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The Socio-Spatial Distribution of Leisure Venues: a Case Study of Karaoke Bars in Nanjing, China

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The Socio-Spatial Distribution of Leisure Venues: a Case Study of Karaoke Bars in Nanjing, China International Journal of Geo-Information Article The Socio-Spatial Distribution of Leisure Venues: A Case Study of Karaoke Bars in Nanjing, China Can Cui 1,2, Jiechen Wang 1,3,*, Zhongjie Wu 1, Jianhua Ni 1 and Tianlu Qian 1 1 Department of Geographic Information Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; [email protected] (C.C.); [email protected] (Z.W.); [email protected] (J.N.); [email protected] (T.Q.) 2 Graduate School of Design, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA 3 Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-25-8968-0669 Academic Editors: Mahmoud R. Delavar and Wolfgang Kainz Received: 13 June 2016; Accepted: 19 August 2016; Published: 25 August 2016 Abstract: With the development of service industry and cultural industry, urban leisure and entertainment services have become an important symbol of the city and the driving force of economic and social development. Karaoke, a typical form of urban entertainment, is immensely popular throughout China, and the number of karaoke bars is expected to keep growing in the future. However, little is known about their spatial distribution in the urban space and their association with other location-specific factors. Based on the geospatial entity data and business statistics data, we demonstrate a clustered pattern of 530 karaoke bars in Nanjing by means of point pattern analysis and cluster analysis in GIS. Furthermore, we identify the distribution of population, transportation network, and commercial centers as the three determinants underlying the formation of the pattern. Keywords: socio-spatial distribution; karaoke bar; leisure venue; China 1. Introduction Leisure industry was listed as one of the “Big Five” engines of economic growth [1]. “Big Entertainment”—everything from bars to video stores to opera houses—are at the forefront of the leisure industry. It has been witnessed that leisure and entertainment sector accounts for an increasing share of gross domestic product in China as well as worldwide, leading to an optimized economic structure. It also becomes a large provider of employment [2] and plays a crucial role in meeting residents’ recreational demand. Among residents’ recreation activities, singing is the most common and popular one. Karaoke bars are the commercial venue providing services for singing. Karaoke, originating from Japan [3], is a form of interactive entertainment in which an amateur singer sings along with recorded music (typically popular song minus the lead vocal) using a microphone. Karaoke soon spread to the rest of Asia and other countries all over the world [4]. Instead of placing karaoke machines in restaurants and hotel rooms in the early times, karaoke bars, with karaoke equipment installed in compartmented rooms and combined with food and other recreation service, emerged as a new business in the market and became enormously popular. The first karaoke bar in Mainland China was opened in 1990 in Hainan Province. Since then, karaoke has become one of the most popular leisure activities in urban China [5], and karaoke bars burgeoned throughout Mainland China. Our previous study shows that there are 87,700 karaoke bars in Mainland China as of 2012 [6], clustering in the eastern and central areas (Figure1). ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2016, 5, 150; doi:10.3390/ijgi5090150 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijgi ISPRSISPRS Int. Int. J. Geo J. Geo-Inf.-Inf. 20162016, 5,, 51,50 150 2 of2 of17 17 FigureFigure 1. 1.TheThe spatial spatial dis distributiontribution of of karaoke karaoke bars bars in in China China (Source (Source:: [6] [6)]).. AlthoughAlthough karaoke karaoke bars, bars, asas aa formform of of entertainment, entertainment, are are widespread widespread in urban in urban China, China, little islittle known is knownabout about their spatial their spatial distribution distribution within within cities. Takingcities. Taking the entertainment the entertainment and leisure and leisure industry industry as a whole, as a therewhole, is ath growingere is a growing body of literaturebody of literature investigating investigating its spatial its distribution spatial distribution in urban China.in urban Zhang China. and ZhangWang and [7] summarizedWang [7] summarized that there are that four there distribution are four patternsdistribution of urban patterns commercial of urban entertainment commercial entertainmentvenues: center-oriented venues: center structure,-oriented discrete structure, structure, discrete attached structure, structure, atta andched isolated structure, structure. and isolated Hu and structure.Zhong [8 Hu] conducted and Zhong a longitudinal [8] conducted study a longitudinal and observed study that theand distribution observed that of entertainment the distribution venues of entertainmentin Hankou experienced venues in Hankou a process experienced from clustering a process to dispersing, from clustering and re-clustering. to dispersing, Takingand re- Chengduclustering. as Takinga case study,Chengdu Yang as [ 9a] foundcase study, that the Yang space [9] distribution found that ofthe leisure space industry distribution is closely of leisure related industry to residents’ is closelyrecreational related activity to residents’ range. recreational With the development activity range. of GIS With as the a powerful development tool for of spatialGIS as visualizationa powerful tooland for analysis, spatial morevisualization and more and scholars analysis, carried more outand empirical more scholars studies carried to show out theempirical spatial studies layout andto showstructure the spatial of certain layout industry and structure (e.g., cultural of certain industry, industry financial (e.g., servicecultural industry, industry, automobile financial service service industry,industry, automobile creative industry, service industry, etc.), and creative to investigate industry, its etc.), spatial and evolution to investigate trend, its spatial spatial growth evolution and trediffusionnd, spatial pattern growth [10 and–17]. diffusion pattern [10–17]. InIn addition addition to to the the spatial spatial distribution distribution pattern pattern of of a a certain certain industry, scholarsscholars areare moremore interested interested in inthe the factors factors shaping shaping its spatialits spatial distribution. distribution. The mostThe most critical critical elements elements of success of success for economic for economic activities activiare supply–demandties are supply–demand relationship relationship and location. and Consumptionlocation. Consumption needs of theneeds population of the population are the primary are theand primary direct driving and direct force fordriving the industry force development,for the industry including development, leisure and including entertainment leisure industry. and entertainmentThe supply-demand industry. relationship The supply involves-demand the relationship number of potentialinvolves customers,the number macro-economic of potential customers,conditions, macro regional-economic consumption conditions, demand regional and capacity consumption [18]. While demand location and compasses capacity infrastructure,[18]. While locationbusiness compasses competition infrastructure, environment, business and public competition service environment, provision. Through and public an empiricalservice provision. study on Throughcultural an facilities empirical in Shenzhen, study on cultural Wei and facilities his colleagues in Shenzhen, [19] concluded Wei and thathis colleagues local economy, [19] concluded population thatdistribution, local economy, transportation, population and distribution, policies are thetransportation, key factors that and influence policies theare distributionthe key factors of cultural that influencefacilities. the Transportation, distribution of which cultural links facilities. customers Transportation, and facilities, which is emphasized links customers to be of and great facilities, importance is empto thehasized location to be choice of great of leisureimportance and entertainment to the location facilities choice of [20 leisure]. Zhang and and entertainment Wang [7] pointed facilities out [20] that. Zhangvarious and types Wang of leisure[7] pointed venues out are that attracted various by types each of other, leisure leading venues to anare agglomeration attracted by each pattern other, and leadingusually to located an agglomeration nearby CBDs. pattern and usually located nearby CBDs. However,However, most most of of the the existing existing studies studies take take the the leisure leisure and and entertainment entertainment industry industry as as a awhole whole andand lack lack in in-depth-depth spatial spatial quantitative quantitative analysis. analysis. In Inthis this paper, paper, specifically specifically focusing focusing on on karaoke karaoke bar, bar, whichwhich is is an an immensely immensely widespread widespread leisure leisure activit activityy in in urban urban China, China, we we aim aim to to demonstrate demonstrate their their spatialspatial distribution distribution pattern pattern within within the the city city by by means means of of the the GIS GIS statistical statistical methods, methods, and and to to explore explore the the sociosocio-spatial-spatial factors factors underlying underlying their their distribution, distribution, which which include include population population density, density, transportation,
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