Encyclopedia of Colloid and Interface Science

Encyclopedia of Colloid and Interface Science Tharwat Tadros Editor Encyclopedia of Colloid and Interface Science With 1094 Figures and 81 Tables Editor Tharwat Tadros Wokingham, Berkshire, UK ISBN 978-3-642-20664-1 ISBN 978-3-642-20665-8 (eBook) ISBN 978-3-642-20666-5 (print and electronic bundle) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-20665-8 Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2013940420 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer ScienceþBusiness Media (www.springer.com) Preface Colloid and interface science is one of the fastest growing fields of research and application. This can be evinced from the increase in the number of scientific papers published in the past two decades. In addition, several scientific journals are dedicated for this area of research and application, which includes Langmuir, J. Colloid and Interface Science, Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, Colloids and Surfaces, and Colloid and Poly- mer Science. Colloid and interface science has no boundaries since it is applied in many physical phenomena such as the formation of disperse systems, their stabilization, and their application in almost every chemical industry. In recent years, the emergence of nanotechnology opened an area of research that applies the basic principles of colloid and interface science. Nanoparticles have potential application in drug delivery and drug targeting, and this is being pursued by several pharmaceutical industries. These nanodispersions find application in the cosmetic and electronic industries. There is also growing interest in self-assembly systems that are produced by surfactants and polymers, which can be used as templates for the preparation of new materials. This Encyclopedia has been prepared to cover most of the areas included in colloid and interface science. A systematic approach for covering this vast area is to list the various topics in alphabetical order whereby expert scientists could write comprehensive entries on the topic of their interest. The various terms that describe each of the colloid and interface science phenomena are briefly defined so that the reader can easily identify his/her field of study. This Encyclopedia also provides the fundamental and applied aspects of colloid and interface science. Such information is essential for understanding the complex physical phenomena in each field of research. The experimental techniques that can be applied for such investigations are also described in some of the entries. I am very grateful to the scientists for their contributions to this Encyclo- pedia. Their excellent contributions will provide the reader with a clear insight on the phenomena involved and its possible application. This Ency- clopedia will be extremely valuable for graduate students, researchers in academia as well as in industry who are involved in this research area. It would also be very helpful for researchers who begin to enter this field of research. v vi Preface I am indebted to the Editorial staff at Springer, in particular Barbara Wolf and Saskia Ellis, whose input has been instrumental in producing this Encyclopedia. March 2013 Tharwat Tadros Editor-in-Chief Editor-in-Chief Tharwat F. Tadros obtained his Ph.D. in 1962 at Alexandria University, after which he was appointed as a lecturer in physical chemistry at the same university. Between 1966 and 1969, he spent a sabbatical leave in the Netherlands to continue his research in colloid and interface science. Between 1969 and 1994, he worked at I.C.I. and ZENECA to lead a group of fundamental research in colloid and interface science. He reached the highest scientific appointment of senior research associate. In the mean time, he was appointed visiting professor at Imperial College (London), Bristol, and Reading Universities. In these 25 years, he carried out research in various fields of surfactants, polymer adsorption and stability, emulsions, microemulsions, concentrated dispersions, and rheology. He supervised many Ph.D. students and postdoctoral research fellows. In 1992, he was elected President of the International Association of Colloid Scientists (IACIS). Tharwat Tadros is the author, or a coauthor, of around 290 published papers. He has edited nine books, and authored six other books: Surfactants in Agrochemicals (1994), Applied Surfactants (2005), Colloids in Agrochemi- cals, Colloids in Paints, Rheology of Dispersions (2010), and Dispersion of Powders in Liquids and Stabilization of Suspensions (2012). He was the editor of two series published by Wiley-VCH: Colloid and Interface Science Series (6 volumes, published in 2006–2010) and Topics in Colloid and Interface Science (3 volumes, 2008–2013), as well as of the book Self- Organized Surfactant Structures (2011). He has been editor in chief for Colloid and Surfaces A and Advances in Colloid and Interface Science vii viii Editor-in-Chief (both published by Elsevier). Since leaving ZENECA, Tharwat Tadros worked as a consultant for various industries and has taught several courses in his specialized fields. He is still co-supervising many Ph.D. students at various Universities. For his distinguished research, he was awarded two medals by the Royal Society of Chemistry (UK). Contributors Yasuhisa Adachi School of life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan Zbigniew Adamczyk Polish Academy of Sciences, J. Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Krako´w, Poland E. V. Aksenenko Institute of Colloid Chemistry and Chemistry of Water, Kiev, Ukraine Abraham Aserin The Ratner Chair of Chemistry, Casali Institute of Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Ignać Capek Slovak Academy of Sciences, Polymer Institute, Institute of Measurement Science, Bratislava, Slovakia and Faculty of Industrial Technology, TnUni AD, Pućhov, Slovakia Julian Eastoe University of Bristol, Bristol, UK V. B. Fainerman Donetsk Medical University, Donetsk, Ukraine Stig E. Friberg Ugelstad Laboratory, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway Susan H. Friberg Ugelstad Laboratory, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway Nissim Garti The Ratner Chair of Chemistry, Casali Institute of Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel John Gregory Department of Civil, Environmental & Geomatic Engineering, University College London, London, UK Brian A. Grimes Ugelstad Laboratory, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway Marios Hopkins Hatzopoulos University of Bristol, Bristol, UK Chee-Cheong Ho University Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia A. Javadi Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam/Golm, Germany M. Karbaschi Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran ix x Contributors Nina M. Kovalchuk Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam/Golm, Germany Institute of Biocolloid Chemistry, Kiev, Ukraine V. I. Kovalchuk Institute of Biocolloid Chemistry, Kiev, Ukraine J. Kragel€ Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam/Golm, Germany A.V. Makievski SINTERFACE Technologies, Berlin, Germany Martin Malmsten Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden Eduardo F. Marques Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal R. Miller Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam/Golm, Germany N. Mucic Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam/Golm, Germany Malgorzata Nattich-Rak Polish Academy of Sciences, J. Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Krako´w, Poland Hiroyuki Ohshima Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Colloid and Interface Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan Jeffery Penfold ISIS Facility,

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