Guideline for Developing National Internet of Vehicles Industry Standard System ” ( Hereinafter Referred to As “ the Construction Guide ” )

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Guideline for Developing National Internet of Vehicles Industry Standard System ” ( Hereinafter Referred to As “ the Construction Guide ” ) Appendix: Guideline for Developing National Internet of Vehicles Industry Standard System (Intelligent & Connected Vehicle) (2018) December 2017 Released by Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People’s Republic of China and Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China Contents I. Overall requirements ........................................................................................................ - 2 - (I) Guiding concept ................................................................................................................. - 2 - (II) Basic principles ................................................................................................................ - 2 - (III) Development goals ......................................................................................................... - 2 - II. Development method ...................................................................................................... - 3 - (I) Technical logic structure ................................................................................................... - 3 - (II) The physical structure of the product ............................................................................... - 4 - III. Standard system ............................................................................................................. - 5 - (I) System framework ............................................................................................................. - 5 - (II) Content of the system ....................................................................................................... - 6 - (III) Near-term plan ................................................................................................................ - 8 - IV. Organization and implementation .............................................................................. - 10 - Appendix:ICV Standard System ...................................................................................... - 12 - Guideline for DevelopingNational Internet of Vehicles Industry Standard System (Intelligent & Connected Vehicle 2018) Foreword In order to strengthen the top-level design and comprehensively promote the Internet of Vehicles industry research and development and standards formulation to promote the healthy and sustainable development of the industry, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and Standardization Administration of P.R.C jointly organized relevant parties to develop the “ Guideline for Developing National Internet of Vehicles Industry Standard System ” ( hereinafter referred to as “ the Construction Guide ” ). The Internet of Vehicles industry is an emerging industry that deeply integrates the automotive, electronics, information & communications, road transportation and other industries. It is the highlight and stronghold of the global innovation and future development. By fully playing the top - level design and guiding role of standards in establishing the eco - system of the internet of vehicles industry, “the Construction Guide” is divided into the intelligent and connected vehicle standard system, information & communication standard system, electronic product & service standards system and other parts according to the characteristics of different industries, with a view to providing support for building independent, well - controlled, open and collaborative Internet of Vehicles industry with core technologies. “A Guide to the Construction of the National Standard System for Internet of Vehicles (Intelligent Connected Vehicles)” is the second part of “the Construction Guide”, it’s released to define the general specifications, core technologies and key product applications of intelligent & connected vehicles, with a view to guiding the standardization of Internet of Vehicles industry and intelligent and connected vehicles with good purposes, plans and priorities, to efficiently developing intelligent & connected vehicle standard system that integrates functional safety and information safety of vehicle and key systems & components, giving full play to the supporting and leading role of intelligent & connected vehicle standards in the key technology, core products and functional applications of Internet of Vehicles industry, and gradually forming a unified and coordinated architecture of national Internet of Vehicles industry standard system. (This file is translated by Subcommittee 34 on Intelligent and Connected Vehicle of National Technical Committee 114 on Road Vehicles of Standardization Administration of China (SAC/TC114/SC34). It should be subject to the Chinese Edition, while the English edition is just only offered for the reference.) Intelligent and Connected Vehicle of National Technical Committee 114 on RoadVehicles of Standardization Administration of China - 1 - (SAC/TC114/SC34) 1 Guideline for DevelopingNational Internet of Vehicles Industry Standard System (Intelligent & Connected Vehicle 2018) I. Overall requirements (I) Guiding concept We will implement the strategic planning of “ Made in China 2025 ”, give full play to the basic and guiding role of the standards, promote the technological and industrial development of intelligent & connected vehicles, and achieve high integration of industrialization and information, so as to meet the needs of R & D, testing, demonstration and operation, to promote the automotive technology innovation & development and industrial transformation and upgrading, to promote the coordinated development of electronic, information, communications and other related industries, to construct a safe, efficient, healthy and intelligent future automotive society, and to establish cross-industry and cross - sector ICV standard system that is consistent with China’s technological and industrial development. (II) Basic principles Conduct overall planning based on national conditions. Based on the status quo and characteristics of China’s ICV technological and industrial development, we should give full play to the leading role of government departments in the top design, organization & coordination and policy development and other aspects, develop the standard system development program based on government guidance and market drive, and establish of the ICV standard system that adapts to China’s national conditions. Basic and urgent agenda shall be prioritized. We should identify the priorities for developing ICV standard system, speed up the research and development of basic, common and key technical standards; we should also make reasonable arrangements in developing and revising technical standards based on current industrial development and future application needs, and speed up the process of researching and developing the standards in urgent need. Enterprises should play the major role to promote coordinated cooperation. We should establish the collaborative working mechanism across different industries, sectors and departments, make coordinated use of advantageous resources in automotive information, communications and other related industries, help the enterprises to play the major role in researching and developing the standards in technological innovation, product development, demonstration and application, and actively participate in the coordination, exchange and cooperation of international standards and regulations. (III) Development goals According to the status quo of ICV technology, industrial application needs and future development trend, we strive to establish an ICV standard system that adapts to China’s national conditions and international practices: By 2020, we should roughly establish the ICV standard system that can support the driver assistance and low - level automatic driving. We should develop more than 30 key ICV standards that cover the technical requirements and test methods related to general technologies such as functional safety, information security and man - machine interface, etc. as well as core functions such as Information sensing & interaction, decision early warning, auxiliary control, and promote comprehensive application of intelligent products and gradual application of network technology; By 2025, we should establish a sound ICV standard system that can support high - level automatic driving. We should develop more than 100 ICV standards that cover the technical requirements and test methods related to the function and performance of intelligent automatic control, network collaborative decision technology and automatic driving under typical scenes, and promote “ intelligent + network ” - based integrative development and comprehensive application of technologies and products; Intelligent and Connected Vehicle of National Technical Committee 114 on RoadVehicles of Standardization Administration of China - 2 - 2 (SAC/TC114/SC34) Guideline for DevelopingNational Internet of Vehicles Industry Standard System (Intelligent & Connected Vehicle 2018) By establishing a sound ICV standard system, we should guide and promote technological development and product applications of intelligent network vehicles in China, cultivate the climate for independent innovation of ICV technology, enhance the overall technology level and international competitiveness, and build a safe, efficient, healthy and intelligently running future automotive society. II. Development method Intelligent network vehicles are new - generation cars that are equipped with advanced vehicle sensors, controllers, actuators and other
Recommended publications
  • Why Adas and Autonomous Vehicles Need Thermal Infrared Cameras
    THERMAL FOR ADAS AND AV PART 1 WHY ADAS AND AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES NEED THERMAL INFRARED CAMERAS A CHALLENGING REQUIREMENT 05 CALLS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY FULL Safe advanced driver assist system (ADAS) The Governors Highway Safety Association vehicles and autonomous vehicles (AV) require states the number of pedestrian fatalities in sensors to deliver scene data adequate for the U.S. has grown substantially faster than 04 the detection and classification algorithms to all other traffic deaths in recent years. They autonomously navigate under all conditions for now account for a larger proportion of traffic SAE automation level 5.1 This is a challenging fatalities than they have in the past 33 years. HIGH requirement for engineers and developers. Pedestrians are especially at risk after dark SELF-DRIVING UBER CAR Visible cameras, sonar, and radar are already when 75% of the 5,987 U.S. pedestrian 03 INVOLVED IN FATAL ACCIDENT in use on production vehicles today at SAE fatalities occurred in 2016.2 Thermal, or MARCH 2018 automation level 2. SAE automation levels 3 longwave infrared (LWIR), cameras can detect CONDITIONAL and 4 test platforms have added light detection and classify pedestrians in darkness, through and ranging (LIDAR) to their sensor suite. most fog conditions, and are unaffected by Each of these technologies has strengths and sun glare, delivering improved situational TESLA HITS COP CAR WHILE 02 ALLEGEDLY ON AUTOPILOT weaknesses. Tragically, as shown in recent awareness that results in more robust, reliable, MAY 2018 Uber and Tesla accidents, the current sensors and safe ADAS and AV. LEVELS SAE AUTOMATION in SAE level 2 and 3 do not adequately detect PARTIAL cars or pedestrians.
    [Show full text]
  • Security and Safety with Facial Recognition Feature for Next Generation Automobiles
    International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-7 Issue-4S, November 2018 Security and Safety With Facial Recognition Feature for Next Generation Automobiles Nalini Nagendran, Ashwini Kolhe Abstract: This is the era of automated cars or self-driving cars. Many automotive companies Like AUDI, Volvo, All car vendors are trying to come up with different GM,FORD,BMW, VW are prototyping the driver less cars advancements in the cars (Like Automatic car parking, and trying to implement more intelligent driverless car. Automatic Lane changing, automatic braking systems, android auto, car connect, Vehicle to external environment technology There are many disagreement recorded by the self-driving etc). In the automation industry, TESLA, Google and Audi are cars in last year. Google had launched self-driving car which the most competent leader among each other as well as for other drove 140,000 miles on the street of California. Without automation business also. Modern vehicles are all equipped with human intervention car drove successfully but in next lap different technologies like navigation system, driver assistant while car came to automatic lane parking it could not take mode, weather mode, Bluetooth, and other safety features which decision about the bus(speed of the bus was 15kmph and brings broader impact to quality of human’s life, environmental sustainability. This paper explains how the proposed feature, speed of Autonomous car was approximately 2Kmph) which unlocks the semiautonomous cars or autonomous cars safely and was going to hit from back side to Google’s car. This was the provides the safety to the entry level cars.
    [Show full text]
  • Overview of Automotive Sensors William J
    296 IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL, VOL. 1, NO. 4, DECEMBER 2001 Overview of Automotive Sensors William J. Fleming Abstract—An up-to-date review paper on automotive sensors is hysteresis, temperature sensitivity and repeatability. Moreover, presented. Attention is focused on sensors used in production auto- even though hundreds of thousands of the sensors may be motive systems. The primary sensor technologies in use today are manufactured, calibrations of each sensor must be interchange- reviewed and are classified according to their three major areas ofautomotive systems application–powertrain, chassis, and body. able within 1 percent. Automotive environmental operating This subject is extensive. As described in this paper, for use in au- requirements are also very severe, with temperatures of 40 tomotive systems, there are six types of rotational motion sensors, to 125 C (engine compartment), vibration sweeps up to four types of pressure sensors, five types of position sensors, and 10 g for 30 h, drops onto concrete floor (to simulate assembly three types of temperature sensors. Additionally, two types of mass mishaps), electromagnetic interference and compatibility, and air flow sensors, five types of exhaust gas oxygen sensors, one type of engine knock sensor, four types of linear acceleration sensors, so on. When purchased in high volume for automotive use, cost four types of angular-rate sensors, four types of occupant com- is also always a major concern. Mature sensors (e.g., pressure fort/convenience sensors, two types of near-distance obstacle detec- types) are currently sold in large-quantities (greater than one tion sensors, four types of far-distance obstacle detection sensors, million units annually) at a low cost of less than $3 (US) per and and ten types of emerging, state-of the-art, sensors technolo- sensor (exact cost is dependent on application constraints and gies are identified.
    [Show full text]
  • Night Vision Technology in Automobiles
    International Journal of Mechanical And Production Engineering, ISSN: 2320-2092, Volume- 4, Issue-12, Dec.-2016 NIGHT VISION TECHNOLOGY IN AUTOMOBILES 1SUMIT KARN, 2SOHAN PURBE, 3RASURJYA TALUKDAR, 4KRISHNA KANT GUPTA, 5G.NALLAKUMARASAMY 1,2,3,4B.E. Mechanical Engineering (3rd year), 5Guide, Head of Department, Mechanical Engineering, Excel Engineering College, Namakkal, 637303, T.N., India E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract— Safety and security of life are the two most successful words in the field of transport and manufacturing. The world has known from being a just simple form of day to day life to being aeon of mean and daring machines. Thus the safety of the people both inside and outside the vehicle is of prime concern in the car manufacturing industry and scientists are working day in and day out to ensure more and more complex forms of security for the human kind.After dark, your chances of being in a fatal vechicle crash go up sharply, though the traffic is way down. Inadequate illumination is one of the major factors in all the car crashes that occur between midnight and 6 a.m. Headlights provide about 50 meters of visibility on a dark road, but it takes nearly 110 meters to come to a full stop from 100 km/hr. At that speed, you may not respond fast enough to an unexpected event, simply because the bright spot provided by your headlights doesn't give you enough time.Thus emerged the night vision systems that use infrared sensors to let driver see as much as 3 or 4 times farther ahead and help them quickly distinguish among objects.
    [Show full text]
  • Recent Developments in the Automation of Cars
    International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163, www.ijtra.com Volume 5, Issue 1 (Jan-Feb, 2017), PP. 95-100 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE AUTOMATION OF CARS- A REVIEW 1Mrudul Amritphale, 2Abhishek Mahesh, 3Ashwini Motiwale, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Acropolis Institute of Technology and Research Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India [email protected] Abstract— Vehicular automation can be defined as the use of assistance systems (ADAS) are engineered to eliminate the technology in a vehicle in such a way that it can assist the driver physical as well as the psychological after-effects of a in the best possible way by reducing his/her mental stresses. The collision by eliminating the possibilities of causing the present world is accepting the rapid changes in the technology collision. In the 21st century, various automobile companies and trying to apply it in the real world. Hence, the automobile are focusing on applying the newly advanced intelligent industry is keenly interested in improvising with the dynamic features of a vehicle by using the new technology. Modern day systems in their cars, in order to assist the drivers while cars such as Mercedes Benz S-class, BMW 7 series etc. are driving as well as to safeguard the passengers travelling in the equipped with such automated systems. Vehicles at present are cars, systems such as adaptive cruise control, advanced semi-automated: fully automated vehicles are under development automatic collision notification, intelligent parking assistant and testing and will take time to be available commercially. system, automatic parking, precrash system, traffic sign Passengers comfort and wellbeing, increased safety and increased recognition, distance control assist, dead man’s switch, anti- highway capacity are among the most important initiatives lock braking system(ABS) and many more.
    [Show full text]
  • (IRJET) Pedestrian Detection by Video Processing Using Thermal
    International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 03 Issue: 12 | Dec -2016 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 Pedestrian Detection by Video Processing using Thermal and Night Vision System Ankit Dilip Yawale Department of Electronics and Telecommunication JSPM’s Imperial College of Engineering and Research Pune, India Prof. V. B. Raskar Department of Electronics and Telecommunication JSPM’s Imperial College of Engineering and Research,Pune, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - The paper describes the use of thermal camera the population and needs of human being is increasing the and IR night vision system for the detection of Pedestrians numbers are increasing government is trying to decrease the and objects that may cause accident at night time. As per the rate of causality and death. survey most of the accidents cause is due to low vision ability In recent years, According to survey 38% of fatal accidents in of human at night time, which leads to most dangerous and the European Union occur in darkness places, instead the higher number of accidents at night with respect to day time. fact that, the traffic during nights time is several times This system include the IR night vision camera which detects smaller than that on a day. This means that the risk of an the object with the help of IR LED and photodiode pair, this accident in darkness increased. This stats has a strong camera have capability to detect the object up to 100m. The relation and effect on the pedestrians. Currently, the thermal camera detects the heat generated by any of the pedestrians are of about 20 % of all traffic accidents.
    [Show full text]
  • A Simple and Effective Display for Night Vision Systems
    PROCEEDINGS of the Fourth International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle Design A SIMPLE AND EFFECTIVE DISPLAY FOR NIGHT VISION SYSTEMS Omer Tsimhoni, Michael J. Flannagan, Mary Lynn Mefford, and Naoko Takenobu University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A. E-mail: [email protected] Summary: The next generation of automotive night vision systems will likely continue to display to the driver enhanced images of the forward driving scene. In some displays there may also be highlighting of pedestrians and animals, which has been argued to be the primary safety goal of night vision systems. We present here the method that was used to design a conceptual display for night vision systems. Although the primary focus of the method is on safety analysis, consideration is given to driver performance with the system, and exposure to alerts. It also addresses user acceptance and annoyance, distraction, and expected behavior adaptation. The resulting driver interface is a simple and potentially effective display for night vision systems. It consists of a pedestrian icon that indicates when there are pedestrians near the future path of the vehicle. An initial prototype of this night-vision DVI was tested on the road and showed promising results despite its simplicity. It improved pedestrian detection distance from 34 to 44 m and decreased the overall ratio of missed pedestrians from 13% to 5%, correspondingly. The improvement may be attributable to the icon alerting the driver to the presence of a pedestrian. In this experiment, the drivers were probably more alert to the possible presence of pedestrians than drivers in the real world, suggesting that the effect of the icon might be even larger in actual use.
    [Show full text]
  • Transportation and Logistics Hub Study
    Transportation and Logistics Hub Study Appendix C March 23, 2017 www.camsys.com Transportation and Logistics Hub Study – APPENDIX C Transportation and Logistics Hub Study – APPENDIX C Global Automotive and Photonics Sector Overviews Appendix C prepared for Mid-Region Council of Governments prepared by GLD Partners and Cambridge Systematics, Inc. 1 Transportation and Logistics Hub Study – APPENDIX C Global Automotive Sector Overview Industry Definition and Overview Industries in the Transportation Equipment Manufacturing subsector produce equipment for transporting people and goods. Transportation equipment is considered a type of machinery. This subsector is highly significant to the economic base in all three North American countries. Establishments in this subsector employ production processes similar to those of some other machinery manufacturing industry - bending, forming, welding, machining, and assembling metal or plastic parts into components and finished products. However, the assembly of components and subassemblies and their further assembly into finished vehicles tend to be a more common production process in this subsector than in other Machinery subsectors. There are other aspects of the automotive industry which overlap with the wider electronics industry and this is now an important if not dominating aspect of the automotive industry. The automotive industry is unique in that it is a high-volume industry that produces a product of extraordinary complexity. Because of the industry’s size and breadth it is a bellwether of the national and global economies; the auto industry has historically contributed about 10% to the overall GDP in developed economies with automotive production. (Foresight 2020. Economist) Peter Drucker described the automotive industry as “the industry of industries,” because it consumes output from just about every other manufacturing industry.
    [Show full text]
  • Advanced Driver Assistance System Using Vehicle to Vehicle Communication
    International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 07 | July -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 Advanced Driver Assistance System using Vehicle to Vehicle Communication Sheetal Shivaji Pawar1, Prof. S. N. Kore2 1Department Of Electronics Engineering, Walchand College Of Engineering, Sangli, Maharashtra, India, 2Associate Professor, Department Of Electronics Engineering, Walchand College Of Engineering Sangli, Maharashtra, India, ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - Increasing numbers of vehicles on the road are Therefore Advanced Driver Assistance system (ADAS) adding to the problems associated with road traffic. comes in to picture. Efficient monitoring of vehicles is need of time for smooth ADAS helps drivers in driving process for safe driving. traffic flow. Safety system for Vehicle collision avoidance is ADAS has received widespread attention with active work prime challenge to be met. Many technologies are in action being carried out for over four decades. ADAS consists of for collision free traffic. Pertaining to this, Intelligent lots of adaptive cruise control, adaptive light control, Collision Avoidance (ICWA) system based on V2V (Vehicle to Automatic parking, automotive night vision etc. The vehicle) Communication is proposed which addresses the research is going on the key feature of ADAS that is issue of collision avoidance. ICWA is one of the leading collision avoidance warning system. research feature of advanced driver assistance system A vehicle collision avoidance system based on wireless (ADAS). In this paper optimized algorithm is developed for communication and GPS can eliminate the drawbacks of collision avoidance, safety zones are created for each the optical based technology even under high speeds or vehicle.
    [Show full text]
  • Smart Vehicle System for Accident Prevention
    International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 07 Issue: 04 | Apr 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 Smart Vehicle System for Accident Prevention Ravindra Wakchaure1, Sandip Supekar2, Kunal Tattu3 1,2,3B.E. Student, Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Amrutvahini College of Engineering, Sangamner, India. ---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - We present a smart night vision system for The system contains night vision for good visibility at automobiles in this paper. This system, developed mostly by night driving, Wearing of a seat belt is compulsory for adopting infrared cameras and computer vision technology, ignition of engine and to prevent an accident aims at improving safety and convenience of night driving by happening while open the car door carelessly. providing functionalities such as adaptive night vision, road sign finding and recognition, scene zooming and spotlight 2. LITERATURE SURVEY projection. We have tested the system in both replicated laboratory environments and in field highway environments. Accident scientists show that the driving at the night Initial results show the possibility of constructing such a represents a substantial potential danger. In Germany, system. some 50 percent of the lethal car accidents happen at night, although an average of the 75 percent of all Driving without buckle the seat belt was one of the most driving is for the duration of a day. A similar condition common traffic offenses in India. With 6,175 charges left in the first six months, Young drivers were the minimum likely to is found in a US. With a 28 percentage share of all buckle up seat belt.
    [Show full text]
  • Overview of Automotive Sensors William J
    296 IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL, VOL. 1, NO. 4, DECEMBER 2001 Overview of Automotive Sensors William J. Fleming Abstract—An up-to-date review paper on automotive sensors is presented. Attention is focused on sensors used in production auto- motive systems. The primary sensor technologies in use today are reviewed and are classified according to their three major areas ofautomotive systems application–powertrain, chassis, and body. This subject is extensive. As described in this paper, for use in au- tomotive systems, there are six types of rotational motion sensors, four types of pressure sensors, five types of position sensors, and three types of temperature sensors. Additionally, two types of mass air flow sensors, five types of exhaust gas oxygen sensors, one type of engine knock sensor, four types of linear acceleration sensors, four types of angular-rate sensors, four types of occupant com- fort/convenience sensors, two types of near-distance obstacle detec- tion sensors, four types of far-distance obstacle detection sensors, and and ten types of emerging, state-of the-art, sensors technolo- gies are identified. Index Terms—Acceleration sensors, angular rate sensors, automotive body sensors, automotive chassis sensors, automotive powertrain sensors, obstacle detection sensors, position sen- sors, pressure sensors, review paper, rotational motion sensors, state-of-the-art sensors. I. INTRODUCTION ENSORS are essential components of automotive elec- Stronic control systems. Sensors are defined as [1] “devices that transform (or transduce) physical quantities such as pressure or acceleration (called measurands) into output signals (usually electrical) that serve as inputs for control systems.” It wasn’t that long ago that the primary automotive sensors were discrete devices used to measure oil pressure, fuel level, coolant temperature, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study on Night Vision Technology
    International Journal of Recent Development in Engineering and Technology Website: www.ijrdet.com (ISSN 2347-6435(Online) Volume 8, Issue 4, April 2019) A Study on Night Vision Technology B. Uday Kiran1, Shruti Bharagava Choubey2, P S Ravali3 Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology, Yamanampet, Ghatkeaser, Hyderabad Abstract-- Safety and security of life are the two most At night vision technology makes it possible for the successful words in the field of transport and humans to view the rays felling in the infra-red region of manufacturing. The world has known from being a just the electromagnetic spectrum, that is generally the night simple form of day to day life to being aeon of mean and vision systems used in automobiles captures the infra-red daring machines. Thus the safety of the people both inside image of distant obstacles on road as every object emits and outside the vehicle is of prime concern in the car manufacturing industry and scientists are working day in infra-red rays (heat rays) even during night. This image is and day out to ensure more and more complex forms of viewed in a screen and the driver can thus apply the security for the human kind.After dark, your chances of brakes as required. [2] being in a fatal vechicle crash go up sharply, though the traffic is way down. Inadequate illumination is one of the major factors in all the car crashes that occur between midnight and 6 a.m. Headlights provide about 50 meters of visibility on a dark road, but it takes nearly 110 meters to come to a full stop from 100 km/hr.
    [Show full text]