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Paul Holden, ‘Trewithen and the “Brettingham plans”’, The Georgian Group Journal, Vol. XXI, 2013, pp. 58–72 TEXT © THE AUTHORS 2013 TREWITHEN AND THE ‘BRETTINGHAM PLANS’ PAUL HOLDEN Amongst the Hawkins papers in the Cornwall Record c. a new west range was added to the rear of the Office are three undated and unsigned architectural existing east-facing L-shaped house creating a U- drawings showing six alternative schemes to shaped plan. A drawing of this work exists but the modernise the north front of Trewithen, near Truro, architect is not recorded. Cornwall. Inscribed in pencil on the reverse of one of In June Philip Hawkins wrote to his friend, these drawings are the words ‘Brettingham Plans’. the Cornish antiquary, geologist and naturalist, In his biographical dictionary the late Sir Howard William Borlase ( – ) stating: ‘I am currently Colvin pointed out that Robert William Furze making alterations to my house’. There has been a Brettingham (c. – ) may have been behind good deal of scholarly debate over the originator of these plans − an attribution based on the fact that he this second-phase of alterations but most now agree had displayed drawings entitled ‘Improved elevations that James Gibbs ( – ) was the architect. to an old house in the West of England’ at the Royal Gibbs proposed two schemes for Trewithen. The Academy in . There is, however, no evidence to first considered sweeping away the old buildings in suggest that the house illustrated was Trewithen. This favour of a new four-storeyed seven-bay house in a article will, for the first time, assess the ‘Brettingham simple English Palladian form (Fig. ). His vision Plans’ in conjunction with other associated materials was to direct the principal entrance northwards onto held in the Hawkins archive. In doing so, it will an open court flanked with two pavilions in a address the problematical issue of authorship and will restrained French style (which functioned as kitchen consider the ambitious solutions proposed for the offices and stables). These brick pavilions were to unfashionable Cornish seat of the Hawkins family. be linked to the house by a curved colonnade walk Drawing also on Pamela Dodds’s published research, beneath which underground passages concealed the the architectural development of Trewithen during the ebb and flow of servants. The second scheme, eighteenth century can be reappraised. marked on the verso ‘Trewithan’, reused the existing buildings to achieve the same ends. The overall he origin of the ‘Brettingham Plans’ lies in the plan and design of buildings follow examples Tdevelopment of Trewithen between , the illustrated in Gibbs’s Book of Architecture ( ) year Philip Hawkins ( – ) took title to the estate, and specific projects, such as Kelmarsh Hall, and , when the architect Thomas Edwards Northamptonshire, and Lowther Castle, Westmorland. ( – ) disappears from the accounts. In the Being conservative in his architectural ambitions, Cornish antiquarian Thomas Tonkin wrote: ‘Philip Philip Hawkins opted to retain the existing house Hawkins now resides [at Trewithen] and has much and set about adding a new ‘Parlour’ to the U-shaped improved the seat, [he has] new built a great part of house by building over the south-facing courtyard. the house’ which suggests that between c. and This work created a new -- garden elevation with THE GEORGIAN GROUP JOURNAL VOLUME XXI TREWITHEN AND THE ‘ BRETTINGHAM PLANS ’ Fig. ‘The General Plan of the House, Court and Offices’ by James Gibbs c. . (Cornwall Record Office/ Sharkfin Media, CRO J/ /) a projecting central block. It would seem that the of which Croad received £ as per his contract and architect charged with executing Gibbs’ scheme was Thomas Edwards was paid ‘for divers workmen Thomas Edwards of Greenwich who first appeared £ s d’. These references would seem to relate in Cornwall in December working at Tehidy, to the north front, where the existing façade was near Redruth, for John Pendarves Basset, who in changed to a -- bayed elevation with the two April married Philip Hawkins’s niece Ann. flanking wings gently projecting forward in order to Philip Hawkins died in August , and the house accommodate chimney stacks in the thickness of the and estate passed to his sister Mary and her husband, wall. Work on ‘…ye new front’ continued until the successful London barrister Christopher January , when the building accounts end. Hawkins of Trewinnard. The inclusion of an ‘Old In Christopher Hawkins moved his family Staircase’, ‘Old Parlour’ and ‘Old Hall’ in the to Trewinnard, and his son Thomas Hawkins household inventory, coupled with the fact that a ( – ) inherited Trewithen. Thomas was well ‘[new] Hall’ was furnished, suggests that work on the educated and articulate on matters of classical new south front was completed by this time. architecture. He became MP for the rotten borough Despite Philip Hawkins’s death, building at of Grampound and married Anne Heywood, Trewithen continued, subject to the terms of his will daughter of a wealthy London merchant, whose that specified the continuation of ‘…contracted dowry of £ , appears to have supported further [works] with Abel Croad for erecting a new front to works at Trewithen. Anne’s father, James Heywood, Trewithan house for £ ’. Undated ‘payments on followed the progress of the building work with the building’ show an expenditure of £ , s d interest, noting in that the service courtyard THE GEORGIAN GROUP JOURNAL VOLUME XXI TREWITHEN AND THE ‘ BRETTINGHAM PLANS ’ only had one pavilion ‘about twenty yards short of between patron and architect, Edwards remained on the house’ and that an identical building ‘being for the payroll until when, presumably, the new coach houses, stables, dovecote etc’ was to be built in north and east ranges were completed. The split may the spring of . Also in William Borlase well have been mutual. Working to Gibbs’s plans and published an engraving in his Natural History of building an unambitious east range must have been Cornwall showing the south range, of which he uninspiring for an architect who had simultaneously wrote some years earlier in ‘[the] front of the built impressive Anglo-Palladian gentlemen’s seats at house is to the south which is all built of Portland Tehidy near Redruth for the Basset family ( ) in Stone with nine large sash windows (by his father in the style of Palladio’s Le Ghizzole villa, Nanswhyden his son’s minority)’. Judging by these comments, near St Columb for Robert Hoblyn ( ) and, later, Gibbs’ proposals for a north facing house following a Carclew near Falmouth for William Lemon ( c. ). Palladian plan was unfulfilled by . Therefore These buildings (all since lost through fire) show Borlase’s engraving must have been a hypothetical that Edwards was well placed to produce exciting view, since it shows the two flanking pavilion wings plans for ambitious patrons like Thomas Hawkins. in situ . However, for the next stage of alterations Hawkins William Borlase first referred to plans for a turned to more fashionable architects for guidance. replacement east range in , when John Heywood wrote: ‘…the East is to be taken down and rebuilt next summer, a great quantity of stones ready cut and prepared by the masons against the approaching THE BRETTINGHAMS season, which is built in the modern taste with bow Once Edwards had departed, Thomas Hawkins windows’. The term ‘bow window’ in this case, radically reconsidered the design of his country seat. refers to a canted, or angular, bay. Indeed, Borlase The plans suggest that in about he commissioned advised: ‘…I should chuse to put two windows on either Matthew Brettingham the Elder ( – ) each side of the Bow’. An undated estate map and or his son, Matthew Brettingham the Younger an associated undated preparatory survey sketch ( – ), or both, to pull together a neo-Palladian shows that the second pavilion was built before any solution for the outdated Gibbsian plan. Hawkins work on the east range had even been considered − a later approached Robert (later Sir Robert) Taylor point further confirmed in Borlase’s illustration. to remodel the interior. According to Colvin, Such slow progress towards completing the north- Brettingham senior was ‘an orthodox but facing house may well explain why, on January unenterprising Palladian whose dull, well-bred , Hawkins wrote to Borlase: ‘The architect as facades betray neither the intellect of a Burlington you call him is I know in good health … but you nor the fancy of a Kent’. His reputation as a certainly jest when you talk of fine sherry to a person surveyor and building contractor was established in who has scarcely begun to build’. East Anglia with the construction of Holkham Hall ‘The architect’ referred to must be Edwards, for the first Earl of Leicester, to the designs of since the canted bay design does not constitute part William Kent and others. Throughout the s and of the Gibbsian plan, nor is it backed up with any s he forged a successful national architectural Brettingham designs. Indeed, Pamela Dodds, in her practice, working on several significant London research on Thomas Edwards, rightly connects houses as well as country house commissions Trewithen’s canted bay with several other examples including Goodwood for the second Duke of by Edwards in Cornwall. Despite the animosity Richmond ( ), Euston Hall in Suffolk for the THE GEORGIAN GROUP JOURNAL VOLUME XXI TREWITHEN AND THE ‘ BRETTINGHAM PLANS ’ Fig. Sketch drawing showing a proposal for alterations to the north front of Trewithen, c. . (Cornwall Record Office/ Sharkfin Media, CRO J/ / /) second Duke of Grafton ( – ), Kedleston in THE PRELIMINARY SKETCHES Derbyshire for Sir Nathaniel Curzon ( c. –), Brettingham’s solution for the north front was to Wortley Hall in Yorkshire for Edward Wortley honour the Gibbsian scheme in using the pavilions Montague at ( –) and Lowther Hall (Castle), to flank a new entrance drive. But, in order to open Westmorland, for Sir James Lowther ( – ).

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