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Over-Ocean Raptor Migration in a Monsoon Regime: Spring and Autumn 2007 on Sangihe, North Sulawesi, Indonesia

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Over-Ocean Raptor Migration in a Monsoon Regime: Spring and Autumn 2007 on Sangihe, North Sulawesi, Indonesia FO@9TA"+ -0 %-00(35 '00E'') Over-ocean raptor migration in a monsoon regime: spring and autumn 2007 on Sangihe North Su!a"esi Indonesia FRANCESCO $ERMI, GEORGE !2 ?OUNG, AGUS SALIM, WESLEY ,ANGIMANGEN and MARK SCHELLEKENS Buring spring and autumn -00) we carried out full season raptor migration counts on !angihe "sland, "ndonesia2 "n autumn, -;0,-'* migratory raptors were recorded2 Chinese !parrowhaw6 Accipiter soloensis comprised appro8imately (8C of the flight2 The count results indicate that the largest movements of this species towards the wintering grounds of eastern "ndonesia occur along the East Asian Oceanic Flyway, and not the Continental Flyway as previously thought2 /oth spring and autumn migrations occurred in the face of monsoon headwinds2 The relationship between migrant counts and day to day variation in wind direction in !angihe differed between the two seasons2 &ore migrants were counted during crosswind conditions in spring when their route ta6es them along closely spaced islands than during similar conditions in autumn, when they run the ris6 of being blown off course during longer over water legs2 Bisplacement over the sea by crosswinds coupled with records from other islands point to the e8istence of an additional and heretofore un6nown eastern route, involving longer water crossings, between &indanao and the northern &oluccas via the Talaud "slands2 <e gathered evidence that Chinese !parrowhaw6 behave nomadically during the non breeding season, following local food abundances of seasonal insect outbrea6s induced by rains2 ,redictable landfall time on !angihe suggests that traditional roosts of thousands of migrants occur on small islands along this oceanic route2 Anmonitored land use conversion on these remote islands could result in the loss of vital roosting habitats2 INTRODUCTION The migration of raptors in the East Asian Continental and Oceanic Flyways has been sporadically investigated throughout this vast region, which stretches for more than 80 degrees of latitude from north east !iberia to eastern "ndonesia and #ew $uinea %&cClure '()*, +ane and ,arish '((', Chong -000, .alles and /ildstein -000, Chong and #itani -00', /ildstein and .alles -000, 1iguchi et al2 -00032 From the bre eding areas in the northern third of eastern Asia, the migratory flight splits into two ma4or corridors5 the East Asian Continental Flyway, a (,000 6m long, mostly overland route stretching from !iberia and China to mainland !outh East Asia and the "ndonesian Archipelago7 and the East Asian Oceanic Flyway, a ),000 6m island hopping route e8tending from north eastern !iberia, eastern China, 9orea and :apan to Taiwan, the ,hilippines and "ndonesia, involving water crossings of up to ;00 6m %Fig2 '32 <ith hundreds of thousands of raptors migrating along this route, the latter is the world=s ma4or oceanic raptor migration system2 1owever, despite a recent increase of regular watch sites across the region, substantial gaps remain in our 6nowledge of the spatial and temporal migration routes, the numbers of migrants on passage and their ecology in the largely undefined wintering grounds2 To date, the migration of raptors in the East Asian Flyways remains the least understood in the world %Ferguson +ees and Christie -00', /ildstein -00>32 Taiwan is the only country in the Oceanic Flyway where a long term monitoring programme has been implemented, providing a highly detailed account of raptor migration through the island and useful information to predict movements towards lesser studied neighbouring countries %+in and !everinghaus '((8, Chen C2!2C2 -000, -00>, -00), Chen C2!2C2 and !un -00), Chen ?2:2 -00>, #igure $2 &ap of the East Asian Oceanic and Continental Flyways2 Cheng et al2 -00>, !un -00>, @aptor @esearch $roup of /lac6 arrows show the autumn migration paths2 The study sites of Taiwan -00832 Other studies along the Oceanic Flyway !angihe and /ali are enclosed in sDuares2 '0> F@A#CE!CO $E@&" et al2 For6tail -0 %-00(3 have been carried out in :apan %/raFil and 1anawa '((', 9ugai '((>, #itani -000, in litt. -00), !hiu et al2 -00>3, whilst until now no structured counts have been underta6en in the ,hilippines2 "n "ndonesia, where nearly all Chinese !parrowhaw6s Accipiter soloensis overwinter, raptor migration studies remain very much in their infancy, and the few wor6s of relevance were all conducted along the Continental Flyway2 After Ash=s discovery of a migration route over /ali in '(8- %Ash '(8*3, two studies were carried out as partial season counts %Ash '((;, #i4man -00*3, but they provided only an incomplete and in instances erroneous account of the autumn passage over Bali and Java (Nijman et al2 -00>32 !ubseDuently, several counts were carried out across the country by a networ6 of "ndonesian #$Os, birdwatching clubs and local universities during the -00'E -00* period %!u6mantoro et al2 -00032 A more concerted and intensive research initiative was underta6en in /ali in -00*E-000, where more than (0,000 raptors were observed on migration in autumn -000, yielding a previously unrecognised dimension of raptor movements throughout "ndonesia %$ermi -000, $ermi and <aluyo -00>32 /ased on these findings, we hypothesised that other ma4or corridors within the archipelago might have been overloo6ed, in particular from the Oceanic Flyway2 An e8amination of autumn migration count results from established watch sites in :apan and Taiwan suggested that the large numbers of southbound raptors were li6ely to winter not only in the ,hilippines, but also in eastern "ndonesia and possibly #ew $uinea2 The geography of the Oceanic Flyway indicates two li6ely entry corridors to "ndonesia5 %a3 from the ,hilippines into /orneo via ,alawan %!impson '(8;, Ellis et al2 '((0, Bavison '((), #igure 22 &ap of !angihe "sland2 <hite and blac6 arrows show, +im et al2 -00-3, and %b3 the volcanic arc of islands between respectively for spring and autumn -00), main paths and sightings of &indanao %,hilippines3 and !ulawesi %"ndonesia3, the large floc6s on migration2 The watch sites used are numbered 'E)5 %'3 so called !angihe and Talaud Archipelago2 The few ,usunge7 %-3 +enganeng7 %;3 /owong /aru7 %*3 #aha7 %03 Bagho7 %>3 published records of migrating raptors from !angihe 9ale6ube7 %)3 /ulong2 Talaud and #orth !ulawesi %&eyer and <iglesworth '8(8, <hite '()>, <hite and /ruce '(8>, @oFendaal main crop trees %@iley -00-, <hitten et al2 -00-32 The and Be66er '(8(, @iley '((), 1ornbuc6le -00'3 average temperature is ->E-8GC with little seasonal supported our hypothesis and suggested that a significant variation7 the average rainfall is J;,000 mm per year, but still unDuantified migration occurred along this with a distinct wet season from #ovember to &arch %/,! corridor, hence prompting the underta6ing of this study2 -00>32 Surve( techni)ues METHODS Of the chain of islands forming the suspected migration corridor between &indanao and !ulawesi, we chose Stud( area !angihe because of previous records of migrants and the !angihe island %0;G;0�# '-0G;-�E3 is part of the !angihe logistical facilities available2 <e e8trapolated the passage and Talaud Archipelago, an arc of volcanic islands that periods in reviewing the scant published records from rises from a narrow submarine ridge e8tending from peer reviewed literature and birdwatching trip reports5 !ulawesi to the ,hilippine island of &indanao2 This all records of migrants from !angihe and ad4acent areas Hstepping stone= route involves water crossing distances within "ndonesia, and count results from established of between ; and '(0 6m2 !angihe is *8 6m long and >E regular watch sites in southern Taiwan, were collated in '( 6m wide, with a surface area of );) 6mI and a rugged order to predict the more li6ely passage dates on the island2 topography %/,! -00>32 The north is dominated by &t <e assumed that casual records of large migrating floc6s, Awu %',;*0 m3, an active volcano, and in the south by the all from non migration related studies, possibly reflected e8tinct volcanic caldera of &t !ahendaruman %',0;' m7 periods of pea6 passage2 "nterviews with local villagers Fig2 -32 +ittle natural forest habitat is left, restricted to the also provided a clue to the migration periods2 /efore higher altitudes of the mountainous areas2 &ost of the fieldwor6 started, one of us %F$3 visited the s6in collections island has been converted to a mosaic of plantations, at Tring &useum, A9, to study the age related plumages shifting gardens and secondary forest2 The vegetation is of Chinese !parrowhaw6 and :apanese !parrowhaw6 dominated by coconut Cocos nucifera plantations in the Accipiter gularis for field identification purposes2 east and north, whilst in more mountainous areas nutmeg &igration counts on !angihe were conducted during Myristica fragrans and clove Eugenia aromatica are the ' &archE'> April -00) %spring migration3 and -0 For6tail -0 %-00(3 !pring and autumn -00) raptor migration on !angihe, "ndonesia '0) !eptemberE;0 #ovember -00) %autumn migration32 "n temperature, rainfall and barometric pressure throughout order to investigate wintering presences, additional the study periods2 1owever, because the island weather fieldwor6 was carried out between ' Becember -00) and observations include the effects of island induced ' &arch -0082 $eneral survey techniDues and migration circulations that do not e8tend to the over ocean migration count protocols adopted the guidelines summarised by areas, regional weather analyses also were performed2 /ildstein and .alles %'((03 and /ird and /ildstein %-00)32 <eather
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