Molecules in the Solid State

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based processing methods that introduce substantial economic advantages as well as prospects for fabricating devices with Molecules in the unusual (e.g., nonplanar) geometries. History and Development of Molecular Materials Solid State The articles contained in this issue of MRS Bulletin address materials that derive their properties from molecules in the solid Bruce M. Foxman and Michael D. Ward, state. The recognition that molecules play a role in solid-state properties can be traced to Guest Editors some key historical benchmarks beginning in the latter part of the 19th century, a significant period for both the history and devel- Abstract opment of molecular materials. In 1848, The design and synthesis of solid-state materials constructed from molecules has Pasteur performed the first resolution of a emerged as an important frontier of materials research. Molecular materials promise chiral compound by physically separating an unparalleled opportunity for systematic manipulation of solid-state properties and crystals of sodium ammonium tartrate into functions by using molecular design principles and capitalizing on the versatility of left- and right-handed forms (a molecule is organic synthesis. Furthermore, the use of molecular components may produce chiral if it cannot be superimposed on its considerable economic benefits, whether by reducing fabrication cost or through mirror image; the two forms are enan- increases in performance. The articles in this issue of MRS Bulletin cover recent tiomers). Pasteur brilliantly observed that discoveries and developments based on materials with properties and functions that the crystals were different: the right- and hinge on the characteristics of their molecular constituents. These materials promise left-handed forms were enantiomers and could not be superimposed, and thus were significant advances in several technologies of substantial commercial interest, chiral. More than 150 years later, the impact including organic light-emitting diodes, nonlinear optics, gas separations, chiral of this discovery is still felt as numerous separations, and molecular magnets. research efforts employ chiral reagents and catalysts for asymmetric synthesis, through which one particular enantiomer can be made with high selectivity. Ironically, Introduction molecular crystals with chiral environ- Research during the last half of the 20th In the last decade, pronounced growth ments are now being explored for asym- century led to the discovery and develop- has occurred in functional solid-state metric synthesis and selective separations ment of remarkable inorganic materials materials that rely on the properties of of enantiomers, which clearly would have which spawned numerous technologies uniquely tailored molecules embedded in delighted Pasteur. that collectively have become essential the solid state either as isolated entities in Early interest in molecular materials to modern society, as exemplified by composites or as single-phase materials was sparked further by the development silicon-based transistors, gallium arsenide containing discrete constituents—organic of alizarin and indigo dyes in Germany lasers, ceramic piezoelectrics and thermo- and organometallic molecules—held during the latter half of the 19th century, electrics, and metallic and metal oxide together by noncovalent forces. The abil- and the optical properties of molecular magnetic storage media. Without these ity of organic synthesis to produce func- solids are as important today as they were remarkable solids, progress in comput- tional molecules on demand promises then. In the 1960s, Schmidt and co- ers, electronics, optics, communication, substantial advances in materials design workers further stimulated interest in energy storage, solar cells, machine tools, for existing technologies as well as emerg- organic solid-state chemistry through sensors, and more simply would not have ing ones. As a group, molecular-based their demonstration of stereospecific syn- been possible. materials exhibit most of the properties theses and polymerizations in the solid Although inorganic materials will con- typically associated with more conven- state by ultraviolet or γ-irradiation of crys- tinue to play a central role in such applica- tional inorganic and elemental solids, talline molecular materials.2 Schmidt’s tions, materials based on molecular from superconductivity to ferromagnet- research established a connection between building blocks offer unparalleled versa- ism to piezoelectricity to second harmonic solid-state packing of different forms (i.e., tility with respect to properties and func- generation. Like most inorganic materials, polymorphs) of cinnamic acid and tion. This already is amply demonstrated solid-state materials generated by the “topochemical” reactivity in the solid by the ubiquity of polymeric materials— assembly of discrete molecules often are state. In a topochemical process, the fixed molecular building blocks linked by cova- highly crystalline (aka “molecular crys- orientation of the reactants can lead to lent bonds—that unquestionably play a tals”). Unlike their inorganic counterparts, unusual stereospecific intermolecular key role in numerous commercial arenas. however, molecular-based materials tend reactions that cannot be accomplished in More recently, the coupling of functional to be mechanically soft and typically have solution. Schmidt’s work stimulated sci- organic molecules with inorganic compo- melting or decomposition points ranging entists to think about intermolecular inter- nents has prompted considerable interest from 100–400°C, in contrast with typical actions in crystals and provided the in “hybrid” materials and devices, for ranges of 500–1500°C for inorganic mate- conceptual framework for the discipline example, semiconductor field-effect tran- rials. However, molecular-based materials of “crystal engineering.” sistors decorated with molecular and bio- usually are soluble in aqueous or organic A particularly significant burst of activ- molecular receptors.1 solvents, providing access to solution- ity in molecular crystals began in the

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1960s with the emergence of organic acene molecule, exhibit hole mobilities in bounded only by their crystal dimensions, electron-donor–electron-acceptor com- a field-effect transistor configuration that constructed from molecular “tinkertoys” plexes, also known as charge-transfer rival those measured for amorphous sili- held together by hydrogen bonding or complexes, followed by investigations of con (Figure 1).13,14 Others have built on metal-ligand coordination are emerging electronic transport in organic crystals. Schmidt’s strategy of topochemical as promising candidates for molecular This spawned a flurry of activity in solid-state reactions to make polydi- separations and gas storage.18,19 More organic metals, superconductors, and acetylenes—potentially useful as optical recently, the materials science of pharma- semiconductors,3–10 the latter reemerging limiters, waveguides, and thermometric ceutical compounds, which often consist recently in the form of new strategies for sensors—directly from crystals of discrete of small-molecule crystals, has attracted organic light-emitting diodes and field- diacetylene molecules that are aligned considerable attention, owing to the effect transistors.11,12 For example, single properly in the solid state.15–17 New mate- importance of crystal form (i.e., poly- crystals of rubrene, a well-known poly- rials based on infinite frameworks, morphs), phase stability, and mechanical properties in therapeutic formulations. The reader is directed to the article by Jones et al. in the November 2006 issue of MRS Bulletin for a comprehensive overview of this topic.20 The Emerging Importance of Solid-State Structure Collectively, these efforts and others have reinforced the notion that solid-state properties can be manipulated through careful design and selection of the molecular components. But they have also demonstrated that solid-state properties strongly depend on the molecular organization in the solid state and, in the case of electronic materials, the interactions between electronic states on adjacent molecules. Consequently, a key ingredient in materials design from molecules is the pre- diction and control of solid-state structure, which remains one of the foremost chal- lenges in organic solid-state chemistry. Advances in materials research inar- guably rely on a thorough understanding of solid-state structure and its relationship to solid-state properties. Indeed, the evo- lution of materials, from metals to alloys to ceramics to steels to specialty electronic materials, testifies to the inextricable link- age between solid-state structure and properties. As such, the emergence of organic solid-state chemistry as a discipline and the associated development of functional molecular materials can be linked to advances in solid-state structure determination, particularly single-crystal x-ray diffraction. Although single-crystal x-ray diffraction was used initially to determine molecular structure alone, the strong connection between solid-state structure and properties in molecular crystals has increasingly directed attention toward analysis of molecular organization in the solid state and elucidation of the factors that govern solid-state packing. The Figure 1. (top) Unit cell in a single crystal of tetrathiafulvalene-tetracyanoquinodimethane Cambridge Structural Database, founded (TTF-TCNQ), the first “organic metal,” reported in 1974 (see Reference 3). Segregated stacks of TTF (with yellow sulfur atoms) and TCNQ molecules (with blue nitrogen atoms) in 1965, is a compendium of more than result in the formation of an electronic band structure that endows the crystalline material 400,000 crystal structures, with more than with metallic conductivity. The TTF and TCNQ molecules are depicted at right. (bottom) Unit 500,000 expected by 2010 (Figure 2).21 cell in a single crystal of rubrene, a polyacene that has recently been shown to exhibit hole Perhaps not surprisingly, the explosion mobilities near those of amorphous silicon (see References 12 and 13). in structural information is correlated

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a b 450,000 1000 400,000

350,000 800

300,000 600 250,000

200,000 400 Occurrence 150,000 Number of Entries 100,000 200 50,000 0 0 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 Year Year

Figure 2. (a) Growth (1972–2006) in the number of entries to the Cambridge Stuctural Database. (Figure reproduced with permission of the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Center, www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk.) (b) Growth (1972–2005) in the number of publications found using the search string “molecular materials + crystal” in SciFinder.

with the discovery and development synthesis of chiral zeolites, porous materi- The final two articles address important of molecular materials, illustrating the als that provide a chiral environment for aspects of the optical properties of mole- relationship between synthesis, structure, either enantioselective separations or cules in the solid state. Busby et al. discuss and properties, a key tenet of materials catalysis, can have a tremendous impact the preparation of electroluminescent research. in the pharmaceutical industry, where devices through self-assembly of building enantiomeric purity is of paramount blocks consisting of either molecular coor- In This Issue importance. As Lin notes, however, enan- dination compounds or functionalized Clearly, “molecules in the solid state” is tiopure chiral zeolites are difficult to nanoscale zeolite containers infused with a topic of enormous breadth, and this obtain because of the high temperatures organic dyes. The building blocks are inter- issue of MRS Bulletin can address only a employed during their synthesis. The Lin changeable, providing an avenue to opti- small portion of the activities in the field. group is actively pursuing the rational mize energy transfer and tune the color of The articles in this issue were selected to design of molecule-based chiral zeolites, the emitted light. Carefully designed sys- illustrate the versatility and potential of which can be prepared under mild condi- tems can produce white light, a key objec- molecular materials, with an emphasis on tions, based on robust metal-organic tive of solid-state lighting technology. materials that are relevant to key technolo- extended frameworks. The ability to char- Marder et al. describe polymer formu- gies and have not been portrayed in previ- acterize precisely the solid-state structure lations containing specially designed ous issues of MRS Bulletin. Some of the of Kitagawa’s and Lin’s materials using light-responsive molecules capable of two- articles describe efforts that are embryonic single-crystal diffraction, combined with photon absorption coupled to photocleav- but promising, whereas others are farther the ability to tune the solid-state structure able groups that increase the solubility of along the path to commercial products. and properties through judicious choice the surrounding polymer matrix. The The article by Tanaka and Kitagawa of the molecular building blocks, heralds peculiar nonlinear properties of two-pho- illustrates how crystalline metal coordina- a promising approach to technological ton absorption enable excitation of the tion frameworks can be constructed obstacles that remain unresolved. designer molecules with tight spatial con- (based on the structure-directing influence Miller’s article acknowledges that mag- finement, in turn enabling the scribing of of the metal-ligand coordination sphere) netic materials traditionally have been small feature sizes and the fabrication of with precisely prescribed pore sizes and based on metals and metal oxides with complex three-dimensional objects that environments, leading to new materials three-dimensional network structures. can impact photonics, materials process- capable of storing methane, acetylene, and However, magnetically ordered materials ing, biology, and medicine. oxygen. The underlying physics related to based on organic molecules possess spin- Although space limitations prohibit us the interactions between small molecules bearing organic radicals that contribute from capturing all the activities encom- and networks is a key feature of these to both the magnetization and spin cou- passing molecules in the solid state, we materials, which have the potential to pling that lead to magnetic ordering. hope that the contributions in this issue of impact several technologies, including An extremely broad range of behavior MRS Bulletin convince the reader of the fuel storage. has been observed for these materials, technological potential of this ever- In his article, Lin considers molecular including ferri- and ferromagnetism and growing subject. Furthermore, we hope porous solids from a different point of antiferromagnetism; in these molecular this issue will inspire readers to explore view—their use and potential as asym- materials, one can also observe spin Peierls materials based on molecular constituents metric catalysts and as media for the sep- transitions, spin density waves, and meta- that will advance the development of new aration of enantiomeric isomers. The magnets. technologies.

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References 8. J.M. Williams et al., Organic Superconductors 14. V.C. Sundar et al., Science 303, 1644 (2004). 1. F. Patolsky, B.P. Timko, G. Zheng, C.M. (Including Fullerenes) (Prentice Hall, Englewood 15. J.L. Foley et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121, 7262 Lieber, MRS Bull. 32 (2), 142 (2007). Cliffs, NJ, 1992). (1999). 2. M.D. Cohen, G.M.J. Schmidt, F.I. Sonntag, 9. N. Karl, J. Cryst. Growth 99, 1009 (1990). 16. A. Sun, J.W. Lauher, N.S. Goroff, Science J. Chem. Soc., 2000 (1964). 10. M. Pope, C.E. Swenberg, Electronic Processes 312, 1030 (2006). 3. J. Kistenmacher, T.E. Philips, D.O. Cowan, in Organic Crystals and Polymers (Oxford 17. V. Enkelmann, R.J. Leyrer, G. Schleier, G. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B: Struct. Sci 30, 763 University Press, Oxford, ed. 2, 1999). Wegner, J. Mater. Sci. 15, 168 (1980). (1974). 11. S.R. Forrest, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 15, 18. A.M. Pivovar, K.T. Holman, M.D. Ward, 4. M. Bendikov, F. Wudl, D.F. Perepichka, S2599 (2003). Chem. Mater. 13, 3018 (2001). Chem. Rev. 104, 4891 (2004). 12. J.A. Rogers, Z. Bao, H.E. Katz, A. 19. J.L.C. Roswell et al., Science 309, 1350 (2005). 5. F. Wudl, Acc. Chem. Res. 17, 227 (1984). Dodabalapur, Thin-Film Transistors, C.R. Kagan, 20. W. Jones, S. Motherwell, A.V. Trask, MRS 6. J.B. Torrance, Acc. Chem. Res. 12, 79 (1979). P. Andry, Eds. (Marcel Dekker, NY, 2003) p. 377. Bull. 31 (11), 875 (2006). 7. K. Bechgaard, D. Jerome, Sci. Am. 247, 52 13. V. Podzorov et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 3504 21. F.H. Allen, Acta Crystallogr. B58, 380 (1982). (2003). (2002). ■

Bruce M. Foxman Michael D. Ward Jean-Luc Brédas Michael Busby Luisa De Cola

Bruce M. Foxman, Guest advisory boards of Princeton University in His research interests Georgia Research Editor for this issue of Chemistry of Materials, 1981. Ward was a Welch include organic solid- Alliance Eminent Scholar MRS Bulletin, is a profes- Crystal Growth and postdoctoral fellow at the state chemistry, crystal and Chair in Molecular sor of chemistry at Design, Journal of University of Texas at engineering, functional Design. Brandeis University in Coordination Chemistry, Austin between 1981 and organic materials, Brédas has been a Waltham, Massachusetts. and Journal of Chemical 1982. He joined the crystallization, member of the European Foxman holds a bache- Crystallography. research staff at Standard polymorphism, the role Research Advisory Board lor’s degree in chemistry Foxman can be Oil of Ohio in 1982, and of biominerals in (EURAB) for Science, from Iowa State reached at Brandeis in 1984 he became a biomedicine and disease, Technology, and University and a PhD University, Department member of the research organic epitaxy, atomic Innovation since 2001. degree from the of Chemistry, MS015, 415 staff at DuPont Central force microscopy, and His work has been Massachusetts Institute South St., Waltham, MA Research and electrochemistry. Ward honored with the 1997 of Technology. For the 02454, USA; tel. 781-736- Development in has served as an editor Francqui Prize, the 2000 past 35 years, Foxman 2532, fax 781-736-2516, Wilmington, Delaware. for Chemistry of Materials Quinquennial Prize of has led an active research and e-mail foxman1@ Ward joined the faculty since 1998. the Belgian National group in the discovery brandeis.edu. of the Department of Ward can be reached Science Foundation, and and characterization of Chemical Engineering at New York University, the 2001 Italgas Prize molecular solid-state Michael D. Ward, Guest and Materials Science at Department of for Research and reactions, with emphasis Editor for this issue of the University of Chemistry, 100 Technological Innovation on stereospecific MRS Bulletin, recently Minnesota in 1990, where Washington Square East, (shared with Richard oligomerization and moved to New York he held a joint Rm. 1001, New York, NY Friend). He is also a polymerization University in Manhattan, appointment in the 10003, USA; tel. 212- member of the team processes. where he is developing Department of 998-8439, fax 212- that won the 2003 Foxman has published the newly established Chemistry. Ward was 995-4895, e-mail mdw3@ Descartes Prize from the more than 180 research Molecular Design named a Distinguished nyu.edu, and URL European Union. papers and has held Institute within the McKnight University www.nyu.edu/fas/dept/ Brédas can be reached invited appointments at Department of Professor in 1999, and he chemistry/wardgroup/. at Georgia Institute of Max-Planck-Institut für Chemistry. He received was director of the Technology, School of Polymerforschung, his BS degree in chem- University of Minnesota’s Jean-Luc Brédas is a Chemistry and Université Louis Pasteur, istry from William Materials Research professor of chemistry Biochemistry, 901 and the University of Paterson College of New Science and Engineering and biochemistry at the Atlantic Dr. NW, Atlanta, Birmingham. He has Jersey in 1977 and his Center from 1998 to Georgia Institute of GA 30332, USA; tel. 404- served on the editorial PhD degree from 2005. Technology and is the 385-4986, fax 404-894-

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7452, and e-mail jean-luc.bredas@ chemistry.gatech.edu.

Michael Busby is an Alexander von Humboldt postdoctoral research fellow in the group of Luisa De Cola at the University of Münster, Germany. He earned his PhD degree in 2004 from Queen Mary, University of London, Susumu Kitagawa Gregg S. Kottas Wenbin Lin Seth R. Marder working with Antonín Vlˇcek Jr. There, Busby studied ultrafast electron professor in 2004. Also, Chemistry, Katsura, University of Science and Scholar Award (2000), an and energy transfer she has worked as a part- Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto Technology of China in Alfred P. Sloan Research processes in supramole- time professor in 615-8510, Japan; tel. 81- Hefei in 1988, and his Fellowship (2000), and a cules and biomolecules. chemistry at the 75-383-2733, fax 81-75- PhD degree in chemistry Camille Dreyfus Previously, he worked as University of Twente 383-2732, and e-mail from the University of Teacher–Scholar Award a postdoctoral fellow in since 2006. De Cola has kitagawa@sbchem. Illinois at Urbana- (2001). He has authored the group of Franco served on the advisory kyoto-u.ac.jp. Champaign in 1994. or co-authored more than Scandola at the board of the Chemistry After an NSF postdoc- 120 papers in several University of Ferrara, Department of Imperial Gregg S. Kottas is a toral fellowship at different research areas. Italy, on the ultrafast College, London, since postdoctoral associate in Northwestern University, Lin can be reached at relaxation dynamics of 2003. the laboratories of Luisa Lin joined the faculty at the Department of gold nanoparticles. De Cola can be De Cola at the University Brandeis University in Chemistry, CB#3290, Busby’s current reached at Westfälische of Münster, Germany, 1997. He moved to the University of North research interests involve Wilhelms-Universität where he is investigating University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, novel photonic self- Münster and CeNTech, organometallic com- Carolina at Chapel NC 27599, USA; tel. 919- assembling nano- and Mendelstraße 7, 48149 plexes for use in novel Hill in 2001 and was 962-6320, fax 919-962- microstructures as well Münster, Germany; tel. luminescent applications. promoted to associate 2388, e-mail wlin@unc. as ultrafast spectroscopy. 49-251-980-2873, fax 49- He received his BS professor and professor edu, and URL www. Busby can be reached 251-980-2834, and e-mail degree from the in 2003 and 2007, chem.unc.edu/people/ at Westfälische Wilhelms- [email protected]. University of Florida and respectively. faculty/linw/wlindex. Universität Münster, performed his graduate Lin’s research focuses html. Mendelstraße 7, 48149 Susumu Kitagawa has studies under the on designing novel Münster, Germany; tel. been a professor of direction of Josef Michl at molecular and Seth R. Marder is a pro- 49-251-980-2955, fax inorganic functional the University of supramolecular systems fessor in the School of 49-251-980-2834, and chemistry at Kyoto Colorado at Boulder. His for applications in the Chemistry and e-mail m.busby@ University in Japan research interests center chemical and life Biochemistry and the uni-muenster.de. since 1998. He received on relating structure to sciences. He has School of Materials his PhD degree from function in chemistry, developed rational Science and Engineering Luisa De Cola is a Kyoto University in from synthesis to synthetic strategies for at the Georgia Institute of professor in the Physics 1979. Kitagawa was a elucidation of properties the growth of non- Technology. He is the Institute of the professor of inorganic to final applications. centrosymmetric solids founding director of the University of Münster, chemistry at Tokyo Kottas can be reached for second-order Center for Organic Germany, and a joint Metropolitan at the Center for nonlinear optics and for Photonics and professor in chemistry. University from 1992 Nanotechnology the synthesis of chiral Electronics at Georgia She studied chemistry in to 1998. (CeNTech), porous materials for Tech. Marder is also a Messina, Italy, and was a His main research field Heisenbergstraße 11, enantioselective co-founder of Focal Point postdoctoral fellow in is inorganic chemistry, 48149 Münster, processes. He also has Microsystems LLC and Richmond, Virginia, focusing on the Germany; tel. 49-251- designed hybrid LumoFlex LLC, and is a before joining the chemistry of coordination 5340-6829, fax 49-251- nanomaterials for member of the scientific Chemistry Department space in an effort to 5340-6102, and e-mail biological and advisory board of at the University of create materials with [email protected]. biomedical applications. Lumera Corp. He is a fel- Bologna as an assistant nanoporous function, Lin has received a low of the Optical professor in 1990. In nonlinear phenomena, Wenbin Lin is a profes- National Science Society of America, SPIE, 1998, De Cola was and quantum effects. sor of chemistry at the Foundation CAREER and the American appointed as a full pro- Kitagawa can be University of North Award (1999), an Arnold Association for the fessor at the Universiteit reached at Kyoto Carolina at Chapel Hill. and Mabel Beckman Advancement of Science. van Amsterdam. She University, Department He received his BS Young Investigator Marder can be reached joined the University of of Synthetic Chemistry degree in chemical Award (2000), a Research at Georgia Institute of Münster as a C4 (full) and Biological physics from the Corporation Cottrell Technology, School of

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with a degree in chemistry from the University of Belgrade, Serbia, in 2003. The same year, Popovic´ started his PhD degree studies under De Cola at the University of Amsterdam before mov- ing to the University of Münster in 2005. His research interests are in the fields of synthesis and Joel S. Miller Joseph W. Perry Zoran Popovic´ Daisuke Tanaka photophysical studies of host–guest systems based on porous Chemistry and Pasteur, among other Synthesis and Crystal LLC and LumoFlex LLC, materials, self-assembly, Biochemistry, 901 institutions. Miller’s Growth Committee and and is a member of the and biotic–abiotic hybrid Atlantic Dr. NW, Atlanta, research interests focus serves on the advisory scientific advisory board systems. GA 30332, USA; tel. 404- on the solid-state mag- board of Advanced of Lumera Corp. He was Popovic´ can be reached 385-6048, fax 404-894- netic, electrical, and Materials and awarded the NASA at Center for 5909, and e-mail optical properties of Chemistry–A European Medal for Exceptional Nanotechnology seth.marder@chemistry. molecule-based Journal. He is a member Scientific Achievement (CeNTech), gatech.edu. (organic, organometallic, of the Inorganic (1992) and the JPL Heisenbergstraße 11, and inorganic coordina- Synthesis Corp. He has Director’s Research 48149 Münster, Germany; Joel S. Miller is a distin- tion) materials and elec- edited 17 monographs Achievement Award tel. 49-251-5340-6810, fax guished professor of tron transfer complexes, and published more than (1989). Perry is a fellow 49-251-5340-6102, and chemistry at the as well as the surface 450 papers. of the Optical Society of e-mail popovicz@ University of Utah. He modification of solids. Miller can be reached America and a topical uni-muenster.de. received his PhD degree Miller was the at the University of editor for the Journal of from UCLA in 1971. recipient of the 1996 Utah, Department of the Optical Society of Daisuke Tanaka is a After a postdoctoral fel- Pinguin Foundation’s Chemistry, Salt Lake City, America, B. PhD candidate at Kyoto lowship at Stanford Wilhelm Manchot UT 84112, USA; tel. 801- Perry can be reached University under University, Miller held Research Professorship at 585-5455, fax 801- at Georgia Institute of Susumu Kitagawa. several positions in Technische Universität 581-8433, and e-mail Technology, School of Tanaka also received his industry, including at Münich, the 2000 Award [email protected]. Chemistry and BS and MS degrees from Xerox Corp. and at for Chemistry of edu. Biochemistry, 901 Kyoto University. His DuPont Central Research Materials from ACS, a Atlantic Dr. NW, Atlanta, research interests include and Development. He 2004 Governor’s Medal Joseph W. Perry is a GA 30332, USA; tel. 404- preparation and proper- has been a visiting for Science and professor in the School 385-6046, fax 404- ties of porous coordina- professor of chemistry Technology, and the 2007 of Chemistry and 385-6057, and e-mail tion polymers. at the University of James C. McGroddy Biochemistry at the [email protected]. Tanaka can be Pennsylvania, the Prize for New Materials Georgia Institute of reached by e-mail at University of Barcelona, from APS, among several Technology and director Zoran Popovic´ is a PhD tanaka@sbchem. and Institut de other awards. He is of the DARPA Morph candidate in the group of kyoto-u.ac.jp. ■ Science et d’Ingénierie currently on the U.S. program at Georgia Tech. Luisa De Cola at the Supramoléculaires (ISIS) National Research Perry is a co-founder of University of Münster, at Université Louis Council’s New Materials Focal Point Microsystems Germany. He graduated

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