kvarter Volume 08 • 2014 akademiskacademic quarter

The Concept of the Gentleman PSY’s “Gentleman M V”

Jørgen Riber Christensen is associate professor at the Institute of Communication, Aalborg Uni- versity. Among his publications are Medietid 2.0 (2009) with Jane Kristensen, Marvellous Fantasy (ed., 2009), Monstrologi Frygtens manifestationer (ed., 2012) and articles within the fields of cultural analysis, the media, marketing, museology and literature. He is editor of Academic Quarter.

Abstract The ideal of the gentleman has been globally reborn in PSY’s colos- sal YouTube hit “Gentleman M V”. This video thematizes the con- cept of the gentleman, but it is also a reformulation of gentlemanly behaviour. The article analyses the ideal of the gentleman in the light of its gender aspects and its class connotations. The hypothesis of the article is that the insecure status of masculine identity in an age of post-second-generation feminism demands the seemingly parod- ic treatment of the concept of the gentleman, as in this video. Yet this hypothesis is also a research question. Why is there this strong ele- ment of parody in the video? The answer to the question may de- pend on a consideration of contemporary male identities. It may also be based on a reading of how the music video incorporates these types. Three such types are described in the article: the new man, the metrosexual male and the new lad. It is the conclusion of the article that “Gentleman M V” incorporates the last two of these.

Keywords gentleman, PSY, the new man, the metrosexual male, the new lad

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Viral Video Chart Video Viral ( by the Korean star by the Korean Volume 08 1 Jørgen Riber Christensen Jørgen The Concept of the Gentleman The Concept

Viral Video Chart Chart Video Viral

2 I don’t know if you know why it needs to be clean I don’t confused if you’re it’ll be a problem know if you know, I don’t know if you know but we like, we we we like to party I don’t Hey there myself If I’m going to introduce I’m a cool guy with courage, spirit and craziness I don’t know if you know why it needs to be hot I don’t Illustration 1: Sharing of “Gentleman M V” in the social media according M V” in the social media according Illustration 1: Sharing of “Gentleman to language. and consumption clear that the reach this (Illustration 1) it is From Asian phenome of the video is global, and by no means a purely non, though the music video belongs to the so-called K-pop or Ko (Holden 2006, 144). The lyrics of the video share subgenre rean-pop and English languages, which, Korean of mixture a corresponding as follows: when translated into English, read The Music Video “Gentleman M V” music video YouTube The YouTube Its hits. 628,952,819 received 2014) (January far so has PSY statistics do not allow specifications according to the nationality of the hits, but another source, 2014), offers a toreferences of breakdown the video and sharing of the video in social media such as Facebook and Twitter based on languages. quarter

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3 Volume 08 Pretty Woman Pretty Jørgen Riber Christensen Jørgen The Concept of the Gentleman The Concept

What you wanna hear, what you wanna do is me hear, What you wanna sexy! so freakin Damn! Girl! You a... Ah Ah Ah Ah I’m a... Ah Ah Ah Ah I’m a mother father gentleman Ah Ah Ah Ah I’m his reaction in the next scene, in which he is holding hands with a his reaction her into coffee hot with cup her push to only table café a at woman face. The victim of PSY’s pranks in the next scene is a young man. aThis scene has a lift as its location, and the man needs to go to pushes bathroom however, very all PSY, quickly. the buttons and delays the lift. The next scene in a library also employs a kind of lavatory PSY humour. farts into his hand and takes the hand with there. reading of a young woman into the face the “gas” directly mannequin, practically without stopping his walk. The men then wom a while coffee, of cup a with centre shopping the outside rest dances with another man in PSY an dances behind them, and next again. The fol the shopping centre and also inside a playground it shows howand longer, is considerably of the video part lowing the behaviour that was anticipated with the mannequin is devel the other charac as PSY’s behaviour towards oped into extremes, ters turns rude and physically violent. In a fitness centre, PSY is playing a game on his mobile phone, but he then accelerates the speed of a treadmill so that the woman on it is thrown back on the and hefloor, laughs and claps This his is hands also triumphantly. Marshall, 1990), where Vivian is carrying all her shopping bags and Vivian Marshall, 1990), where of a fondles the breast sequence, PSY home. During this dresses gentleman is included in a music video with Korean roots cannot be roots video with Korean gentleman is included in a music musicthe numbers, dance staged of inclusion its Despite ignored. Its that can easily be perceived. video is narrative with an action and distinguishable and recognizable, characters and locations are as and its causality can be characterized its temporal progression whose video, the of part second-long 34 first the In style. continuity in a tuxedo and with dressed PSY full length is almost four minutes, buying clothes, a shopping spree an entourage of elderly men, is on in scene extravaganza shopping the unlike not The point of this article is that PSY’s video can be regarded as a The point of this article is that video can be PSY’s regarded the termon its use of be focus will and the product, cultural global as the British concept such the fact that a “gentleman”. However, quarter

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Volume 08 Jørgen Riber Christensen Jørgen The Concept of the Gentleman The Concept When the action of the video, as summarized above, is compared When the action of the video, as summarized above, is compared again and the video continues for 40 around seconds with metafic tional outtakes, one out of focus, some showing a cameraman with a steadycam, e.g. filming PSY humping a street lamp pole. Finally, a photocopying machine, pushes a woman towards rushes PSY the tray, the machines in and, face, his it, photocopies away from is shown in a close-up. before sign from “gentleman” is to the title and lyrics of the song, in which the word him to a market café. Here it is the woman that kicks PSY’s chair and they have is impressed, He away so that he falls to the ground. dance long a for leave They time. whole the flirting together meal a location The café. market the in partying people with also sequence, to an indoor swimming pool where and action change abruptly catapulted into is sitting between two young women who are PSY decorative dance scenes of the This scene leads to more the water. Busby Berkeley type with more and more dancers of both genders at different locations, and this is apparently the climatic ending of animated credit is an At least the music stops and there the video. sign, saying “PSY GENTLE MAN”. However, the music picks up rant, PSY is now leading a girl to a table, and he politely pulls out is now leading a girl to a table, rant, PSY the chair away under her he pulls her chair to help her sit. However, as she is sitting down, and she falls painfully to Another the floor. so that she falls arm forcefully man helps her up, only to pull her if celebrating their deed. as laugh uproariously again. He and PSY tables seem turned. Using the section of the video, the In the third shots, which can be character narrative technique of point of view in slow mo PSY’s reactions ized as the male gaze, the video shows tion when he observes a young woman working out. He is im pressed. He takes off his jacket, throws it into her face and start to Nevertheless, the woman follows push up – but unsuccessfully. She reacts with nausea. As a transition to the next sequence, where next sequence, where As a transition to the nausea. with She reacts brief dance scene with is a other people, there PSY’s interacts with chorus PSY, boys and girls dancing the trademark horse-riding playing football. some young children victims are dance. The next appliesnow PSY dismayed. are they and away, ball their kicks PSY top.bikini her unties rudely he but bikini, in girl a to lotion tan sun Out of context, a totally here. also apparent is reaction Her scared is lying on the and in a scene PSY bald man is using a hair dryer, floor under two young men dancingclosely At together. arestau quarter

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Volume 08 Jørgen Riber Christensen Jørgen The Concept of the Gentleman The Concept . 4 Additionally, the meaning of the term “gentleman” may be prob be may “gentleman” term the of meaning the Additionally, The human voice in the video is neither exclusively non-diegetic The lyrics as a whole may be summarized as the singer’sThe lyrics as a whole may be summarized invita (not the dance scenes, obviously), the song is non-diegetic. In some Theclosed. or it is simply full of noodles, cases, PSY’s mouth is even weak connection between lyrics, especially “gentleman”the word onlyis out the idea that the video rule to the visual action seems and a manifestation of ungentlemanly behaviour. and the between the word relationship the that claim lematic. The a narrative of the video is contrapuntal or antagonistic presupposes then “I’m a mother father gentleman”, where “mother father” may where then “I’m a mother father gentleman”, not deal of the fact that we are seem confusing, unless one is aware “moth of pronunciation Korean a with but figures parental with ing erfucking” is seen singing, but he is the only nor diegetic. In nine scenes, PSY to of the song. In fact, his singing is addressed one seemingly aware it and ges into the camera as he gazes directly the audience through dance. it, or the singing is an integral part of the ticulates towards the other characters, nor do they towards Singing is never addressed seem to take notice of it. In many sequences with narrative content the inclusion of dance in some of the narrative scenes lower the of the narrative scenes lower the the inclusion of dance in some lyrics and narrative visuals. between modality of the relationship be seen as contrapuntal anchorage “gentleman” cannot The word ut song’s the between simultaneity no is There action. visual the of terance of “gentleman” and ungentlemanly actions. Only four of timed with these: the are the 16 instances of the song’s “gentleman” and post, humping the lamp children, teasing the scene, farting machine. pushing a woman at the photocopying tion to a woman to His party. arguments are: “I’ll make you gasp and I’ll make you scream/ Damn! Girl! I’m a party mafia!”; and repeated sixteen times (in addition to being shown twice in the twice in the (in addition to being shown sixteen times repeated relation the characterize to appropriate seem may it sign), printed or an lyrics and the visual action as contrapuntal ship between the this relationship it may not be so simple. First, tagonistic. However, in the video. dance scenes of the numerous is not so close because with a total 20 clips with only dance in them than more are There and video, the of time running the of % 30 or seconds 68 of duration breakdown The scenes. other many of part integral an also is dance these dance sequences and of the narrative with and interruption quarter

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from 1929 to from locates the term in Volume 08 Jørgen Riber Christensen Jørgen The Concept of the Gentleman The Concept (1987) doesn’t mention the class as the mention doesn’t (1987) Encyclopædia Britannica Encyclopædia Britannica Collins Gentleman” in relation to them. Finally, an expla Finally, to them. Gentleman” in relation “ defines “gentle”,registered since 1651, as “to ennoble” and Etymologically, a gentleman belonged to the English gentry, as a a gentleman belonged to the English gentry, Etymologically, “gentleman” has supplied a gap in more than one foreign lan than one foreign “gentleman” has supplied a gap in more to the video, guage.” (Berberich 2007, 5) (This is of course relevant Korean-language has been inserted into a largely the word where text.) This edition of the to all the class system: “By courtesy this title is generally accorded that states also but tradesmen”, common of rank the above persons to one being a distinction of class, the term was moving away from of social manners: hear the term, we might think of Englishness; of class; of masculin hear the term, we might think of ity; of elegant fashions; of manners and morals. But we might also think of hypocrisy; of repression; of outdated behaviour befitting anyholds longer no which but novel, Victorian a of characters the value in today’s society” (Berberich 2007, 3). Nevertheless, it be comes clear that the meaning of the term contains two defining as Other pects, one of class and one of social morals and behaviour. man re add to this that it is a British national concept: “A sources 117). as having the best British characteristics” (Room 1987, garded Berberich quotes the Similarly, point out that the term is lacking in other languages: “the word titudes of PSY’s mores of the gendered treatment nation of the seemingly parodic of the music video will be provided. “genteel”. The derivative word man of gentle birth as found in the OED re more A but it is described as rare. mild or pleasant”, “to render as such cent dictionary pect, and it defines “gentle” as “kind, mild and pleasantly calm”. An Elusive Term”, “The Gentleman – chapter, an introductory In we“When term: the of meaning the questions Berberich Christine traditional understanding of the term “gentleman” as a man that of the term “gentleman” traditional understanding other sex. especially to the and considerate way, behaves in a gentle music vid in the context of PSY’s not be correct This meaning may considers the term the article now and therefore eo “Gentleman”, “gentleman”. The Concept of the Gentleman de be will types identity cultural male contemporary three Next to position the male behaviour and at scribed, and this is in order quarter

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Volume 08 Jørgen Riber Christensen Jørgen The Concept of the Gentleman The Concept : “dressing like a gentleman costs not costs gentleman a like “dressing : . Like Christine Berberich, Philip Mason (Mason 5 ifest themselves in unrestrained yet delicate manners”. delicate manners”. yet ifest themselves in unrestrained (Berberich 2007, 9) the Reform Bill of 1832 has done its work; the “middle “gentle word the and own; their into come have classes” distinc in common use to signify not a man” has come and a distinction of position, education tion of blood but right to is no longer good birth, or the manners. The test in capacity to mingle on equal terms bear arms, but the “gentleman” in In its best use, moreover, good society. conduct, due … to of volves a certain superior standard man which refinement intellectual and self-respect “that When the behavioural aspect of the taste and manners of a gent­ When the behavioural aspect of the Bernhard Bernhard Roetzel writes in his 360-page coffee table book sist of pulling a chair away from under a woman. The sartorial as under a woman. The sartorial sist of pulling a chair away from seconds, 30 first and prelude its dominate which video, the of pects in “Gentleman M V”, only characteristics of these retained the are and they are a sign of the kind of upper-class life style that PSY satirized as well as celebrated in his first global hit “Gangnam 2012 Style” from of concept the of development the of survey a conducted has 1993) not are Berberich’s, like sources, empirical Mason’s gentleman. the fashion and conspicuous consumption. Today the concept of the of the concept Today consumption. and conspicuous fashion of masculinity. the commercialisation to gentleman can be related the music video, glaring character in the main to is applied leman the video to this description of a surface. Compare discrepancies gentleman: “The idea of the gentleman comprises so many values behaviour – and from morals to education, thesocial background, accent, edu and table manners” as well as “ancestry, attire correct type of patterns of recreation, cation, deportment, mode of dress, housing and style of life” (Berberich 2007, p. 5), and PSY’s gentle con manners table his instance for ideals: these fulfil not does man Though the term has moved downward in the class system, it nev Though the term has moved downward signals. ertheless contains class-defining Guide to Fashion Timeless man: A An investment in a good garment only time, but well. money as generally entails further expenditure” (Roetzel 2013, and 11), the be not while gentleman”, a like “dressing about exclusively is book of the gentleman has moved intoing one. In this sense, the concept quarter

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Volume 08 Jørgen Riber Christensen Jørgen The Concept of the Gentleman The Concept , a constellation of morals qualities which ought to , a constellation of morals qualities (Mason 1993, 12-13). This the Victorians found ready-made in Chaucer’s found ready-made the Victorians This tilesse these Among always. go with gentle birth – but doesn’t some than courtesy, courtesy to women, and more were idealization of women; also openhearted generosity, require the added Victorians The magnanimity. ness, ment that the gentleman he must must be responsible; fulfil his obligations and live up to his own standards. In their chapter “Men and Postfeminism”, Stéphanie Genz and Ben “postfem A. Brabon conclude that the contemporary male or jamin inist man”, as they call him, has since the 1980s “display[ed] a com of representations numerous that fact the revealing identity, pound hybrid forms” (Genz and Brabon masculinity may coexist in new, madeis compound This (137). masculinity” “bricolage or 143) 2009, a common denominator: com male types, which share up of three mercialised masculinity (136). These are the new man, the metro This description with the demands made to a man to characterizeThis description with the demands the main character in PSY’s mu him as a gentleman is negated by The question now regards sic video and his actions and behaviour. how it is possible to combine the actual content of the video with to its lyrics and its title’s insistence on the term gentleman. In order contextualizedhistorically be must video the question, this answer in contemporary male identity roles. Contemporary Male Identities least back and to the Chaucer, insecure combination of class and included in it: morals are sociological, but literary, and as in Berberich’s work, Mason’s con sociological, but literary, he points to the term is changeable. However, clusion is that the thatideal an is it that concept, namely of the function sociological the and classes upper Both class. by divided is that nation a unifies Never it as an ideal for themselves separately. lower classes have classes, the ruling a necessary attitude for theless, it was primarily only in Britain, but it not for them to be accepted as rulers, in order necessity (Beynon 2002, 29) withalso became an imperial ideal and history of the concept goes at In Britain, the long historical roots. quarter

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illustrates a Volume 08 , from 1957. Hoggart , from Jørgen Riber Christensen Jørgen The Concept of the Gentleman The Concept The Uses of Literacy Gentleman: A Timeless Guide to Fashion Timeless Gentleman: A The new lad may be regarded as a reaction to second-generation as a reaction The new lad may be regarded The metrosexual male, dating from 1994, is described by Mark The new man is a further development of the new, nappy-chang further development of the new, The new man is a dered social phenomenon. New lad subculture may be described as social phenomenon. New lad subculture dered post-industrial just as it may be described as pre-feminist. The life- com be can laddism new of characteristics and manners social style, as to chroni historical industrial working-class, male culture, pared Hoggart in cled by Richard described a close-knit working-class as culture it was disappearing, itsalso but clubs, working-man and matches, football pubs, its with narcissist aspects more than actual sexual mores. It was the male It was the male mores. than actual sexual more aspects narcissist in the mirror at a brand-conscious self-representation gaze directed men or at women. The above exam at other than one directed more book the from ple consumption between the on based contemporary relationship male and the gentleman. metrosexual feminism in the sense that this male identity became what may be called pre-feminist in its outlook. This to is, simplify however, mat new against the ters, as the new lad may also be seen as a reaction man, and it may also be seen as a stratificational as well as a gen nomenon riding on a wave of changes that had already occurred, occurred, that had already nomenon riding on a wave of changes an empty lifestyle signal and a so that the newness had become legitimation of consumption. to spend, living within easySimpson as “a young man with money reach of a metropolis… He might be straightofficially or gay, bi sexual, but this is immaterial because he has clearly taken himself (Simp preference” sexual his as pleasure and object love own his as of the metrosexual became the period 2002). Late capitalism son male, and David Beckham became the icon of this male type. The the consumerist and stressed male description of the metrosexual sexual male and the new lad, and we are going to read PSYs “Gen PSYs going to read the new lad, and we are sexual male and in the light of these male types. tleman” music video who seemed to caring man of the 1970s, ing and bottle-feeding, par he that so feminism, of accepting and by influenced been have placed in a fem of everyday life traditionally ticipated in the parts inine such sphere, a child upbringing and housework. This male later The (137). middle-class and Western predominantly was type phe a surface he became man was that new of this development quarter

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and features and features 6 ”: Volume 08 Jørgen Riber Christensen Jørgen combined with consid 7 The Concept of the Gentleman The Concept (http://loaded.co.uk/) illustrates the Loaded ’Us’ - The Best and the Worst of It Worst - The Best and the ’Us’ made the streets at night and particularly at week-ends which and rowdyism, places to avoid. The hooliganism many of areas several in pairs in work to police the caused except very no longer hear, towns have almost gone. We of bare-fist fights onoccasionally, bits of wasteground, of broken-bottle fights inside bars, ofregular assaults by gangs on girls at fairgrounds, of so much animal drunk enness. (Hoggart 1957/1973, 86-87) We frequently hear that the We English working-classes are country, those of almost any other gentle, gentler than and grandparents. gentler today than their own parents in the amount of a decrease has been Undoubtedly there sheer brutality in the towns during the last fifty years, a decline in the rough and savage stuff which sometimes Conclusion: The Post-feminist Man as a Gentleman The Post-feminist Conclusion: of this article that PSY’s “Gentleman” is a con It is the argument identity male these contemporary of two last the of glomerate types, male and the new lad. It is overstating the the metrosexual andGenz what of representative global a is PSY that claim to point Brabon calls the postfeminist man: irony in his social signalling of them, so that he can celebrate super in his social signalling irony without embrac and privileges social mores annuated patriarchal up as a family breadwin as for instance signing ing responsibilities, The magazine ner. with articles such as of this male subculture cultural preferences Favourite Bond Girl?” Your “Casino Royale: Who’s Derrieres!” Fantasy with Girls “Hot as such is than text. (In fact, the text for this feature images erably more once. It wasn’t about women’s “Martin Luther King had a dream defi it’s world our in And dream. a have also We though. backsides That is all.”) nitely okay if they contain fantasy derrieres. Though the new lad has adopted some of these early and historicalThough the new lad has adopted he has also assimilated postmodern male attitudes and behaviour, regressive tendencies such as domestic and neighbourhood violence as domestic and neighbourhood tendencies such regressive “ in a chapter called quarter

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Volume 08 Jørgen Riber Christensen Jørgen The Concept of the Gentleman The Concept In many ways, the “postfeminist man” could be describedIn many ways, the up or a less sensitive “new man”. grown as the “new lad” the “postfeminist man” is heterosexu although Moreover, slightly brand-conscious, while being al, he is style- and “wounded” status of his masculinity, bitter about the a is He feminism. wave second by affected been has which a variety of contest melting pot of masculinities, blending negotiating still figure chameleon a as well as positions, ed 143) (2009, identity. his on feminism of impact ongoing the Conspicuous consumption unites the three contemporary male unites the three consumption Conspicuous superannuated gentleman, replacing him with a new lad, which is superannuated gentleman, replacing of commodification of masculinity. the bearer Gangnam style of types described in the article, and the upper-class M V” “Gentleman PSY’s in depicted and luxurious leisure shopping that so style life of kind this promote even and reflect to said be may it overshadows the moral aspects of gentlemanly behaviour. self-respect self-respect and intellectual refinement which manifest themselves (Berberich 2007, 9) is glaringly yet delicate manners” in unrestrained by the morals and man been replaced the video. It has absent from the version of the ‘post this way, ners of the new lad. Understood in in PSY’s “Gentleman” music video man feminist man’ represented ages to incorporate these two contemporary male identities so that is a negation of the gentleman. The video is “negotiating the result the ongoing impact of feminism on… male identity” (Genz and Bra bon 2009, 143). The “gentleman” in PSY’s video does not only cele brate consumption, while attacking women, on also thephysically, way; he is also a parodic manifestation on the moral manners of a Rather, a more nuanced understanding of PSY’s gentleman can be nuanced understanding a more Rather, concept of the or pre-feminist to the patriarchal if we return reached moral.the and social the aspects, or sides two had that gentleman Socially and astratificationally, gentleman belonged to the upper and other attire life style where classes. This allowed a habitus and iconic. This aspect of the gent­ conspicuous and signs of wealth were in the male, and it is repeated in the metrosexual leman is repeated and most of its settings of consump video with its shopping spree asdescribed one, moral the gentleman, the of aspect other The tion. of conduct, due … to that involving “a certain superior standard quarter

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h.f. ullmann: Volume 08 Medi@sia: global media/ Jørgen Riber Christensen Jørgen Aspects of Working Class Aspects of Working

. Open University Press: . Open University Press: Postfeminism Cultural Texts Texts Postfeminism Cultural The Concept of the Gentleman The Concept . Oxford University Press: University Press: . Oxford http://loaded.co.uk/ xt. Taylor & Francis: London. xt. Taylor The Uses of Literacy . Ashgate: Farnham. The Image of the English Gentleman in Twentieth- The Image of the English Gentleman Dictionary of Britain Masculinities and Culture Gentleman A Timeless Guide to Fashion. Timeless Gentleman A The English Gentleman The Rise and Fall of an Ideal . Edinburgh University Press: Edinburgh. University Press: . Edinburgh Chattus and Windus/Penguin: London. Chattus and Windus/Penguin: , 2013. [online] Available at: Available [online] 2013. , Oxford. http://www.salon.com/2002/07/22/metrosexual/ 25 January 2014]. Life. tion in and out of conte Pimlico: London. Potsdam. Century Literature and Theories 28 January 2014]. Buckingham. The form of the video with its interrupted narrative progression narrative progression its interrupted with video the of form The Roetzel, B., 2013. B., Roetzel, Room, A., 1987. at Available [online] Simpson, M., 2002. Meet the metrosexual. Berberich, C., 2007. 2009. Brabon, A. Benjamin and S. Genz, 1957/1973. R., Hoggart, J. Scrase, 2006. J. M. and Timothy Holden, T. Loaded 1993. Mason, P., combination, it negates the class aspect of the traditional gentle combination, it negates the class the music video reformulates the narrative form of the man. Where its mode of distribution with way, concept of the gentleman in this also changes the gentleman from YouTube music video on a Korean one. “Gentleman M V” has man a national British icon to a global aged to a produce new kind of gentleman that thereflects ongoing social identities. male, negotiation of different References Beynon, J. 2002. gives low modality to its content through the constant insertion of the constant to its content through gives low modality the rela scenes. Because of this low modality, twenty dance around be characterized the lyrics and the visuals cannot tionship between or and it cannot be seen as antagonistic anchorage, as one of direct ungent of manifestation a just not is video The either. contrapuntal manages to have it both ways: it It actually lemanly behaviour. alsoand it consumption, through male metrosexual the promotes this Through of PSY. the behaviour celebrates the new lad through quarter

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accessed 23 Janu [Accessed 25 ), accessed 25 Janu Volume 08 Jørgen Riber Christensen Jørgen http://viralvideochart. The Concept of the Gentleman The Concept , 2014. [online] Available at: Available , 2014. [online] unrulymedia.com/youtube?id=ASO_zypdnsQ January 2014]. http://loaded.co.uk/2014/01/20/supercasino-bond-girl-feature/, http://loaded.co.uk/2014/01/20/supercasino-bond-girl-feature/, http://viralvideochart.unrulymedia.com/youtube?id=ASO_zypdnsQ, http://www.policymic.com/articles/34701/psy-gentleman-lyrics- translation-full-english-translation-for-psy-s-new-hit, accessed 23 Janu ary 2014. http://rock.rapgenius.com/Psy-gentleman-lyrics#note-1672987 accessed 25 January 2014. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9bZkp7q19f0 ary 2014. cessed 25 January 2014. http://loaded.co.uk/2014/01/16/hot-girls-with-fantasy-derrieres/ accessed 25 January 2014. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ASO_zypdnsQ, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ASO_zypdnsQ, ary 2014. accessed 25 January 2014.

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