May 2014 The First SPE Oslo magazine ENERGY360o; CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES by Helge Hove Haldorsen p.,6

In this issue..

Major boost to the projects Revolutionary technology collaboration between Lundin AS and Rock Flow Dynamics by Dmitry Eydinov p.,10

Environmentally Sustainable EOR?

by Nilan et al., p.,14

ARCTIC – ANOTHER ?

by Anatoly Zolotukhin p.,8

Microbial by Jafar Fathi p.,12

Kongsberg Subsea Storage Unit the future oil storage solution by Torleif Torjussen p.,18 Financing E&P Companies and Projects on NCS

Electronic version http://oslo.spe.org/home/RESOURSES/Magazine Full day seminar Register before May 29! June 4th 2014

Photo: Daria Krasova, Geophysicist, Aker Geo

Full day seminarday Full

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pwc registration pwc

sponsoredand hosted by and PwC Oslo

–

,seminar starts after 08:30 registration and coffee

th

will this year will on focus the financing of E & companies P and

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Time: June Time: 4 Place:Dronning PwC, Eufemia Street 8, receptionBørs Oslo at Attendance 1,500 NOK fee: Registration(påmelding):

Thein event English is

SPEAnnual Oslo Seminar Børs projectson the Norwegian Continental Shelf. After an introduction onregulatory changes in the oil the sector, sources various of financ- ing for available theoil companies and projects are covered: From based reserve lending, toequity and bond financing. thenis Lunch at served thetop of the PwC building, witha over grand down view townAfter Oslo. lunch the Norwegianmarketfor license transactions presented, is divesting as licenses aalso is way tosecure financing of other projects. Securingfinancing one is thing, but still issueanother why E is & P companies still end upfinancialin troubles. Lessons the past from are presented. oil reserves As are crucial for financing the of oil companies, the seminar continues on how togrow the oil reserves;with specific cases on endtail production enhanced oil and recovery. Thissession the covers key decisions that top management to need at address important milestonesof project development. As a preludeto the panel debate, Rystad Energy present will factson the cost explosionin the Norwegian oil industry. Thepanel made is upof representatives from both service the sectorand oil the oil companies,as well analysts as that the followed have sectorover many years. Afterthe seminar is a reception heldOsloat whereBørs, theExchange with meets the seminar participants.

May 2014 May Issue 2 Issue

Page 5 SPE news

The SPE Oslo

Board Election Thursday 2014-2015 June 5 2014 11:30 AM - 1:00 PM Season! Lunch Meeting -

Norwegian Industrial Property Office Oslo 17th May 2014 Open positions: Inside this issue: Chairman, Program Chair, D ear SPE member,

Energy360o; you are reading the second edition of Student Liaison Chair and challenges & SPE Oslo Magazine “The First”. On opportunities 6 Director. behalf of the SPE Oslo section board I would like to say thank you very much Artic—another Persian gulf? 8 If you are interested in becom- for your feedback and inputs on the first ing part of the board, please Novel technologies for fine edition of “The First”! contact the election committee: scale dynamic modeling in Lundin Norway 10 In this magazine we will again invite you Microbial Enhanced Oil Re- to several of our upcoming events, re- covery (MEOR): Experiments port from recent activities in the SPE Kristine Behné Ramsnes and Simulation Oslo region and the other Norwegian [email protected] by Jafar Fathi 12 sections and share glimpses from the Vita Kalashnikova activities in the YP and student chap- Editor of “The First”/ Understanding the Impact of ters. In this 2nd edition I’m very proud SPE Oslo YP Chair / Chemicals in Produced Water Jafar Fathi in Enhanced Oil Recovery to announce that you are the First who Reservoir Geophysicist (EOR) Projects 14 [email protected] is going to know more about a revolu- PSS-GEO AS Subsea Crude Oil tionary technology for reservoir model- Storage system 18 ling which has just been implemented in Norway. And we will also

let you be inspired by our local engineering design and environmental Dear SPE Member, Quiz 22 EOR studies which will help cover global needs. We will give you The First is a free magazine available first-hand information about global energy demand and supply out- for everyone to download from the SPE Norway & look - the SPE president 2015 Helge Hove Haldorsen has shared SPE Northern Norway sec- SPE Oslo web site. tion 24 with us his vision, and also you will learn about assessment and delin-

Student's Chapter 26 eation of Arctic resources from Vice President of the World Petrole- If you would like to receive a hard um Council, Professor Anatoly Zolotukhin. copy of magazine, please send your SPE Oslo Members & Finance 27 request with post address to: Enjoy your reading and do not hesitate to send us feedback or ideas Patentstyret, Sandakerveien 64 ,Oslo 0484 for later editions. See you at SPE Oslo Seminar: Financing E&P [email protected]

Companies and Project, 4th June!

Page 6 SPE Oslo Page 7 SPE Oslo ENERGY360o; CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES by Helge Hove Haldorsen, VP Strategy Statoil North America, Mexico Country Manager, SPE President 2015

In his presentation, Helge discussed the global energy demand and supply outlook and the critical roles of Helge Hove Haldorsen I+4E. By 2035, the International Energy Agency has documented a need to develop new capacity equivalent to 40 million barrels of oil in daily production and ExxonMobil, Shell and BP in their 2014 energy outlooks, VP Strategy Statoil North America, Mexico Country Manager agree that oil and gas are still global energy supply ‘kings’ in 2040! So we have the work cut out for us. SPE President 2015 The ‘recipe for success’ ‘The state of E&P’ in is still a world class E&P and math) makes tech- in this enormous energy 2014 with low margins theatre of operations nology happen. Exclusively for the First undertaking is: I+4E. I is and inadequate returns with impressive recov- for Imagination; With according to activist in- ery factors (>50%), with And, in the end, I would people asking Why?, vestors and the need to new technology being like to say about the What if? and How? refocus attention on val- piloted and implement- right of engi- mankind invented fire, ue rather than on vol- ed (e.g., subsea com- neers to feel a great the wheel and flint ar- ume. So we must contin- pression etc.), with sense of purpose. SPE row-heads, the most ue to ‘creatively de- more offshore multi- members belong to an high-tech tools any- struct’ (=relentlessly im- lateral and ‘smart’ wells organization with ‘a mis- where around 15,000 prove) every aspect of than in the rest of the sion to share’. And, in BC. Fast forward to the E&P business (the offshore world com- the process of sharing, 1969 when Armstrong E&P business models, bined (e.g., Troll oil etc.) SPE and its members stepped onto the moon the E&P companies, the and with new amazing become the ‘rising tide – it’s just amazing what various HC supply candi- billion-barrel discover- that lifts 125,000 boats’ mankind can do. Today, dates and you and me) ies due to ‘new G&G around the world when we routinely develop to ‘stay fit’ in the new ideas in old plac- it comes to petroleum fields in 10,000 ft. of normal as all the ‘easy es’ (Johan Sverdrup engineering best prac- water, which is like go- and cheap’ oil has been etc.). On the NCS, the tice. Every day in 2014, ing to the moon every produced. According to E&P community really SPE members help pro- day. In business, Prof Scott Tinker at UT continues to say Why duce ~90 million barrels ‘success is never final’ Austin, the energy sup- Not?, What If? and of oil and ~350 billion because imagination ply winner will be the How? and he was very cubic feet of gas – an followed by innovation energy supply that wins impressed by the an- enormous achievement or ‘creative destruction’ in 4E (rather than in swers! which gives every one of are behind new techno- 3D). The 4 Es stand for us the right to feel a logical developments – Energy (supply and de- Energy fuels human great sense of purpose! radical and incremental mand – we must supply progress and rises living ‘We’re not just cutting – that never stop. There sufficient amounts for standards. Technology rocks, we’re building will always be a ‘next the demand arising from makes energy happen something great’ for 7.2 big thing’ – so there will 9 billion people in 2040 and STEM (science, billion people every sin- always be a ‘next old (7.2 billion now), Eco- technology, engineering gle day. thing’. This relentless nomics (the energy must pushing of the technolo- be affordable for all and gy envelope gives man- we need to get electrici- kind the ability to im- ty to the 1.3 billion peo- prove, renew and adapt. ple who now are without The ‘winners’ are either it), Environment (the en- picked by the ‘invisible ergy supply must be sus- Meeting with SPE members in Oslo hand’ (the market tainable) and the pillar place) or increasingly, of all the energy Es: Edu- th April 4 2014, The Thief Hotel by governments via cation! mandates, incentives, regulations and laws. I was quite impressed with ‘NCS version 2.0’; It

Page 8 Distinguished lecture Page 9 Distinguished lecture ARCTIC – ANOTHER PERSIAN GULF? by Prof. Anatoly Zolotukhin, Research Director, Institute of Arctic Petroleum Technologies Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas The Arctic continental shelf Special priority should be al patents have been grant- is believed to be the area given to selection of quali- ed. with the highest unexplored fied personnel, cold climate potential for oil and gas. training procedures and Do we have an alternative Despite a common view equipment to avoid/reduce to the development of oil that the Arctic has plentiful human mistakes in the and gas fields located in of hydrocarbon resources Arctic. the Arctic offshore areas? there are ongoing debates The development of Arctic regarding the potential of Internationalization of edu- resources is inevitable alt- this region as a future ener- cation is another important hough there should be no gy supply base. Driving forc- aspect. Collaboration of hurry in doing that. Devel- es for such discussions are universities can greatly opment of he Arctic should geopolitics, environmental contribute to the Arctic de- go through necessary stag- concern, assessment and velopment. International es in sustainable way step Prof. delineation of Arctic re- graduate and postgraduate by step overcoming new sources, technology availa- Anatoly Zolotukhin ble for their successful de- Counsellor, International velopment and, not the affairs / Research Direc- least, the market demand for energy supply. tor, Institute of Arctic Pe- It is not only petroleum re- troleum Technology sources of the Arctic that Gubkin Russian State are poorly explored. Our general knowledge of glob- University of Oil and Gas al ecosystems and the / Vice President of the overall impact on them made by human activities is scarcely studied. There is very little knowledge on how offshore oil and gas resource development will programs as well as collab- challenges and strengthen- impact climate change in a orative research projects ing our knowledge and long-term perspective. This can facilitate cross-border competence. is especially important for knowledge transfer and the vulnerable Arctic areas foster technology develop- There is no doubt that in and northern seas. To se- ment. This thesis is well the second part of XXI cen- cure safe and efficient de- illustrated by a Russian- tury production of HC in the velopment of arctic re- Norwegian joint master Arctic petroleum mega ba- sources new regulations double degree program sin will be as important in and environmental stand- entitled “Offshore Field energy supply as Persian ards should be jointly de- Development Technology” Gulf and West Siberia ba- veloped by the internation- established by Gubkin Rus- sins today. Our estimates al community. sian State University of Oil show that by 2040 the arc- and Gas and Stavanger tic conventional oil and gas Another issues like logistics University in 2010. Today resources will contribute and human factor that 16 graduates with excellent with 5.5 billion boe of an- greatly affect efficiency of knowledge of math, physics nual production, which is the arctic operations and technology are already 4.2% share of the global should be further studied. working in the best oil ma- supply of primary energy Mobilization cost, time re- jor and service companies resources and nearly 8.2% quired to transit and cus- of anticipated world oil and worldwide. Another result Distinguished lectured dinner at Hotel Continental, April 8 2014 tom clearance are among of this collaboration – sev- gas production. Taking into main logistical issues that eral textbooks and mono- account that the Arctic is should be addressed to graphs together with doz- still underexplored its actu- improve effectiveness of ens of papers has been al potential could be even operations in the Arctic. published, two internation- higher.

Page 10 SPE Oslo Page 11 SPE Oslo Novel technologies for fine scale dynamic modeling in Lundin Norway by Dmitry Eydinov (Rock Flow Dynamics) I NTERVIEW WITH LUNDIN NORWAY Jens-Petter Nørgård & Geir–Magnus Sæternes Lundin Norway AS is the facilities have to be taken reservoir simulator imple- most rapidly growing oper- into account. So, a dynamic mented from the beginning ating company in Norway. model of the giant field with to run parallel. The key fea- With recent discoveries in high grid resolution is con- ture of the simulator is the -As operator of the PL501 license, where we version for the Lundin engineers to test. The the North Sea it currently sidered for the study. Com- scalable solver which is holds the position of the bined with polymer model- optimized for modern multi- made the Avaldsnes discovery, we of course time was come to test and see if they had suc- second largest oil company ing options, it makes the core computers. Recent have high focus on the Johan Sverdrup field. ceeded the challenge… in the country. simulation time very chal- studies of parallel computa- Polymer was early identified as a potential EOR lenging. As the field is at tion methods implemented -The polymer functionality worked fine and the method by the partnership of Johan Sverdrup. Reservoir engineers in the early development in tNavigator® show that speed was amazing. We reported a few minor stage and the information is the model simulation time Lundin implement multiple Lundin therefore initiated a research project bugs that RFD fixed immediately, Geir–Magnus innovations in order to opti- very limited, a thorough can be reduced almost with TIORCO (Houston) to identify the best suit- uncertainty study with hun- boundlessly as the number Sæternes says. –I've used the tNavigator for a mize development of the able polymer for this reservoir and describe its fields operated by the com- dreds of simulations is re- of simulation cores grows. while now for our polymer study, but also other Dmitry Eydinov pany. One of the current quired to draw reliable con- The parallel hybrid algo- characteristics to be used in dynamic clusions of the polymer rithm mixing MPI and sys- Business Development projects is to investigate simulation. In this regard the need for opportunities to enhance oil flooding effects. tem threads was applied to Director recovery from the Johan a number of real models a faster simulator in order to evaluate Rock Flow Dynamics Sverdrup field by polymer Preliminary tests of the dy- and demonstrated a record polymer injection became obvious. At parallel acceleration. injections. It is believed that namic model revealed that this time we were given a presenta- this option will help improve the simulation time re- the reservoir performance quired for one run is far too The simulation perfor- tion of tNavigator. The speed and significantly. long for a detailed study mance tests on the model ease of use was really impressive! The with conventional simula- of Johan Sverdrup field only drawback was the lack of support tors. That is why Lundin show that the total run time One of the most important for polymer injection, Jens-Petter and challenging parts of the decided to try tNavigator® can be reduced from 9 project is related to numeri- developed by Rock Flow hours to 45 min even on a Nørgård explains. -However, we liked cal modeling. An accurate Dynamics, which is quickly regular workstation. That the product and saw the potential for being recognized around will significantly reduce the description of the polymer our project so we suggested doing a flooding effects requires the world for its simulation length of the project and high-resolution dynamic performance. make a detailed uncertainty project with RFD to develop polymer models. Reservoir engi- study realistic. functionality and with the same simu- neers often adopt sector Rock Flow Dynamics start- lation speed. RFD was positive to the models for such studies to ed as an independent soft- The project team would be make the simulation time ware vendor in 2005. tNavi- happy to present the results idea so we initiated a project. more feasible. However, in gator® is the flagship prod- to the SPE Oslo section this case this approach uct developed by the com- when the work is complete. cannot be applied directly pany. This is a full-fledged Geir Magnus Sæternes and Paul Tijink on the photo using tNavigator as the common network black oil and compositional Lundin specified the functionality re- quirements and RDF was left with the challenge to implement accurate polymer simulation at simulations since it's so fast and it fits nicely the same impressive simulation speed. A cou- into our Petrel workflow. It's so intuitive that ple of months later RFD came back with a beta none of us had to attend any training course.

-Well, we do have extremely bright engineers too, Jens-Petter Nørgård says with a smile. - However, we simulated all our polymer cases within the project deadline and tNavigator was an important tool, he continues. –Both simula- tion speed and the fact that our engineers could start using it without any training saved us a lot of time. Fig.1. Speed-up for a 21.8 million active grid block model on a cluster (with respect to one core calculation time) (SPE 163090)

Page 12 SPE Oslo Page 13 SPE Oslo

Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR): Experiments sponse time is about 2-6 maining oil in the reservoir. months in the producers; The results can be used to and Simulation depending on the distance predict and to monitor the and communication be- application of the MEOR tween the producers and technology during the field by Jafar Fathi, Reservoir Engineer: EOR Studies, PhD, CORE Energy AS, Oslo, Norway injectors. The process is trial. Dinner meeting at Continental, May 13 2014 identified as a potential technique to target the re- Extensive laboratory re- 95% water cut. The main concentration for two years. search and field trials have drainage strategy of the field The response is studied in been performed to evaluate is water flooding; the imple- four producers, which are the potential of microbial mentation of MEOR does not supported by the injectors. enhanced oil recovery need major modifications, The simulation results indi- (MEOR) in mature fields. In and the investment is low. cate that the nutrient injec- this work, the author tries to The reservoir is a complex tion has a potential to recov- study the potential of inject- and heterogeneous reservoir er 1-5% of the remaining oil. ing nutrient in a mature field with an estimated ultimate Injecting nutrient can in the Norwegian Continental oil recovery of about 35%. achieve about 160000 Sm3 Shelf (NCS) to improve the Therefore; there is a huge of incremental oil after 10 oil recovery by stimulating potential for the application years (Jan. 2026), Figure 1 the growth of indigenous of enhanced oil recovery & 2. Also, water cut is re- Jafar Fathi microorganisms. The tech- processes. duced by about 1% due to nology of the focus does not PhD require live microorganisms Reservoir Engineer to be injected; instead, it depends on the resident CORE Energy AS microbes in the reservoir. Figure 3 Reduction in the water cut due to formation of bio-film in high With a specifically formulat- permeable channels ed nutrient solution, the resident microbes are stimu- lated to grow and to repro- duce. The nutrient formula- tion plays a key role, and it must contain a carbon source and other elements required for the bacterial growth such as nitrogen and phosphorous. Furthermore; the success of the process depends on the microbes, which are present in the Figure 1 Field oil production rate (nutrient treatment for two years) reservoir. The injected water is the transport medium of the nutrient and it distrib- the formation of bio-film and In the field case study, the utes the nutrient throughout permeability reduction in the nutrient is injected in two high permeable zones, Fig- the reservoir. water injectors at 500 ppm ure 3. The estimated re- Several mechanisms have been proposed in the litera- ture attributed to the en- hancement of oil recovery by microbial interaction. In this study, we focus on the ME- OR mechanisms of interfa- cial tension reduction and wettability modification via bio-surfactant, and selective plugging via bio-film. The effect of MEOR is simulated in Eclipse by a combination of SURFACTANT and POLY- MER options to predict, esti- mate, and to monitor the process during the field trial. The field is a mature field, Figure 2 Cumulative oil production after 10 years Lectured dinner at Hotel Continental, April 13 2014 which is producing at about

Page 14 Young Professionals Page 15 Young Professionals

Understanding the Impact of Chemicals in Produced Water in Enhanced Topside produced water treatment processes. water management Problems caused by poly- Oil Recovery (EOR) Projects mers are expected to be issues mainly related to an in- by Michael Nilan1, Pascale Stang1, Mona E.Dadkhah1,2 , Ashish K Sahu1 Very high concentrations of crease in viscosity of the polymer and surfactants water phase. Moreover, 1. Aquateam COWI AS, Hasleveien 10, N-0571, Oslo, Norway (www.aquateam.no), 2: NTNU, the Ugelstad lab. are likely to be found in the high concentration of back back produced water. Typi- produced polymers can stabilize the oil in water MEOR: (1) Injection of ed by TOTAL (Morel et al, cal examples reported from Enhanced oil recovery emulsions and cause sepa- (EOR) is a generic term nutrients to stimulate 2008) and one or two fields Chinese onshore fields are indigenous in China have also been polymer concentrations in ration difficulties in many used for increasing the water treatment facilities amounts of crude oil that microorganisms, (2) ) initiated for chemical flood- the range of 500 mg/l and Injection of exogenous ing. The use of chemicals is surfactant concentrations such as flotation units and can be extracted from an oil hydrocyclones. Polymers reservoir or an oilfield. Usu- microorganisms(s) and considered most effective; Figure 2. Color-coded classification for chemicals according to could be even higher; nutrients, or (3) Injection moreover, the use of poly- ~10000 mg/l. It is there- are large molecules and ally this is done in an effort Norwegian and OSPAR regulations. More Complex chemicals are they can prevent coales- to increase the output of a of ex situ produced mer is one of the most cost- fore expected that future products, e.g. effective methods, based less biodegradable regulations could require cence of oil droplets as they matured field where con- adsorb at oil droplet inter- biosurfactants. This is the on bench-scale (lab testing) produced water re-injection ventional-recovery methods testing (Harmonised Off- in the sea, they might very faces (steric stabilization). simplest, and most likely as well as field (Bai, 2012) (PWRI) with high uptime have been exhausted. EOR shore Notification Format well end in the sediments. Figure 3 shows how poly- Michael S Nilan, MSc. efforts require strong reser- for short term success in investigations. For this rea- (80-95 %) of the plant, and Environmental Technology, according to requirement Onshore they will usually be mers influence the coales- full field-scale. son, there has been in- that treatment of produced Consultant voir characterization tech- from OSPAR 2014). Those eliminated in biological cence of oil droplets as niques i.e. fractured net- creasing interest in the use water could be needed in of polymer and hydrolyzed ecotoxicological tests are wastewater treatment even the residual time period their concentration increas- work mapping, permeability used to classify the chemi-  Chemical processes are polyacrylamide (HPAM) pol- if they are not ready biode- before produced water is es (Wang et al 2011). It is distribution through well cal in one of the four color used for oils that are ymer in particular. Chemical gradable. However, biologi- allowed discharged over- known that an optimum tests, and permeability up- categories (Figure 2): more viscous than those flooding with polymers cal treatment processes are board. formulation of EOR surfac- scaling. recovered by gas injection not considered a process tants is normally injected to alone or in combination  Not environmental ac- which can be implemented obtain maximum oil recov- ceptable: Black chemicals On top of toxicity and envi- are generally not allowed offshore. The long reten- ronmental issues caused by ery. This optimum formula- Methods used for discharged. tion time needed for the EOR chemicals, their back tion corresponds to mini- EOR water to be treated in bio- production can influence mum emulsion stability and  Replacement should be logical processes, results in is anticipated to not to Four prevalent methods for the whole production chain considered: Red chemi- a footprint and weight including performance of cause any further separa- EOR are (Bai, 2011): cals require special ap- which is not available. oil/water/gas separators tion difficulties. However, proval before use, be- and the following produced the back produced fluids Pascale Stang, MSc. cause they have either a Ecotoxicology, Consultant  Gas injection is the most technically feasible EOR low biodegradation poten- operation at low permea- tial, a relatively low bio- bilities, and is the most degradability in combina- widely applied method for tion with high bioaccumu- light-oil recovery. Methods lation potential and or include, gas flooding, gas notable toxicity. injection, use of miscible  Acceptable: Yellow chemi- gases, nitrogen injection, Figure 3. Influence of polymer adsorption on coalescence of oil droplets (a) polymer adsorption at oil cals have no inherent droplet surfaces, (b) droplets may flocculate at low polymer concentration, (c) droplets remains apart (very carbon dioxide gas environmentally hazard- injection and CO2 ous properties stable emulsions) at high polymer concentration Mona Eftekhardadkhah flooding. Figure 1. Chemical floods, which according to Surtek (2014) have Researcher, Department of been implemented since 1985  Acceptable: Green chemi- Chemical Engineering, cals are listed under  Thermal processes are with surfactants are PLONOR “Pose Little Or best suited for heavy-oil and less viscous than planned in many new fields reservoirs that cannot be NO Risk “ (OSPAR 2012) those involving thermal also offshore. produced efficiently from processes. Polymer, alka- cold flow. Within this EOR chemicals may, howev- line/surfactant/polymer Environmental steam injection and solar (ASP) and surfactant er, be biodegraded under thermal methods are flooding are included in properties of most environmental conditions adopted. chemical EOR operations relevant chemicals given longer time and more (CEOR). inoculum than in the ready Polymer and EOR- biodegradation tests. An-  Microbial Enhanced Oil surfactants chemical prop- aerobic biodegradation can Recovery (MEOR) is a The application of chemical erties challenge the classi- also occur in the sedi- biological based EOR enhanced oil recovery cal risk assessment meth- ments, and since many of Ashish K Sahu., PhD technology where three (CEOR) floods are increas- ods developed for produc- these chemicals are likely general strategies exist Environmental Engineering, ing, see Figure 1. All fields tion chemical. First step in to adsorb to solids present Figure 4. Back produced fluids can easily be shifted from optimum EOR surfactant formulation and Process Engineer and for the implementation of are onshore. Angola operat- risk assessment is HOCNF in the produced water and both oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions may formed

Page 16 Young Professionals Page 17 Young Professionals

are shifted from the opti- science and new chemical Due to the prevalent use of mum due to many reasons development to find solu- polymer and surfactants for including adsorption of sur- tions for encountered diffi- EOR as well as the current factants inside the reser- culties. environmentally conscious voir, chromatographic effect mindset surrounding the between the different Environmental industry, it is important that chemicals injected, salinity treatment of EOR effluent gradients, temperature dif- impact testing streams and produced wa- ferences and etc (See fig- ter be taken into considera- ure 4). Therefore, stable oil- Chemical qualification re- tion. Finding the best avail- in-water and water-in-oil quires HOCNF information able technique (BAT) is like- emulsions are the main (Harmonised Offshore Noti- ly to become a regulating fication Format). Detailed problems caused by EOR parameter. surfactants and has been a requirement are available focus of so many studies through OSPAR (2013). References OSPAR (2012) has also during the last years Argillier, J-F., Dalmazzone, D., Henaut, I., (Argillier et al., 2013 and prepared Guidelines for Mouazen, M., Noik, C., Boufarguine, M., Risk Based Approach (RBA) (2013) Methodological approach for analyzing 2014, Yee et al., 2013, the impact of chemical EOR on surface to the management of pro- processes. SPE 164098. Najamudin et al., 2014). Figure 5. Toxicity testing of whole effluent (here with Skeletonema: duced water discharges. Argillier, J-F., Henaut, I., Noik, C., Viera, R., Whole effluent assessment Roca Leon, F., Aanesen, B., (2014) Influence marine algae) gives valuable information of environmental risk of Chemical EOR on Topside Produced Furthermore, adsorption of of treated produced water Water Management. SPE 169067-MS. surfactants on gas bubble interfaces can cause foam- ties and can cause fouling is a good approach to con- Bai, B. (2011) EOR Performance and Model- interfaces can cause foam- trol if EOR chemicals back ing. Journal of Petroleum Technology, 63 (1): ing problems. Foams take ing problems. Foams take or deformation of droplets 42. up space in the separation in the way that they can produced to the platform Figure 7. Test skids, including ceramic membranes (CM), Advanced Oxidation, ultrafiltration (UF) and up space in the separation has increased the toxicity of Bai, B. (2012) EOR Performance and Model- facilities including separa- pass through the filters and nanofiltration (NF ) ing. Journal of Petroleum Technology, facilities including separa- produced water. 64(1):60. tors and flotation units and tors and flotation units and reduce the efficiency of reduce the separation effi-  Particle size distribution EOR industry technologies. (2014) reduce the separation effi- filtration units. start. Normally you would including performance in http://www.enhancedoilrecovery.com/ ciency. Foams can also in- Produced water start with desktop studies the separator, using the (PSD) and oil droplet size ciency. Foams can also in- distribution, gas bubbles Morel, D., Vert, M., Jouenne, S. and Nahas, terrupt the pumping of the terrupt the pumping of the Considering tall these sev- treatment testing and literature review to get fresh oil (not exposed to E. (2008) Polymer Injection in Deep Offshore fluids at transfer stations distribution using Flow Field: The Dalia Angola Case. Paper present- fluids at transfer stations eral unique challenges re- focused on the critical as- air/oxygen) right pressure ed at the 2008 SPE Annual Technical Confer- and increase the energy lated to separation and pects for the particular pro- and temperature becomes Cytometry, FlowCam, Mal- ence and Exhibition held in Denver, Colorado, and increase the energy In any offshore project who vern Mastersizer, nanosiz- USA, 21-24 September. SPE 116672. consumption of topside consumption of topside produced water treatment are planning to implement ject. critical. processes (Wang et al er Najamudin, K.E., Halim, N.H., Salleh, I.K., processes (Wang et al as a result of application of CEOR, environmental im- Ching Hsia, I.C., Yusof, M.Y., Sedaralit, M.F., 2013). EOR chemicals into the oil (2014) Chemical EOR Produced Water 2013). pact assessment and pro- “Relevant testing” can Ideally, a balance should be Management at Malay Basin Field. OTC fields, proper testing is duced water treatment test- mean applying the appropri- struck between the efficacy  Particle charge by meas- 24804-MS. Both polymers and surfac- needed in multiple disci- ing is likely to be needed. ate conditions that the of the chemical and how uring the Zeta potential OSPAR (2013) OSPAR List of Substances Both polymers and surfac- Used and Discharged Offshore which Are tants can influence the per- plines including separation Once a set of chemicals are chemical would experience environmental friendly it is. Considered to Pose Little or No Risk to the tants can influence the per- formance of filtration facili- processes, environmental decided, work needs to (real produced water, right Aquateam COWI has been  Biodegradation tests both Environment (PLONOR). OSPAR Agreement formance of filtration facili- 2012-06 (Replacing Agreement 2004-10) temperature and pressure), in the vanguard of water aerobic and anaerobic Revised February 2013. ties and can cause fouling but also the appropriate treatment testing polymers over extended periods in OSPAR (2012) Guidelines in support of or deformation of droplets scale. and different chemicals and sea water, fresh water Recommendation for a Risk-based Approach in the way that they can to the Management of Produced Watetr their fate in the environ- and their sediments. Discharges from Offshore Installations. pass through the filters and OSPAR 12/22/1, Annex 19. Agreement 2012- Full-scale testing is the ment as well as water char- 07 reduce the efficiency of most relevant, but can be acterization of produced  Interfacial tension (IFT), Sheng, J. (2013): Enhanced oil recovery field filtration units. either extremely expensive water and effluent streams. viscosity, oil-in water, wa- studies, Chapter 12. or impossible to perform, or Biodegradability studies of ter-in oil etc. are other Surtek, (2014) http://www.surtek.com/

Considering tall these sev- both. The closer one can chemicals, including HPAM, relevant parameters. Vik, E.A., Shi, W., Bruskeland, A., Xin, G., eral unique challenges re- come to emulating real con- have been performed in Hennonge, L.B., Kjønnø, O. and Garshol, F.K. (2014) Environmental Impact of lated to separation and ditions that the chemicals order to help clients deter- Additional treatment of pro- Discharges of Polymer Flooded Produced Water under different Produced Water produced water treatment would experience, the more mine the best form of duced water to meet dis- Treatment Scenarios, Presentation at as a result of application of realistic and relevant the chemical treatments. This TEKNA’s International 11th Produced Water charge permits, could in- Management Conference, Clarion Stavanger EOR chemicals into the oil results will be; however, lab helps the oil clients find clude a number of different Hotel, 21-22 January 2014

fields, proper testing is studies can be used as a effective chemicals that are approaches, but normally Wang, B., Wu, T., Li, Y., Sun, D., Yang, M., needed in multiple disci- precursor to pilot-scale and properly treated to allow for Gao, Y., Lu, F., Li, X., (2011) The effects of screening appropriate tech- oil displacement agents on the stability of plines including separation then the full-scale testing a non-toxic effluent. A key nologies needs to be done. water produced from ASP (alkaline/surfactant/polymer) flooding. Col- processes, environmental as suggested by Aquateam part of determining the This could include adsorp- loids and Surfaces A: Physicochem. Eng. science and new chemical COWI (Figure 6). More real- treatability and biodegrada- tion processes, oxidation, Aspects 379, 21–126. development to find solu- istic studies take more time bility of the chemicals pre- chemical treatment and by Wang, Z., Pang, R., Le, X., Peng, Z., Hu, Z., Wang, X., (2013) Survey on injection– tions for encountered diffi- and cost more. However, sent in produced water and using emulsion breakers production status and optimized surface effluent water streams is process of ASP flooding in industrial pilot culties. optimized test conditions and flocculants. Figure 7 area. Journal of Petroleum Science and can be found on the lab- characterizing the produced shows some test skids, Engineering 111, 178–183. scale and upgraded to a water. Common analyses Furthermore, adsorption of applied by Aquateam COWI Yee, H.V., Bt Halim, N.H., Bt Salleh, I.K., Bt. pilot to provide the infor- performed include the fol- A. Hamid, P., B Sedaralit, M.F., (2013) surfactants on gas bubble during such tests. Managing Chemical EOR (ASP) Effects on Figure 6. Steps identified for testing the fate of polymers and chemicals used in EOR mation needed. For testing lowing: Formation Damage and Flow Assurance in Malay Basin, Malaysia. IPTC 16777.

Page 18 Young Professionals Page 19 Young Professionals

construction represents a The protective structure is eral based on oil-water con- portion of the emulsion layer Crude Oil Subsea Storage System structure based on field prov- designed to keep all oil inside tact, where the reservoir is to raise the salt content of the en technologies and it can be without any leakage to the open to sea through a pipe crude oil cargo beyond ac- YP Dinner meeting at Olivia, April 23 2014 fabricated locally in an exist- environment in case of a bag system. The oil is replaced ceptable specification, which ing dock or a special purpose failure or rupture and with with water and vice-versa, will reduce its market price. Kongsberg Oil & Gas Technol- The Subsea Storage Unit - is a 25,000m3 (~158,000 bar- graving dock can be estab- water intakes dimensioned to when filling up or discharging Thus additional safety mar- ogies is, through a Demo subsea storage unit that utiliz- rels). lished. match oil discharging rate from the reservoir. gins have to be added, which 2000 project, qualifying a es a flexible bag for oil/liquid influence on the size of the Subsea Storage Unit (SSU) storage. The bag is further layer and reduce available with support from Statoil, covered by a protection struc- Two types of materials have storage volume even more. Lundin, Det Norske Olje- ture, which accommodate the been recognized as feasible selskap and the Norwegian whole volume of the stored for the 25,000m3 protection Research Council. fluid and thereby also provid- structure; steel and concrete. If not treated chemically, bac- ing a second barrier should Both these materials are used teriological growth occurs. Bacteria that ‘consume’ sulfur The SSU is characterized by will form colonies that cling to using a flexible bag as oil / the carbon steel walls and, fluid storage. It’s storage unit during the ‘digesting’ process, that differ from conventional produce acid which has a gravity storage systems by use corrosive impact on the car- of a flexible bag, which elimi- bon steel. nates contact between sea- Torleif Torjussen water and the stored fluid, Figure 3 - SSU protection structure and tie-in point detail thus eliminating the problems There will also be a risk of Department Manager transferring some of these with emulsion layer and risk of Steel construction will be light- with necessary safety margins One of the drawbacks with Production and Integrity bacteria growth. The bag is er than concrete. A steel con- these storage systems is an bacteria to the shuttle tankers further covered by a protec- struction for a 25,000 m3 size ever growing emulsion layer and further to the refineries, Solutions tion structure, which accom- SSU will be in the range of 1- Flexible bags for large subsea comprising oil, seawater and causing corrosion problems Subsea Division modate the whole volume of 2000 tons wet weight and will oil storage are a new concept chemicals. The chemicals are and clogged filters. the stored fluid thereby hence be buoyant when filled but the use of flexible material mainly added to the stored Kongsberg Oil & Gas providing a second barrier with oil. To accommodate the exposed to oil, seawater, pres- fluid in order to improve the Eliminating the above men- should the bag rupture. There positive buoyancy additional sure and temperature is well separation of oil/seawater, tioned threats by the SSU will Technologies is free flow of seawater into weights or pile anchoring is known. Competent producers reduce/avoid wax formation enable the field-operators to the base of the protection required for a stable seabed with proven production meth- or reduce Microbiologically secure their sale-spec. and structure and hence no needs condition. Both corrosion ods are available and have Induced Corrosion (MIC) Figure 1 - Subsea Storage Unit configuration with topside processing fully optimize their storage to design against the water protection and thermal insula- many years of experience. The caused by Sulfur Reducing requirement both volume- and pressure. The top of the pro- tion is required for the steel main design criteria are the Bacteria (SRB). cost wise. tection structure is designed alternative. The amount of chemical resistance of the such that the bag may be corrosion protection required flexible bag material towards As the effect of the chemicals retracted separately from the is dependent on level of coat- oil under influence of temper- The bag material is made of exhaust, more chemicals have storage tank if necessary for ing selected and may vary ature and. Additional design coated fabric with the core of to be added in order to keep repair or replacement. from application to applica- criteria’s are fatigue from wowen textile as the main the effect ongoing. Due to tion. Dependent on the char- bending and other wear and load carrying structure, provid- heavy restrictions regarding acteristics of the specific tear like friction between ing the required mechanical Different fields will have varia- disposal of oily water or chem- crude oil additional insulation dome walls and bag. properties and strength. The ble storage needs and the icals at sea, the emulsion is required in order to meet coating on each side is de- ability to size, combine and layer becomes a problem. It is requirements for wax temper- signed to protect the textile manifold multiple SSU’s pro- Experienced producers are expensive to get rid of and ature. Steel construction is and make it liquid proof. The vides attractive flexibility. The ready to produce the Flexible takes up storage space in based on proven technologies total surface area of the bag is number of SSU’s can also be bag with the required quality and can be fabricated in a disfavour of the crude oil. approximately 5 000 m2. The varied over the field life ena- and a life time of minimum 10 dock or at an offshore yard. material is 1,5 – 2 mm thick bling subsea processing and Choice of material will depend years. Figure 2 - Subsea Storage Unit configuration with subsea processing The emulsion layer also con- and the total weight of the production in arctic areas and on customer preferences and stitutes a risk of contaminat- flexible bag is close to 10 also commercializing develop- (Illustration courtesy of Statoil) soil properties for each specif- Standard subsea crude oil ing the discharged oil cargo. It tons. ment of marginal oil field or for building large offshore and the bag rupture. At the base of ic installation. storage systems are in gen- only takes a relative small tail end production. the structure there are open- subsea structures. ings providing free flow of seawater into the structure The Subsea Storage System is Both steel and concrete has and hence no need to design intended for storage of stabi- Concrete gives good insula- against the water pressure. lized crude oil at the seabed. tion, corrosion protection and The top of the protection The crude oil may be separat- sufficient weight to accommo- structure is designed with a ed on the Topside platform or date a stable installation. As special hatch arrangement with Subsea processing and an example, for a 25,000 m3 enabling bag retrieval or in- transported subsea through size SSU, a concrete construc- stallation separately from the pipelines to the Subsea Stor- tion will have a wet weight of protection structure if neces- age Unit. The Subsea Storage approx. 8,000 tons. The buoy- Units will be discharged to a sary for repair or replacement. ancy from oil in a full tank will, nearby shuttle tanker via a due to difference of density submerged offloading system The base case configuration between oil and water, be or via topside. and size of the SSU chosen is around 5,000 tons. Concrete Figure 4 - Rib boats, fuel tanks from Pennel & Filipo, membranes production from Continental

Page 20 Young Professionals Page 21 Young Professionals

Figure 5 - Flexible bag design, production of bag, principle for vulcanizing sheets

Figure 4 illustrates different applications of this type of bag material. Figure 11 - SSU field layout Production of raw material and coated fabric are within to a surface based Floating The flexibility and the cost The trend in the Oil and Gas ability to develop remote oil normal production quantity Storage and Offloading (FSO) savings the SSU technology Industry is more and more fields with a complete subsea and processes with good ca- vessel exposed to the full offers may help commercialize processing subsea and reduc- solution and export via tank- pacity. Joining or seeming the force of nature. For a field development of marginal oil tion of surface facilities. Fu- ers. coated fabric sheets is a cen- development scenario utilising fields. ture complete Subsea Field tral part of the manufacturing. SSU instead of a FSO vessel Developments could be devel- Each sheet will be cut to the Figure 6 - SSU Hatch no separate personnel are oped with SSU’s as seabed oil There are several challenges Figure 11 illustrates a typical right shape and slightly over- required for the SSU and storage and export via shuttle to oil production in arctic are- field layout for an SSU applica- lap the next sheet and the hence no crew change/ tankers as an alternative to as. The SSU with its dual barri- tion. The SSU’s are connected composition will form an over- helicopter transfers and other long pipelines. The SSU sys- er protection philosophy pro- with a topside facility with all approximate 3D surface logistic issues. This provides tem could also be utilised for vide the ability to store oil on direct offloading to shuttle and by the elasticity in the valuable HSE benefits in addi- storage of chemicals and oth- the seabed under the ice and material it will easily fit to the tion to significantly reduced tanker. er operational liquids. The out of the way of icebergs and perfect 3D shape in the dome. maintenance and running SSU provide the vision and thereby enabling alternative development scenarios. Figure 5 illustrates the bag cost. design and the production method for joining material Should you have any sheets into final product. Figure 7 - Sequence for bag filling questions regarding SSU, please contact The hatch arrangement on top of the protection is designed Torleif Torjussen to provide full sealing and mechanical connection be- Department Manager tween the structure, bag and Production and Integrity the environment. There is an integrated sealed connection Solution between the flexible bag and

the hatch, to prevent stored Subsea Division oil in the bag from entering Kongsberg the tank’s annulus and/or the surrounding environment. The Oil & Gas Technologies hatch is removable and in- Mobile stallable by means of a driver- less operation. +47 92 08 68 10 Figure 8 - Hatch detail, internal oil leakage recovery [email protected]

The protection structure can bag with safety margins. The operator as a part of the nor- ble storage needs and the securely contain all the stored oil will be discharged by the ability to size, combine and oil in case of a bag rupture. In mal field process operations. main pipe and any remaining manifold multiple SSU’s pro- the event of an accidental oil oil outside the bag is dis- vides attractive flexibility. The leak through the bag for what- charged by a separate ROV Due to the density difference number of SSU’s can be ever reason, there will be di- operable connection at the between oil and seawater the matched to field life produc- rect contact between oil and oil will always fill the bag from tion and Tail end production water, but no oil will reach the top of the hatch. the top and move down in a can be optimized. surrounding sea as the protec- horizontal level. tion structure will hold the The SSU system is operated Torleif and guests on the Lectured dinner at Olivia, April 23 2014 entire oil volume of a full SSU Different fields will have varia- The SSU system is a natural and controlled by the field and cost efficient alternative

Page 22 Young Professionals Page 23 Young Professionals

Questions from the quiz March 26 —test your knowledge! Answers from the quiz on January 22 Questions were published in the 1st edition, April 4 2014 1 1 When was the First drilled? (year) 1885 1932 1859 2 When was the first well drilled from platform? 1891 1930 1921 2 1 When was the First Hydraulic rock fracturing per- 1972 1947 1980 3 formed? The longest oil wells in the World: Kola Superdeep Borehole () 12,262m 1970- Maersk Oil in the Al Shaheen oil field () 12,289 m 2008 2011 4 1989 Sakhalin-I Odoptu OP-11 Well (Russian island) 12,345 Colore the years according to colors of the "wells" 3 5 The 5 biggest oil filds in the Wold today are published *1000 below. Conect the oil filds and the their production rate barrels (barrels per day) by line 2 180

Upper Zakum oil field, located 84km north-west of Abu Dhabi Islands, United Arab Emirates (UAE), in the Persian Gulf 5 500 Questions 1. History Kashagan oil field is located 80km south-east of Atyrau in the North , Kazakhstan 2. Define 2 faults, 3 horizons named on the picture, and 2 oil-water 1500 cuts 3. Guess the rig length progress 5 Safaniya (Safaniya field in the Persian Gulf, Saudi Arabia) 4. Make layout from available equipment for Well Sand 1.500 Clean up 5. Define the products of Manifa oil field, located south-east of the Safaniya field in the shallow waters of Persian Gulf, Saudi Arabia each step of refinery

200

Lula field, earlier known as the Tupi field (Santos Basin, 4 Brazil). 3 4

Page 24 SPE Norway Page 25 SPE Norway News and upcoming events

Arctic Norway will be held plines and young talent. in March 2015. The Call for Read more on 2014 SPE The Official Abstracts will be sent out this This meeting was also a 2014 SPE Work- http://www.spe.no/harstad/ shop in Arctic Workshop in fall. good opportunity for our Norway Video brand new Student Chap- Arctic Norway ter to meet the North Sea SPE Northern Director. The Student video has Chapter will be a joint Norway chapter between the Uni- now been versity Colleges in Harstad Season End- and Narvik. With the oil released industry in Harstad, the ing 14 May technical University College in Narvik and the pre- The official video from the engineering course at 2014 SPE Workshop in 14 May, SPE Northern Nor- Harstad University College, Stay connect Marius Stamnes Arctic Norway has now way Section was visited by we believe that the syner- been released on YouTube. SPE North Sea Director gies of connecting these Web & Program Chair Carlos Chalbaud. The at- together will be fruitful. Watch it at our official tendees at the meeting with your SPE Northern Norway received a good presenta- YouTube Channel at: We will kick off the Student Section/ Lead https://www.youtube.com/ tion by Mr. Chalbaud, where he talked about SPE Chapter this fall with a big Completion Engineer user/SPENorthernNorway section! both internationally and event in Narvik, where we Read more on http://www.spe.no/stavanger/ Commercial Group, regionally, SPE's initiative plan to have presentations Weatherford The 2015 SPE Workshop in towards different disci- both from the industry and the academia.

SPE North Sea Director Carlos Chalbaud and students from the SPE Harstad Narvik Student Chapter

Photo: Inge Bjørn Hansen, Hålogaland Avis

Page 26 SPE student’s chapter Page 27 SPE Oslo Members & Finance SPE & Spring Games!

his year the annual partment and continued the teams competing at the SPE OSLO MEMBER TRENDS T event of SPE Spring with the Spring Games out- games and the winner Games was successfully doors, behind the physics earned a tablet as prize. held on 2nd of May and we department. The weather Finally, the event continued were lucky enough to have was a little chilly, but no rain in the geobasement in the Schlumberger as official so everything worked as form of a party, where every- sponsor. The attendance planned. There, members one could dance, socialize was more than satisfying could enjoy themselves by and have a nice time! We and everyone had a lot fun. participating in different heard many positive com- The event started with an games like limbo, tug of war ments about the event and interesting presentation etc. and were also offered we hope to carry on with the Edi Hasic from Schlumberger person- free grill food and refresh- tradition of organizing SPE nel at around 17:30 at audi- ments. In addition, SPE Spring Games and do it The President of SPE torium 1 of the geology de- board prepared lottery for all again next year! Oslo Student Chapter

SPE Spring Games Presentation by Schlumberger

One Day Seminar Bergen 2014

n the beginning of April, I we went to Bergen to meet the other SPE Student chapters in Norway. It was just a friendly meeting where we socialized and exchanged both experiences and ideas. All of the student chapters were positive of the meeting and the plan in the future is to meet again, and hopefully continue to be closely connected. Next time we will meet in a different city where one of the other Student Chapters will organ- ize, and this will hopefully be an annual event where we can meet in all the cities SPE students are represent- Students, together with the Mayor of Bergen, Trude H. Drevland, ed." and the SPE President 2015, Helge Haldorsen! by Edi Hasic From the Financial report of SPE Oslo section 2013-2014 season

Thank you!