Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 50(4), 1996, 309- 320

NEW SPECIES OF ACTINOTE HOBNER (: ACRAEINAE) FROM SOUTHEASTERN BRAZIL

CARLA M, PENZl Department of Zoology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA

AND

RONALDa B. FHANCINI Museu d e Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo, c.P. 7172 Sao Paulo, SP 01064-970, Brasil

ABSTRACT. Three new species of Actinote (Acraeinae) from southeastern and south­ ern Brazil are described: Actinote dalmeidai, A. catarina and A. bonita, Diagnoses and illustrations are provided for the new species and for the previously described A. alalia , A. conspicua, A. 8urima, and A. quadra,

Additional key words. Actinote dalmeidai, A. catarina, A. honda, mimicry,

Butte rflies of the genus Actinote Hubner (Acraeinae) are well known for their involve ment in Mulle rian mimicry complexes (Brown & Ben­ son 1974, Francini 1989, Brown & Francini 1990) and for their intra­ specific variation in wing coloration and pattern. These two features ac­ count for the large number of varieties, subspecies, and species that have been described since the beginning of this century. The species de scribed herein belong to the "orangish re d mimicry complex" of Francini (1989) and the "alalia mimicry complex" of Brown and Francini (1990), both of which include the deep orange colored Actinote alalia (Felder), A. conspicua (Jordan), and A. surima Schaus. Species in this mimicry complex are generally univoltine, the adults fly­ ing during the wet season. They are restricted to forested areas in which the humidity is high all year long. In latitudes south of 23°S, they are found only at elevations above 1000 m. Species in this mimicry complex are characterized by a dark orange and brown striped pattern, and a hindwing upper surface with a dark brown margin from the costal to the anal area, the width of which is di­ agnostic for the species. The pattern observed in the under surface of the hindwing, although variable, is one of the most useful diagnostic features for the species. Herein we present descriptions of three new cryptic species of Actinote in the "orangish red" complex, commonly misidentified as Actinote alalia (Felder). Diagnoses, illustrations of male and fe male genitalia, synonymies, and observations on the natural his­ tory of previously described orange-colored species of Actinote also are provided.

I Current address: Department of Biology, University of Oregon. Ellgene, Oregon H7403, USA 310 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS' SOCIETY

MATERIALS AND ME1'IJODS

The specimens studied are deposited in the following institutions: De­ partment of Zoology, Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba PR Bra­ zil (DZ); Museu Anchieta, Porto Alegre RS Brazil (MAPA). Adults and immatures from two private collections also were studied: Olaf H. H. Mielke (OM, at Universidade Federal do Parana), and R. B. Francini (RBF, now incorporated into the collection of Museu de Zoologia USP). Dissections were performed after treatment with 10% KOB. Dissected parts were kept in a solution of glycerin and 70% ethanol, and are de­ posited in the collections along with adult specimens. The presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids and cyanogenic glycosides was detected using the techniques described in Francini (1989) and Brown and Francini (I 990). Actinole dalmeidai Francini, new species (Figs. la, 2a-d, 3a) Actillotc alalia D'Almeida 193.5a:71, 9:3; Bro",,) 1987:41; Bro"", 1988:36; Francini 1989:41. Actinote sp. close to alalia, Brown 1992:158. Diagnosis. Actinote dalmeidai can be distinguis]wd frOIn otber species by the follow­ ing features: forewing upper surface orange stripe number 1 and spot number 2 rarely filsed. Hindwing under surface whitish yellow, normally ,,~th a dark brownish orange area present distal to V-shaped mark, variable in size. In males, last tergurn of abdomen ShOli, truncate. Valvae relatively thin and bowed, apex rounded. Of all orange species present ill Soutbeastern Brazil, the wing pattern of A. dalmedai is most similar to that of A. alalia. Description. Male (Fig. la): f()[ewing length 23 to 34 mm; holotype 29 mm. Forewing upper surface with orange stripes and spots normally clearly separated by brown scales, orange stripe number 1 and spot Dumber 2 rarely fused. Hindwing upper surface with s"me color pattern as foreWing, with variable V-shaped mark. IIindwing under surbee whitish yellow, somewhat "smoky;" a brownish orange area (darker than upper surface) normally present distal to V-shaped mark, more faint towards margin, from nearly absent to almost covering entire under surbce of the wing, both distal and caudal of the V-shaped mark; dark margin extended from costal to anal areas visible on under surface. In males, last tergum of abdomen short, truncate. Male genitalia (Fig. 2a-d): valvae relatively thin and bowed, apex rounded. Shape of tbe uncus+tegumen, juxta and aedeagus vmiabJe. Fe­ nUlle: as described for male, but upper and under surfaces of the wings palcr. Fellwle gen­ italia: sterigma small, sculptured (Fig. 3a). Distribution. Southeastern Brazilian highlands, known from the states of Rio de Janeiro, Minas Cerais, Sao Paulo, Parana; few specimens known from thc states of Santa Catmina and Rio Grande do SuI. Types. Holotype male: BRAZIL: Parana, Sao Jose dos Pinhais. 850m, 26Xl.1978 (0. H. Mielke) (DZ 3734). Paratypes: BRAZIL: 100 Rio de Janeiro, MalHi, Itatiaia 1200m XII.1957 (DZ 3126, 3717-21, 3743-44, 3754, 3758); 20 Rio de Janeiro, Resende, itatiaia, 1200m, 10.1.1973 (DZ 3712-13); 10 Rio de Janeiro Itatiaia, Nordostseite, 1:300m, Xn.19.57 (DZ 3722); 2el Rio de Janeiro, !tatiaia, Sudseite, 1100m, 4XU. 1963 (DZ 3715-16); lel Rio de Janeiro, Itatiaia, Siidseite, 800m, 12.I.1969 (DZ 3714); 10 Minas Gerais, Juiz de Fora, 500-800m, 17XI.19S:3 (DZ 3476); 10 Minas Gerais, Po<;,os de Caldas, 12.50m, 24.12.1966 (DZ 3723); lel Sao Paulo, Eug. Lefevre, Campos do Jordao, 1200m, 2xn.19:37 (DZ 3710); 10 Sao Paulo, Eng. Lefevre, Campos do Jordao, 1200m, 17.Xll.1952 (DZ 37.1 I); Ie) Sao Paulo, Eug. Let'(,vre, Campos do Jordao, 1200m, 8XIl.1957 (DZ 3733); lcl Sao Paulo, 130- racea, Sales6polis, 13XIL1941 (DZ 3724); 9(\ Parana, Cmitiba, lOXU.1969 (DZ 3124. 314.5,3140,3117,3748-.52), 2c5 Parana, Curitiba, 1:3Xn.1968 (DZ .37.5:3,37.56); lcl Parana, Curitiba, 20.n1.1988 (DZ 3742); 10 Parana, Piraquara, 13XU.1969 (DZ ,3747); ld Pm'ana, VOLUME50,NuMBER4 311

a

b

c

Fie. 1. Upper and under surfaces (left and right respectively) of three new species of Actinote. (a) A dalmeidai Francini, new species. Ilolotype 6 DZ 3734, forewing length 29 mrn. See text for explanation on stlipe TlllmUer 1 and spot numuer 2; (b) A catarina PeTlz, new species. Holotype 6 DZ 3139, forewing length 30 rnm; (c) A bonita Penz, new spe­ cies. Holotype (\ DZ :37fll, forewing length 27 mm. Scale bar: lOrnrn. 312 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS' SOCIETY

d ~_

e

h VOLUME 50, NUMBER 4 313

a ...... •...... : ...... r'::"

c

e FIG. 3. Female genitalia of three new species of ActirlOte; the line to the left of the fig­ ure schematically represents the cross section. Actinote dalrneidai Francini, new species. Female genitalia RBF collection: (a) sterigma. Actinote catarina Penz, new species. Fe­ male genitalia MAPA collection: (b) sterigma; (c) sphragis. Actinote honita Penz, new spe­ cies. Female genitalia DZ collection: (d) sterigma; (e) sphragis. Scale bar: 1 mm.

FIG. 2. Male genitalia of three new species of Actinote. Actinote dalrneidai Francini, new species. Male genitalia DZ 3126: (a) dorsal view, (b) lateral view, (c) ventral view; RBF L659#52: (d) 8th sternum. Actinote catarina Penz, ncw species. Male genitalia MAPA 6011: (e) dorsal view, (f) lateral view, (g) ventral view; DZ 3150: (h) 8th sternum. Actirwte honita Penz, new species. Male genitalia DZ 3118: (i) dorsal view, (j) lateral view, (k) ventral view, (I) 8th sternum. Scale bar: 1 mm. 314 JOUHNAL OF THE LEPlDOPTER1STS' SOCIETY

Sao Jose dm Pinhais, 8,SOm , 14.XIl.1966 (DZ :3746); ld Param\, Sao Jose dos Pinhais, 850m, 17.xI1.l966 (DZ :3745); 1:3(\ Parana, Sao Jose dos Pinhais, 850m, 26.xn.1978 (DZ :3141-42,3149,3159,3313, :37:30-32, :3735, :3741, :3755, :3757); 1,5(~ Parana, Sao Jose dos Pinhais, 8,50m, 15.xn.1979 (DZ :3114, :314:3-44, :3146, :31,54-55, :343:3 , :3475, 3728-28, 3736-40); ld Parana no date (DZ 37(9); 30 Santa Catarina, Sao Bento do SuI, S50m, 2.x1I.1969 (DZ :3122,3725,3727; I d Santa Catalina, Sao Bento do Sui, 850m, 3.xn.1969 (DZ 3726); I d Rio Grande do SuI, Cambara do SuI, ltailllbezinho, 2.1.1981 (DZ 3113). Holotype and paratypes at the Department of Zoology, Universidade Federal do Parana, Brazil (DZ) Etymology. The species is named after Homualdo Ferreira D'Almeida (1891- 1969). We acknowledge the work of this passionate lepidopterist, who took the first steps toward the better understanding of the of Actinote in Brazil. Biology. HOSTPLA NTS: Eupatorium punctu/atllm, Eup(Jtoriu1/! sp. (RB.F. pel's. obs.). IMMATURES: eggs of A daimeiriai are barrel-shaped, yellow when freshly laid, pale salmon when mature; micropyle depression present; depos.ited in dense clusters of 200--300, packed together very elosely. Mature larva with background coloration bluish green; head green; scoli short. Pupa white with black markings, ,5 pairs of dorsal spines. TOXICITY: pyrrolizidine alkaloids were de tected in the adults; strong cyanogenesis is pre­ sent in all stages (Brown & Francini 1990). MIM ICRY: Actil10te dalmeidai was included in the "orangish red mirnicIY complex" of Francini (1989) and "alalia mimiclY complex" of Brown and Francini ( 1990).

Actinote catarina Penz, new species (Figs. 1b, 2e-h, 3b-c) Diagnosis. Actinote catarina can be distinguished from other species by the f()llowing features: foreWing orange stripe number] and spot number 2 frequently fused; other spots also commonly fused. Hindwing under surface colored area gene rally same orange shade as upper surface background, distal to the V-shaped mark variable from absent or pale to large and bright covering more than half of the unde r surface. In males, last ter­ gum of the abdomen long, pOinted. Valvae re latively broad, apex pOinted. As cmpard to the otber orange species present in Southeastern Brazil, the wing pattern of A. catarina can be considered inte rmediate between those of A. conspicua and A. alalia. Description. Male (Fig. 1 b): foreWing length 27 to 31 mm; holotype 30 rnm. Forewing upper surface with well developed orange shipes and spots, orange stripe number 1 and spot number 2 fre quently fused; other spots also commonly fused. Hindwing upper sur­ face with same color pattern as forewing, with variable V-shaped mark. Hindwing under surface whitish yellow; orange colored area (generally same color as uppe r surface) located distal to the V-shaped mark varies Ii'om absent or pale to large and bright covering more than half of tbe under surface; dark margin extended from costal to anal areas visible on under surface. In males, last tergum of abdomen long, pOinted. Male genitalia (Fig. 2e-h): valvae reasonably broad, apex pOinted. Shape of Imclls+tegumen, juxta and aedeagus vari­ able. Female: as described f(n- male, but upper and under surfaces of wings paler; forewing discal cell and anal region moderately transparent. Female genitalia (Figs. 3b- c): sterigma broad; sphragis broad and hOrizontally attached to the abdomen. Distribution. Southern Brazilian highlands, known from the states of Parana, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do SuI. Types. Holotype male: BRAZIL: Santa Catarina, Santa Cecilia, IOOOm, 22.11.1973 (0. H.Mielke) (DZ 3139). Paratypes: BRAZIL: I d Paran{" Sao Jose dos Pinhais (DZ 3707); ld Santa Catarina, Curitibanos, 1050m, 24.II,1973 (DZ 3470); l d Santa Catarina, Praia Grande Faxinal, 1. I. 1984 (MAPA 6828); Id Santa Catarina, Lages, EN. Pedras Brancas, 920m, 13.II.1973 (DZ 37(6); I d Santa Catarina, Rio das Antas, Il.19.S3 (DZ 3705); 2d Santa Catarina, Santa Cecilia, 1200m, 22.II,1973 (DZ :3150, 37(4); ]d Rio Grande do Sui, Aparados da Serra, I.19S5 (MAPA 6829); Id Rio Grande do Sui, Panambi IV1973 (DZ :3151 ); l ei Rio Grande do SuI, Rio Guarita XII. 1962 (DZ 370,3); 19 Rio Grande do SuI, Sao Francisco de Paula, Itaimbezinho 25.1.1959 (MAPA 6615); 19 Rio Grande do Sill, Sao Francisco de Pallia 23,1.19,59 (MAPA (612); 29 Rio Grande do Sui, Sao Francisco de VOLU ME .50, NUMBER 4 315

Paula, RS no date (DZ .3702. :3708). Holotype and paratypes at the Department of Zool­ ogy. Universidade Federal do Paran,;. Brazil (DZ). paratypes at Museu Anchieta, POIto Alegre. Brazil (MAPA). Etymology. The species is named after Santa Catarina state; A. catarina is restricted in rangc to southe rn states in Brazil. Biology. HOSTPLANTS: unknown. IMMATURES: unknown. TOXICITY unknown. MIMICRY Actinote catarina species fits the attributes of the "orangish red mimicry com .. plex" of Francini (HJ89) and "alalia mimiclY complex" of Brown and Francini (1990). and should be considered part of this complex he reafter.

Actinote bonita Penz, new species (Figs. Ie, 2i-l, 3d-e) Diagnosis. Actinote bonita can be distinguished from other species by the following features: orange stripes and spots never fused on forewing upper surface. Hindwing under surface whitish yellow, pale and homogeneous, lacking dark brown marginal sbading. In males, last te rgum medium sized. Valvae wide at base. thin from middle portion to apex. Of all orange species prescnt in Southeastern Brazil, the wing pattern of A honita is most similar to tbat of A quadra. Description. Male (Fig. Ie): forewing length 2.5 to 27 mm; holotype 27 mm. Forewing upper surface with orange stripes and spots widely separated by brown scales. Hindwing upper surface with same color patte rn as forewing. with thin V-shaped mark; dark margin extended from costal to anal areas slightly diffilse. Hindwing under surifLCe whitish yellow, pale and homogeneous; dark brown margin abse nt, dark-colored scales restricted to win'g veins. Last tergum medium sized. Male genitalia (Fig. 2;-1): valvae wide at base, thin from middle pOltion to apex. Aedeagus thin. Shape of the Ul1cus+tegllmen, juxta and aedeagus variable. Female: as dcscribe cl for male , but upper and uncleI' surfaces of wings paler. Female genitalia (Fig. 3d-e): sterigma longer than broad, mildly sculptured; sphragis delicate. Distribution. Southeastern Brazilian highlands, knovv'll from the states of Minas Gerais and Sao Pallio. Types. Holotype IIlale: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais, Monteverde, Camanducaia, 16.50m, 23.xU.l868 (DZ .37(1 ). Paratypes: BRAZIL: 36 Minas Gerais, Monteverde, CamaTlducaia, 16.50m 2.3.Xll.1868 (DZ 311 S, 37.59- 60). lIolotype and paratypes at the Universidade Fede ral do Parana (DZ). Etymology. The species is named after "Bonita," a song by Tom Jobim. Biology. HOSTPLANTS: EupatoriuTIl inuiaefoliuTIl (R.B.F. p e rs.obs.). IMMATURES: eggs of Actinote honita are barrel-shaped, yellow whe n freshly laid, hlint salmon when ma­ ture; micropyle depression absent; deposited in clusters of 200- 400, density of cluster in­ termediate between A. dalmeidai and A. conspicua. Mature larva with background col­ oration bluish black; head black; thoracic segments completely black laterally and ventrally; scoli short. Pupa white with black markings . .5 pairs of dorsal spines. TOXICITY: cyanogenesis was detected in all stagee, (H.B.F. pers.obs.).

OTHER ()HANGE-COLORED SPECIES OF ACTlNOTE Actinote alalia (Felder) (Fig. 4a--c) aLaLia Felder 1860:10.5; Kirby 1871- 77:136; Jones 1883:.36; Jones 1883:8; Fritz MUller 1883:216; Mabille 1896:64. Acraea eulalia Fritz M iiller 1878:296. Actinote alalia s. alaLia Eltringham and Jordan 1913:10; Jordan 1913b:374. Actirwte alalia Jordan and Eltringham 1916:19; D'Almeida 193.5a:93; Ebert 1969:3.5; Lewis 197.5:43, 227; Smart 1976:26.5; D'Abre ra 1987:44.5; Ackery 1988:136; Francini 1892:16 fig.6-14 [ALAJ. Acmea (Actinate) alalia Pierre 1987:22. 316 JOURNAL OF THE LEPJDOPTEHISTS' SOCIETY

~'- n _

L VOLUME 50, NUMBER 4 317

Diagnosis. Intermediate in size, males 28 to 31 mm (DZ collection). Hindwing under surf~lce greyish yellow; deep orange or, less frequently, brownish orange colored area dis­ tal to the V-shaped mark, variable in size. Male genitalia (Fig. 4a-c): valvae neither broad nor thin, apex round. Biology. HOSTPLANTS: Eupatorium intermedium and EupatOrium sp. aff. E. inter­ medium (R.E.F. pers. obs.). IMMATURES: eggs of Actinote alalia are barrel-shaped, yel­ low when freshly laid, burgundy when mature; micropile depression absent; deposited in clusters of 200-400, cluster density similar to A. bonita clusters. Mature larva with back­ ground coloration pinkish brown, head black; scoli very short. Pupa dark orange with black markings, 5 pairs of dorsal spines. TOXICITY: pyrrolizidine alkaloids were detected in the adults; strong cyanogenesis in all stages (I3rown and Francini 1990). MIMICRY: this spe­ cies is included in the "alalia complex" of Brown and Francini (1990). Actinote conspicua (Jordan) (Fig. 4d-i) Actinote alalia conspicua Jordan 191.3a:32; Jordan 1913b:374 pI. 82e; Eltringham and Jor­ dan 1913:10: Jordan and Eltringham 1916:18; Brown and Mielke 1968:151; D'Abrera 1987:445. Actinote conspicua Ebert 1969:35; Francini 1992:16 fig.6-14 [CON]. Diagnosis. Generally large, males 24 to 38 mm (DZ collection). Orange spots and stripes on upper surface orhoth wings deep colored. Hindwing under surface deep orange (but one specimen found (DZ) with the underside of the hindwing yellOWish colored, maybe still teneral when collected). Hindwing dark brown margin markedly broad, both on upper and under surfaces. Male genitalia (Fig. 4d- g): valvae long and thin, howed dorsoventrally. This species has the deepest coloration among members of its mimicry com­ plex. F emales larger than males, only slightly paler than males. Ferrwle genitalia (Fig. 4h-i). Biology. HOSTPLANTS: Mikania hirsutissirrw (R.B.F. pers.obs.). IMMATUHES: presently under study by H.B.F. TOXICITY: cyanogenesis was detected in eggs and first instar larvae (H.B.F. pers.obs.). MIMCHY: this species was included in the "orangish red mimicry complex" of Francini (1989) and "alalia mimicry complex" of Brown and Francini (1990). Actinote surima Schaus (Fig. 4j-o) Actirwte surima Schaus 1902:392; Jordan 1913b:374 pI. 82 f,g; Eltringham and Jordan 1913:13; Jordan and Eltringham 1916:19 Figs. 8, 9; Hayward Hl3l:29,139 pI. 8; Monte 1934:199; Hayward 1935:97; l)' Almeida 1935a:94; D'Almeida 1935b:488; Schweizer and Webster-Kay 1941:14; Biezanko and Pitton 1941:9; Hayward 1950:209; Biezanko, Huflnelli and Carbonell 1957:127; Brown and Mielke 1967:151; D'Araujo e Silva et al. 1968:340; Ebert 1969:35; Brown and Benson 1974:218 pI. 5 fig.]; Smart 1976:191, 265 pI. 5 fig.l; Brown 1984:158; Almeida, Souza and Marques 1986:33; D'Abrera 1987:445; Francini 1989:44 and several other pages, several figs; Brown 1988:36; Francini HJ92:26 flg.6-14 [SUR].

Flc. 4. Male and female genitalia of orange-colored species of Actinote. AGtinote alalia (Felder). Male genitalia DZ 2974: (a) dorsal view, (b) lateral view, (c) ventral view. Actinote conspicua (Jordan). Male genitalia DZ :31.30: (d) dorsal view, (e) lateral view, (f) ventral view, (g) 8th sternum. Female genitalia DZ collection: (h) sterigma, (i) sphragis. Actinote sl1rima Schaus. Male genitalia MAPA 6687: (j) dorsal vicw, (k) lateral view, (I) ventral view; HBF L643#1l: (m) 8th sternum. Female genitalia HBF L643FlO069#25: (n) sterigma; MAPA 6700: (0) sphragis. Actinote qlladra Schaus. Male genitalia DZ 2970: (p) dorsal view, (q) late ral vi ew, (r) ventral view. Female genitalia OM 6655, drawn from pinned specimen (s) ste rigma. Scale bar: 1 mm. 318 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS' SOCIETY

Actinote Sllrima forma pllnctata Hayward 19:15:97 pI, 11 fi g. 61: Hayward 1950:209. Acmea (Actinote) surima Pi erre 1987:22. Diagnosis. Small, male and fe male specimens 20 to 30 mm (RBF and MAPA collec­ tions). Orange color slightly lighter than in other species of same mimicry complex. Hind­ wing under surface yellowish, with same pattern as uppe r surface; V-shaped mark always well developed in both uppe r and under surfaces. Male genitalia (Fig. 4j- m ): valvae broad and short, pointed apex. Fenwle genitalia (Fig. 4n-o). Biology. HOSTPLANTS: Eupaturium intermedillm, Senecio hrasiliensis (Francini 1989; Brown & Francini 1990); Mikania hirslltissima, Symphiopappus reticulatus (Francini 1989); Eupatorium huniifoliltm (Biezanko et aL 1974); S'lmphiopapptls casaret­ toi (C.M.P. pers.obs.). Bi ezanko et aL (1974) also list Arnaranthus hyhridus as a host plant for this species; because Actinote larvae bll from the host whe n disturbed and frequently wander off the plant for pupation, we regard this record to he inaccurate . IMMATURES: eggs of Actinote s"rima are barrel-shaped, yellow when h'eshly laid, burgundy when ma­ ture ; micropyle depression abse nt; depOSited in clusters of 200-400, of denSity similar to A. honita and A. alalia cluste rs. Mature larva polymorphic: backgrountl coloration varies from yellOwish pink to bluish black, head black; scoli short. Pupa white with black mark­ ings, 5 pairs of dorsal spines. TOXICITY: pyrro\izidine alkaloids were de tectcd in all stages; strong cyanogenesis was de tected in all stages (Brown and Francini 1990). MIM­ ICRY: this species was included in the "orangish red mimicry complex" of Francini (1989) and "alalia mimicry complex" of Brown and Francini (1990). Actinote quadra Schaus (Fig. 4 p-s) Acmea quadra Scbaus 1902:392; Actinote quadm Jordan 1913b::373; Jordan and Eltringham 1913:13; Jordan and Eltring­ ham 1916:18; Lewis 1975:227; Smart 1976:265; D'Abrera 1987:44.5; Brown 1987:41; Brown 19RR:30; Francini 1989:41 and several other pages; Franeini 1992:2,5 Fig. 6-14 [QUA]. Acm ea (Actinote) ql1arlra Pierre 19R7:22. Diagnosis. Hindwing under surface whitish yellow, pale and homoge neous, lacking dark brown marginal shading; dark-colored scales restricted to wing veins. Forewing elon­ gated at the tip, with a line of dark scales parallel to its whole basal area, resembling a wing vein. Male genitalia (Fig. 4 p-r): with extre mely bowed valvae, unique aillong southeast­ e rn Brazil Actinote species. Fellwle genitalia (Fig. 4 s). Biology. HOSTPLANTS: unknown. IMMATURES: unknown. TOXICITY: unknown. MIMICRY: altbough preserved specimens of A. qlladra suggest that this species is a mem­ ber of the orangish red mimicry complex, whe n observed in flight (R.B. F. pe rs.obs.) it ap­ pears that this species belongs to a distinct mimicry complex that is the subject of a future study.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank P. R. AckelY for kindly doing a blind comparison of some of our specimens with the type material of Actinote a/alia de pOSited at BMNH, and for sending C. M. P slides of the type material; R. B. Hobbins for sending C. M . P slides of the type material deposited at USNM; O. H. Mielke and M. Casagrande ( DZ), M. F'. do Val and U. R. Mar­ tins (MZUSP), and F. R. eyer (MAPA ) for providing easy access to the coll ections under their responsibility; A. V. L. de Freitas and A. S. Gon<;,alves for field assistance to R. B. F; K. S. Brown, P. J. DeVries, and R. B. Slygley for comments on the manusclipt. A CNPq fellowship to C. M. P and FAPESP fellowship to R. B. F. made this study pOSSible.

LITERATURE CITED ACKEIW, P. R. 1988. Hostplants and c:lassification: a review of nymphalid butte rflics. BioI. J. Linn. Soc. 33:9,5-203. VOLUME 50, NUMBER 4 319

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Received for publication 25 September 1993; revised and accepted 17 Octoher 1995.