIONS The transformation of agriculture and rural life downstream of Hanoi L M van den Berg, M S van Wijk and Pham Van Hoi Leo van den Berg is a social SUMMARY: This paper discusses the impacts of urbanization and of recent geographer and senior economic reforms on the livelihoods of farmers in Hanoi’s peri-urban areas. scientist at ALTERRA Green World Research at Although the proportion of land used for agriculture is declining, agricultural Wageningen University and production is intensifying – for instance, with pork, vegetables and fish produc- Research Centre. For many tion increasing and rice production decreasing. The paper looks in some detail at years, his field has been the processes at the rural–urban changes in one peri-urban district on Hanoi’s southern outskirts, including the interface, including those in problems that farmers face from losing agricultural land use rights, increased Lusaka (Zambia), Jos seasonal flooding and water contamination by city wastes. Most farmers have (Nigeria), The Netherlands, various other cities in turned to more intensive horticulture and fish farming, in part because these give Europe and now extending much higher returns per hectare and usually (but not always) higher returns per to East Asia. hour. Many farming families have some members working in industry or services. Some have built apartments on their house sites and rent these out or sub-divide Address: ALTERRA, PO Box 47, 6700 AA their residential lot and sell it to urban house seekers. Some farmers leave land Wageningen; e-mail: fallow, waiting for urban development opportunities. Farmers who lose their land [email protected] to the city development agency’s residential or commercial developments get g-ur.nl compensation, which used to be fixed arbitrarily but is now increasingly up for Maarten Siebe van Wijk is a negotiation, and a few are using this compensation to develop farms further from scientist at the Agricultural the city. As in many other cities, the relationship between urban planners, Economics Research consumers, rural communities and horticultural producers is uneasy and gener- Institute (LEI), which is part of the Wageningen ally not constructive. University and Research Centre, where he is coordinating two international research I. URBANIZATION IN VIETNAM AND HANOI projects in China and PROVINCE(1) Vietnam in the field of peri- urban agriculture. These projects focus on the WITH A TOTAL population of more then 77 million, Vietnam is the development of an seventh most populous country in the Asia–Pacific region. In 1990, 20 per economic and cent of the population lived in urban areas, but in the following decade the environmentally annual urban population growth rate was 3.7 per cent, resulting in a rise sustainable horticultural sector in peri-urban areas, in the urban population of six million people, to 24 per cent of the total through partnerships population in 2000.(2) between farmers, Based on the population censuses of 1979, 1989 and 1999, the General researchers and policy makers. Statistical Office has estimated the expected urban and rural population in 2024. The scenario with the lowest growth assumption predicts a total Address: LEI, PO Box 29703, population of over 96 million persons, of which 32 per cent – or 12 million 2502 LS The Hague, the Netherlands; e-mail: people – will be urban. In the high-growth scenario, the urban population (3) [email protected]; increases by 17.5 million, or 36 per cent of the total population. An tel.: +31–(0)70–3358243. important driving force behind the urbanization process has been a re- Environment&Urbanization Vol 15 No 1 April 2003 35 AGRICULTURAL TRANSFORMATIONS Pham Van Hoi is a scientist Table 1: Population trends in Vietnam at Hanoi Agricultural University (HAU). He has a BSc in plant protection and Urban Rural Total an MSc in social development from the Population in 1990 (millions) 12.9 53.1 66.0 Ateneo de Manila University in the Population in 2000*(millions) 18.6 59.0 77.6 Philippines. He is now teaching environmental Population shares in 1990 (%) 19.5 80.5 100.0 science at HAU and is involved in several projects Population shares in 2000 (%) 24.0 76.0 100.0 regarding sustainable peri- urban and rural Annual growth rate 1999–2000 (%) 3.7 1.1 1.6 development in Vietnam. He is also a regular contributor to the Magazine *Data for 2000 are still preliminary for Environment Protection SOURCE: General Statistical Office (2001), Statistical Yearbook, Statistical Publishing House, Hanoi. of the Vietnamese Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment. engagement with the world economy in the late 1980s as a result of reforms to reduce the role of the state and open up the economy to foreign Address: Department of (4) Agro-Ecology Sciences, capital. A very large majority of the economic growth thus generated Hanoi Agricultural concentrates in the urban areas of Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi,(5) and this University, Gialam, Hanoi, explains why an important share of urban growth takes place in these Vietnam; tel: (84–4) 8765607; cities. fax: (84–4) 8766642; e-mail: [email protected] Hanoi is the second largest city in Vietnam, and its capital. It was founded in 1010, in the centre of the fertile Red River delta. Located on a 1. This article is based on bend in the river, it had easy access to transport, naturally irrigated agri- the work of a large team of cultural land and was difficult to attack by enemies. Hanoi developed researchers as part of a recently started project. The slowly over the first 900 years of its history and had only 70,000 people by team includes Tran Duc 1918. Throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Hanoi Vien, Pham Van Hoi, Pham went through difficult times: after French colonial rule came the Japanese Thi Huong, Pham Tien Dung, Le Dao Luan, Dang occupation, followed by war with the USA. Despite these turbulent times, Thi Sy, Tran Huu Cuong its population had grown to 300,000 by 1945 and to about 1 million by and Ngo The An from 1990.(6) Hanoi Agricultural The city administration (People’s Committee) has responsibility over University, and Eefje den Belder and Marleen van den not only the urbanized core of the city but also its surrounding rural Top from Wageningen–UR. hinterland.(7) As shown in Table 2, Hanoi province consists of seven urban More information about the city districts and five rural suburban districts. In this paper, we define the project can be found on the web site: five suburban districts as the peri-urban area, which forms about 91 per www.searusyn.org. Unless cent of the province. otherwise stated, data At 3.1 per cent, the annual growth rate of the population of Hanoi presented are from district province for the period 1990–1999 was much higher than that for the and city statistical offices, from surveys by our (8) whole country. Between 1991 and 1999, the province’s population grew Vietnamese counterparts by 590,700, of which 319,000 were migrants and the rest came from natural and from our joint field population growth. These figures are based on official data and do not visits during the preparation of the project include the many immigrants (both temporary and permanent) who are proposal in the summers of not registered.(9) This urban population growth and the rapid economic 1999 and 2000. growth of the last decade(10) are important driving forces in the changes 2. General Statistical Office that took place in the peri-urban agricultural sector. (2001), Statistical Yearbook, Statistical Publishing House, Hanoi. II. URBAN AND PERI-URBAN AGRICULTURE IN 3. General Statistical Office HANOI PROVINCE (2000), Population Projections: Vietnam, 1999–2024, ONE OF THE important impacts of “doi moi” (see note 4) has been the Statistical Publishing change in the economic structure of Hanoi province, as reflected in the House, Hanoi, page 42. 36 Environment&Urbanization Vol 15 No 1 April 2003 AGRICULTURAL TRANSFORMATIONS Table 2: Administrative districts of Hanoi province Official Area (hectares, Population Population density District Status designation 1998) (1999) (person/km2,1999) Ba Dinh City district Urban 930 200,800 21,591 Cau Giay City district Urban 1,195 127,700 10,686 Dong Da City district Urban 987 332,700 33,708 Hai Ba Trung City district Urban 1,465 355,300 24,253 Hoan Kiem City district Urban 529 171,100 32,344 Tay Ho City district Urban 2,394 92,000 3,843 Thanh Xuan City district Urban 913 151,900 16,637 Total city 8,413 1,431,500 17,015 Dong Anh Suburban district Rural 18,172 258,400 1,422 Gia Lam Suburban district Rural 17,285 337,300 1,951 Soc Son Suburban district Rural 29,521 243,400 824 Thanh Tri Suburban district Rural 9,796 227,800 2,325 Tu Liem Suburban district Rural 7,515 189,700 2,524 Total suburban 82,289 1,256,600 1,527 Hanoi province 90,702 2,688,100 2,964 SOURCE: Calculated from Hanoi Statistical Office (2001), Hanoi Statistical Yearbook. 4. This reform process is shares of the different sectors in the gross domestic product. Since the late referred to by the 1980s, the share of agriculture declined from 10 per cent to about 3.6 per Vietnamese words “doi (11) moi”. cent in 1999, or a value of about US$ 71 million. But, despite this, the sector still plays an important role in land use (management of green open 5. Drakakis-Smith, David space), the supply of food and the provision of income to the poorest part and Chris Dixon (1997), “Sustainable urbanization of the population.
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