Collective Poetics Community in the Modern American Short Story Sequence

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Collective Poetics Community in the Modern American Short Story Sequence CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Trepo - Institutional Repository of Tampere University Collective Poetics Community in the Modern American Short Story Sequence Iida Pöllänen University of Tampere Faculty of Communication Sciences Master's Programme in Narrative Theory and Textuality Master's Thesis November 2017 Tampereen yliopisto Viestintätieteiden tiedekunta Kertomus- ja tekstiteorian maisteriopinnot PÖLLÄNEN, IIDA: Collective Poetics: Community in the Modern American Short Story Sequence Pro gradu -tutkielma, 128 sivua Marraskuu 2017 ___________________________________________________________________________ Tutkielmani kategorisoi, analysoi ja tulkitsee kerronnallisia keinoja, joilla kirjallisuus voi tuottaa kokemuksia kollektiivisuudesta ja yhteisöllisyydestä. Tutkimalla yhteisöjen ja kollektiivisten kokemusten representaatioita yhdysvaltalaisessa modernistisessa kirjallisuustraditiossa selvitän, miten kollektiivisuuden poetiikkaa on tuotettu tietyssä historiallisessa ja kulttuurisessa kontekstissa. Koska tutkimuskysymykseni on laaja, rajaan työni käsittelemään teoksia, jotka edustavat paikallismodernismin (regional modernism) ja novellisekvenssin (short story sequence) genrejä. Kohdeteokseni kattavat noin sadan vuoden mittaisen ajanjakson modernismin kulta-ajalta, 1900-luvun alkupuoliskolta, aina sen 2000- luvun nykyseuraajiin asti. Kahtena tärkeimpänä kohdeteoksena, ja tämän ajanjakson ääripäinä, toimivat Sherwood Andersonin Winesburg, Ohio (1919) ja Elizabeth Stroutin Olive Kitteridge (2008). Näiden lisäksi analysoin muun muassa William Faulknerin, Katherine Anne Porterin ja John Steinbeckin novellimuotoisia teoksia. Tutkimukseni sijoittuu teoreettisesti narratologian ja modernismitutkimuksen risteykseen. Tämä teorioiden ja kohdeteosten yhdistelmä pyrkii siirtämään aiemman kirjallisuudentutkimuksen painopisteitä sellaisiin aiheisiin, jotka ovat aiemmin jääneet tutkimuksellisesti marginaaliin. Modernismitutkimus on perinteisesti painottanut kaupunkikuvauksia paikallismodernismin maaseutukuvausten kustannuksella, kun taas kysymykset kollektiivisuudesta ja novelliteoriasta ovat kulkeneet paljon suositumpien aiheiden, kuten yksilökuvausten ja romaanitutkimuksen, jäljessä. Narratologiassakin kysymykset yhteisöllisistä äänistä ja kollektiivisuuden kuvauksista ovat nousseet esiin vasta viime vuosien aikana kognitiivisen narratologian uusien mieli-käsitysten myötä. Vaikka nykykognitiotieteistä ammentava kognitiivinen narratologia onkin tuottanut mielenkiintoisia väitteitä ajattelumme sosiaalisesta ja ruumiillisesta olemuksesta, kohdeteokseni kyseenalaistavat tällaisten käsitysten epähistoriallisuutta ja universaalisuutta. Vaikka narratologia, sekä klassisessa että jälkiklassisessa muodossaan, toimii tutkimukseni tärkeimpänä teoreettisena viitekehyksenä, on teorian ja kohdeteosteni tulkinnan välinen suhde jännitteinen. Työkalupakkina toimimisen sijaan narratologia onkin yksi tutkimukseni kohteista, jota pyrin muokkaamaan diakroniseen ja kontekstualisoivaan suuntaan. Ehdotan kollektiivisuuden poetiikan tutkimiseen kolmea tasoa: fiktiiviset mielet, henkilöhahmot ja kerronnalliset hierarkiat. Osoitan muun muassa, että sosiaalinen mieli voi toimia taiteellisena ja fiktiivisenä keinona tuottaa illuusio kollektiivisuudesta, ja että yksittäiset henkilöhahmot voivat yhdistää kyläyhteisöjä toimimalla suullisen tarinankerronnan kohteina ja tuottajina. Samalla tutkimukseni haastaa perinteisen käsityksen autoritäärisen ja kaikkitietävän kerronnan katoamisesta modernismissa ja tuo esiin, miten paikallismodernismi ottaa osaa ideologisiin keskusteluihin amerikkalaisuudesta, ja paljastaa yhdysvaltalaisten paikallisyhteisöjen sukupuolittuneet ja rodullistuneet jakautumiset. Avainsanat: narratologia, modernismi, yhteisö, amerikkalainen kirjallisuus, novelli Table of Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Collective Experience, Narrative Fiction, the U.S. 1 1.2 American Modernism, Regional Modernism, Short Story Sequence 5 1.3 Interventions into Classical and Cognitive Narratology; Overview of Chapters 11 1.4 Texts under Scrutiny 18 2 Poetics I: Social and Private Minds in Fiction 22 2.1 Shared Talking, Private Thinking? 22 2.2 Social Minds and Fictional Collectivity in Winesburg, Ohio 24 2.3 Private Minds and Surface-Level Interiority in Winesburg, Ohio 32 2.4 Internal or External Minds? The Conflicts of Mind-Building in Olive Kitteridge 36 3 Poetics II: Gender and Embodiment in Character Roles 48 3.1 Singular Characters Uniting Communities and Story Sequences 48 3.2 Bodies Looked at, Minds Guessed at? Speculations and Lived Experiences of Olive 52 3.3 Gossip and Intrusion: Strange Ladies Interrupting Communal Lives 65 3.4 Gendered Agency: White Masculinity and (Dis)embodied Storytelling 77 4 Poetics III: Voice and Time: Narrators and Modernist Longings 86 4.1 Whose Voice Is It, Anyway? Communal Representations without Communal Voice 86 4.2. (Anti-)Modernist Narrators: Regional Modernism and the Legacy of Oral Storytelling 87 4.3 The All-American Community? Region, Nation, Modernity 105 5 Conclusion 114 Works Cited 120 1 Introduction 1.1 Collective Experience, Narrative Fiction, the U.S. At the core of this work lies a fascination in the links between narrative fiction and the feeling of collective experience. How can the illusion of collectivity be created - or, to the same extent, undermined and dismantled - in a textual and fictional manner? By examining representations of communities and collective experience in the American modernist tradition, I intend to study the poetic principles according to which collectivity can be constructed in a specific historical and cultural context. My target literature ranges from works dating from modernism's heyday at the beginning of the 20th century to its contemporary followers, and as the two main case studies, as well as rough ends of this temporal spectrum, are Sherwood Anderson's Winesburg, Ohio (= WO, 1996/1919) and Elizabeth Strout's Olive Kitteridge (=OK, 2008). I place both works under the genres of regional modernism and the American short story sequence, and my analysis shows how the question of collective experience becomes especially highlighted and thematized in these genres. The idea is to study the relations between the structures and themes of collectivity: why do these modernist texts about communities so strongly thematize loneliness, fragmentation, (in)ability for self-scrutiny, and a longing for authentic experience, and how do these themes become mirrored in the structures of narrative? It is both a starting point and a thesis of this work that community-building and the construction of collective experience happen precisely through storytelling, for example in the form of narrative fiction, and it is the poetics of such storytelling that deserve and need to be analyzed in a detailed manner. The idea of community as a construction of sorts is hardly new, and the discussion extends well beyond literary criticism. For example, Benedict Anderson, who examines the rise of nationalism and nation-states in Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (2006/1983), sees nation as a social construct and as an imagined political community; imagined because none of its citizens can meet or know the majority of their fellow citizens, yet in their minds lives an image of shared connection. Anderson argues that it was particularly the genres of the novel and the newspaper that offered tools for depicting imagined communities much like that of a nation. Thus, he entwines the birth and 2 development of the novel with the socio-political history of the nation-state. (Anderson 2006, 24–25.) The focus of my work, however, is not on real-life communities as social constructs, but on poetic constructions of community and collective experience in literature, created with specific formal and narrative tools. Within literary studies, it is precisely the novel form that has been studied most in terms of its ability to represent communities,1 and in the less common instances where community has been analyzed in connection to the short story and the short story sequence, the focus has more often been on what kinds of communities are depicted and what their socio-historical roots are, rather than on how they are depicted.2 This despite the fact that short story genres have their own particular, formal ways of thematizing these questions. Thus, the aim is to locate my research theoretically in the intersection of modernist studies and narrative theory, and analyze collectivity within regional modernism and its short story sequences. With this combination of theory and primary literature, my hope is to shift the emphasis within literary studies towards less analyzed genres and topics. Modernist studies have traditionally focused on the urban and the metropolitan at the expense of the countryside depictions of regional modernism (Herring 2009, 2). Similarly, literary scholarship has been overwhelmingly preoccupied with the genre of the novel and the depiction of the self,3 while theories of the short story genre and questions of community have often lagged behind, especially when it comes to formal interpretation. And yet, as my analysis attempts to show, 1 For a recent example from modernist studies on the relationship between the novel and the question of community, see Jessica Schiff Berman's Modernist Fiction, Cosmopolitanism, and the Politics of Community (2001). Berman's work differs from my own not only in terms of the analyzed genre but also
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