Ecotourism Development Strategy in Hormoz Island Using SWOT Model

Homa Zakeri 1, Farah Habib 2

1. Department of Urban Planning and Design, Kish International Campus, University of Tehran, , 2. Department of Art and Architecture, Science and Research branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran [email protected]

Abstract: Ecotourism which is based on environmental capabilities and natural resources is able to provide the field for economic, social and cultural development of local communities by attracting tourists. It can also provide a solution for the optimal use during the conservation of areas under the management if it is combined with the careful planning and regions feasibility in terms of demand, and the opinions of people (visitors and locals). Hormozs land, located on the , is selected as the subject of this paper due to its long coast line and taking the advantage of cultural and historical heritage (Portuguese fort) and environmental attractions. In this regard, this paper uses the analytical-descriptive method and introduces the values of Hormoz Island in line with the Ecotourism development on the island. Then it used the analysis based on SWOT model and provides strategies for ecotourism development on the island. It also concluded that an integrated management is needed in the coastal areas to balance the fields of architecture, planning and environment, so that the ecotourism development may arise. [Zakeri H, Habin F. Ecotourism Development Strategy in Hormoz Island Using SWOT Model. Am Sci 2021;17(5):21-29]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 3. doi:10.7537/marsjas170521.03.

Keywords: Ecotourism, Hormoz Island, SWOT, Development Strategyecies richness; beta-diversity; taxonomic diversity; forest

1. Introduction (Ichiki, 2003). Hormoz Island is located at the mouth of the This paper introduces a set of Hormoz Island Persian Gulf and has many military, political, social, ecotourism capabilities, and by analysis of historical, economic and environmental values and Ecotourism category, suggests that Hormoz Island opportunities. The presence of more become an ecotourism island, concept that requires than5,700inhabitantson the island, the beautiful law enforcement which is respected by local people, landscape around the island, ocher mine, coral reefs, tourists and relevant institutions. Accordingly, the rocky shores, sea caves, various shape and material main research question is: using SWOT what strategy of coastal banks, native vegetation, resident wildlife for ecotourism development of Hormoz Island model on the island, and some cultural and historical can be represented? monuments linked with local life are the features that The underlying assumption in this paper is that attract the tourists. Besides the natural potential regarding the problems of tourism on the Hormoz capacities of Hormoz Island, the variety of historical Island, there is a need for integrated management of and cultural features affects the richness of tourist coastal areas to make balance in the field of activities on the island and can complete the architecture, urbanism and environmental issues. ecotourism...... Through environmental protection, ecotourism has become a kind of tourism that asks participants 1.1. Research Methods that with regard to the conservation objectives, pay Because this study has focused on ecotourism attention to managing the protected areas. Ecotourism and urbanization categories that one of them relate to is generally easier to define on the islands rather than the field of Humanities and Social Sciences, and the mainland. Because limiting the number of tourists other one relates to architectural and urban areas. In and control their work is done more easily rather than this study, information and data to identify and the mainland. Also, the natural environment of the analyze Hormoz Island is performed based on isolated islands should be preserved in terms of qualitative arguments and in descriptive – analytical biodiversity. Therefore, ecotourism may play an type. important role in economic planning, development ...... and environmental protection for many islands . . . ..

21 Journal of American Science 2021;17(5) http://www.jofamericanscience.orgJAS

1.2. The research model areas, are located in developing countries, the number SWOT technique is a tool for identifying threats of visitors travel to the mountains of Nepal, and opportunities in the external environment of Madagascar, tropical forests of Costa Rica, Thailand, system and a recognition of internal strengths and coast of Belize and Sri Lanka is growing every day. weaknesses in order to assess the situation and This will bring tourists and their money, create jobs develop strategies to achieve development. Based on and improve the livelihood of the people. According this model, an appropriate strategy maximizes the to official statistics of tourism organization, percent strengths and the opportunities and minimizes the annual growth in ecotourism is10 to 30 percent and weaknesses and threats to as little as possible. For ecotourists comprise 7% of the total number of this purpose, points of strength and weakness, and passengers in the foreseeable future, so bright and opportunities and threats are linked in four general prosperous future nature will result in significant states of SO, ST, WT, WO and strategies are selected benefits to the world. It results in cultures encounters from among them. and social adaptation, which in turn leads to cultural, social, economic and thinking about different 2. Ecotourism nation’s rehabilitation(Page, Dowling, & Page, Ecotourism is responsible travel to natural areas, 2001). The World Conservation Union's definition of generally with an emphasis on protecting the ecotourism is: The environmentally responsible travel environment and improving the quality of life that to relatively pristine areas to enjoy the natural can also be called sustainable tourism. Today, environment will result in preserved and promoted ecotourism as a new part of tourism industry has environmental conservation. During this trip, tourists increasingly developed and is considered as an can spend the least negative impact on natural important part of tourism and annual abundance resources and indigenous people benefit from social revenues is given to the different countries. Due to its and economic activities(Walter & Gillett, 1998). nature, this type of tourism takes place in third world According to this definition, ecotourism is countries. Because many of the richest biological created by four essential features listed in Figure 1:

Figure 1, the main features of ecotourism, (Holden, 2003)

According to Figure 1, the development of the ecotourism features has useful consequences, which is reproduced in Table 1.

Table 1: Characteristics of Ecotourism development, (Holden, 2003) Nature field Cultural and Conservation Training Interests of local people environmental sustainability 1.Help to the 1.uses the least amount 1. Includes Training programs 1. provides facilities for the local preservation of of Nonrenewable 2. tourists have functional people biodiversity resources responsibility 2. must be based on the 3. Must be presented to the Participation, ownership and small groups of tourists by economic opportunity for local small business groups people

http://www.jofamericanscience.org 22 [email protected] Journal of American Science 2021;17(5) http://www.jofamericanscience.orgJAS

......

4. The area of study 3. Ecotourism objectives Hormoz Island is located at the mouth of the Ecotourism increase profits, and thus results Strait of Hormoz in entrance to the Persian Gulf from in more environmental protection. Some part of the Gulf of in the coordinates "10 '25 º 56 to" revenues raised from ecotourism should be devoted 08 '30 º 56 'east longitude and "07 '02 º 27 to" 25 '06 º to environmental conservation. Ecotourism does not 27 north latitude. Due to its geographical position of just mean being green and protecting the natural the island which is located adjacent to the Strait of environment. It must also have the lowest cultural Hormoz, it is called the key of Persian Gulf. This disturbance. situations is what has made the island in strategic and Ecotourism projects must meet the following criteria: commercial terms important. 1. be stable (note: needs to meet the needs of Hormoz Island is limited to in the the present without compromising the ability of Northern West and to the Qeshm and Lark islands in future) southern West. Distance between Hormoz Island 2. Give the visitor a unique and an impressive (from the port) and Bandar Abbas is 9.71nautical experience. miles (18 km) to (from Sarbandar) is 3. To maintain environmental quality. also 9.71 miles (18 km) and to the Lark Island (until Holden offers a series of objectives that must be the dock) is also 9.71 miles (18 km). Distance to the included in the ecotourism development process: nearest road to the island's main beach, is 2.9 miles 1. Sustainable Use (5/5 km). 2. cultural revival and decolonization Hormoz Island is an oval-shaped whose small 3. Economic Development and Diversification diameter is 5/5 and Large diameter between is 7.5 to 4. Improvement of Living and humanity 9 km and its area is about 42 square kilometers. 5. Have maximized benefits and minimized According to the latest divisions of the divisions of costs and effects the Interior Ministry approved in 2002, Hormoz 6. learning natural and environment culture Island Qeshm Island is known as one of the parts of (Holden, 2003) the city(Wolf, 1959). According to the objectives listed, in the chart below the coordination should be done by various agencies to form a successful ecotourism is expressed.

Local NGOs Communi

Governme Tourism nt agencies

Other supporters

Investors Education Ecotourist s

Figure 2, contributions that are required for successful ecotourism, (Holden, 2003) Figure 3: Location of the Iranian islands of Hormoz ......

http://www.jofamericanscience.org 23 [email protected] Journal of American Science 2021;17(5) http://www.jofamericanscience.orgJAS

5.3. Marine turtles Marine turtle may be deemed to be the most innocent marine species which for unkind human behavior have found limited diversity of species and habitats. Among the five species of sea turtles detected in the Persian Gulf waters, two species of green sea turtles (mydaschlonia) and hook turtle (Eretmuchelys imdricata) eggs on the sandy beaches of soft sand with gently sloping areas on the Hormoz Island and coral and sea grasses and eligible mangrove forests. sandy habitats are considered a good place for marine turtles to lay eggs where is located at 2500 meters over the East Coast of Hormoz and their recent density is in the range of 60 Figure 4: Location of Hormoz Island,Hormozgan pieces of turtle (Devin & Sadeghi, 2010). This turtle Province comes to the beaches to lay eggs from late winter to early spring each year, and about 50 days after 5. Recognizing the ecotourism Resources of the coming out of the hatch, the baby turtles move to the Hormoz Island sea side, what many tourists are really interested to 5.1. Coral reefs view.. Marine coral reefs are of the subsystems that are found in shallow waters of tropical and 5.4. Water birds subtropical. These ecosystems mainly include The most appropriate locations for Birds and calcareous rocks which have particularly difficult aquatic birds in Hormoz Island are mangrove forests context in which they are dominant corals with small and across the North East of mud, East and South- stones and sand isolated. The rich coral reefs, tropical East side of island habitats of marine algae. Rocky forests biome world's second form(McCook, 1999). substrates and protruding from the water and the Coral reefs with 125 hectares are located in rocky coast of West and North West Island which southeastern Hormoz Island in the geographical could be considered due to the abundance of food, latitude of 03 30 56 17 03 27 E. This habitat is a good shelter, safety and comfort(Behrouzi-Rada, 2013). place for sea turtles nutrition and activity and a variety of seafood is high in it. The corals are out of 5.5. Algal communities the water at low tide and the Hormoz Island, one of The main habitat of marine algae is rocky the attractions for tourists is nature(Harger, areas that are growing due to the need for constant ROSTSEA, & Thamrin, 1978). . support. The main habitats of algae are located in the tidal range. Many marine animals such as corals and 5.2. Mangrove forests mollusks, crustaceans, fish, sea turtles and marine Mangrove communities of Hormoz Island, is a mammals feed directly from the algae(Nabavi, Salari- planted community with an area of 16 hectares in Aliabadi, Shamoradi, Vazirizadeh, & Arebi, status of 27 05 22 north latitude and 5628 48 east 2011),carpets of algae on rocky shores, especially longitude and is located on a mud field, and is the when the tide of natural landscapes and is attractive habitat of around 1,000 pieces, of 20 bird species, in Hormoz Island. The effects of normal as can be aquatic birds and birds live near the water, including seen in the South Island. Eggert, the sea swallows, and Gull. The communities of plants are the only woody plants growing in 5.6. Geological attractions tropical and semi-tropical coastal tidal zones(Safa et Hormoz Island as the pearl of the Persian Gulf al.). Ability to cope with the salinity of sea water due is known because of the different geology and to the different mechanisms of these plants is the mineralogy of the ore which are other attractions on exclusive properties. The mangrove habitat the island geomorphology for people interested in conditions favorable for large numbers of aquatic and science. Much of the island is the salt dome and this marine birds are outstanding. Rich communities of unit comprises about 69 percent of the total area and mangrove waterways by returning organic matter and covers southern (semi-southern part) parts of the plant nutrients, foster high value aquatic species and island. Salt rocks along with other rocks, is highly therefore have an irreplaceable role in the marine crystallized and has also undergone with food chain(Zahed, Ruhani, & Mohajeri, 2010) metamorphism, so that in parts of the South Island, giant salt crystal grid is visible. Solubility and high

http://www.jofamericanscience.org 24 [email protected] Journal of American Science 2021;17(5) http://www.jofamericanscience.orgJAS erodibility of rock salt and stone blocks with the habitat mostly comprises central to the southern part photo resist, such as rhyolite, trachyte and basalt of the island which is sometimes extended to urban created a rough surface and erosion of Hormoz salt area. Habitat of Marine Turtles and their hatchery is doom, and has created topography with high and located in the south and southeast, is important for sharp cuts and salt caves, especially in the central the fact that they are placed in endangered species list part of the West(Bruthans et al., 2006). and the IUCN Red List. Another area of sensitive Island habitats is extension of coral reefs in the 5.7. Area of tidal mud southeast of the island which can be seen in the tidal The low slope of the southern coast during the zone. Benthic habitat area due to their importance in day, affected by tidal water hydrologic system whose the food chain is another critical habitat area. The maximum amount is in excess of 4 meters, if are Iranian mesquite habitat in South and South-East of composed the elements of fine-grained soils are seen the island's land area is also a sensitive body in the as mud lands. The range due to the low slope of the island’s land(Amrikazemi & Mehrpooya, 2006). beach and sea remain immune from the turbulence and waves are often organic-rich sedimentary areas. 5.11. Ocher deposits Thus, it has usually desirable vegetation and This deposit is located 14 km southwest of minimum loss of population, which not only supports Hormoz. Its mineral material is ocher (red soil) marine food chain but also provide optimum habitat whose average value is the 69. 97 percent Type of to attract birds. Mud zones of Hormoz Island with ocher in this mine is first degree, its potential saving area of 200 hectares are located in Nast and North is around 50,000 tons, and minimum extraction per East of Island(Bruthans et al., 2006) year is 2000 tons. This mine is detected as a large mine (Momenzadeh & Heidari, 1995). 5.8. Sandy beaches Currently the mine is idle due to These beaches are often beam with a width of environmental problems. The waste material about 20 to 30 meters in the southern and eastern discharged into the sea cause pollution of coastal parts of the island where the sea turtles are interested waters and during the investigations conducted by the in for laying eggs, so it is considered as an important Research Center for Marine Environment of part of the island. Sandy and sandy beaches all year Hormozgan, it is evident that this material has impact round can usually be found in a variety of sea birds. on the other macrobentoes of region and transparency Such beaches enjoy from high recreational and light penetration is reduced (Expert Report of capabilities. This is the most suitable place of sea for Department of Environmental Protection swimming and water recreation and therefore is Hormozgan), which indirectly affects the programmable. communities living in the area for a period of at least 5 years of normal resiliency (Report of the 5.9. Rocky shores Environmental Protection Administration Bachelor in This type of shore is seen in areas where rocky Hormozgan), in long term leads to heavy metals heights or mountain are located near the shore, and is increase in the region(Amrikazemi & Mehrpooya, seen in southern and western parts of the island. 2006; Yalgouz-Agaj, Ardebil, & Karimdoust, 2010). . These shores are seen as cliff with or without a small ...... sand beam which when tide are out of the water or as 5.12. Historic places and scenic sites the rocky and stony low areas in water. Usually the Historic places and scenic sites include the rocky coast near the south-west through the Portuguese fortress located in the city, which is mountains to the sea-shore deep waters has been constructed by Portuguese navigator Albuquerque established. In these areas can often be seen in large after the conquest in 1507 AD (In 913 AD), during marine mammal activity. Rocky shores benefit from the reign of the Safavid Shah Ismail and in Hormoz coastal biodiversity particularly bivalve species and Island. Pump House Park with area of 4000 square crabs. Most algae zones of the island can be seen in meters and Marine Environment Research Center, these areas. One of the attractions of these shores is located about 8 km southeast of Hormoz, ruins of the caves in the South and South West coast of the old school house (dar-ul-elm), the ruins of the old island. Hormoz city in the north of the Hormoz Island, which is located close to the Portuguese fort. BibiGol 5.10. Land habitats Palace, the Saffron House, archer tower, bell tower, Sensitive habitats include the northeast, Khidr shrine, and tablets can be named(Imagawa, southeast and southwest of the island for the presence 2010). of birds, especially in rocky areas for the presence of habitat for fishermen eagle. Jabir, rabbit and Jirofti

http://www.jofamericanscience.org 25 [email protected] Journal of American Science 2021;17(5) http://www.jofamericanscience.orgJAS

5.13. Recreational activities field of nature-based tourism can be provided in the Due to the natural recreational resources of the island, which are listed in Table 2. Hormoz Island, different recreational activities in the

Table 2: Attractions and activities associated with it in the Hormoz Island Position Recreational attractions Recreational activities Observing Corals found in the tide, shallow diving, Viewing Coral reefs Surface water Fish in the ebb Blue Zones Travelling by boat Viewing rock formations, caves and marine algal zone at low Rocky shores tide Landscape view on tide Observing sea turtles laying egg Shore Sand seacoast Watching seabirds Sunbathing, swimming and marine recreation Visiting the Mangrove Forest general area Viewing the aquatic birds Structure of the Earth Visiting the beautiful geological phenomena Scope of land Visiting the plant habitat Terrestrial habitats Viewing Island Wildlife

Also besides Hormoz Island potential of natural capacities, a variety of historical and cultural features has impact on enrichment of tourism activities in the island which can be considered as complementary to nature tourism. Among cultural and historical tourism resources of Hormoz Island, the Portuguese fort, BibiGol Palace, the Saffron House, archer tower, bell tower, Khidr shrine, and ruins of the old Hormoz city can be named. Also visiting the ocher mines of this island can be described as a memorable experience.

6. Looking at the physical, economic, functional, environmental, cultural, social and historical capabilities and capacities of Hormoz Island In Table 3, the internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) and external factors (opportunities and threats) to achieve development strategies in Hormoz Island is listed.

Table 3. Investigating the weaknesses, strengths, opportunities and threats to the Hormoz Island Strengths Weaknesses Opportunity Threat Skeletal High capability of Inappropriate view Recognition of Rapid erosion of Island in terms of city of houses on the indigenous architecture buildings due to the view and its skeletal costal parts of the Using the indigenous high humidity and advantages island architecture to make lack of high quality Shortage of legibility and identity to materials appropriate skeletal the space in island infrastructures in the development plans tourism section of the island Shortage of building materials and the difficulty of transporting it from other parts of the island

http://www.jofamericanscience.org 26 [email protected] Journal of American Science 2021;17(5) http://www.jofamericanscience.orgJAS

Economic Long Beach Shore Lack of commercial Opportunity to benefit Lack of appropriate strategic location and use on the island from the economic and services to users maritime trade Low-income political power in order to create a fabric management Offshore commissioning activities (clubs, diving, boating, fishing) Creation of micro- economic activities of local tourists Increased economic ability of Local residents Functional Lack of Lands for service The space allocated for Tourists not accommodation for spaces, functional accommodation and welcomed to stay a tourists staying and performance rooms to suit the needs few days on the overnight on the of tourists island, which in turn island of Hormoz helps the local The lack of space economy. tourism services needs More than 72 kinds Improper disposal of Opportunity to Environmental of color variation in sewage and waste transform the island into pollution and health soil Island good into the sea high a place with an hazards organisms beaches and rocky for altitudes on the emphasis on natural Environmental tourists Island beach island which make ecotourism potential of impact and risk of where turtles lay eggs possible the large the region damage to the sea creatures such as part of the island for monuments of dolphins annual development tourists to the region design of the largest projects sand carpet using a Environmental variety of soil color Historical - Historical and Lack of historical Ability to use and Forgetting cultural cultural richness of and cultural historical identity indigenous the island of Hormoz elements in the elements architecture and Having monuments design of the island Monuments As an elements and such as the Cultural and indicator of urban historic districts Portuguese fort and educational ecotourism planning the remains of the disadvantage Planning to take ancient city of advantage of historic Hormoz and cultural resources in particular craft order to place and cultural identity. Social Customs, local Lack of social base Making the culture of Possible loss of culture and traditions in the island region and the traditional culture Religious and Lack of community communication and and indigenous linguistic unity of the participation in The interaction between the people With the majority of residents improvement of two sets familiar to the arrival of tourists Relatively high living conditions Passengers and visitors literacy rate in both men and women.

http://www.jofamericanscience.org 27 [email protected] Journal of American Science 2021;17(5) http://www.jofamericanscience.orgJAS

7. Conclusion Using SWOT analytical models, some strategies for the development of ecotourism in the Hormoz Island were discussed. The presented strategies are based on four main strategies offensive strategy (SO), diversity strategy (ST), revise strategy (WO), and defensive strategy (WT). Table 4 presents some proposals for ecotourism development. Accordingly, given the problems that exist in the field of tourism in the Hormoz Island, an integrated management in coastal areas is required to make balance in the field of architecture, urbanism, tourism industry and environmental issues. Utilizing the principles of ecotourism is a good solution, especially for islands with the tourism capabilities which by creating appropriate residence for tourists based on the principles of sustainable development, such as the use of local materials, the appropriate locating of spaces which would be followed by the less transportation and minimum damage to the environment.

Table 4. Matrix of development strategies for ecotourism of Hormoz Island External Opportunity Threat factors External factors Internal Internal factors factors Strengths enhancing the attention of government to planning and enhancing the advertisement in the investing in the tourism section creating the plans to make media about the internal and external the tourists familiar with the native culture and the natural tourism creating relationships between factors in the island using the workshops and establishing tourists and native people the research centers enhancing the infrastructures and transportation in the tourism Weaknesses Creating service facilities to attract the tourists which controlling the ecological acceptation include the daily and etc. capacity and the tourism rate in a creating a uniform management in the field of tourism special time limit preserving the sensitive settlements which are located on the island and tourists are placed there

Corresponding Author: (1978). 3.8 RAPID SURVEY TECHNIQUES TO Homa Zakeri DETERMINE DISTRIBUTION AND STRUCTURE Department of Urban Planning and Design, Kish OF CORAL COMMUNITIES. Comparing coral reef International Campus, University of Tehran, Kish survey methods, 83. Island, Iran [6]Holden, Andrew. (2003). In need of new Email: [email protected] environmental ethics for tourism? Annals of Tourism Research, 30(1), 94-108. References [7]Ichiki, Shigeo. (2003). Ecotourism in Ogasawara [1]Amrikazemi, Alireza, & Mehrpooya, Abbas. Islands. GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH- (2006). Geotourism resources of Iran. Geotourism, ENGLISH EDITION-, 7(1), 15-28. 78-95. [8]Imagawa, Akemi. (2010). A STUDY ABOUT A [2]Behrouzi-Rada, Behrouz. (2013). Breeding CHURCH, BARRACKS, AND DEFENSE Species of waterbirds on 10 islands of Persian Gulf In SYSTEMS IN THE PORTUGUESE FORTRESS AT 2009. Octa Journal of Environmental Research, 1(1), HORMOZ ISLAND. AIJ Journal of Technology and 52-64. Design, 16(33), 743-746. [3]Bruthans, Jiří, Filippi, Michal, Geršl, Milan, Zare, [9]McCook, LJ. (1999). Macroalgae, nutrients and Mohammad, Melková, Jaroslava, Pazdur, Anna, & phase shifts on coral reefs: scientific issues and Bosák, Pavel. (2006). Holocene marine terraces on management consequences for the Great Barrier two salt diapirs in the Persian Gulf, Iran: age, Reef. Coral reefs, 18(4), 357-367. depositional history and uplift rates. Journal of [10]Momenzadeh, Morteza, & Heidari, Esmaill. Quaternary Science, 21(8), 843-857. (1995). Ore-hydrocarbon resources and alkaline [4]Devin, Mehran Loghmani, & Sadeghi, Parvin. magmatism of Late Proterozoic-Early Cambrian in (2010). Barnacles on Hawksbill Sea Turtles, Iran: A genetic interpretation. Carbonates and Eretmochelys imbricata, in Hormoz Island, Iran: Evaporites, 10(1), 79-88. (Reptilia: Cheloniidae). Zoology in the Middle East, [11]Nabavi, SMB, Salari-Aliabadi, MA, Shamoradi, 49(1), 45-48. AR, Vazirizadeh, A, & Arebi, I. (2011). Ecological [5]Harger, JRE, ROSTSEA, Unesco, & Thamrin, Jl. Assessment of Intertidal Ecosystems in Khark Island

http://www.jofamericanscience.org 28 [email protected] Journal of American Science 2021;17(5) http://www.jofamericanscience.orgJAS

(Persian Gulf) Using Community Structure of at the entrance of the Persian Gulf. Geol. Mijnb., NS, Macrobentic Bivalves. World, 3(6), 559-563. 21, 390-395. [12]Page, Stephen J, Dowling, Ross Kingston, & [16]Yalgouz-Agaj, Akbar Ghasemi, Ardebil, Leila, & Page, SJ. (2001). Ecotourism: Pearson Education Karimdoust, Shahriyar. (2010). Identification of Limited. some of the geotourism sites in Iran. World Applied [13]Safa, Omid, Soltanipoor, Mohammad Amin, Sciences Journal, 11(11), 1342-1347. Rastegar, Soheil, Kazemi, Mahnaz, Dehkordi, [17]Zahed, Mohammad Ali, Ruhani, Fatemeh, & Khadijeh Nourbakhsh, & Ghannadi, Alireza. An Mohajeri, Soraya. (2010). An overview of Iranian ethnobotanical survey on , Iran. mangrove ecosystem, northern part of the Persian Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, 3. Gulf and Oman Sea. Electronic Journal of [14]Walter, Kerry Scott, & Gillett, Harriet J. (1998). Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 1997 IUCN red list of threatened plants: World 9(2), 411-417. Conservation Union. [15]Wolf, JR. (1959). The geology of Hormuz Island

1/3/2021

http://www.jofamericanscience.org 29 [email protected]