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A Comparison of Fish Surveys Made in 1908 and 1998 of the Potaro, Essequibo, Demerara, and Coastal River Drainages of Guyana

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A Comparison of Fish Surveys Made in 1908 and 1998 of the Potaro, Essequibo, Demerara, and Coastal River Drainages of Guyana 225 lchthyol. Explor. Freshwaters, Vol. 13, No.3, pp. 225-238, 7 figs., 3 tabs., November 2002 © 2002 by Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Miinchen, Germany - ISSN 0936-9902 A comparison of fish surveys made in 1908 and 1998 of the Potaro, Essequibo, Demerara, and coastal river drainages of Guyana Michael Hardman""' ""****, Lawrence M. Page ,,"1 ******, Mark H. Sabaj *'**, Jonathan W. Armbruster***, and Jason H. Knouft *,>t*** In 1908, Carl H. Eigenmann traveled within Cuyana to study its fishes. In 1998, we rcsampled fishes in the arcas visited by Eigcnmarm. We sampled 11 of the 18 localities surveyed in 1908 and five localities near the remaining seven. Eigenmann reported a total of 336 species from Guyana, of which 258 were represented by voucher specimens and were taken from areas in whkh we sampled. We collected a total of 270 species. The comparison of species richness detected by each survey revcilled nearly identical rcsults at almost all sites, except near Georgetown where fewer species were detected in 1998. The lower species richness around Georgetown may be attributed to environmental degradation ilssociated with a nearby urban population. Except for the Georgetown area, enviromnental degradation was localized, and species diversity was similar to th at in 1908. This study increases the number of freshwater fi sh species known fro m Guyana by 47, and potentially by 73. An exa mination of species distributions in the Potaro and Essequibo Rivers revealed an upstream limit to more than 40 % of all fish species at Tumatumari cataract. Introduction coll ect and study fi shes in the Essequibo Ri ver basin. He recorded the localities and collections In 1908, Carl H . Ei genmaml, one of the pre-emi­ of fi shes made on the journey in his 1912 book nent ich thyologists of his time, traveled by boat The Fishes of British Guialla. In the book are de­ into the interior of Guyana l= British Guiana} to scriptions of 360 nominal species of fi shes of Illinois Natural History Survey, 607 E. Peabody Drive, Cha!1)paign, Illinois 61820, USA. .. Present address: Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900 Benjamin Frankli n Parkway, Phi ladelphia, PelUlsylva­ nia 19103, USA. E-mail : sabaj@discovery. acnatsci.org Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn UniverSity, 101 Cary Hall, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA E-mai l: annbrjw@mall ard.duc.auburn.edu """" Prescnt address: Department of Biology, Campus Box 1137, Washington UniverSity, St. Louis, MI 63130, USA E-mail: [email protected]. ed u Present address: Department of Ichthyology, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposi­ tion Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA E-Mail: [email protected] Present address: Florida Museum of Natural History, Uni versity of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. E-mail: [email protected] lchthyol. Explor. Freshwaters. VoL '13, No_3 226 Fig. 1. Guyana: Kaiteur Falls. These waterfalls pose an upstream limit to approximately 25 % of fish species reported from Potaro River. Photograph by L. M. Page. which 128 were diagnosed as species new to Material and methods Eigenmann collected science (Eigenmann, 1912). 336 of the 360 species 60 m in length and by are currently considered valid. The drainage basins we sampled were the same natural ichthyocide eXltra<:ted In 1998, we repeated Eigenmann's journey, as those visited by Eigenmann (see Table 1 for a (Derris elliptica), a plant collecting in the same drainages and often at the sum mary of Eigenmann 's collection Sites): Coastal American Indians have, same localities in an effort to provide more infor­ Streams (referring to small river systems near of years, used hiari to catch mation on the poorly known fishes of Guyana. Georgetown d raining into the Atlantic Ocean), We relied almostexdusively The primary objectives of our trip were to resam­ Demerara River, Essequibo River, Lower Potaro we accompanied Alnerindianj pte the fishes and detect changes in diversity in River, and Upper Potaro River. The Upper and while they collected fishes areas visited by Eigenmann 90 years earlier, search Lower Potaro rivers are separated by Kaiteur of our collections were made for species not reported in 1908, and add new Falls, the highest single-drop fall s (226 m) in the now seines with 3.2 mrn distributional information to the growing body world (Fig. ] ). bag seines with 4.8 nun of knowledge on South American fi shes. We al so Our collecting efforts, measured by the number were sampled by dragging wanted to compare environmental conditions of sites visited in each drainage basin, were sim­ and into the side of a stream now with those observed by Eigenmann. Al­ ilar to the act i vi~es of Eigenmann (Table 2). We or gravel bar. Riffl es and though Guyana is one of the least developed sampled 11 of the 18 localities sampled by Eigen­ holding a minnow seine' countries in South America, gold and d iamond mann and five localities near the remaining sev­ otherwise dislodging mining is widespread. Mining can be devastat­ en (Fig. 2). We were unable to collect at some of materials a short distance ing to aquatic environments because the process the localities visited by Eigenmann because of Floodplain pools and other releases large amounts of sediment and toxic sub­ permit restrictions related to lands owned by were sampled with dipnets. stances (e.g., mercury). Amerindians, and we were not permitted to col­ lected were identified to lect in Kaiteur National Park (called Savannah ited atthe fllinois r-Jatur,J! J-clist<J Landing by Eigenmann). Unlike Eigenmann, we Auburn University did not sample the Essequibo River upstream of Study of Biological Di've",sitv its confl uence with the Potaro Ri ver. Guyana (UG/ CSBD). The Hardman et al.: Guyana fish surveys Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters, Vol. 13, 227 ( • t998 sites Elevation in Meters J..... _ ........ L_ .... J 1 - 250 r"'-"-l 251 - 500 ~_ .._ .._ . .J ''''-'--, L! ___ ._ .....j 501 - i50 _ 751 -1 000 _> 1001 Kilometers S[llIIiallJala SOlin'",; o 20 ES R! DMa :):0011 - - DTOP030 Fig. 2. Localities sampled in Guyana, 1998. Eigenmann collected fi shes with seines up to meyer, 1998) was used to provide the taxonomy 60 In in length and by poisoning fishes with a on ,·vhich this study was based. natural ichthyocide extracted from roots of hiari Eigerunruu1's specimens are located in several (Derris elliptica), a plant native to Guyana. South museums. Many of his type specimens are housed American Indians have, presumably for hundreds at the Field Museum of Natural History (FMNH ). of years, used hiaTi to catch fi shes. In making our identifications, we examined aU of We relied almostexclusivc1y on seines, although his characiform types and many other specimens we accompanied Amerindians near Chenapou at FMNH, and specimens at the Academy of while they collected fi shes using hiari root. Most Natural Sciences of Philadelphia and the Califor­ of OUf collections were made with 3.0 x 1.5 m min­ nia Academy of Sciences. Eigenmann purchased now seines with 3.2 mm mesh or with 9.0 x 1.8 m a large number of specimens in markets in Geor­ bag seines \vith 4.8 mm mesh. Pools and runs getown. We purchased only a few because local­ were sampled by d ragging seines downstream ities ,",,,here the specimens had been captured usu­ and in to the si de of a stream bank or onto a sand ally could not be confirmed with certainty. or gravel bar. Riffles a nd rapids were sampled by For our comparison of species richness in the holding a minnow seine in place while kicking or two surveys, we did not include 5 species report­ otherwise dislodging stones and other substrate ed in the 1908 survey that were found only at materials a short distance upstream of the seine. sites we did not sample, (e .g., Essequibo River Floodplain pools and other small bodies of water sites upstream of its confluence with the Potaro were sampled with dipncts. All individuals col­ River; Konawaruk and Warraputa Cataract). Fur­ lected were identified to species and were depos­ thermore, we did not include 23 species in the ited at the Illinois Natural History Survey (INHs), 1908 li st that were not represented by voucher Auburn University (AU), and the Centre for the specimens because their identifications or locaU­ Study of Biological Dive rsity at the University of ties could not be verified. Guyana (UG j CsBO). The Catalog of Fishes (Esch- khthyol. Explor. Fresh\vaters, VoL 13, No.3 228 Table 1. Summary of collections reported in Eigerunann (1909, 1912) including approximate locations, habitats 13. Rupununi, Twoca Pan sampled, sampling methods, primary collectors and dates. 1 Information from Eigenmann (1909: 5). 2 Eigenmann Multiple localities including did not sample Aruataima Cataract himself due to heavy rains; species collected in the cataract were described in Rupununi opposite Massara Eigenmann (1909). Lnnding and Twoca Pan (befweel Rupununi and Pununike) geographic region, habitat and sampling efforts primary date Lower Potaro River site names (numbered) (if specified) collector (1908 unless 14. Tumatumari and collection localities (italics) specified) Coastal streams and lower Demerara River 1. Lama Stop-off, Maduni Stop-off, Seined canal, below dams on Lama Eigenmann Sep.15-19 15. Potaro Landing and Cane Grove Corner and Maduni Creeks, and Lama Water Conservancy (reservoir) 2. Georgetown Trenches 16. Kangaruma Georgetown trenches Seined vegetated trenches and canals Eigenmailll Sep.9-14 17. Erukin (freshwater) and muddy pond (occaSionally brackish) Botanic Garden Collected in trenches, drained one of water Shideler Between 18. Amaruk Oct. 19 - Dec. 3. Georgetown Market and Harbor Presumably specimens from mouth Eigenmann Sep. 9-14 and of Demerara River, esruaries and coast Nov.
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