Lowpass Filter Design for Space Applications in Waveguide Technology Using Alternative Topologies
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Frequency Response
EE105 – Fall 2015 Microelectronic Devices and Circuits Frequency Response Prof. Ming C. Wu [email protected] 511 Sutardja Dai Hall (SDH) Amplifier Frequency Response: Lower and Upper Cutoff Frequency • Midband gain Amid and upper and lower cutoff frequencies ωH and ω L that define bandwidth of an amplifier are often of more interest than the complete transferfunction • Coupling and bypass capacitors(~ F) determineω L • Transistor (and stray) capacitances(~ pF) determineω H Lower Cutoff Frequency (ωL) Approximation: Short-Circuit Time Constant (SCTC) Method 1. Identify all coupling and bypass capacitors 2. Pick one capacitor ( ) at a time, replace all others with short circuits 3. Replace independent voltage source withshort , and independent current source withopen 4. Calculate the resistance ( ) in parallel with 5. Calculate the time constant, 6. Repeat this for each of n the capacitor 7. The low cut-off frequency can be approximated by n 1 ωL ≅ ∑ i=1 RiSCi Note: this is an approximation. The real low cut-off is slightly lower Lower Cutoff Frequency (ωL) Using SCTC Method for CS Amplifier SCTC Method: 1 n 1 fL ≅ ∑ 2π i=1 RiSCi For the Common-Source Amplifier: 1 # 1 1 1 & fL ≅ % + + ( 2π $ R1SC1 R2SC2 R3SC3 ' Lower Cutoff Frequency (ωL) Using SCTC Method for CS Amplifier Using the SCTC method: For C2 : = + = + 1 " 1 1 1 % R3S R3 (RD RiD ) R3 (RD ro ) fL ≅ $ + + ' 2π # R1SC1 R2SC2 R3SC3 & For C1: R1S = RI +(RG RiG ) = RI + RG For C3 : 1 R2S = RS RiS = RS gm Design: How Do We Choose the Coupling and Bypass Capacitor Values? • Since the impedance of a capacitor increases with decreasing frequency, coupling/bypass capacitors reduce amplifier gain at low frequencies. -
Feedback Amplifiers
UNIT II FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS & OSCILLATORS FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS: Feedback concept, types of feedback, Amplifier models: Voltage amplifier, current amplifier, trans-conductance amplifier and trans-resistance amplifier, feedback amplifier topologies, characteristics of negative feedback amplifiers, Analysis of feedback amplifiers, Performance comparison of feedback amplifiers. OSCILLATORS: Principle of operation, Barkhausen Criterion, types of oscillators, Analysis of RC-phase shift and Wien bridge oscillators using BJT, Generalized analysis of LC Oscillators, Hartley and Colpitts’s oscillators with BJT, Crystal oscillators, Frequency and amplitude stability of oscillators. 1.1 Introduction: Feedback Concept: Feedback: A portion of the output signal is taken from the output of the amplifier and is combined with the input signal is called feedback. Need for Feedback: • Distortion should be avoided as far as possible. • Gain must be independent of external factors. Concept of Feedback: Block diagram of feedback amplifier consist of a basic amplifier, a mixer (or) comparator, a sampler, and a feedback network. Figure 1.1 Block diagram of an amplifier with feedback A – Gain of amplifier without feedback. A = X0 / Xi Af – Gain of amplifier with feedback.Af = X0 / Xs β – Feedback ratio. β = Xf / X0 X is either voltage or current. 1.2 Types of Feedback: 1. Positive feedback 2. Negative feedback 1.2.1 Positive Feedback: If the feedback signal is in phase with the input signal, then the net effect of feedback will increase the input signal given to the amplifier. This type of feedback is said to be positive or regenerative feedback. Xi=Xs+Xf Af = = = Af= Here Loop Gain: The product of open loop gain and the feedback factor is called loop gain. -
Unit I Microwave Transmission Lines
UNIT I MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION LINES INTRODUCTION Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with wavelengths ranging from 1 mm to 1 m, or frequencies between 300 MHz and 300 GHz. Apparatus and techniques may be described qualitatively as "microwave" when the wavelengths of signals are roughly the same as the dimensions of the equipment, so that lumped-element circuit theory is inaccurate. As a consequence, practical microwave technique tends to move away from the discrete resistors, capacitors, and inductors used with lower frequency radio waves. Instead, distributed circuit elements and transmission-line theory are more useful methods for design, analysis. Open-wire and coaxial transmission lines give way to waveguides, and lumped-element tuned circuits are replaced by cavity resonators or resonant lines. Effects of reflection, polarization, scattering, diffraction, and atmospheric absorption usually associated with visible light are of practical significance in the study of microwave propagation. The same equations of electromagnetic theory apply at all frequencies. While the name may suggest a micrometer wavelength, it is better understood as indicating wavelengths very much smaller than those used in radio broadcasting. The boundaries between far infrared light, terahertz radiation, microwaves, and ultra-high-frequency radio waves are fairly arbitrary and are used variously between different fields of study. The term microwave generally refers to "alternating current signals with frequencies between 300 MHz (3×108 Hz) and 300 GHz (3×1011 Hz)."[1] Both IEC standard 60050 and IEEE standard 100 define "microwave" frequencies starting at 1 GHz (30 cm wavelength). Electromagnetic waves longer (lower frequency) than microwaves are called "radio waves". Electromagnetic radiation with shorter wavelengths may be called "millimeter waves", terahertz radiation or even T-rays. -
Wave Guides & Resonators
UNIT I WAVEGUIDES & RESONATORS INTRODUCTION Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with wavelengths ranging from 1 mm to 1 m, or frequencies between 300 MHz and 300 GHz. Apparatus and techniques may be described qualitatively as "microwave" when the wavelengths of signals are roughly the same as the dimensions of the equipment, so that lumped-element circuit theory is inaccurate. As a consequence, practical microwave technique tends to move away from the discrete resistors, capacitors, and inductors used with lower frequency radio waves. Instead, distributed circuit elements and transmission-line theory are more useful methods for design, analysis. Open-wire and coaxial transmission lines give way to waveguides, and lumped-element tuned circuits are replaced by cavity resonators or resonant lines. Effects of reflection, polarization, scattering, diffraction, and atmospheric absorption usually associated with visible light are of practical significance in the study of microwave propagation. The same equations of electromagnetic theory apply at all frequencies. While the name may suggest a micrometer wavelength, it is better understood as indicating wavelengths very much smaller than those used in radio broadcasting. The boundaries between far infrared light, terahertz radiation, microwaves, and ultra-high-frequency radio waves are fairly arbitrary and are used variously between different fields of study. The term microwave generally refers to "alternating current signals with frequencies between 300 MHz (3×108 Hz) and 300 GHz (3×1011 Hz)."[1] Both IEC standard 60050 and IEEE standard 100 define "microwave" frequencies starting at 1 GHz (30 cm wavelength). Electromagnetic waves longer (lower frequency) than microwaves are called "radio waves". Electromagnetic radiation with shorter wavelengths may be called "millimeter waves", terahertz Page 1 radiation or even T-rays. -
Waveguides Waveguides, Like Transmission Lines, Are Structures Used to Guide Electromagnetic Waves from Point to Point. However
Waveguides Waveguides, like transmission lines, are structures used to guide electromagnetic waves from point to point. However, the fundamental characteristics of waveguide and transmission line waves (modes) are quite different. The differences in these modes result from the basic differences in geometry for a transmission line and a waveguide. Waveguides can be generally classified as either metal waveguides or dielectric waveguides. Metal waveguides normally take the form of an enclosed conducting metal pipe. The waves propagating inside the metal waveguide may be characterized by reflections from the conducting walls. The dielectric waveguide consists of dielectrics only and employs reflections from dielectric interfaces to propagate the electromagnetic wave along the waveguide. Metal Waveguides Dielectric Waveguides Comparison of Waveguide and Transmission Line Characteristics Transmission line Waveguide • Two or more conductors CMetal waveguides are typically separated by some insulating one enclosed conductor filled medium (two-wire, coaxial, with an insulating medium microstrip, etc.). (rectangular, circular) while a dielectric waveguide consists of multiple dielectrics. • Normal operating mode is the COperating modes are TE or TM TEM or quasi-TEM mode (can modes (cannot support a TEM support TE and TM modes but mode). these modes are typically undesirable). • No cutoff frequency for the TEM CMust operate the waveguide at a mode. Transmission lines can frequency above the respective transmit signals from DC up to TE or TM mode cutoff frequency high frequency. for that mode to propagate. • Significant signal attenuation at CLower signal attenuation at high high frequencies due to frequencies than transmission conductor and dielectric losses. lines. • Small cross-section transmission CMetal waveguides can transmit lines (like coaxial cables) can high power levels. -
Design of Microwave Waveguide Filters with Effects of Fabrication Imperfections
FACTA UNIVERSITATIS Series: Electronics and Energetics Vol. 30, No 4, December 2017, pp. 431 - 458 DOI: 10.2298/FUEE1704431M DESIGN OF MICROWAVE WAVEGUIDE FILTERS WITH EFFECTS OF FABRICATION IMPERFECTIONS Marija Mrvić, Snežana Stefanovski Pajović, Milka Potrebić, Dejan Tošić University of Belgrade, School of Electrical Engineering, Belgrade, Serbia Abstract. This paper presents results of a study on a bandpass and bandstop waveguide filter design using printed-circuit discontinuities, representing resonating elements. These inserts may be implemented using relatively simple types of resonators, and the amplitude response may be controlled by tuning the parameters of the resonators. The proper layout of the resonators on the insert may lead to a single or multiple resonant frequencies, using single resonating insert. The inserts may be placed in the E-plane or the H-plane of the standard rectangular waveguide. Various solutions using quarter-wave resonators and split- ring resonators for bandstop filters, and complementary split-ring resonators for bandpass filters are proposed, including multi-band filters and compact filters. They are designed to operate in the X-frequency band and standard rectangular waveguide (WR-90) is used. Besides three dimensional electromagnetic models and equivalent microwave circuits, experimental results are also provided to verify proposed design. Another aspect of the research represents a study of imperfections demonstrated on a bandpass waveguide filter. Fabrication side effects and implementation imperfections are analyzed in details, providing relevant results regarding the most critical parameters affecting filter performance. The analysis is primarily based on software simulations, to shorten and improve design procedure. However, measurement results represent additional contribution to validate the approach and confirm conclusions regarding crucial phenomena affecting filter response. -
Lab 4: Prelab
ECE 445 Biomedical Instrumentation rev 2012 Lab 8: Active Filters for Instrumentation Amplifier INTRODUCTION: In Lab 6, a simple instrumentation amplifier was implemented and tested. Lab 7 expanded upon the instrumentation amplifier by improving circuit performance and by building a LabVIEW user interface. This lab will complete the design of your biomedical instrument by introducing a filter into the circuit. REQUIRED PARTS AND MATERIALS: Materials Needed 1) Instrumentation amplifier from Lab 7 2) Results from Prelab 3) Oscilloscope 4) Function Generator 5) DC Power Supply 6) Labivew Software 7) Data Acquisition Board 8) Resistors 9) Capacitors 10) Dual operational amplifier (UA747) PRELAB: 1. Print the Prelab and Lab8 Grading Sheets. Answer all of the questions in the Prelab Grading Sheet and bring the Lab8 Grading Sheet with you when you come to lab. The Prelab Grading Sheet must be turned in to the TA before beginning your lab assignment. 2. Read the LABORATORY PROCEDURE before coming to lab. Note: you are not required to print the lab procedure; you can view it on the PC at your lab bench. 3. For further reading consult class notes, text book and see Low Pass Filters http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/filter/filter_2.html High Pass Filters http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/filter/filter_3.html BACKGROUND: Active Filters As their name implies, Active Filters contain active components such as operational amplifiers or transistors within their design. They draw their power from an external power source and use it to boost or amplify the output signal. Operational amplifiers can also be used to shape or alter the frequency response of the circuit by producing a more selective output response by making the output bandwidth of the filter more narrow or even wider. -
DETERMINATION of the APPROPRIATE CUTOFF FREQUENCY in the DIGITAL FILTER DATA SMOOTHING PROCEDURE By
'DETERMINATION OF THE APPROPRIATE CUTOFF FREQUENCY IN THE DIGITAL FILTER DATA SMOOTHING PROCEDURE by BING YU B.S., Peking Institute of Physical Education, 1982 A MASTER'S THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Physical Education and Leisure Studies KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY 1988 Approved by: Major Professo 3# AllSDfl 5327b7 ']cl ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to acknowledge the assistance and support of the entire graduate faculty of Kansas State University's Department of Physical Education and Leisure Studies. Special thanks go to committee members Dr. Stephan Konz and Dr. Kathleen Williams for their unique perspectives and editorial assistance. Most of all, I would like to thank my major professor, Dr. Larry Noble, for his integrity, his enthusiasm for knowledge, and the tremendous amount of time and assistance he has given me over the past two years. 11 DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my parents, Dr. Gou-Rei Yu and Ming-Hua Lu, to my wife Wei Li, to her parents, Dr. Ping Li and Dr. Xiu-Zhang Yu, and to all of the other folks of my family and her family for their understanding of my absence when my son Charlse Alan Yu was born. Their constant support and encouragement are deeply appreciated. 111 . CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii DEDICATION iii LIST OF FIGURES vi LIST OF TABLES ix Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Statement Of The Problem 2 Definitions 3 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 7 The Nature Of Errors 7 Sources Of Errors 10 Data Smoothing Techniques Used In Sport Biomechanics 15 Finite difference technique 15 Least square polynomial approxination. -
A Capacitive Load Double-Ridge Waveguide Evanescent Mode Low-Pass Filter Fanfu Meng , Chao Yuan Guowei Chen
2nd International Conference on Advances in Energy, Environment and Chemical Engineering (AEECE 2016) A Capacitive Load Double-Ridge Waveguide Evanescent Mode Low-pass Filter Fanfu Meng 1, a, Chao Yuan2,b Guowei Chen3,c 1University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, School of Physical Electronics, Chengdu, P. R. China 2University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, School of Physical Electronics, Chengdu, P. R. China 3University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, School of Physical Electronics, Chengdu, P. R. China [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Keywords: evanescent mode ;capacitive loading ; double-ridge waveguide;filter Abstract. In this paper, a capacitive load double-ridge waveguide evanescent mode low-pass filteris is presented. Combining electromagnetic simulation software to design ,the test results are: The filter return loss<-20dB, insertion loss>-0.6dB, out-band suppression≥40dBc at 5.5GHz and≥20dBc at 13GHz to 26 GHz, parasitic passband appears in multiples of five frequency, improving filter performance greatly. Introduction As we know waveguide,a kind of passive component, has been used widely in the field of Microwave. However, we take it as a transmission line where we are used to pay more attention to its transmission mode with avoiding cutoff state usually. With study on the waveguide cutoff mode deeply found an important application value containing evanescent mode filter which is a significant reflection.Compared traditional filter evanescent mode filter is advantage of smaller size, higher clutter suppression and farther parasitic passband preferred by engineer in practical application. Meanwhile, The capacitive loading effect refined the filter size further increating designing flexibility. -
Modeling and Performance of Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Layered Waveguide Filters
TELKOMNIKA , Vol. 11, No. 7, July 2013, pp. 3523 ~ 3533 e-ISSN: 2087-278X 3523 Modeling and Performance of Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Layered Waveguide Filters Ardavan Rahimian School of Electronic, Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Birmingham Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK e-mail: [email protected] Abstract This paper presents novel designs, analysis, and performance of 4-pole and 8-pole microwave and millimeter-wave (MMW) waveguide filters for operation at X and Y frequency bands. The waveguide filters have been designed and analyzed based on the RF mode matching and coupled resonators design techniques employing layered technology. Thorough waveguide filters working at X-band and Y-band have been designed, analyzed, fabricated, and also tested along with the analysis of the output characteristics. Accurate designs of RF waveguides along with their filters based on the E-plane filter concept have been carried out with the ability of fitting into the layered technology in high frequency production techniques. The filters demonstrate the appropriateness in order to develop high-performance well-established designs for systems that are intended for the multi-layer microwave, millimeter- and sub-millimeter-waves devices and systems; with the potential employment in radar, satellite, and radio astronomy applications. Keywords : coupled resonator, millimeter-wave device, RF filtering function, RF waveguide filter Copyright © 2013 Universitas Ahmad Dahlan. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction The demands for extending the applications of RF waveguide devices and systems to the increasingly higher RF frequencies up to sub-millimeter-wave frequency bands have been driven by applications including astronomy, radars, and remote sensors [1]. -
CP27 Solution
Electric Circuits Prof. Shayla Sawyer Spring 2015 ECSE 2010 CP27 solution 1) Bode plots/Transfer functions a. Draw magnitude and phase bode plots for the transfer function s⋅() s+ 100 H s()= 0.01 ⋅ ()s+ 1E4 In your magnitude plot, indicate corrections at the poles and zeros. Step 1: Find poles, zeros Zeros: 0, 100 Poles: 1E4 Step 2: Define regions and find either H(j ω) or H(s) 100⋅ 0.01 − 4 = 1× 10 ⋅ 4 s< 100 1 10 0.01⋅ s⋅100 − 4 − 4 H s() = = 1⋅ 10 s +20db/dec slope 100⋅ 1⋅10 = 0.01 4 1⋅ 10 slope ends at 20⋅ log 0.01() −= 40 4 0.01 − 6 100< s < 10 = 1× 10 4 1⋅ 10 0.01⋅ s⋅s − 6 2 H s() = = 1⋅ 10 s 4 +40 db/dec slope 1⋅ 10 2 − 6 4 20log 10 ⋅()1⋅ 10 = 40 4 s> 10 0.01⋅ s⋅s +20db/dec H s() = = 0.01s s slope Step 3: Make corrections Correction at 100 is +3db because it is a ZERO^1! Correction at 10^4 is -3db because it is a POLE^1! 1 Electric Circuits Prof. Shayla Sawyer Spring 2015 ECSE 2010 CP27 solution s2 H ()s = 10 (s +100 )(s +10000 ) Phase plots 0.1 ωc1 = 10 ω = 10 j10⋅() j10+ 100 ∠ 0⋅ ∠90() ∠0() ∠H j10()= 0.01 ⋅ ∠ 90 ()10j+ 1E4 ∠0 ∠0 + ∠90 + ∠0 − ∠0 ⋅ 3 10 ωc1 = 10 3 ω = 10 3 3 3 j10 ⋅()j10 + 100 ∠ 0⋅ ∠90() ∠90() ∠H() j10 = 0.01 ⋅ ∠ 180 3 ∠0 ()10 j+ 1E4 ∠0 + ∠90 + ∠90 − ∠0 180− 45 = 135 2 Electric Circuits Prof. -
Development of Tunable Ka-Band Filters
1 Development of Tunable Ka-band Filters Final Report Ben Lacroix, Stanis Courreges, Yuan Li, Carlos Donado and John Papapolymerou School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA 30332 2 Introduction/Summary Georgia Tech has designed several filters operating in Ka-band. These filters are built on Sapphire and use integrated BST thin films as tuning elements. The fabrication is conducted by nGimat, Inc. Four different approaches are presented in this report. The first filter is a 3-pole filter based on a CPW (Coplanar Waveguide) topology and includes 6 BST capacitors. It is built on a Sapphire substrate and tunes from 29 to 34 GHz (17%). The fractional bandwidth is about 10-12%. Insertion loss of only 2.5 dB is measured when the BST capacitors are biased with 30 V. The second CPW filter consists of two resonators whose physical/electrical lengths can be changed by coupling each resonator with an additional piece of line which acts like a loading capacitor. Therefore, the center frequency can be tuned. The measured tuning appears to be lower than expected. Several issues are discussed. The third filter is also based on a CPW topology, and uses 4 BST capacitors located at the end of the resonators in order to make the filter tune. This design is based on cross-coupled resonators. A trade-off between performance and tuning is discussed. Finally, the fourth part demonstrates the design and implementation of a two-pole, Tunable Folded Waveguide Filter (TFWF) on sapphire and with tuning provided by barium strontium titanate (BST) capacitors.