PUGH'S uttn44aub

luaja(t AND LAWCAL EN FOB 186 BEING TEE FIRST AFTER BISSE LEAP-YEAR.

Ciiirb f ear of publication.

BRISBANE,QUEENSLAND :

PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY THEOPHILUS P. PUGH.

t P "rice- Half-a-Crown. This is a blank page

CONTENTS.

r

Articles of the Calendar ...... Eclipses ...... Notes for the Calendar ...... The Calendar ...... Law Arrangements ... Gardening Calendar ...... Meteorological Observations ...... Return of Births ...... Ditto of Marriages ...... Ditto of Deaths ...... Summary of Deaths ...... Government Departments , &c...... Commission of the Peace ...... Ministers of Religion ...... Banking Establishments ...... Newspapers ...... QUSaxs.ANDLAND Aors- Occupation of Unoccupied Lands Tenders Regulation Act ...... Alienation of Crown Lands Act... Crown Lands Leasing Act ... i V. CONTENTS.

Saarcu OleQ ,u aNs .AND- Introduction ...... 103 L-Geographical Position and Extent ...... 113 II.-Population : how distributed ...... 115 III.-Form of Government ...... 123 IV.-JAws and Municipal Institutions ...... 125 V.-Education and Religion ...... 129 VI.-Capabilities of the Soil-Advantages and Resources ...... 134 VII.-Climate ...... 145 VIII.-Management of Public Lands ...... 149 IX.-Trade and Revenue ...... 156 X.-Employment of Labor ...... 159 XI.-Misce llaneous ...... 162 Appendix I. (Table of Distan ces) ...... 166 „ U. (Kennedy District ) ...... 169 „ LII. (Geology, &c.) ...... 173 Criminal Statistics ...... 185 AOaicu truaAt,- Draining and Subsoiling ...... 186 Banana Cultivation ...... 190 Artificial Grasses ...... 192 Table of Plants in an Acre ...... 194 Postal Information ...... 194 Trade Returns ...... 201 Ta ri ff of Queensland ...... 205 Sailing Directions for Moreton Bay ...... 205 Registration of Births , Mar ri ages , and Deaths ...... 208 Advertisements ...... 209 PUGH'S ALMANAC FOR

1 8 6 1.

ARTICLESOF THE CALENDAR.

Golden Number ...... 19 Dominical Letter ...... F Epact ...... j118 Roman Indiction ...... 4 Solar Cycle ...... 22 Julian Period ...... 6574

ECLIPSES.

Ix the year 1861, there will be three eclipses of the Sun, one of the Moon, and a transit of Mercury over the Sun's disc. I.-An annular Eclipse of the Sun , Janua ry 11,+' 1861, visible in Australia. Begins on the earth generally January I Id, 10h. 47m. 2s. a.m., mean time at Brisbane , in longitude 57° 43' E of Greenwich , and latitude 19° 82' S. Ends on the earth generally , January I Id. 4h. 35m . 32s., in longitude 173° 18' E. of Greenwich , and latitude 7o 35' N. II.-An annular Eclipse of the Sun , July 8, 1861 , visib le in Australia Begins on the earth generally, July 8d. 9h Som . 8s. a.m ., mean time at Brisbane, in longitude 100° 6' E. of Greenwich , and latitude 3° 54' N. Ends on the earth generally , July Sd. 3h. 13m. 44a., in longitude 172° 26' W. of Greenwich , and latitude 19° 11' S. III. -A partial Eclipse of the Moon, December 17, 1861, invisib le in Australia. IV.-A total Eclipse of the Sun , December 31, ISC1, invisible in Australia.

NOTES FOR THE CALENDAR.

Tae Moon's Age is given at noon , and is the mean time elapsed since the Moon's ecliptic conjunction with the bun, or since the Sun and Moon had the same longitude . The numbers in the " Moon 's Age" column are calculated for Brisbane , and are expressed in days and decimal parts of a day.

Pica difference in time be tween high water at the Bar and Brisbane, is one hour; between Brisbane and Ipswich , 3 hours. This applies as a general rule, but the actual time of high water is frequently influenced by strong northerly and easterly gales, and violent freshes in the river. When the Sun is south of the Equator , the day tides in the southern hemis- phere are the highest ; when north of the equator , the night tides are highest. These changes will take place about the second or thirdopring ti de after the sun has crossed the equinox . The day tides will be the highest until the first spring tide in April, when the night tides will take precedence until the new moon in October , after which , the day tides will again take precedence.

* The time of these Eclipses has been arranged to suit the meridian of Brisbane. A 6 JANUARY, 31 DAYS.

TEMPERATURE.

Mean Maximum shade ...... 88.7 Mean Temperature ...... 77.8 Summer is now fairly set in; weather hot and oppressive, often with rain squalls, thunder and lightning. Greatest diurnal range 31.9 (from 67 6 to 99.5) Mean diurnalrange.. 20.7

OCCURRENCES, &C

1 Government Resident first appointed at Moreton Bav, 2 Queensland Electomatesproclaimed, 1860. [1853. 3 4 5 S New South Wales Constitution Act proclaimed, 1843. 6 S Epiphany. 7 8 TFirst Separation Meeting held in Brisbane, 1851. 9 10 Th Heavy flood at Ipswich. 1844. 11 12 13 14 M First transports reached Botany Bay, 1788-Gaol 15 T [delivery, Toowoomba 16 17 Th Highest flood in Ipswich and Brisbane, 1841-Civil 18 F [Sittings, Toowoomba. 19 20 21 M Ship Fortitude arrived at Moreton Bay, 1849. 28 23 W 24 Th [Brisbane, 1842. 25 F [m'mication opened up between Sydney and 26 S Foundation of New South Wales, 1788-Steam com- 27 S Septuagesima Sunday. 28 M 29 I T First shipment of cotton hence, 1854. 30 I W 31 Th JANUARY , 31 DAYS. 7

PHASES OF THE MOON.

D H M a D H Last Quarter 4 0 6 8p.m . Perigee ...... 3 6a.m. NewMoon .. 11 1 39 26p,m. Apogee ...... 18 3a.m. First Quarter 19 2 12 20p .m. Perigee ...... 29 9p.m. Full Moon .. 27 3 18 50a.m.

S u N Moon's High Water on Bar REMARKS. Rises Sets Age Morn. Aftern.

H M H M H M H M 1 5 14 6 54 19 5 1 20 1 44 Tats month the Sun is 5 14 6 54 20 5 2 6 2 28 situated south of the 2 Equator, and is still 3 5 15 6 55 21 5 2 54 3 16 going to the northward. 4 5 15 6 55 22 5 3 36 4 0 On the 20th he passes 5 516 655 235 422 444 from the sign Capri- cornus to Aquarius. 6 5 16 6 55 24 5 5 8 5 32 Spring tides will oc- 7 5 18 6 55 25 5 5 56 6 20 cur on the IItbor 12th, 8 5 19 6 55 26 5 6 45 7 8 and on th- 27th or 28th 9 5 19 6 55 27 5 7 32 7 56 of thismonth. 10 5 20 6 55 28 5 8 26 8 54 11 5 20 6 55 29 5 9 28 10 0 CHEAP FAINT IMPER- 12 5 22 6 55 1 0 10 30 10 58 VIOUS TO WEATHER.- 13 5 23 6 55 2 0 11 20 11 45 Dissolve eight pounds 14 524 654 30 010 040 of glue in boiling water, 5 25 6 54 4 0 1 8 1 34 and with thin stack a 15 bushel of quicklime 16 5 25 6 54 5 0 2 0 2 24 until it becomes of the 17 526 654 60 248 316 usual consistence of 18 5 27 6 54 7 0 3 44 4 12 paint. Lay on three coats of this mixture 19 628 654 80 440 5 8 with a painter's brush, 20 528 6.54 90 526 550 taking care that each 21 5 29 6 54 10 0 6 12 6 32 coat is dry before it is 22 5 30 6 54 11 0 6 50 7 12 succeeded by another; over the third dust sand 23 5 30 6 54 12 0 734 8 0 or grey-stone dust fr om 24 5 31 6 53 13 0 8 18 8 40 a dredger . By mixing 25 5 32 6 53 14 0 9i 0 9 20 ochre with the wash, shy desired colour may 26 5 33 6 53 15 0 9 42 10 0 he obtained . It may be 27 5 34 6 52 16 0 10 24 10 45 made green by mixing 28 5 34 6 51 17 0 11 8 11 34 common blue and yel- 29 535 6 51 18 0 11 56 0 18 low ochre, and applying them hot. This makes 30 5 36 6 50 19 0 0 40 1 4 a cheap paint toy pal- 31 5 37 6 50 20 0 1 28 1 52 Inge. A* 8 FEBRUARY, 28 DAYS.

TEMPERATURE.

Mean Maximum shave ...... 87.3 Glean Temperature 78 2 This is frequently the hottest month of the year ; heavy squalls with thunder and rain are common, and strong easterly n inds. Greatest diurnal range 30.8 (from 63.6 to 94.4) Mean diurnal range.. 19 9

y OCCURRENCES, &C. A A

I F 2 S Maryborough township established, 1851. 3 S 4 M Gaol delivery, Ipswich. 5 T 6 W First Supreme Court sittings held at Ipswich, 1860. 7 Th Civil Sittings, Ipswich. 8 F 9 S [Bathurst, 1851. 10 S Quinquagesima, Shrove Sunday-Gold diseover.d at 11 Al 12 T 13 W Ash Wednesday-Civil Sittings, Biishane. 14 Th [-First wool ship sailed hence for England, 1851. 15 F Volunteer movement commenced in Queensland, 1860 16 S Fearfully disastrous floods in southern districts of 17 S First Sunday in Lent. [New South Wales, 1860. 18 M Gaol de ivery, Brisbane . [1804. 19 T [16th-Van Diemen's Land Government founded, 20 W 21 Th First municipal election at Grafton, 1860. 22 F First term commences. 23 S 24 S 25 M 26 T First term ends. 27 W 28 Th FEBRUARY, 28 DAYS. 9

PHASES OF THE MOON. - 0

D H M S D H LastQuarter 2 8 11 20p in. Apogee...... 14 9p.m. Hew Mown.. 10 6 17 Sa.m. Perigee...... 26 11p m. FirstQuarter 18 10 31 44a.m. Full Moon.. 25 2 55 Sp.m

S U N Moon 's) High Water on Bar. REMARKS. Rises i Sets Age Motu. + Aftcru

H M H M H M H M 1 5 37 6 50 21 0 2 18 2 46 Ox the 20th, the snn 50 `which is still moviug 2 5 38 6 22 0 3 10 3 38 northward-passes from 3 5 39 6 49 23 0 4 2 4 26 Aquaiiuc into Pisces. 4 5 39 6 48 24 0 4 50 • 5 24 Spring Tides occur on 5 5 39 6 48 25 0 5 54 6 20 the 10th or 11th, and on the 25th or 26th of this 6 5 40 6 46 26 0 6 47 7 13 month. 7 5 41 6 46 27 0 7 38 8 4 8 542 6 45 280 830 8556 9 543 6 44 29 0 9 20 9 42 PoxFox.-When you 10 5 44 6 44 0 2 10 0 10 24 have reason to suppose 11 5 45 6 43 1 2 10 48 11 12 that you have acci- dentally swallowed a 12 5 46 6 42 2 2 11 35 0 3 13 547 6 41 3 2 0 28 0 54 poisonousand proper medical substance,ad- 14 5 47 6 41 4 2 1 18 1 45 vice is not at band, take 15 6 40 2 12 2 38 an emetic. This may 5 48 5 2 be done almost instan- 16 5 48 6 40 6 2 3 6 3 34 taneously by swallowing 17 549 6 39 7 2 4 0 4 24 a cupful of warm water 18 5 49 6 39 8 2 4 42 5 4 mixed with a teaspoon- ful of mustard. If you 19 5 50 6 38 9 2 5 36 5 54 20 5 51 6 37 10 2 6 20 6 44 iinavthe Louse you tare 21 5 52 6 36 11 2 7 6 7 28 almost sure to have a mustard-pot, and a 22 5 53 6 35 12 2 7 50 8 12 quantity from that put 23 653 6 34 13 2 8 34 8 56 into the water will very 24 554 6 33 14 2 9 18 9 42 quickly empty the 25 5 55 6 31 15 2 10 0 10 20 stomach. As mustard may thus prove of so 26 5 57 6 29 16 2 10 42 11 6 much use, it should 27 5 57 6 28 17 2 11 30 11 54 neverbe wantingin any 28 5 58 6 27 1S 2 0 16 0 42 house, but even should there be no mustard at hand, warm water by itself forms a tolerably efficacious emetic. to MARCH, 31 DAYS.

TEMPERATURE.

Mean Maximum shade ...... 85.7 Mean Temperature 76.2 Summer ends on the 20th; the heat, though less than last month , is still considerable . Easterly winds prevail, with fre- quent showers. Greatest diurnal range 27.6 (from 61.2 to 88.8) Mean diurnal range.. 20.7

m OCCURRENCES, &C,

1 r St . David's Day, 2 S 3 S Ipswich proclaimed a municipality, 1860. 4 M Gregory 's last. expedition left settled districts at 5 T [Juandah , Dawson River, 1858. 6 W First newspaper published in Australia, 1803. 7 Th 8 F Gaoldelivery, Maryborougb. 9 S 10 S New Hollanddis.,1606 . [Civil sittings, Maryborongh. 11 M Wreck of the Sovereign (s) at Moreton Island, 1847- 12 T Wide Bay and BurnettTinnes est. 1860-First Supreme 13 W [Court sittings held at Drayton, 1860. 14 Th 1.5 F 16 8 17 S St. Patrick's Day. 18 M 19 T 20 W Outbreak of insurrectiona ry war in New Zealand, 21 Th Sir C. Fitzroy visited Moreton Bay, 1854 . [1860. 22 F 23 S [Downs. 1860. 24 $ Palm Sunday - Gove rn or Bowen first visited the 25 It Annunciation -Lady Day-Leichbardt returned from 26 T [his expedition to Port Essington, 1846. 27 W 28 Th War declared with Russia, 1854. 2% F Good Friday. 30 S Treaty of Peace signed at Paris, 1856. 31 S Easter Sunday- Brisbane Guardian catablished 1860: MARCH, 31 DAYS. 11

PHASES OF THE MOON.

D H M S D H Last Quarter 4 5 28 14a.m. Apogee ...... 14 10a.m. New Moon.. 11 11 49 50p.m. Perigee ...... 27 10p.m. First Quarter 20 3 43 56a.m Full Moon.. 27 0 27 14a.m.

S u N Moon's High Water on Bar. REMARKS. q Rises Sets Age Morn. Aftern.

H M H M H M H M 1 5 58 6 27 19 2 1 6 1 32 THE sun crosses the 26 1 56 2 24 Equator on the 20th, 2 559 6 202 and continues his north- 3 5 59 6 26 21 2 254 3 22 ward course, passing 4 6 0 6 25 22 2 3 0 3 28 from the sign Pisces into 6 6 1 6 24 23 2 3 56 4 26 Aries -our autumnal Equinox . Autumn there- 6 6 1 6 23 24 2 4 57 5 24 fore commences. 7 6 2 6 22 25 2 5 54 6 22 Spring tides occur on 8 6 3 6 21 26 2 6 58 7 22 the 11th or 12th, and on 8 4 the 27th or 28th of this 9 6 3 6 20 27 2 7 43 month. 10 6 4 6 19 28 2 8 26 8 50 11 6 4 6 18 29 2 9 18 9 54 12 6 5 6 17 0 5 10 20 10 44 To PRESERVE PENCIL 13 6 5 6 16 1 5 11 12 11 35 MARES.-If you have anything drawn or 14 6 6 6 14 2 5 11 54 0 16 written with a lead 15 6 6 6 13 35 036 1 0 pencil that you wish to 16 6 7 6 12 45 120 1 42 preserve from rubbing 11 2 28 out, dip the paper into 17 6 7 6 55 2 4 a dish of skimmed 18 6 7 6 10 65 252 3 16 milk Then dry it, and 19 6 8 6 8 75 336 4 0 iron it on the wrong 20 6 8 6 7 85 422 4 46 side . In ironing paper do not let the iron rest 21 6 8 6 6 9 5 5 10 5 32 a moment, ( as it will 22 6 9 6 5 105 554 6 18 leave a crease or mark,) 23 6 9 6 4 11 5 6 46 7 10 but go over it as rapidly 24 6 10 6 3 125 736 8 4 as possible. 25 6 10 6 2 13 5 8 30 8 54 To TAKE MILDEW our or LINEN.-Take 26 6 11 6 +1 14 5 9 22 9 50 soap and rub it well, 27 6 11 6 0 15 5 10 15 10 34 then scrape some fine 28 6 12 5 59 16 5 10 58 11 22 chalk, and rub that 29 6 12 5 58 175 11 48 Q 15 also in the linen; lay it on the grass ; as it dries 30 6 12 5 57 18'5 0 34 1 0 wet it a little, and it 31 6 13 5 56 19 5 1 22 1 45 I will come out at twice. 12 APRIL, 30 DAYS.

TEMPERATURE.

Mean Maximum shade ...... 81.6 Mean Temperature ...... 71.8 At the beginning of this month we may expect clouds and showery unpleasant weather; towards the end the S.W. weather, with heavy dews and positive electricity, commences. Greatest diurnal range 33 0 (froor 48.1 to 81-1) Mean diurnal range.. 21.9

as a OCCURRENCES, &C. Ca A

1 M (1860. 2 T First Supreme Court sittings held at Maryborougli, 3 W Italian Parliament revived, 1860. 4 5 6 S 11812. 7 $ Low Sunday- Martial law proclaimed in Sydney, 8 M Insurrection broke out in Sicily, 1860. 9 10 11 12 F A. S. N. Co. formed, 1831. 13 14 15 M Moreton Bay Supreme Court formally opened , 1857- 16 T 11860. 17 W Sayers and Heensn fou-,ht for the Champion 's belt, 18 Th American revolution, 1775. 19 20 21 S First civic election at Ipswich, 1860. 22 M Shakespere died, 1615. 23 T St. George's Day. 24 25 26 F tnenced, 1860 . 27 S Elections for first Queensland Parliament com- 28 29 M CaptainCook anchoredin Botany Ray, 1770. 30 APRIL , 30 DAYS. 13

PHASES OF THE MOON.

D H M E D H Last Quarter 2 4 36 14p.m. Apogee...... 10 1p no. New Moon.. 10 5 8 26p.m. Perigee...... 24 9p.m. First Quarter 18 4 57 38p m. Full Moon .. 25 8 35 20a.m.

S U N Moon's High Water on Bar. REMARKS. p Rises Sets Age Morn. Aftern.

H M H M H M H M 1 6 14 5 55 20 5 2 10 2 34 ON the 21st the Sun passes from Ari es into 2 6 14 5 54 21 5 3 0 3 22 Taurus. On the 1st he 3 6 15 5 53 22 5 3 46 4 10 is 32 0 northward of 4 6 15 5 52 23 5 4 36 5 0 our ze ni th. 5 6 16 5 51 24 5 5 24 5 46 Spring Tides occur on 6 6 16 5 50 25 5 6 8 6 32 the 10th or 11th, and on 7 6 17 5 49 26 5 6 54 7 16 the 25th or 26th of this month. 8 617 548 275 738 8 0 9 6 17 5 47 28 5 8 26 8 58 10 6 17 5 46 29 5 9 28 9 56 TO SWEETEN AN OLD 11 6 18 5 45 0 8 10 20 10 45 CASK. -Having first scalded it well with boil- 12 6 18 5 43 1 8 11 10 11 38 ing water ( letting the 13 6 19 5 42 2 8 0 4 0 26 water stand in it till 14 620 540 38 052 118 cold), fillit with cold 15 6 20 5 39 4 8 1 45 2 12 water, and throw in a large quantity of live 16 6 21 5 38 5 8 2 38 3 0 coals from a wood fire, 17 6 21 5 37 6 8 3 22 3 46 leaving the cask un- 18 6 22 5 36 7 8 4 6 4 28 covered . By repeating 19 this , the cask may be 6 22 5 35 8 8 4 50 5 12 made perfectly sweet, 20 6 23 534 9 8 5 34 5 58 provided that It has at 21 6 24 5 33 10 8 6 20 644 no time contained fish. 22 6 24 5 32 11 8 7 12 735 A fish barrel can never be used for any other 23 6 25 5 31 12 8 7 56 8 22 purpose, as it is im- 24 6 25 530 13 8 8 48 9 14 poseible to expel the 25 6 26 5 29 14 8 9 42 10 8 taste and smell of the 26 6 26 5 28 15 8 10 30 10 56 fish. Scalding an old cask repeatedly in strong 27 6 27 5 27 16 8 11 20 11 48 lye, and then with clear 28 6 27 5 27 17 8 0 8 0 28 water, wi,l generally 29 6 28 5 26 18 8 0 50 1 12 sweeten it ; so will boil- ing water in which pot- 30 6 28 5 25 19 8 1 32 1 54 ash and lime have been dissolved. 14 MAY, 31 DAYS.

TEMPERATURE. -+ Mean Maximum shade ...... 77.9 Mean Temperature ...... 63.3 Fine cool healthy weather; splendid clear starlight nights. Leavy dews, and occasional hoar frosts Greatest diurnal range 34.9 (from 42.1 to 77) Mean diurnal range .. 26.6

OCCURRENCES, &C. A A

1 W Chasetey arrived in Moreton Bay, 1849. 2 Th S F 4 5 6 S Rogation Sunday. 6 M Gaol delivery, Ipswich 7 T 8 W Ascension Day-Holy Thursday--Civil Sittings, 9 Tit [Ipswich. 10 F 11 S Garibaldi landed in Sicily, 1860. 12 S Last exile ship arrived in Moreton Bay, 1850. 13 M Moreton Bay made a port of entry, 1846. 14 T [Moreton Bay in the Endeavour, 1770. 15 W Civil sittings , Brisbane - Captain Cook first entered 1$ Th 17 Y First Circuit Court held at Moreton Bay, 1850. 18 8 19 S Pentecost-Whit Sunday. 20 M Gaol delivery , Brisbane. 21 T Moreton Bay abandoned as a penal settlement , 1839. 22 W First Queensland Parliament assembled, 1860. 23 Th 24 F Queen Victoria born, 1819. 25 S Second term commences. 26 S Trinity Sunday. 27 aI Palermo taken by Garibaldi, 1860. 28 T 29 W Second termends. 30 Th Corp" Christi. 31 F SLAY, 31 DAYS. is

PHASES OF THE MOON.

D H M g D H Last Quarter 2 5 44 8a.m. Apogee...... 7 6p.m New Moon.. 10 9 19 50a.m. Perigee...... 23 4&m. First Quarter 18 2 15 8e.m. Full Moon .. 24 4 17 2p.m. Last Quarter 31 8 37 20p.m.

t Sun Moon 's High Water on Bar. REMaass. Rises Sets Age Morn. Aftern.

H M H M H M H M 1 628 525 208 218 242 Ten Sun Is still going northward duri ng this 2 6 29 524 21 8 3 10 3 36 month , and on the 22nd 3 6 29 524 22 8 4 0 4 30 he passes from the sign 4 630 5 23 23 8 4 52 5 18 Taurus into Gemini. 5 630 5 23 24 8 540 6 6 Spring tides occur on 6 6 31 5 22 25 8 630 6 56 the 10th or 11th, and on 5 21 26 8 the24th or 25th of this 7 6 31 720 744 month. 8 6 32 520 27 8 8 10 838 9 6 32 5 20 28 8 9 4 9 32 10 6 33 5 19 0 1 10 0 10 26 To MpND Baoxaa 11 6 33 5 19 1 1 10 50 11 18 GLass .-- Get some olores 12 634 5 18 2 1 11 45 0 5 of garlic , tie them in a 13 634 5 18 3 1 0 26 0 45 rag, andI. then place them a tin pan, 14 635 5 17 4 1 1 7 1 28 pounding them with a 15 6 35' 5 17 5 1 150 2 12 hammer to get out the 16 6 36 5 16 6 1 234 2 56 juice. Next take the 686 5 16 7 1 broken glass , and wet 17 3 20 344 and smear each of the 18 6 37 5 15 8 1 4 6 430 broken edges with the 19 638 5 15 9 1 452 5 16 garlic juice . Then stick 20 638 5 14 10 1 5 46 6 14 them Srmly together, stand the article on a 21 6 39 5 13 11 1 6 38 7 2 plate , and let it remain 22 6 39 5 13 12 1 724 750 undisturbed fora fort- 23 640 5 12 13 1 8 18 8 46- night. The broken lid 24 6 40 5 12 14 1 9 15 9 50 of a pitcher can also be 25 6 41 5 11 15 1 10 20 10 48 mended In this manner, 6 41 5 11 16 1 11 36 To Itaicova Inns 26 11 12 Mom.DS.Rnb the spot 27 6 42 5 11 17 1 0 0 0 24 with a"11We powdered 28 6 42 5 10 18 1 0 50 1 18 oxalic acid , or salts at 29 6 43 5 10 19 1 1 45 2 10 lemon and warm water, Let it remain a few 30 644 5 9 20 1 238 3 0 minutes , and well ri ns e 31 6 44 5 9 21 1 3 24 3 52 in clear water. 16 JUNE, 30 DAYS.

TEMPERATURE. t Mean Maximum shade ...... 70.1 Mean Temperature 58.2 As last month , S.W. weather may be expected , with strong positive electricity , bright cold starlight nights, heavy dews, and occasional hoar frosts Greatest diurnal range 3&7 (from 41.4 to 80.1) Mean diurnal range.. 22.5

OCCURRENCES, &C. A A

1 S First land sale at Melbourne, 1837=Long vacation 2 $ Western Australia founded , 1829 . [commences. 3 M The Colony of Queensland proclaimedvn London, 1859. 4 T Battle of Magenta, 1859. 5 W 6 Th 7 F 8 S 9 Sheep list boiled down in New South Wales, 1843. 10 S 11 T Darling Downs Gazette established, 1858. 12 \V 13 Th [minter Abbey, 1859. 14 F Bishop Tuffnell (of Brisbane ) consecrated in West- 15 S First general election in New South Wales, 1843. 16 S Conclave of sovereigns at Baden, 1860. 17 18 T Battleof Waterloo,1815. 19 'W [Queen Victo'ia. 20 Th Moreton Bay Courier established 1846 - Accession of 21 F 22 S [London, 1860. 23 $ Midwinter-Grand Volunteer Review in Hyde Park, 24 yl St John Baptist-Prince Jerome Bonaparte died, 25 T Battle of Solf 'erino, 1859 . [ 1860. 26 W 27 Th 28 F Coronation Dayy 29 S First steamer between Brisbane and Ipswich started. 30 S Long vacation terminates . [ 1846. JUNE , 30 DAYS. 17

PHASES OF THE MOON.

D H M 8 D R Ntwv Moon.. 8 11 50 32p M. Apogee ...... 4 8a.m. First Quarter 16 8 27 56a.m. Perigee ...... 20 2a.m. Full Moon .. 23 0 35 2a.m. Last Quarter 30 0 52 44p.m.

8 U N IMOOD's High Water on Bar. REMARKS. Rises S ets Age Morn. Aftern. A a M H M R M A K 1 6 45 5 9 22 1 4 15 4 37 On the 24th of this 2 6 45 5 8 23 1 5 0 522 mouth the Sun reaches his extreme position in 3 6 46 5 8 24 1 545 6 8 north declination, and 4 6 46 5 8 25 1 626 650 beginshis'retarn south- 5 6 47 5 8 26 1 7 12 7 32 ward, entering Cancer from Gemini. Thi is 6 647 5 7 271 7 56 8 20 our winter solstice, and 7 6 48 5 7 28 1 8 45 9 10 that season therefore 8 6 48 5 7 29 1 9 36 10 0 commences. The 23rd 9 649 5 7 05 is the shortest day in 10 24 10 48 theyear. 10 6 49 5 7 1 5 11 10 11 32 Spring tides occur on 11 6 49 5 7 2 5 11 56 0 18 the 8th or 9tb, and on 12 650 5 7 35 0 40 1 4 the 23rd or 24th. 13 650 5 7 45 1 28 1 52 14 650 5 7 55 2 18 244 How To Hasp A 15 6 50 5 7 6 5 3 8 3 34 Hoasg EOOaoiIOALu.Y. 650 -To give a horse daily; 16 5 7 7 5 3 56 420 according to the work he 17 651 5 7 85 4 48 5 10 has to perform, two to 18 6 51 5 8 9 5 5 38 6 0 four feeds of oats, 19 6 51 5 8 105 6 26 6 54 bruised , ( 32lbs . to 30lbs) to a bushel and a half 20 6 51 5 8 11 5 7 18 7 45 of chaff . If mixed with 21 6 52 5 9 12 5 8 6 8 30 a bushel of pea-haulm 22 652 5 9 135 8 55 9 24 or shells, and half a 23 6 52 5 10 10 24 bushel of bran, the 14 5 9 56 better , prohided the 24 6 52 5 10 15 5 10 52 11 20 whole be well mixed 25 6 53 5 11 16 5 11 46 0 8 tobether,taking can to 26 6 53 5 12 17 5 0 30 0 52 wet the quantity given daily by steaming it, or 27 6 53 5 12 18 5 1 20 1 44 throwing hot water over 28 6 53 5 13 19 5 2 6 2 32 it, before giving the thud 29 6 53 5 13 20 5 2 54 3 14 to the animals . Steamed 30 6 53 5 13 21 5 food g oe s much further 3 36 4 0 than when given ina dry stag 18 JULY, 31 DAYS.

TEMPERATURE. - Mean Maximum shade...... 71.6 Mean Temperature 57.1 The last month's, cold, seasonable, beautiful B.W. weather may be expected, with little rain, heavy dew, and foggy morn- ings , and occasional hoar frosts. Greatest diurnal range 41,1 (from 34.3 to 75.4) Mean diurnal range.. 29.0

OCCURRENCES, &a. p A

1 M Separation of Victoria proclaimed 1851. 2 T Massacre of Christians in Syria, 1860. 3 4 T h Ipswich Herald established 1859. S 6 7 8 9 T Year 1278 of the Mabommedan Era commences. 10 W News received of the appointment of the first Governor 11 Th Peace of Villa Franca. 1869 fof Queensland, 1859. 12 F Military finally withdrawn from Moreton Bay, 1850. 13 14 15 51 Gaol delivery, Toowcocuba. 16 T Moreton Bayquarantine station proclaimed, 1850. 17 18 Th Civil sittings , Toowoomba-Gold discovered in Vic- 19, F [ro ria, 1851. 20 S Moreton Bay made a warehousing port, 1849. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 8 Port of Moreton Bay defined, 1846. 28 S Mr . Gregory's last expedition reached Adelaide over- 29 M [land , via the north, 1858. 80 T [1850. 31 W Firsp land sales in Ipswich, Drayton, and Warwick, JULY, 31 DAYS.. 19

PHASES OF THE MOON.

New Moon ... 8 0 24 26p.m. Apogee ...... 2 1a.m. First Quarter 15 0 59 38p.m I Petigee ...... 16 6p.ni. Full Moon .. 22 10 17 50a m. Apogee ...... 29 7p.m. Last Quarter 30 6 3 44a in.

8 U N Moon 's IHigh Water or, Bar. REMARHB. q Rises Sets Age Morn . Aftern

H M H M D T H M H 1 6 54 5 14 22 5 4 26 4 THE Sun is still mov- 5 ing south;on the 23rd 2 6 54 5 14 23 5 5 14 he passes from Cancer 3 6 54 5 14 24 5 5 56 6 intoLeo. The Zodiacal 4 6 53 5 15 25 5 6 38 7 light may be indistinctly 5 6 53 5 15 26 5 7 seen this month after 7 20 sunset . Meteors will be 6 6 53 5 15 27 5 8 10 8 found - to be numeron. 7 6 53 5 16 28 5 9 4 9 about the end of the 8 6 52 5 16 295 10 0 10 month. Spring tides occur on 9 652 516 10 1050 11 the 8th or 9th,and on 10 6 52 5 17 2 0 11 42 0 the 22nd or 23rd. 11 652 517 30 028 0 12 6 52 5 17 4 0 1 20 1 13 651 518 50 210 2 To covER Jett Pors. 14 6 51 5 18 6 0 3 0 3 -There is nothing more 15 6 50 5 19 7 0 3 46 4 required than to moisten thin brown or silver 16 650 519 80 432 4 paper with the white of 17 6 50 5 20 9 0 5 20 5 an egg ; it adheres more 18 6 50 5 20 100 6 10 6 closely , and perfectl 19 7 excludes the air. This 6 49 5 21 11 0 7 0 has been tried for many 20 6 49 5 21 12 0 7 52 8 years,and found to be 21 6 49 5 22 13 0 8 50 9 most satisfactory. 22 6 48 5 23 14 0 9 50 10 A WORD FOALSitotw- TAKEae .- We see it 23 6 48 5 23 15 0 10 46 11 stated that , if in places 24 6 47 5 24 16 0 11 34 0 0 slid with mice, their 25 6 47 524 17 0 0 28 0 54 holes be plentifully 1 46 treated with snug, they 26 6 46 5 25 18 0 1 20 will be off like a shot. 27 6 46 5 26 19 0 2 10 2 32 We have never tried it 28 6 46 5 26 20 0 2 54 3 18 ourselves , but we hope it 29 645 5 27 21 0 3 38 4 0 is true, as it will be putting the snnff as 30 6 45 527 22 0 4 21 4 43 leastto one good par- 31 6 44 5 28 230 5 6 5 30 pone. 20 AUGUST, 31 DAYS.

TEMPERATURE. -6 Mean Maximum shade ...... 72.3 Mean Temperature ...... 598 The instruments show an increase of one or two degrees of tem- perature , and seem already to indicate the approach of a, ring ; the frosts are gone, though bright starlight nights and dews continue. Greatest diurn al range 40 2 (from 43 to 83.2) Mean diurnal range.. 24.0

D, m2 m OCCURRENCES,&C. A A

1 Th First representative Assembly met in Sydney, 1843. 2 F 3 S 4 S First book printed, 1457. 5 M Gaol delivery , Ipswich. 6 T 7 W 8 Th Civil sittings . Ipswich. 9 F First land sale held in Brisbane, 1843. 10 S 11 S 12 13 T 14 W Civil sittings , Brisbane, 1s Th 16 F River Murray first navigated, 1843. 17 S 18 $ 19 M Gaol delivery , Brisbane. 20 T Transportation to New South Wales ceased, 1840. 21. W 22 Th 23 F Third term commences. 24 S St. Bartholomew. 2s 26 M Prince Albert born, 1819. 27 T Third term ends. 28 W 29 Th 30 F Tortes' Straits discovered, 1606. 31 8 AUGUST, 31 DAYS. 21

PHASES OF THE MOON.

D H M H D H New Moob .. 6 11 6 2p .m. Perigee ...... 11 1a M. T t st Quarter 13 5 27 38p.m. Apogee ...... 26 2p.m. Full .. 20 10 3 14p.m. Last Quarter 28 11 35 26p.w.

S U N Moon's High Water on Bar. RasimS. Rises ' Sete Age Morn . Aftern.

H H H M H M H M 1 6 44 5 28 24 0 5 50 6 10 ON the 23rd,the San passes from Leo into 2 6 43 5 29 250 6 32 6 52 Virgo. The Zodiacal 3 6 43 5 29 26 0 7 10 7 30 light will still be visible 4 6 42 530 270 7 48 8 8 after sunset. 5 6 42 5 30 28 0 830 854 Spring tides occur on the 6th or 7th,and on 6 6 41 5 30 29 0 9 26 9 58 the 20th or 21st. 7 6 41 5 31 0 6 10 24 10 48 8 6 39 5 31 1 6 11 16 11 38 A FinaGATION FOR 9 639 532 26 0 0 026 INFECTED Ala -Take 10 638 532 36 052 118 muriatie acid and ni- 11 6 37 5 33 4 6 1 45 2 12 troas Reid , of each half 12 5 6 as ounce ; put them into 6 36 5 33 2 38 3 6 a quart bottle ; add of 13 6 36 5 34 6 6 334 4 0 manganese an ounce 14 635 534 76 424 448 and a half; car ry this 15 6 34 5 34 8 6 5 10 535 about the room for a few minutes . a powerful 16 633 535 96 558 624 smell will then be per- 17 6 33 .5 35 10 6 6 52 7 16 ce ived , which will be 18 6 32 5 36 11 6 740 8 6 sufficient; then let the 19 6 32 5 36 12 6 8 34 9 0 bottle be closely stopped till the air begins to be 20 6 31 5 37 13 6 9 28 10 0 offensive , when the same 21 6 29 5 37 14 6 10 26 10 50 method most be , re- 22 6 28 538 15 6 11 22 11 48 peated . This will last for months. 23 6 27 5 38 16 6 0 8 0 30 ConlaxonFE OF BAD 24 627 5 39 17 6 0 56 1 20 WATER. - Five drops of 25 6 26 5 39 18 6 1 44 2 6 sulphuric acid put into 26 19 6 2 28 a full quart of bad 6 25 540 2 50 water , will cause the 27 6 24 5 40 20 6 3 12 3 32 noxious particles to fall 28 6 23 5 41 21 6 3 54 4 15 to the bottom. The 29 6 21 5 41 22 6 4 36 5 0 water should stand two hours ; pour off about 30 6 19 5 42 23 6 5 22 544 three parts for ON, and 31 6 18 5 42 , 24 6, 6 8 6 30 throw the rest away. B 22 SEPTEMBER, 30 DAYS.

TEMPERATURE. Mean Maximum shade ...... 81.1 Mean Temperature ...... 66.4 The brief winter finishes on the 23rd . Still warmer than last mouth. Wind chiefly S.W. in the morning , but the N.E. sea breeze now sets in in the afternoon , followed by calm nights. Greatest diurnal range 36.5 (from 43 to 79.5) Mean diurnal range .. 28.7

OCCURRENCES, &C. A A

2 M Moreton Bay Settlementfounded by M. Oxley, 1824. 3 4 W (Jewish era commences. 5 Th Gaol Delivery , Maryborough - Year 5622 of the 6 F Brisbane proclaimed a municipality, 1859. 7 8 S Sebastopol taken, 1855. 9 M Civil sittings, Maryborough. 10 11 12 13 14 8 - First Victorian railway opened, 1854. 15 S Allies landed in the Crimea, 1854. 16 17 18 W First Parliament of Queensland prorogued, 1860. 19 20- 21 S Battle of the Alma, 1854. 22 23 M Commercial Panic in United States, 1857. 24 25 26 Th First New South Wales railway opened, 1855. 27 28 8 [Ipswich, 1$60. 2930 Michaelmas Day-Po rt of Moreton Bay extended to 30 SM St. J erome. SEPTEMBER, 30 DAYS. 23

PHASES OF TEE MOON.

D H M 8 D H New Moon .. 5 8 24 14a.m. Perigee ...... 7 11a.m. First Quarter 11 11 28 14p.m. Apogee ...... 23 6a.m. Fall Moon.. 19 0 13 44p.m. Last Quarter 27 4 36 26p.m.

B U N Moon's High water on Bar. REMARKS. 44 Rises Bets Age Morn. I Aftern.

H M H M H M H M 1 6 17 5 43 25 6 6 56 7 20 ON the 23rd the Sun 7 42 8 6 crosses the Equator ih 2 6 16 544 26 6 his southward course, 3 6 15 544 27 6 8 30 8 52 and passes f rom the 4 6 14 5 45 28 6 9 14 9 40 sign Virgo into L bra- 5 6 13 5 45 0 2 10 0 10 24 our vernal equinox, when spring commences. 6 612 546 1 2 10 48 11 10 Spring tides occur on 7 6 11 5 46 2 2 11 32 11 56 the 5th or 6th, and on 8 6 10 5 47 32 020 '045 the 19thor 20th. 9 6 8 547 42 110 136 PReSERVATtos_ of 10 6 7 5 48 52 2 0 226 BooHa - A few drops of 11 6 5 5 48 62 256 320 any perfumed oil, xiil 12 6 3 5 49 72 344 4 6 secure libraries fr om the consuming effects of 13 6 2 5 49 b2 432 456 mouldiness and dump. 14 6 1 5 49 92 5 22 5 48 Russian leather, which 15 6 1 5 49 102 6 15 6 41 is perfumed with the ter of the birch-tree,never 16 6 0 550 11 2 7 8 738 moulds ; and merchants 17 6 0 6 51 12 2 8 4 8 32 suffer large bales of this 18 559 5 51 13 2 9 0 9 30 article to lie in the 19 558 5 52 14 2 10 0 10 28 London-docks in the most careless manner. 20 5 57 5 52 15 2 10 60 11 16 knowing that it cannot 21 5 56 5 53 16 2 11 44 0 8 sustain any injury from 22 5 55 5 53 17 2 030 054 damp. 23 5 54 5 53 SuasTITnTS FOR CREAM 18 2 1 16 1 38 Is TEA OR CoPFnY.- 24 5 53 5 54 19 2 2 0 2 22 Beat the white of an egg 25 5 52 5 54 20 2 2 46 3 6 to a froth , put to it a 26 5 50 6 54 21 2 3 30 3 52 very small lump of butter, and mix we ll . 27 5 48 6 55 22 2 4 15 4 36 Theo turn the coffee to, 28 `g 46 5 55 23 2 5 0 5 22 it gradually , so that it 29 1545 556 24 2 5 46 6 8 may not curdle . If per- 30 5 56 fectly done it w il l be an 544 25 2 6 30 6 52 excellent substitute for I cr eam. B* 24 OCTOBER, 31 DAYS.

TEMPERATURE.

Mean Maximum shade ...... 842 Mean Temperature ...... 71.6 In 1858 over 12 inches of rain fell in 20 days; and in 18.59 the great hailstorm occurred which did such damage in and around Brisbane. Squalls, with thunder and lightning, may oc. ur. Greatest diurnal range 36.8 (from 54 to 90.8) Mean diurnal range .. 27.3

OCCURRENCES, U. G A

1 T - 2 W Forth Australian e-tahlished, 1855. 8 Tb Wide Bay and Burn ett 7 mea stopped, 1860. 4 5 5 16 S 7 M Brisbane School of Arts opened, 1851. 8 T Rockhampton made a port of entry, 1858. 9 W Sir G. F. Bowen visited the northern ports, 1860. 10 Tb First supplies from Brisbane tothe Downs crossed Cun- 11 F [ningham 's Gap, 1840. 12 S Ipswich, Drayton, and Maryborough proclaimed -s 13 S [placesfor holding court-, 1859. 14 M 1843.1 15 T [llth, First sale of Ipswich allotments in Brisbane, 16 W 17 Tb 18 F 19 8 First drays brought over Cunningham's Gap, 1840. 20 S Terrific hailstorm in Brisbane, 1859. 21 M 22 T -Battle of Trafalgar, 1805. 23 W 24 Th 25 F 26 S Wreck of The Royal Charter, 1859.

28 29 T 30 W [first exiles, 1849. 31 Th Mount Stuart Elphinatone reached Moreton Bay with OCTOBER., 31.DLTS. 25

PHASES OF THE MOON.

D H M B D H New Moon .. 4 5 8 38p. m. Perigee ...... 5 4p.m. il4rst Quarter 11 8 21 14a.m. Apogee ...... 20 4p.m. Frill Moon .. 19 4 50 14a.m. Last Quarter 27 8 6 20a.m.

SUN Moon's High Water on Bar. >+ REMARKS. q Rises Sets Age Morn. (Afters.

H M H M H M H M 1 5 43 5 56 26 2 7 18 7 45 Tsa Sun passes from 57 27 2 Libra into Scorpioon 2 5 42 5 8 7 8 28 the24th. 3 5 41 6 57 28 2 8 54 9 20 Spri ng tides occur on 4 5 40 5 58 29 2 9 48 10 16 the 4th or 5th, and on 5 5 39 5 59 0 8 10 44 11 12 the 19thor 20th. 6 538 5 59 1 8 11 38 0 4 7 537 6 0 28 030 056 8 5 36 6 0 3 8 1 24 1 52 F18s Hoic - MADE 9 535 6 1 48 218 248 CANDLas . - For these the in gr edients are in 10 534 6 1 5 8 3 8 3 36 the following propor- 11 533 6 2 68 4 0 422 tion :- Take ten ounces 12 5 32 6 2 7 8 4 46 5 10 of fresh mutton fat or suet , a quarter of a 13 531 6 2 88 534 6 0 pound of bleached white 14 530 6 3 9 8 6 26 6 52 wax, a quarter of an 15 5 29 6 3 10 8 7 18 7 42 ounce of camphor, and 16 6 28 6 4 11 8 8 6 8 32 two ounces of alo+n. Cut or break up a ll 17 5 27 6 4 12 8 8 54 9 18 these articl e , and then 18 5 26 6 6 13 8 9 40 10 0 melt them together, 19 5 25 6 6 14 8 10 20 10 42 skimming them well. Have ready the wicks 20 5 24 6 7 15 8 11 2 11 24 (which should he pre- 21 5 23 6 7 16 8 11 46 0 14 vi ously soaked in lime 22 5 22 ' 6 7 17 8 0 36 0 56 water and saltpetre, atll 23 5 22 6 8 18 8 1 16 1 36 then thoroughly dri ed), fix them in the moulds, 24 5 21 6 8 19 8 1 58 2 18 and poor in the melted 25 5 20 6 9 20 8 2 40 3 0 liquid , proc ee ding as in 26 5 19 6 9 3 20 344 making common mould 2r8 candles . Candles made 27 5 18 6 10 22 8 4 6 4 30 in this manner of the 28 5 17 6 11 23 8 4 52 5 16 above materials, are 29 5 17 6 11 24 8 538 6 0 hard and durable, and 30 5 16 6 12 25 8 6 22 6 45 will not run . burning also with a very clear 31 5 15 16 13 26 8 7 6 730 light. 26 NOVEMBER, 30 DAYS.

TEMPERATURE.

Mean Maximum shade ...... 83.3 Mean Temperature ...... 70.7 The weather this month is mostly gloomy and squally; rain, thunder , and lightning - the nights are still occasionally cold. Greatest diurnal range 34.2 (from 54 .8 to 89) Mean diurnal range.. 25.8

OCCUREENCE6, &C.

I F' Ceylon and India united by telegraph, 1858. 2 8 Fast in New South Wales in drought of 1838. 3 $ Lima arrived in Moreton Bay, 1849. 4 M1 Gaol delivery , Ipswich. 6 6 7 Th Civ il sittings, Ipswich. 8 F 9 8 Prince of Wal' s born, 1841. 10 Moreton Bay settlement visited by Governor l3ris- 11 [bane, 1824. 12 T [(Port Curtis) proclaimed, 1824. 13 W Civil Sittings, Brisl•ane-Colonyof"i' orthAustralia;' 14 Th First bank opened in Moreton Bay, 1850. 15 16 8 Commandant Logan murdered by the natives, 1836. 17 [arrivedin Sydney, 1840. 18 Gaol delivery, Brisbane - Last convict ship (Eden) 19 20 21 22 F Fourth term commences. 23 S Maize £7 per bushel on the Hawkesbury. 1806. 24 S New Constitution Act of Victoria proclaimed, 1855. 26 26 T Fourth terms ends. 27 28- 29, 80 8 St. Andrew's Day. NOVEMBER, 30 DAYS: 27

FHABES OF THE MOON.

D H M a D H New Moon.. 3 2 15 38a.m. Perigee ...... 3 2a.m. First Quarter 9 8 56 32p.m. Apogee ... , , ..... 16 4p in. Full Moon.. 17 11 18 56p. m. Last Quarter 25 9 18 56p.m.

S u tt Moon 's High Water on Bar REMARK& q Rises Sets Age Morn. Aftern.

H M H M H M H M Tau San is situated 1 5 15 6 13 27 8 7 56 8 24 south of the Equator, 2 5 15 6 14 288 854 9 26 and is still mowing 3 514 615 03 956 1024 southward . On the 23rd be passes from the sign 4 5 13 6 16 1 3 10 50 11 16 Scorpioto thatof Sa- 5 5 12 6 17 2 3 11 42 0 10 gittarius. 6 511 618 33 036 1 4 Spring tides occur on th e 3rd or 4th, and on 7 5 10 6 19 4 3 1 34 2 0 the 17th or 18th of the 8 5 9 620 53 223 256 month . 9 5 8 621 63 330 352 10 5 7 6 22 7 3 4 20 4 48 Coal FOR SKORT 11 5 6 6 22 8 3 5 16 5 45 Cantsisa . - inflate a 5 6 6 23 9 3 634 large oa bladder with 12 6 10 air, and tie it by the 13 5 6 6 23 10 3 7 0 7 22 neck to th e middle of a 14 5 6 6 23 11 3 745 8 6 stick , which pla ce across 15 5 6 6 23 12 3 8 28 854 th e inside of a chimney about two feet fro m th e 16 6 5 624 13 3 9 20 9 42 top, or at the foot of the 17 5 6 6 24 14 3 10 0 10 21 chimney - pot. The buoy- 18 5 4 6 25 15 3 10 45 11 8 ancy of the air keeps the 5 4 11 56 bladder continually in a 19 6 26 16 3 11 30 circular mo ti on, and 20 5 3 6 27 17 3 0 20 044 thus preventsthe rush 21 5 3 6 28 18 3 1 6 1 30 of air into the tunnel 22 5 2 6 29 19 3 154 2 18 fr om descending en low as the fire-pla ce. 23 5 2 6 30 20 3 2 40 3 4 To saaosa LSATaaa. 24 5 2 6 31 21 3 3 26 3 50 W&TaapRoor.-Take of 25 5 1 6 32 22 3 4 12 434 neat 'sfoot and linseed oil two quarts, boll th em 26 5 1 6 33 23 3 4 56 5 16 two hour s, then add six 27 5 1 6 34 24 3 538 6 0 ounces of Indian-rub- 28 5 1 635 25 3 6 28 654 ber, and let the whole 29 5 0 6 36 26 3 7 18 745 boil unti l the rubber is dissolved . Apply, with 30 5 0 6 37 27 3 8 12 840 a softbrash , r littleat a time. 28 DECEMBER, 31 DAYS.

TEMPERATGRE. t Mean Maximum shade ...... 85.7 Mean Temperature ...... 73.5 December is frequently cool until towards the end, when summer commences ; often fine pleasant weather with starlight nights and heavy dew,. Greatest diurnal range 30.6 (from 54 to 84.6) Mean diurnal range .. 22.8

OCCURRENCES, &C.

1 S First Sunday in Advent-QuEENSzAND SEPARATION 2 M Brisbane river first explored by Oxley, 1829. DAY ! 3 T Leiehhardt left back country on his last expedition, 4 W [1846. 5 8 7 S First sale of Moreton Bay lands in Sydney, 1842. 8 9 M [rived, 1859. 10 T Sir G. F. Bowen (first Governor of Queensland) ar 11 W Llamas first introduced into M Breton Bay, 1858. 12 Th Cleveland township founded, 1850. 13 F Artimesaa (first government immigrant ship ) arrived, 14 S [1848. 15 16 17 T Flood at Ipswich, 1845. 18 19 20 F Fitzroy river first navigated, 1855. Al 8 St. Thomas. 22 23 M LomWest day. 24 25 W Christmas Day-Havelock first relieved Lucknow, 26 Th [1857. 27 28 29 S South Australia proclaimed a colony, 1836. 30 31 DECEMBER.,31 DAYS. 29

PHA8E8 OF THE MOON.

D H M 9 D Y New Moon.. 2 0 29 2p.m. Perigee...... I 3p.m. FirstQuarter 9 1 21 50p.m. Apogee ...... Midnight. Full Moon.. 17 6 20 2p.m. I Perigee ...... 29 11p.m. Last Quarter 25 8 3 32a in.

S V N M0on' h High Water on Bar. RtcMaass. Ries Sets Age Morn.'Aftern.

H Al H M H M g M Oii the 22nd the un 1 5 1 6 38 28 3 9 7 9 34 attains his me 2 5 1 6 38 29 3 10 0 10 26 southern declination, 3 5 1 6 39 0 5 10 54 11 20 after which date he be- 4 5 2 6 40 1 5 11 42 0 4 gins his northward journey, and passes 6 5 2 6 40 2 5 0 26 0 50 from the sign 3aglttarlm 6 5 3 6 40 3 5. 1 12 1 32 into Capricornus-the 7 5 3 6 41 4 5 1 54 2 16 tropic of Capricorn- when commences our 8 5 4 6 41 5 5 2 40 3 0 summer. 9 5 4 6 41 6 5 3 30 3 56 ,ring tides ocenr on 10 5 5 6 42 7 5 4 14 4 36 the gad or Srd, and on 11 5 5. 6 42 8 5 the 17th or l8th of this 6 0 5 28 month. 12 5 5 6 43 9 5 548 6 12 13 5 5 6 44 10 5 640 7 4 To res. Fu s s Pater 14 5 5 6 46 11 5 7 26 7 54 OUT or a COAT.--Take 15 5 6 6 46 12 5 8 16 8 40 immediately a piece of 16 5 6 cloth, and rub the wrong 6 47 13 5 9 4 9 30 side of it on the paint 17 5 6 6 47 14 5 9 54 10 20 spot. if no other cloth 18 5 6 6 48 15 5 10 42 11 6 is at band , part of the 19 5 7 6 48 16 5 11 32 11 .56 inside of the coat-skirt will do. This simple ap- 20 5 7 6 48 17 5 020 044 21 5 8 6 49 18 5 1 6 1 32 22 5 8 6 49 19 5 2 0 2 26 removequite fresh. thedpainnt Otherwise,hen 23 5 9 6 49 20 5 2 50 3 11 ether the spot with your finger. 24 5 10 6 50 21 5 3 32 3 52 To Divine GLass 25 5 10 6 50 22 5 4 15 4 36 vses. Ls. Glass vessels 26 5 11 6 61 23 5 5 0 5 28 in a cylind rical form, 27 5 11 a 6 51 24 5 5 54 6 20 Wngb 28 5 12 6 52 25 5 6 48 7 18 worstedrollndi thread,them tho- 29 5 12 6 52 26 5 7 45 8 12 roughly wetted with 30 5 13 6 53 27 5 9 6 spirits of turpentine, 8 40 and then setting fire to 31 6 13 6 53 28 5 9 35 10 0 the thread. LAW CALENDAR AND ARRANGEMENTS FOR 1861.

BRISBANE. G aol Deliveries . Uivil Sittings.

Monday, 18th February, Wednesday, 13th February, to .to Thursday, 21st Saturday,16th

Monday, 20th May, Wednesday , 15th May, to to Thursday, 23rd Saturday, 18th

Monday , 19th August, Wednesday , 14th August, to t Thursday, 22nd Saturday, 17th

Monday, 18th November, Wednesday , 13th November, to to Thursday, 21st n Saturday,16th n IPSWICH. Goal Deliveries. Civil Sittings.

Monday, 4th February, Thursday , 7th February, to to

Wednesday, 6th 11 Saturday,9th „

Monday, 6th May, Thursday , 9th May, to to Wednesday, 9th Saturday,11th

Monday, 5th August, Thursday, 8th August, to to Wednesday, 7th Saturday, IOth

Monday , 4th November, Thursday , 7th November, to to Wednesday, Gtr Saturday,9th LAW CALENDAR. 31

TOOWOOMBA.

Gaol Deliveries. I civil sittings. Monday , 14th January, Thursday, 17th January, to to Wednesday, 16th Saturday,19th

Monday, 15thJuly, Thursday , 18th July, to to Wednesday, 17th Saturday,20th

MARYBOROUGH.

Gaol Deliveries. Civil sittings.

Thursday , 7th March, Monday, 11th March, to to Saturday,9th Wednesday, 13th

Thursday , 5th September, Monday, 9th September, to to Saturday,7th Wednesday, 11th

The CHaIsTSAsVACATION ends Saturday, 5th January.

Lose VACATIONcommences Saturday , 1st June , and termi- nates Saturday , 30th June.

TERMS.

First. Third.

Friday, February 22, Friday , August 23, to to Tuesday , February 26. Tuesday , August 27.

Second. -Fourth.

Saturday , May 25 , Friday , November 22, to to Wednesday , May 29. Tuesday , November 26. 32 LAW CALENDAR.

INSOLVENCY DAYS (at 11 o' clock a.m.)

JANuAav.-Monday, 7-Monday, 28-Thursday, 31. F,rBatuaY . - Thursday, 28. MAacx .- Thursday , 21-Monday , 25-Thursday, 28. APRIL.-Monday, l-Thursday, 4-Monday, 8-Thursdayii- Monday , 15-Thursday , 18-Monday , 22-Thursday, 25-Monday, 29. MAY.-Thursday, 2-Thursday, 30. JuLY.-Monday, 1- Thursday, 4-Monday, S-Monday, 29. AuausT .-Thursday, 1-Thursday, 29. SEPTaxBaa -Monday, 23-Thursday, 26-Monday, 30. OoTOaaa.-Thursday, 3-Monday, 7-Thursday, 10-Monday, 14 - Thursday, 17 - Monday , 21- Thursday, 24- Monday, 28-Thursday, 31. Novastaaa.- Thursday, 28. Dscaxisaa .- Monday , 2-Thursday , 5-Monday , 9-Thursday, 12-Monday, 16-Thursday, 19-Monday, 23.

EQUITY (On following Tuesdays at i l a m.)

JANUARY.-8th-29th. MARCH.-26th. APB/T..-2ud-9th-16th-23rd-30th. JuLV.-2nd-9th-30th. Sar raxaaa .-24th. Oc'ro aa .-1st-8th-15th-22nd-29th. DaCEMBBH -3rd-loth--17th.

CHAMBERDAYS . - Mondays, Wednesdays , and Fridays, at;10 a.m., when the Judge is in Brisbane , and not otherwise occupied as before indicated. GARDENINGCALENDAR.

(Compiled expressly for Pugh 's Almanacs by Mr . WALTHR HILL, Superin. tendeht of the Botanical Gardens, Brisbane.)

JANUARY.

fruit and Kitchen Garden .- Watch the fluctuations of the weather, and endeavour to do all sowing and planting whilst the ground is in a mellow state. Sow turnips , spinach , French beans, peas , lettuce, radish, melons, cucumbers . Ground should be loosened among the orange trees and vines ; continue to remove shoots , tie up the bearing branches Rower Garden and Shrubbe ri es.-Continue to carefully regulate the growth of the twiners , but avoid tying them too close, and allow them to grow according to their natural habit as much as circumstances will admit . Weed and water well; dig up and store bulbs as soon as the leaves are withered. Field .- Break up land for wheat; sow barley for green crop; plant maize for a winter crop , and persevere in keeping down weeds in the cotton plantations.

FEBRUARY.

Fruit and Kitchen Garden.-Brocoli, and a few of the principal table vegetables , such as beans, peas , onions, carrots, and salads , should be sown. Shallots should now be taken up if the leaves appear to decay . Cut herbs for drying . Aspara- gus beds to be kept clean. Knower G orden and Shrubberies - Now is the best season for observing the effect of the arrangement of the colours of dahlias, and if any alteration is deemed necessa ry , it should be care fully noted down, which sill greatly facilitate its execution in the proper season for planting. Field .- The different sorts of sorghum arriving at maturity should be cut. and the seed placed in an airy building. Sow Cape Barley, turnips (all sorts ), and commence ploughing for clops and p ant potatoes. 34 GA$DENING CALENDAR.

MARCH.

I 3vcit and Kitchen Garden.-This is the period in which to lay the foundation of a sure supply of vegetables and salads for winter use. Onions , leeks, peas , beans , spinach , turnips, carrots, radish, lettuce, &c.. may be sown. Transplant cauli- flower, brocoli, cabbage, and celery-. Ripening seeds.to be daily gathered. Budding orange and other it trees should be proceeded with during cloudy weather. Rower Garden and Shrubberies.-Patches of some' of the more showy annuals should now be sown in vacant places, which usually exist in the edge of clumps and borders. Season for planting bulbous roots, which require dry ground. Prepare stations on lawns for extraordinary specimens of ornamental plants , as large pines, &c. Field.-This is an excellent time to plant a full crop of potatoes. Sow wheat, barley, oats, clover. lucerne, all kinds of grass seeds for pasture, fodder, or hay. Maize arriving at maturity should be gathered , and placed in an airy and well ventilated building.

APRIL.

Fruit and Kitchen Garden.- Make sowings of peas, beans, and salading, and look well after thinning young crops of turnips, spinach, lettuce , and celery , before they necome weakly and drawn through standing too closely together . Stir the surlaee of the soil deeply among growing crops to admit air to the roots, and keep down . weeds. New plantations of oranges , loquats, bananas, and pine apples , may now be made, in order that the roots may get hold of the fresh soil before winter. Flower G arden and Shrubberies .- Proceed with the propaga- tion of favourite sorts of rows, which may be wanted to increase either by budding .or cuttings . Remove suckers fro m worked p lants. The present month is a favourable time for transplant- ing large size evergreen shrubs , trees , and herbaceous plants, so that the plants will have a chance of pushing a few roots to enable them to resist any cold dry winds during winter . Plants shifted this month will require but little attention in the way of watering in spring compared with others transplanted late in winter. leld .-- Sow wheat , oats, barley, and lucerne . Raise and the different sorts of sorghum should be gathered as they ripen. Potatoes will require to be kept clean of weeds . bather cotton pods. GARDENING CALENDAR. 35

1(AY. Fruit and Kitchen Garden.-Look over bananas, pine apples , oranges, and other f uit frequently , and gather it as it becomes ripe. Earth up celery and attend to keeping up a succession of peas, beans , tuinips , carrots, and a supply of salading. Transplant strawberries , artichokes , onions. &e. The cutting and drying of herbs, as they are ready , should be attended to. Go over the stocks of trees which were budded in Dlarch , and let all the bandages be loosened. Flower Garden and Shrubberies.-Any of the shrubbery borders which may require a dressing of fresh soil and manure should be attended to. Plant hyacinths and such like bulbs. Field.- Oats and barley may sti ll be sown and the gathering of cotton pods be attended to.

JUNE. Fruit and Kitchen Garden.- Proceed with the pruning of vines, :and hoe between cabbage, cauliflower , & c. This should be frequently done to the growing crops through the winter. Sow for succession, brocoli and cauliflower. Flower Garden and Shrubberies.-As cold nights may now be expected, scarce plants, which it may be desirable to secure before they are injured, should be carefully covered, when there is the least cause to apprehend damage . Plant and remove roses, &c. See to securing a good stock of cuttings of petunias, geraniums , fuschias , for spring use. Field.-Sweet potatoes , yams, arrowroot , and ginger may now be dug up and used . Clover, lucerne , and all kinds of grass seeds for pastures may still be sown.

JULY. Fruit and Kitchen Garden - The general thinning and pruning of the peach , nectarine , apple , pear, fig, orange, and other trees should be finished . Clean asparagus and rhubarb beds , and plant hardy fruit trees as peach , cherry, apricot, quince, apple , pear , and almond . Manure deciduous fruit trees. Flower Gar den and Shrabherisu .Now is the period for laying the foundation of a fine lawn - the pride of Briti-h gardening. Let all fresh turfing be completed , and take steps to fill up the bedx in the flower garden as they are cleaned , for the purpose of oontr}buting to the enroyment of spring. Transplant lilies, and Cape bulbs. Field .- Prepare the ground for potatoes and other summer growing crops. 36 GARDENING CALENDAR.

AUGUST. Fruit and Kitchen Gardena.-All operations connected with planting fruit trees should be finished, If left after this time they will require much attention in watering, especially if large plants are removed . Grafting should be pa+uceeded with in the order in which the buds break . Bow peas and beans , cabbage, onions, parsnips , leeks, lettuce , &c. Earth up celery. Flower Garden and Shrubberies .- Early overgrown herbace- ous plants may now be divided ; the exterior portion of the stools should be reserved, and the interior rejected. Continue planting lilies, crinums, and other bulbs. Flowering shrubs, such as magnolias , camellias , and azaleas , may be transplanted. Field. Plant potatoes, rice, maize, and sow wbeat, barley, and oats. SEPTEMBER. Fruit and Kitchen Garden.-Let sowings of cucumbers, melons, vegetable marrows, French beans, ochro ahd tomatoes be made. Transplant cabbage, & c., and see that recently transplanted trees are not suffering for want of water. Get all grafting completd, and give support to the early peach trees. Cut asparagus and rhubarb. Flower Garden and Shrubberies will now be becoming a little cheerful, and the plants rapidly making up the time lost in winter . Beds of petunias and verbenas should be pegged down, so as not to be broken in stormy weather. Make layers of camellias, azaleas , & c. This is a good time to sow German stocks, asters , and lupines. Field .- Sugar -cane, sweet potatoes , yams , and maize , should be planted this month. Earth up potatoes, and maize which was planted last month . Make progress in haymaking and sow tobacco. OCTOBER. Fruit and Kitchen Garden.-Attend to the vines frequently for the purpose of stopping and shortening any gross shoots, and keeping the growth nicely regulated. Gather mulberries, Cape gooseberries , &e., as they ripen . Sow melons, cucumbers, capsieuma , tomatoes , kidney beans , and salading. Flower Garden and Shrubberies -Roses will be the great Attraction , and these shoula be frequently look^d over, removing decaying flowers . If these are allowed to hang on the plants they liave a very unsightly appearance . Stake and plant out dahlias, and make sowings of some of the most showy annuals . Continue plan leg justicias , goldfussias , geraniums, fuschias, &c., &r. GARDENING CALENDAR. 37

Field. - The crops now begin in earnest to show promise of reward for the cultivator 's toil. Bow cottonseeds, three in a hole ; let the boles be four feet apart on ste ri le sot, and six fact apart on fertile soil; the seeds are the better for being steeped in water a few hours previous to planting. When the plants are about six inches high , take out the two weakest and leave only one strong one in each hole. K eep down weeds and loosen surface of the soil . Plant ginger , turmeric, yams, arrowroot , sweet potatoes, sugar cane, sorghum , and cotton.

NOVEMBER.

Fruit and - K itchen Garden .- Peaches , loquats, pine apples, bananas , guavas , &c., such as are ripe, or ripening , should be gathered when fit. Vines -loosen surface boil, keep down weeds, replace stakes where required , and destroy caterpilla rs and other insects . Transplant capsicums , lettuce, & c. Bow hibiscus, rosella,&c. / Flower Garden and Shrubberies .-Ply the scythe, hoe, and rake diligently , and at all times remove dead flowers . Look to the tying up of dahlias, &c. Field.-Attend to the plantations of sugar cane , arrowroot, sorghum , ginger , and cotton . Destroy weeds while young, and for this purpose use hand and horse hoe, as soon as the crops will admit of the operation . The hay harvest should be com- pleted this month. The crops of wheat will be ready for the sickle , and will require the farmer 's careful attention to get the harvesting finished.

DECEMBER.

Fruit and Kitchen Garden .- Grapes and other fruit should be gathered , as it becomes fit. Sow cucum bers, melons, &c. Flower Garden and Shrubberies .- There is little to attend to in this department at the present time except keeping every- thfng and every place as neat and tidy as possible. Dig up and store bulbs as soon as the leaves are withered. Field.- Cotton plants must be kept free from weeds, surface soil loosened, and the superfluous shoots thinned out. Dig out the crop of potatoes, if ripe, for if left in the ground they will rot. METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS For the Year ending September 30th, 1860; TAM AT THE BRISBANEOBSERVATORY, BY DR. BARTON.

PosiTIoN of BRISBANE:- Lat. 27' 51; long. 1539 ; height above mean Sea Level, 70 feet.

RAIN FALL IN 1859-60.

Month. No. of No. of Day's Inches. Fall.

1859.-October ...... 5.48 8 days „ November ...... 2.26 9 „ „ _ December ...... 3.305 7 1860.-January ...... 2.54 9 February ...... 9.64 18 „ March ...... 6.58 18 „ April ...... 7.55 18 „ May ...... •12 4 „ June ...... •96 2 „ July ...... •49 7 „ August ...... 12.39 17 September ...... 4.18 14

Totals ...... I 55.495 { 181 days

No=.-It most be noted that the temperature and diurnal ranges of each month , as shown at the head of the calendar , have been calcalaisd from daily observations sines March, 1858. They may, therefore , have to be somewhat modified when the observations have extended over a longer period. OCTOBER. NOVEMBER . DECEMBER. 1859. Max. Min. Mean Max. Min. Mean Max. Min. Mean.

9 a.m. . 77.9 61.6 69.7 82.6 67.3 74.9 83 71.6 77.8 Thermometer (shade) 3 p.m.... 86.1 59 72.5 88 72 80 86.3 70.2 79.7 9 p.m...... 70.8 59 64.9 73.3 58.8 66.1 74 62 691 Ditto (maximum shade) ...... 92.3 76.2 84.2 89 77.7 83 3 90.8 F0.7 85.6 Ditto (minimum shade) ...... 65.3 52.9 69.1 66.1 50 3 58.2 70•2 52.5 6315 Ditto (minimum on grass) .. 63.9* 64.5 5912 69.8 50.3 61.9 Ditto (malt. sun-solar radiation) ... 115.5 94.2 104.8 112.2 97 104.6 11915 99.7 108.1 30.31329 30.144 29. 29851 134 29.70329.958 inches re-) 9 a.m. .869 30.091 559 . 30. Barometer (No-of } 30.069 0 29.79 30.056 29.637 29.877 duced to 32° Fahrenheit)) 30.197 29 739 29'968 29-5 - 4 9 P.M.p 30.26829.816300042 30.15329 .69829.925 30.129 29.72329.944 Mean portion of sky ob- 9 a.m. •45 * ... .56 ...... •59 ecured (1 represents the -3 p.m. •43 y •50 ...... •46 whole sky) ...... 9 p.m. •80 ... .45 ...... •40 nl 8 p.m; •581 F I ... •542 ... I ... •606 # Mean pressure of vapour i •553 •416 582 inches of mercury ...... j 9 p.m ... I ...... •639 •474 ...... •584 9 a.m. 800 .. m ... •627 ... (saturation ... .637 Mean humidity }3 p.m. •692 •407 ...... •575 1000 9 P.M. •876 I •739 ' ...... 804 W JANUARY. FEBRUARY. MARCH..: 1860. Max. Min. Mean Max. Min. Mean Max. Min. Mean

)9a.m 861 j 69-6 79-2 85 71.1 76.9 82.2 68-3 75-8 Thermometer (shade) 91-3 73 82-6 93.2 71.2 83.5 87.4 74 80.5 J 9 P.M. 79.2 68.8 72-6 80.3 67.7 72.5 77.1 65.5 70.8 Ditto (maximum shade) ...... 99.5 78 88.8 100-5 74-2 87.1 92.2 82.1 85.7 Ditto (minimum shade) ...... 72.5 61-2 66.7 76.1 63.1 67-2 7315 60.3 66-7 Ditto (minimum on grass) .. 72.5 58.7 65.7 75 60.4 66-1 73.3 59 65-7 Ditto (max. sun- solar radiation) ... 125-8 82-6 110-4 122.1 79.5 108.7 120.7 98.1 110.2 29-886 30.170 29-656 30.451 -meter (No. of inches re- t 9 a.m. 30'043 29.415 29.788, 30.081 29-604 3 p.m. 29-979 29-300 29-544 30-009 29-506 29.771 30-077 29.552 29 976 duced to 32° Fahrenheit ) f JJ 9 pm. 30'048 29.445 29 7T2 30057 29'584 29.875 30 157 29.647 30.040 Mean portion of sky o b. 9 a.m. .55 •70 .59 scured (1 representsthe 3 p.m. •59 •66 •66 whole sky) ...... i 9 p.m. •46 •60 •55 •705 (ini 9 a,, •655 •719 Mean pressureof vapour 3 pm. '632 •656 •674 inches of m9rcury) .. 9 P.M. '633 •670 •668 '657* •788 •791 Mean humidity (saturation 2.39p.m •567 •572 '648 1000) ...... 9 P.M. •790 -839 -886 APRIL. MAY. JUNE. 1860. Max. Min. Mean Max. Min. Mean i Max. Min. Mean

9 am. 78.1 61.7 70.2 69.1 1 51.3 608 60.1 45.1 54.5 Thermometer (shade) 3 p.m..... 84.3 68.9 76.6 79.7 62.0 73.6 75.0 68.6 677 19 P.M. 74.0 56.0 667 68'9 45.8 56.7 61.7 40.6 61.4 Ditto maximum shade) ...... 91.4 72.4 8l•6 81.6 63.7 77.1 80.1 5911 70.8 DDimi#imnm shade) ...... 70.0 49.4 62.1 61.2 40.3 507 54.3 32.6 44.5 70.0 48.1 61.2 69.3 380 486 tuir,imu m on grass) . tuir,imum 64.1 31.0 42.0 Ditto, (max. sun-solar radiation) ... 118.0 89.0 100.8 106.8 79.7 99 9 102.0 59.4 92,9, 9 a.m. 30.130 29.800 29.996 30.344 29.925 30,124 30.122 29.568 29.967 Bsrometer (No. of inches re- 30• 60 29.705 29 911 30.267 29.805 30.024 30.038 29.535 29.8755 duced to 32" Fahren heit) P 0 4 9 P.M. 30.120 29 787 29.981 30.342 29.918 30 092 30.091 29.632 29.940 Mean portion of sky ob- 9 a.m. .54 •32 •28 soured (1 represents thei 3 p.m. •67 36 •37 whole sky) ...... 9 p.m. .54 19_ •26 9 a.m. •611 •439 •822 Mean pressure of vapour (in inches of mercury)...... 3 P.M. •624 •450 '844 9 P.M. .599 •420 •814 •824 Mean humidity (saturation a.m. •828 •788 1000) ...... •684 •543 •507 1) 9 P.M. •916 •911 •828 JULY. AUGUST. SEPTEMBER. 1860 Max. Min. Mean Max. Min, Mean Max. Min. Mean

9 a.m. , 61.5 45 55.2 66 54.7 58.4 68.3 63.8 62 Thermometer (shade) 13p.m..... 76.1 60 679 74 56 66.3 79 60.1 69.6 9 P.M. 61.7 430 63.7 65 47.7 56.4 63.8 51 58.7 Ditto (maximum shade) ...... 78.3 61.2 71-4 79'2 57.3 69.1 81.9 64 74.3 Dirto (minimum shade ) ...... I 54.4 34.5 47.2 60.3 39.1 50.3 57.3 42.3 52.7 Ditto (minimum on grass ) ...... 53 38.1 45.2 69.4 36.6 48.8 55.8 401 51.2 Ditto (max. sun-solar radiation) ... 99.4 70 92 10713 58.5 84.9 110 71.4 96.1 9 a.m. 30.30129 933 80.12530.38329.88230.172 30.28129.660 30.081 Barometer (No. of inches re 30 31829.81630.074 29.584 duced to 32° Fahrenheit) 3 p.m. 80.23629.84180.001 30162 29 966 9 P.M. 30.27329.91480 103 30.38329.880 30.146 30 217 29.694 30061 Mean portion of sky ob- 9 a.m• •41 .65 •47 soured (1 represents the 3 p.m. •62 •61 •57 whole sky) ...... 9 p.m. •34 •49 .38 a.n,. •354 •405 .. •44i; Mean pressureof va our (1-1," .. inches of mercury...... 9 P •385 391 .. .. •441 P.M. •371 •400 .. .. •419 Mean humidity (saturation 19 a.m. 812 •828 .. .. .796 1000) ...... 3 p.m. 565 •627 .. .. •612 9 P.M. 898 •911 .. .. -848 RETURN OF BIRTHS REGISTERED IN, THE DISTRICT OF BRISBANE, BETWEEN THE 1sT MARCH, 1856, AND THE 30rn SEPTEMBER, 1860.

1856.

o a, Registered between

} W E P+cb

1st March and 30th June .... 43 39 82 3604 1st July and 30th September ... 38 39 77 32.90 1st October and 31st December 34 41 75 82.05

115 119 234 99.99

1867.

lot January and 31st March .. 28 35 63 22.82 1st April and 30th June 40 41 81 29.34 1st July and 30th September.. 42 26 68 24.60 1At October and 31st December 41 23 64 23.18

151 125 276 99.94

1858.

lot January and 31st March.. 40 41 81 26-14 l ot April and 30th June...... 30 38 68 21.86 1st July and 30th Se ber... 44 40 84 27-00 1st October and3lstber 38 40 78 25'08 1- - 1 162 159 311 99.98 44 RETURN OF BIRTHS.

1859.

m tm;

Registered between UGLY S F o's F Pi v

1st January and 31st March ... 55 42 97 25.26 let April and 30th June...... 62 43 95 24.73 letJuly and 30th September.. 54 44 98 2552 lot October and 31st December 34 60 94 24'47

195 189 384 99.98

1860.

1st January and 31st Mardh ... 50 41 91 33.33 1st April and 30th June ...... 52 83 85 31.13 1st July and 30th September.. 56 41 97 35.52 158 116 273 99.98

Grand Total for the Period.

1st March, 1856 and 30th Sep-1 4 1,478 tember , 1860 ...... 771 707 1856. 1860. Rites according to which the Mar- (be gin. 1857. 1858 1859. (to Sept. Total,* riages were solemnized . ning at 30.) March 1.)

Church of England ...... 21 ' 15 17 18 13 83 Roman Catholic ...... 14 10 15 19 10 68 Presbyterian ...... 12 11 12 6 6 47 Wesleyan Methodist ...... 9 9 4 13 5 41, Independent ...... 3 ...... 2 10 7 22 Baptist ...... 8 6 14 Lutheran ...... 2 4 9 4 2 21 Registrar 's Office ...... 4 1 7 7 1 20

Totals ...... 65 50 67 85 50 317 co BURN OFMARRIAGES

REGISTERED IN THE COLONY OF QUEENSLAND , EXCEPT AT BRISBANE, DURING THE YEAR ENDING 8 0TH SEPTEMBER, 1860

Denominations. 0

A ct

Churchof England ... 11 8 ... 1 Roman Catholic ...... 18 2 1 ... 1 2 Presbyterian ...... 6 4 12 .,. 1 5 ''WesleyanMethodist... 19 2 Independent ...... 2 12 ... 1 Baptist ...... 2 ...... Lutheran ...... Registraf Office ...... 3 3 4 2 11 9 2 1 4 Totals ...... I 56 1 29 19 5 3 17 13 2 1 5 RETURN OF -DM HS REGISTERED IN THE DISTRICT OF BRISBANE, BETWEEN THE TreyMARCH , 1856, AND THE 30tH SEPTEMBER, 1860. 1856.

eo.m

0 Registered between hw a

lot March and 30th June ...... 17 18 35 48.75 1stJuly and 30th September.. 14 6 20 25.00 lot October and 31st December 12 13 25 31.26 43 37 80 100.00

1857.

1st January and 31st March... 22 16 38 85.31 lst April and 30th June ...... 11 4 15 14.01 let July and 30th Septem be r 19 16 35 32-71 1st October and 31st Decem be r 13 6 19 17.75 65 42 107 99.98

1868.

1st January and 81st March.. i8 16 34 81.77 1st April and 80th June .... 19 7 26 24.29 1st July and 30th September ... 12 9 21 19.62 let October and 31st-December 20 6 26 24.29 69 38 107 99.97 4 8 SUMMARY OF DEATHS.

1859.

m v m a' Registered between m +°+ to

W H P4 10

1st January and 31st March 18 13 31 27.18 1st April and 30th June ...... 20 10 30 26.31 1st July and 30th September 12 11 28 20'17 letOctober and 81stDecember 22 8 30 26.31

72 42 114 99.97

1860. let January and 31st March.. 1S 21 39 39.39 let April and 30th June ...... 24 10 34 34.34 let July and 30th September... 19 7 26 26.26 61 3& 99 99.99

Grand Total for the Period.

lot March, 1856, and 30th 1310 1 197 507 September, 1860 ...... SUMMARY OF DEATHS OF MALES AND FEMALES

REOISTERED IN BRISBANE, FROM IST OCTOBER, 1859, TO 30TH SEPTEMBER, 1860.

.r pw00uo0t to m o>, aq aq mc0'l i au CAUSES OF DEATH. 0 0 4,n 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0? -el 6V to ' N b to to CY:1 Q cep Zymotic Diseases ...... 14 91... 1 24 ...... 2 4 2 1...1...... 33 Sporadic Diseases, Of uncertain Seat ...... 4 1 ...... 5 ...... 1 ...... 1 ...' 1 1 ...... 9 Of Nervous System...... 10 1 1 1 13 1 ... 1 ... 1 ...... 1 ...... 17 Of Respiratory System ...... 2 1 ..... 3 ...... 3 1 5 5 ... 1 ... 1 1 ... 1 21 Of Circulatory System ...... 1 1 2 ...... 4 Of Digestive Organs ...... 9 3 3... 15 2 2... 2... 1 1 ...... 1 ... 1 ... 25 Of Urinary Organs ...... 1 1 2 Of Generative Organ s...... 11...1...... 1...... 2 ...... 3 Of Locomotive Organs ...... d. Of Integumentary System ...... Old Age ...... External Causes ...... 3 1 1 11 2 2 2 2 1 Unspecified ...... 1 Cotalfrom all Causes ...... X39 15 7 2 63 4 4 8,9113 10 4 7 4F, 1 1 130 GOVERNMENTDEPARTMENTS.

EXECUTIVE. Governor- His Excellency Sir George Ferguson Bowen, Knight Grand Cross of St. Michael and St . George, Captain- General and Governor -in-Chief of Queensland and its dependen- cies. Private Secretary and Aide-de-Camp- John Bramston, Esq Colonial Secretary-The Hon. Robert George Wyndham Herbert, Esq Colonial Treasurer- The Hon. Robert Ramsay Mackenzie, Esq Attorney General-The Bon. Ratcliffe Pring, Esq Cdr* of the Executive Council -John Bramston, Esq

LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL. President -The Hon. Maurice Charles O'Connell, Esq Chairman of Committees.-D. F. Roberts, Esq Clerk of the Council and of the Parliaments.-Henry Johnson,Esq Usher of the Black Rod and Librarian.:--Lieutenant- Colonel Gray Clerk and Messenger -Mr. It. Allwood

Liar OFMEMBERS. Balfour, the Hon. John Bigge . the Hon . Francis Edward Compignb, the Hon. Alfred William Fitz , the Hon . Henry Bates Fu llerton, the Hon . George Galloway, the Hon. John James Harris , the Hon . George Laidley, the Hon. James M`Dougall , the Hon . John Frederick Massie , the Hon . Robert George Nicholson , Sir Charles, Bart. GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS. 51

O'Connell, the Hon, Maurice Charles, President Roberts, the Hon. Daniel Foley , Chairman of Committees Simpson, theHon . Stephen Yaldwyn, the Hon. William Henry

LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY. Speaker-The Hon. Gilbert Elliott, Esq Chairman of Committees - Arthur Macalister, Esq Clerk of the Assembly - Lewis Adolphus heruays, Esq Clerk Assistant - Ralph E. G. Johnson,-Esq Short -hand Writer and Clerk of Committeey -- Arthur E. Deighton, Esq Sergeant -at-Arms - R. J. Coley, Esq Messenger - Mr. John B.ilitf

Liar OF MomBEBB. Blakeney , Charles Will ia m, Esq (B risbane) Broughton , Alfred Delves , Esq (West Moreton) Coxen, Charles , Esq (No rt hern runs) Cribb, Robert , Esq., (Brisbane) ]'.dmondstone , George , Esq (East Moreton) Forbes , Frederick Augustus , Esq (Ipswich) Ferrett, John , Esq (Maranoa) Fitzsimmons , Charles, Esq (Port Curtis) Fleming , Joseph, Esq (West Moreton) Gore, St . George Richard, Esq ( Warwick) Haly , Charles Robe rt , Esq (the Burnett) Herbert, the Hon. Robert George Wyndham, Esq (the Leichhardt) Lilley, Charles , Esq (Hamlet of Fortitude Valley) Macalister , Arthur , Es q (Ipswich) Mackenzie, the Hon. Robert Rasay, Esq (the Burnett) Moffatt, Thomas De Lacy, Esq (Western Downs) O'Sullivan, Patrick, Esq (Ipswich) Pring, the Hon. Ratcliffe, Esq (Eastern Downs) Raff, George, Esq (Brisbane) Richards, Henry, Esq (South Brisbane) Boyds, Charier James,$ bq (the Leichhardt) Speaker, the Hon. the (Gilbert Elliott, Esq), (Wide Bay) Taylor, James, Esq (Western Downs) Thorn, George , Esq (West Moreton) Warty, Thomas Symes , Esq (East Moreton) Watts , John, Esq (Drayton and Toowoomba) 52 GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS.

THE DEPARTMENTS.

COLONIAL SECRETARY'S OFFICE. William Street. Colonial Secretary - The Hon. R. G. W. Herbert, Esq Principal Under Secretary - Arthur Wilcox Manning, Msq Clerks-Messrs . Francis Robert Chester Master ( lot class,) William Henry Day, Thomas Fitzarthur Smythe, (2nd class), John Alexander Boyce (3rd class) Clerk to H. E. Private Sec.--Mr . C. Carrington -+, THE TREASURY. Office.-G eorge and Queen Streets. Treasurer - The Hon . Robe rt Ramsay Mackenzie, Esq 'Under Secretary - Arthur Edward Dodwell, E.q Clerks-Messrs. George Turner , Henry Hoghton, (1st class), Henry Bulgin , and R . J. Coley, junior, (2nd class)

AUDIT OFFICE. O ice in the Treasury Buildings. Auditor -General -Henry Buckley, Esq Chief Clerk - Francis Orr Bryant, Esq

POSTAL DEPARTMENT.

Acting Postmaster -General-_The Hon. R . R. Mackenzie Postmaster - E. Barney Clerks-Messrs . A. Nightingale (1st class ), W. R. Barney (2nd class ), John Smith (3rd class) Sorter-R . Carter Letter Carriers -- John Kelly and Joseph Davis, (Brisbane), and John Evans, (Ipswich) Country Offices. Callandoon (Gundiwindi) -W. Elliott Condamine- Henry Foster Dalby-F . W. Roche Drayton- G. H. Loveday GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS. 53

Gayndah-John Connolly Gladstone-R. Hetherington Ipswich-R. Gill Maryborough-J. 13. Robertson Moggill-- -shield Nan$ngo-W. Miller Rockhampton-P. D. Mansfield Surat -Louis Smith Taroom-M. Zerbe Toowoomba--John Bennett Warwick-Jonathan Harris

New Post Offices will be established early in January at Cleveland, Marlborough, Leyburn, and Yarraeea.

COLONIAL ARCHITECT. Drw e.-Q eeea Street. Colonial Architect-Charles Tiffin, Esq ^,hief Clerk-Edward Deighton, Esq Clerk of Works -Mr. Joseph Sherwin Foreman of Works-Mr . William Holloway Chambers -a - ROADS DEi'ARTMENT Qfce-Queen Street. Surveyor of Roads-Francis Edward Roberts, Esq Draughtsman and Clerk-Henri Willson Hassler. Eeq Foremen of Works-Messrs. David Ferdinando Longland, and William Clayden Wakeling

CROWN LANDS DEPARTMENT. Office.- William Street. Surveyor-General-Augustus Charles Gregory. Esq Deputy Surveyor- General and District Surveyor of Southern District-M. E. L. Barrowes, Esq District Surveyor (Rockhampton )-A. F. Wood, Esq Surveyors ; First Class -Henry Haege, Esq, (Darling DovqC H. C. Rawnsley, Esq. (Maryborough) Surveyor- First Class -G. P. Reath, Esq, (Bris- b} 54 GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS.

Senior Surveyors.- Second Class-Messrs. G. L. Pratten, (Brisbane), C. Stuart, (Rockhampton), B. Austin, (Darling Downs, R. Scott, (Rockhampton) Licensed Surveyors .- Messrs J. Warner , (Bri sbane), A Linde, (Ipswich ), J. Buchanan , (Marybor )ngh ), F. D'Arcy, (Brisbane ), and J . H Permien , (Rockhampton) Drafting Branch. Chief Draftsman - Mr. E. J. Bennett Draftsman - Mr. F. Warner Clerical Branch. Clerks-M essrs. A. O. Herbert , (1st class), G. Huntley, (2nd class ), A. Bulgin, (3rd class .) Supernumerary Clerk.-- T. W. Poulden Office-keeper-C. Cuddihy Clerk and Office-keeper (Rockhampton )- G. D. A. Taafe Commissioners of Crown Lands. Chief Commissioner -A C. Gregory, Esq Commissioners -( Leichhardt District)- W. H. Wiseman, Esq., who resides at Rockhampton ; (Port Curtis District)-J. Jardine, Esq., who resides at Rockhampton ; (Wide Bay and Burnett Dist rict)- A. E. Ha lloran, Esq., who resides at Marv- borough; (Moreton District )- M. E. L. Burrowes , Esq., who resides at Brisbane ; (Darling Downs Dist rict )- Henry Haege, Esq , who resides at Drayton ; (Maranoa Dist rict )- Henry Boyle , Esq., who resides at Surat : (Kennedy District )- George Elphinstone Dalrymple , Esq.; (Maranoa Dist rict )- Patrick M'Arthur, Esq. LAND BOARD. Members-The Colonial Treasurer, the Surveyor-General, and Principal Under Secretary. Secretary-Arthur Orpen Herbert, Esq.

DEPARTMENT OF CUSTOMS. Collector of Customs-William Thornton, Esq. (who also acts in the capacity of Water Police Magistrate). Brisbane-Port of Moreton Bay. Tide Surveyor-Alexander Macdonald, Esq. Landing Waiter and Inspectoi of Bonded Stores.-William Haynes, Esq. GOVE$ NMENT DEPARTMENTS, 55

Chief Clerk and Shipping Master - Daniel Rountree Somerset, Esq. Second Clerk-Mr William Conolly Locker- Mr. Denis Guerin Messenger, and Keeper of the Powder Magazine.-Peter Hartley Ipswich. Sub-Co llector - Albert Maxwe ll Hutchinson, E,q. Wide Bay. Sub. Collector- Richard Bingham Sheridan, Esq. Second Officer-(Not yet appointed) *** The Sub-Collector acts also as Water Police Magistrate and Harbour Master Port Curtis. Sub-Collector -William Edward Hilliard, Esq. (who also sets as Harbour Master) $ockhampton. Sub-Collector-William John Brown, Esq. Second Officer-(Not yet appointed)

STEAM NAVIGATION BOARD. Members-Messrs . William Thornton (Chairman), Richard James Coley, and Charles Tiffin Shipwright Surveyor-Mr. John Petrie Engineer Surveyor-Mr. F. E. Roberts Secretary-Mr. William Connolly

HARBOR MASTER'S DEPARTMENT. Harbour Master-W. H. Gear f, Esq.; R.N. Pilots -Messrs. W. A. Curphy, R. H. Sholl, and H. Wyborn (Moreton Bay). Mr. S. Rundle (Rockhampton.) Mr. James Sinclair, (Port Curtis and Keppel Bay) Master of " Spitfire"-Mr. Bousfield Keeper of Lighthouse- Mr. James Brayden

PILOT BOARD. Members-Henry Richards, Esq., M.P., Richard James Coley, Esq., Alexander Raff, Esq., and Robert Douglas, Esq. D* 56 GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS.

LLOYDS' AGENT. Richard James Coley, Esq.

CONSULS. Belgium .- George Harris, E,q., M.L.C. Hamburg.-George Appel, E q. Oldenburg .-.. Ge,rge Reinhardt Francksen, Esq. United State s.- John Evans Brown, Esq.

IMMIGRATION OFFICE. Immigration Agent-Arthur Clark Kemball, Esq. Matron=Mrs. Sophia Morphy Board of Immigration - Arthur Clark Kemball, Arthur Wilcox Manning , William Henry Geary , and William Hobbs, Esquires. Health Officer-Dr. Hobbs A gent for the Colony in England - H. Jordan, Esq.

!VIEDICAL BOARD. President - George Fullerton . Esq., M D. Members-Dr . Cannan , Dr. Hobbs , Dr. Bell, and Dr. Barton Honorary Secretary- A. C. Kemball, Esq. --4- REGISTRAR-GENERAL. Registrar -General - Frederick Orme Darva ll , Esq. Deputy-Registrar - Rev. Robert Creyke. District Registrars - Condamine , Mr. R. J . H. Fothering- ham, C.P.S.-Dalby, Mr. F. W. Roche - Drayton, Mr. G. H. Loveday, C.P.S.-Gayndah, Mr. M. Airey, C.P.S.-Ipswica, Mr. W. Hendren - Leichhardt , Mr. R. W . Douglas, C.P.S.- Alaryborough , Mr. W. Richardson , Schoolmaster - Port Curtis, Mi. John Score Powe-Rockhampton , Mr. F. N . Beddek , C.P.S-- Warwick, Mr. Jonathan Harri s.

METEOROLOGICAL. Observer - Frederick James Barton, Esq. GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS. 57

BOTANIC GARDENS. Open daily, from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. Director and Superintendent-Walter Hill, Esq.

VOLUNTEER FORCE. BRISBANE. Colonel Commandant of the whole Force-The Honorable Maurice Charles O'Connell Adjutant and Rifle Instructor-Captain J. R. Blake. I'avalry-(One Troop)-Captain, John Bramston, Esq ; First Lieutenant, M. E. L. Burrowes; Second Lieutenant, F. R. Chester Master ; Quartermaster, A. A. May. Effective strength-20. Uniform-Grey, with black facings. Infantry-No. l Company-Captain, - Dudgeon ; First Lieutenant, G. Camel on ; Second Lieutenant, H. Kendall. No. 2 Company-Captain, E R. Drury : First Lieutenant, W. Cooks ; Second Lieutenant, George Petrie. Quartermaster and Secre- tary, W. M. Boyce. Drill Instructor, Sergeant E. Green. Effective strength, 170.-Uniform-Green with red facings; undress , blue serge shirt with red facings and white trousers. IPSWICH. Cavalry-[One Troop]-Captain, Alfred Delves Broughton ; First Lieutenant, Richard J. Smith; Second Lieutenant, Louis Heitz; Quartermaster and First Lieutenant, [supernumerary], Charles F. Chubb. Effective strength, 24. Drill Master, Sergeant Harding. Uniform-shell jacket and trousers of loyal blue cloth, white stripes down seam of trousers, white co, dings and facings; cap blue, white band. Officers, silver facings and lace. Infantry-[One Company]-Captain, Col. Gray ; first Lieutenant, John Kent; Second Lieutenant, D. Bethune; Quartermaster and Lieutenant [supernumerary], Charles F. Chubb. Effective strength, 30. Drill Master, Sergeant Cook. Uniform-Adelaide grey, no facings; blue cap.

LAW.

SUPREME COURT. Judge - The Hon . Al fred James Peter Lntwyche, Esq Prothonotary , Master in Equity , and Registrar - Fiederiek Orme Darvall, Esq 58 LAW.

Judge's Associate -- John Abraham, Esq Curator of Intestate Estates-Wi lliam Pickering, Esq Clerk for Entering Deeds-Mr. G. A. Watson Tipataffand Court-keeper-R . Thorrold Registrar's Messenger- G. Dickens

CROWN LAW OFFICES. Attorney . General - The Hon. Ratcli ffe Pring, Esq Clerk - Mr. Frede rick Raw lins Crown-Solicitor-Robert Little, Esq Clerk-Mr . Edwin Norris

SHERIFF 'S OFFICE. Sheriff-William Anthony Brown, Esq Clerk-Mr. William Theophilus Blakeney Bailiff - Mr. Jeremiah Daly Bailiff's Assistant - Mr. Charles Davis

INSOLVENT COURT. Chief Commissioner - His Honor the Judge Official Assignee- William Pickering, Esq

VICE -ADMIRALTY COURT. Judge-His Honor Mr. Justice Lutwyche Registrar - Frederick Orme Darvail, Esq. Marshal - William Anthony Brown, Esq.

CORONERS. Bri sbane-Kearsey Cannan , Esq., M.D. Ipswich - Henry Challinor . Esq., M.D. Darling Downs - William Armstrong, ESq., M.D. Warwick - Samuel William Aldred, Esq. Gayndah - W. H. Stevenson , Esq, M.D. Rockhampton-Elias Seelboi +ough Rutherford, Esq. - - MARRIAGE OF MINORS. The following Magistrates are appointed to give consent to the marriage of minors within their several districts :- Bris- bans :- W. Thornton , and W . Pickering , Esqrs . Ipswich :- Pollet Cardew , Esq. Darling Downs:-W. Armstrong, and J. C. White , Eagrs . Warwick:--J. W. Buckland, Esq. LAW. 59

Maryborough :- R. B. Sheridan, Esq. Gayndah :- Gilbert W. Elliott, Esq. Leichhardt :- John Scott, Esq.

GAOL AND LUNATIC ASYLUM. Gaoler and Superintel ,dent of Lunatics - Mr. Samuel Sneyd. Matron - Mrs. Margaret Sneyd. Visiting Surgeon-Dr . Cannan. Visiting Justice-Mr. J. F . M'Dougall. Chaplains -[ Episcopal Church-Rev . J. R. Moffatt [Roman Catholicl-Very Rev. Dean Rigney. Clerk to Gaol and Asylum - Mr J. C . Pearce. Principal Turnkey - William Gillan. Turnkeys - Edward Armstrong , P. Bradley , .1. Bagnell, R. Longue , John Hurford, M. Connor, C. Bragg , J. Tredennick. (Female }- Susan Carri g. P ri ncipal Warder in Asylum-William Harris. Matron-Mrs . Harris. Under Warders - George Robinson , J. Phil lips.

POLICE. Secretary to the Department - John M'Donnell, Esq. BalssaxE-Police Magistrate - William Anthony Brown, Esq. ; Clerk Petty Sessions - Arthur Algernon May, Esq. ; Chief Constable - Mr. T. J Griffin IPSWICH- Police Magistrate (Not yet appointed ) ; C. P. S. - Frederick Charles Daveney, Esq. ; Chief Constable-Mr. Edward Quinn DaAYTON AND ToowoomnA- Police Magistrate -( not yet appointed ) ; C. P. S.-G . H. Loveday, Esq. ; Chief Constable -Mr. W. Murphy WAnwIc -Police Magistrate -( not yet appointed ); C.P.S. -Herbert Evans , Esq. ; Chief Constable - Mr. W. G. Watts CALLANDOON- C.P.S.-Alexander Lnmsdaine, Esq. ; Chief Constable - Mr. M. Fogarty CONDAMINE- C.P.S.-R. J. H. Fotheringham, Esq. ; Chief Constable-Mr. J. Devine DAI.sy - C.P.S.-F. S. Bowerman , Esq. ; Chief Constable -Mr. J. Skelton MAaxsosouaw- Police Magistrate-( not yet appointed) ; C.P.S.-J . G. Chapman, Esq.; Chief Constable- Mr. C. S Hawthorne Gu. DsToNE-Police Magistrate -( not yet appointed) ; Chief Constable - Mr. W. Bindon 60 LAW.

Roc1 nAMPTON- Police Magistrate -( not yet appointed) ; C.P.S.-F. N. Beddek , Esq. ; Chief Constable-Mr. T. F. Quirk GAYNDAn AND NANANGO-Police Magistrate -(not yet appointed ) ; C.P S.-M. Airey, Esq . ; Chief Constable (Gayn- dah)-Mr . M. S. Persse ; District Constable , (Nanango)-Mr. W. Williams TAROME-C .P.S. R. W . Douglas, Esq . ; District Con- stable - Mr. John Conroy.

NATIVE POLICE. H ead Quarters , Rockhampton. Commandant - E N. V. Mori sset, Esq. Cadet - E. G. Genatas, Esq. First Division (Port Curtis and Leichhardt )- Lieut. John Murray, commanding . Second Lieutenants - E. G. Williams, G. P. M. Murray , J. T. Baker, A. Matveieff , J. Darley, and C. J. Biakeney Second Division (Wide Bay and Bu rn ett )- Lieut. John O'Connell Bligh, commanding. Second Lieutenant C. B. Phibbs Third Division (Maranon and Condamine )- Lieut. R. G, Walker , commanding . Second Lieutenants F. W. Carr and W. Moorehead Fourth Division (Moreton Bay)-Second Lieut . F. Wheeler, commanding Fifth Division (Burdekin)-Lieut . F. T. Powe ll , com- manding . Second Lieutenant J. Marlow

MISCELLANEOUS.

Colonial Agents for Queensland in London- Messrs. F. Mangles and Company Scab Inspectors-G. Appel (Brisbane ), James Morgan (Warwick ), and Leonard Young (Rockhampton) Exhibition Commission-Messrs. J. J. Galloway, A. C. Gregory, Walter Hill , William Hobbs, Charles Coxen, and George laff. Secretary - Mr. T. Dowse Corporation of Brisbane-The Worshipful the Mayor- John Petrie , Esq. Aldermen :- Messrs. Robert Cribb, George Warren , William Samuel Sutton , Patrick Mayne , Thomas MISCELLANEOUS. 61

Biacket Stephens, *Joshua Jeays, *George Edmondstone, and *Albert J Hockings. Town Clerk :-Mr. William M. Boyce. City Surveyor:-Mr. Christopher Porter. Collector of Rates: -Mr. F. J. Hingston [The three Aldermen marked with an asterisk retire in February , but are eligiblefor re-election.] Corporation of Ipswich-The Worshipful the Mayor- John Murphy, Esq. Aldermen :-Messrs. John Johnstone, C arles Watkin, Donald Bethune, John Malbon Thompson, *John Pettigrew, *Francis North, and *Thomas Stanley. Torn Clerk:-Mr. E. Boyd Cullen [The three Aldermen marked with an asterisk retire in February, but are eligible for re-election.]

COMMISSIONOF THE PEACE.

(Published in the Gazette of July 13 1860.)

--4-

ALEXANDER, Robert. Proaton, Gayndah Anderson, Peter Dalgarius, Gigoomgan, Wide Bay Archer, Charles, Gracemere, Rockhampton Archer, Colin, Gracemere, Rockhampton Armstrong, William, Drayton

BALrourt, The Hon. John, Colinton, Ipswich Barker, David, Nanango Belt, William, Westbrook, Diayton Bell, Joshua Peter, Jimbour, Dalby Bigge, The Hon. Francis Edward, Mount Brisbane, Ipswich Bligh, John O'Connell, Lieutenant Native Police Blomfield, Edwin Cordeaux, Port Curtis Blomfield, Richard, Glenlyon, Warwick Borton, Frederick, Banana, Rockhampton Boyle, Henry, Commissioner Crown Lands, Maranoa Brock, Osmond de Prior, Wetheron, Gayndah Broughton, Alfred Delves, Ipswich Brown, Alfred Henry, Port Curtis Brown, William Anthony, Sheriff Brown, Arthur, Wide Bay Brown, John Evans, Maranoa Buckland, James Warwick, Rosenthal, Warwick Buckley, Henry, Ipswich 62 COMMISSION OF

CAMERON, Daniel , Leichhardt Cardew , Pollett, Rhossili , Ipswich Challinor , Henry, Ipswich Clark, Charles, Talgai , Darling Downs Clark, Charles James , Port Curtis Clapperton , George, Tarong , Nanango Cobham, Richard , Clifton , Darling Downs Compignd . The Ron . Alfred William, Nindooimbah , Logan River Connor , Daniel , Collaroy, Rockhampton Cowper , Wi ll iam, Goomburra , Warwick Cozen , Henry William , Darling Downs Cozen , Charles, Dalby Cri bb, Benjamin , Ipswich Cribb , Robert, Brisbane

DALRYMFLE, George Elphinstone , Rockhampton Darva ll , Frederick Orme, Brisbane Daveney , Charles Beevor , Warwick Davidson , Gilbert, Canning Downs , Warwick Davidson , Waltee , Canning Downs , Warwick Day, Edward Denny , Police Magistrate , Maitland Deuchar , John, Glengallan , Warwick Dorsey , William McTaggart , Grantham, Ipswich Douglas , John , Rockhampton Dutton, Charles Boyde ll , Gingindah , Leichhardt

EASTON, Frede ri c Charles , Tarawinaba , Callandoon Easton , Henry Edward , Billa Bills, Call andoon Ellis, Henry , Deepwater, Surat Eliott , The Hon. Gilbert , Speaker of the Legislative Assembly Eliot, Gilbert William , Gayndah E lliott , Thomas , T ilpal , Rockhampton

FAIRCrOTR,George , Ipswich Ferrett , John , Condamine Fitz, The Hon. Henry Bates , Pilton , Drayton Fitzsimmons , Charles, Rockhampton Fleming, Joseph , Ipswich Forbes, Frederic Augustus , Ipswich Fullerton , The Hon . George , Adderton , Bi isbane

GADEN, W illiam Henry , Canoona Galbraith , Alexander , Burrandowan , l ayndah Galloway , The Hon . John James , Norman's Hill, Brisbane Gardiner . Frederick , Call andoon Geary, William Henry , Brisbane THE PEACE. 63

Geary , Edward Montague , Helidon, Drayton Gillespie , Thomas. Warwick Gibson , James, Chinchilla , Condamine Gordon , William Pile, Surat Gore, St. George Richard , Lyndhurst, Warwick Gore, Ralph Thomas, Yandilla , Drayton Gray , George Johnstone, Leichhardt Gray , Charles George, Ipswich Gray , Walter , Ipswich Gregory , Henry Churchman , Palm Tre e Creek, Ta room Grant , Alexander , Ogilvie , Dalgangall , Gayndah

HALLORAN, Arthur Edward, Commissioner, of Crown Lands, Wide Bay Haly, Charles Ro bert, Taabinga , Gayndah Haly , Wil liam O'Grady , Burnett Hardie, John , Fassifern , Ipswich Harris , The Hon . George, Brisbane Hay, James Leith, Rockhampton Henderson, Andrew Inglis. Jimboomba , Logan River Henning , Edward Biddulph , Marlborough , Rockhampton Herbert , Henry Arthur, Burnett Her be rt , The Hon. Robert George Wyndham, Brisbane. Heussler, John Ch ri stian , Brisbane Hirst, Wi lliam Henry , Warra Warra, Dalby Hope, The Hon . Louis, Kilroy , Ipswich Hodgson , Arthur , Sydney, New South Wales Hovell , Wi lliam Hilton, Goulburn, New South Wales Hutchinson , Frederick R., Widgee Widgee , Maryborough Hunter , William, ylaranoa Holt , Williani Harvey, Kolonga , Gayndah Hood, Willi am , Gayndah

ISAAC, Frederick Neville, Gowrie, Darling Downs

JARDINE , John , Rockhampton Jones, Thomas, Baramba , Nanango Jones, David Maunder , Boonara , Gayndah Jordan, Henry , Brisbane

LAIDLEY , The Hon. James . Ipswich Lamb, Edward William , Ipswich Lamotte , Frederick Charles, Terringarrin , Gayndah Landesborough , James, Gladstone Landesborough , William , Rockhampton Lawless, Clement , Boombajan , Gayndah 64 COMMISSION OF

Lawless , Paul , Boombajan , Gayndah Larnach, John Alexander, Rockhampton Lawson , Alexander Robertson , Burnett Lawson , Robert , Gayndah Lethbridge , Christopher , Condamine Lester Leonard Edward , Cooehin , Ipswich Livia, John, Port Curtis Livingstone , John, Gayndah Lucas, Francis Norman, Ipswich

McAaTaux , Arthur Hannibal , Maroonan , New England McArthur , John, Glenelg, Warwick McDougall , The Hon . John Frederick , Milton, Brisbane McDougall , Donald Nor ris, Texas , Severn River Macdona ld, Chessborough Claudius , Burnett Macdonald , Charles E. Stewart , Caliguel , Condamine Macartney , John Arthur, Gleumore , Rockhampton Mackey , Colin Campbell, Rockhampton Mackenzie , The Hon. Robe rt Ramsay , K inellan, Bri sban, bloLerie, John, Inspector-General of Police, Sydney Manning, Arthur Wilcox, Ipswich Mant, George , Gi¢oomgan , Wide, Bay Marsh , Charles William, Maryland Marshall , Richard Purvis, Calandoon Marshall , Sampson , Calandoon Master, Francis Robert Chester, Brisbane Massie , The Hon. Robert George, Toolburi a, Darling Downs Mayne, John Colburn, Weranga, Dalby Melville, Andrew Wedderburn, Maryborough Moffatt, Thomas De Lacy, Ipswich Moreton, The Hon. Berkeley Basil, Wetheron, Gayndah Moria rt y , Atram Orpen , Esk Grove, Brisbane Morisset, Edric Norfolk Vaux, Brisbane Murray, John , Lieutenant Native Police Murphy, Jehn, Mayor, Irwich Myyne, Graham, Etanawill, Clarence River Noaru, Francis, Ipswich North, Joseph, Ipswich No rt h , William , Ipswich O'ConxELL, The Hon. Maurice Charles, Biverstone, Port Curtis

Paa saa, Edward Fielding, Maryborough Palmer , Henry, Maryborough Panton , John, Ipswich THE PEACE. 65

Parkinson , Charles Frede ri ck Doyle , Kenilwo rt h, Maryborough Petrie, John, Mayor, Brisbane Pickering, William , Brisbane Pigott, Peter, Gayndah Prior , Thomas Lodge Murray, Cleveland , Brisbane

RAWRSLEY , Henry , Maryborough Ramsay , John Bonar Peter , Canoona, Rockhampton Radford. Henry Wyatt, Prichester, Rockhampton Radford, John Robert, Rockhampton Ranken, John, Ipswich Raff, George , Moraybank , Brisbane Raff, Alexander , Brisbane Rawson, William, Rosewood Reid, James Blain, Maryborough Richards, Henry, South Brisbane Riley, Alexander Raby, Tenterfield, New South Wales Robeson , Hugh , Rockhampton Roche, Frederick William, Dalby Rogers, William, Chinchilla, Rockhampton Ro lleston , Christopher, Sydney, New South Wales R •wlands , Thomas , Ipswich Royds, Charles James, Juanda, Dawson River Royds, Edmund Molyneux , Dawson River Russell , Henry Stuart, Sydney, New South Wales

SANDwuN, Gordon , Burrandowan , Gayndah Scott, John, Palm Tree Creek. Leichhardt Scott, James Hall, Retreat, Calandoon Serocold , George Pearce , Cockatoo, Taroom Sheridan , Richard Bingham, Maryborough Siuipson , The Hon. Stephen, Wolston Sinclair , Duncan M'Diarmid, Wombo Smith , Richard Joseph , Ipswich Smith, Robert Wilkin, Iderrawang , Gayndah Stewart , William R., Peak Downs, Rockhampton Stephens , Thomas Blacket, Brisbane Strathdee , Robert. Gayndah St. Jean, Ei nest De, Cowrie, Drayton

TAYLOR,James , Toowoomba Thomas, Alfred Csyley, Dykehead , Gayndah Thomson , Archibald McMurdo, Taroom Thornton , William, Brisbane Turner, William , Helidon Tom, Henry , Yuleba , Condamine 66 COMMISION OF THE PEACE.

Una. Edmund Blocher, Wide Bay

VrGNoLLxs, Francis Durell , Western Creek , Drayton Vickery, T. W., Canoona , Rockhampton Wsraffie, Robert George, Lieutenant Native Police Walsh, William Henry , Degilbo, Wide Bay Watts, John. Eton Vale, Drayton Webb, George Dudley, Brisbane Wienholt, Arnold, Maryvale, Warwick Wienholt, Edward, Rosalie Plains, Dolby White , William Duckett, Beaudese rt , Logan River White , James Charles , Jondaryan, Dalby Wickham , John Clements , Brisbane Wilson, John K err, Wombo Wilson, George Henry , Ipswich W ilson, Robert Kerr, Dalby Wiseman, William Henry, Commissioner Crown Lands, Leich• hardt Wood, Arthur Francis, Rockhampton Wood, Western, Gayndah Yernwrx, The Hon. William Henry, Taroom

MINISTERSOF RELIGION.

Church of England.-- Glennie, Rev. Benjamin, Drayton ; Jones , Rev. Thomas, Brisbane ; Mackenzie , Rev. Duncan Campbell, Gayndah ; Moffatt, Rev . James Robert , Brisbane ; Moberley, Rev. Edward G., Dalby ; Moseley, Rev. John, Brisbane ; Ransoms , Rev. Vincent , Toowoomba ; Rumsey, Rev. Lacy H., Ipawicb ; Satton, Rev . John, Gladstone ; Tomli nsojb, Rev. John, Brisbane ; TuffnelI, Right Rev. Edward Wyndham , D.D., Bishop of Brisbane. Somas Catholic Church.- M'Gint j+, Rev. William , Ipswich ; Rigney, Very Rev . John , Dean, Brisbane. Church of Scotland-(Synod of Australia ).- Nelson, Rev. Walter Lambie, LL.D., Ipswich. Presbyterian (:lurch--( Synod of Eastern Australia).-- Hogg , Rev. Robert, Gayndah ; Ogg, Rev. Charles, Brisbane. MINISTERS OF RELIGION. 67

Presbyterian Churclo-( Synod of New South Wales).- Kingaord , Rev. Thomas , Warwick ; Wagner, Rev. Gott- friedd,German Station , Brisbane. P,eabyteriam Church.- Mowbray, Rev. Thomas, South Brisbane ; Sinclair, Rev. Duncan M., Condamine. Wesleyan Methodist Church .- Curnow , Rev. Wi lliam, Ipswich ; Turner, Rev. Nathaniel , B ri sbane; Wilkinson, Rev. Samuel , Brisbane ; Wilson , Rev. Wil liam , Warwick. Independent Church.-G ri$lths , Rev. Edward, Brisbane ; Waraker , Rev. J . T., Toowoomba. Baptist Church.- Hinton, Mr. Josiah T., Maryborough ; Roberts, Mr. W. S., Ipswich ; Wilson , Rev. Benjamin Gil- more, Brisbane. Lutheran Church.- Schirmeister , Rev. C. F. A. F., German Station , Brisbane. .F *,itive Methodist C%srch.- Colley, Rev . W., Brisbane. • BANKING ESTABLISHMENTS. -4 - BRISB$NE. Bank of New South Wales-Manager ,- Shepherd Smith, Esq. Discount Days-Wednesday and Saturday Union Bank of Australia- Manager,-J . Burrow Turner, Esq. Discount Days- Monday and Thursday Australian Joint Stock Bank-Manager,--E. S. Ebeworth, Esq, Discount Days- Tuesday and Friday Bank of Australasia- Manager,-- E. R. Drury , Esq. Discount days- Monday and Thursday Moreton Bay Savings' Bank-President,-Bb, Excellency the Qovernor; Vice-President, the Hon R. (I. W. Herbert; Trustees, the Hon. B. R. Mackenzie, J. F. H i odougall, R. J. Smith, $. Little, and Q Ruff, Esqrs. Aooountant, Mr. R. F. Phelan. Open every Monday from 1 to 2 o'clock, p.m. IMSWIC$ Bank of Australasa-Maneger ,- G. Faircloth, Esq. Dis- count Days--Monday and Thursday Bank of New South Wales.- Acting Manager,-Janes Gibson, Eeq Discount Day s-' T'uesday and Friday Australian Joint Stock Bank. - Manager,-H . R. Abbott, Esq. Discount Days-Tuesday and Friday 6 8 BANKING ESTABLISHMENTS.

TOOWOOMBA- Bank of New South Wales .- Agent Robert H. D. White, Esq MARYBOROUGH. Commercial Banking Company of Sydney (Branch.)- Manager; R. Napier, Esq. ROOgHAMPTON. Australian Joint Stack Bank .- Manager,-. James A. Larnach, Esq. Bank Holidays. January 1, New Year's Day March 17, St . Patrick's Day April 6, Good Friday „ 9, Easter Monday 23, St. George's Day May 23, Queen's Birthday „ 28, Whit Monday November 30, St. Andrew's Day December 10, Separation Day „ 25, Christmas Day „ 26, Boxing Day

NEWSPAPERS. The MoAsTON BAY ®OUEIEa, established in June 1846, is published in Brisbane every Tuesday , Thursday , and Satur- day morning . O$fee - George-street. The NoRTH AuSTLALIAN, established in October , 1855, is published at Ipswich every Tuesday and Friday morning. Office-Bast • ptreet. The DAELTNQDowers GAzwrra , established in June , 1858, is published at Drayton every Thursday morning. The Irswion flame established in July , 1859 , is pub- lished in Ipswich every Tuesday and Friday morning. Office Ellenborough -street. The GUARDIAN, established in March , 1860, is published in Brisbane every Saturday morning . Office-Queen -street: The Qaa NaLAND GovERNMENT GAZETTE is published at PPugh's Priuiaug Office, George- street, Brisbane , every batur- y The MARTROROUoHCHRONICLE, established in November, 1860 . is published in Maryborough every Wednesday-morning. Oiice-Lennox -street. [24TH VICT., No. 11.] An art FOR REGULATING THE OCCUPATION OF UNOCCUPIED CROWN LANDS IN THE UNSETTLED DISTRICTS. [Assented to 17th September, 1860.1 Preamble EREAS it is expedient to make better provi- sion for the occupation of the uAoccupied Waste Lands of the Crown in the unsettled Districts Be it therefore enacted by the Queen's')feat Excellent Majesty by and with the advice of the Legislative Council and -Legislative Assembly of Queensland in Parliament assembled- and by the authority of the same as follows Interetation 1 The +awing •-terms within inverted commas shall for the purposes of this Act unless the context otherwise -indicate bear the meanings -set against tread respectively- 70 QUuINSL&rm

Perms meanings " Orders in Council"-- The Orders in Council and Regulations or any one or more of them from time to time issued under the Imperial Act 9th and 10th Victoria chapter 104 " Unsettled Districts"- The Districts declared to be of the unsettled class under the said Orders in Council on the commence- ment of this Act and such other Districts as shall be proclaimed to be open for Licenseor Leasewithin the provisions of this Act " Crown Lands"- All Lands vested in Her Ma- jesty which have not been dedicated to any public purpose or which have not been granted or law- fullycontracted to be grantedto any personin fee simple or for any less estate And all lands which at the time of tke passing of this Act shall not be subject to any contract promise or en- gagement made by or on behalf of Her Majesty « Run"-Any portion of Crown Lands which shall be comprised in any licenseor leasegranted under this Act for Pas- toralpurposes LAND ACTS. 71

"Gazette"-Queensland Government Gazette " Appraisement"---Settlement of rent by Ap- praisersto be appointed as specified in section thirteen of this Act Repeal of 22 Vict No 17 and portion of Orders in Council 2 On and from the commencement of this Act the Act of Parliament of New South Wales made and passed in the twenty-second year of the Reign of Her Most Gracious Majesty and numbered seventeen inti- tuled " An Act to impose an assessment on Runs in the unsettled and intermediate Districts and to increase the rent of lands for leased Pastoral purposes within the settled districts of New South Wales " so far as the same affects the provisions of this Act and such parts of the Orders in Council and Regulations now in force in Queensland respecting Waste Lands of the Crown as are repugnant to any provision of this Act shall be and the same are hereby repealed Provided that nothing herein contained shall prejudice anything already lawfully done under the said Orders and Regu- lations oi commenced or contracted to be done there- under respectively Commissioners to be appointed 3 The Governor with the advice of the Executive Council shall from time to time appoint fit and proper persons to be Commissioners of Crown Lands who shall execute the provisions of this Act in such Districts as may be assigned to them respectively Provided that the Governor with the advice aforesaid shall define and declare the duties of such Commissioners in regulations to be made for that purpose pursuant to the provisions of section Thirty three hereinafter contained Mode of obtaining a Run 4 If any person shall be desirous of obtaining a Run he shall be at liberty to apply to the Commis- E* 72 QUEENSLAND

sioner of the District in which such Run shall be situated for a license to occupy the same for one year from the granting of such license and every Commis- sioner shall grant a license of such Run to the first applicant for the same which application shall be entered in a book to be kept by the Commissioner of the dis- trict for that purpose Such entry shall contain a description of the Run applied for and shall be then signed by the applicant or his authorised agent and such book shall be open for inspection by all parties on demand by payment of a fee of two shillings and six pence Provided that if two or more persons shall .apply for any license the claim of that applicant shall be deemed preferable who has first occupied the Run so applied for during any period not exceeding sixty days previous to the making such application Prc- vided also that such occupation during a period not exceeding two months if followed by an application for a license shall not be deemed a trespass under clause 29 Provided also that a return of all such licenses from time to time be published in the Gazette Pro- vided also that no license granted under this clause shall be transferable unless the land comprised in such license shall have been stocked within the provisions of this Act and except by operation of law Description of Runs to be given on application for license 5 All applications for such licenses shall be in the form required by any regulation made in pursuance of this Act and must contain clear descriptions of the Runs applied for the boundaries thereof and the marks or natural features by which such boundaries are in- dicated so as nearly as may be to describe the Run according to the provisions of section six of this Act Provided that it shall be lawful for the Commissioner or other officer duly authorised to amend any such description and to insert such amended description LAND ACTS. 73 either in the license or in the lease to be applied for and granted as hereinafter provided for as well as in, the Commissioner 's book to be kept in accordance with clause 4 of this Act Have power to amend description Area of Runs 6 Each Run shall consist of not less then twenty- five square miles nor more than one hundred square miles and shall be of rectangular form in which the 'external lines shall run east and west and north and south and the length shall be as nearly as may be equal to the width subject however to such deviations as the general features of the Country and the adoption of natural boundaries may require and subject also to the exclusion of water necessary to the beneficial occupa- tion of adjoining lands Provided that in computing the area of any run it shall be competent for the local Commissioner to exclude any portion which may be unavailable for pastoral purposes Occupation Fee 7 Every person who shall obtain a license as aforesaid shall on or within ninety days after obtaining such license pay into the Treasury in Brisbane as an occupation fee for the same the sum of ten shillings per square mile and unless such fee shall be so paid the license shall be forfeited Leases may be granted on application 8 Any holder of a license shall be at liberty within any time not less than three months prior to the expiration of the year for which his license has been granted to apply to The Chief Commissioner of Crown Lands through the District Commissioner for a lease of the Run comprised in such license and a lease of the same at the rent hereinafter specified shall be granted to such holder for a period of fourteen years if such Run shall at the time of the application for and the granting of such lease have been and shall be 74 QUEENSLAND stocked to an extent equal to one fourth of the number of sheep or equivalent number of cattle which each Run shall by this Act be deemed to be capable of carry- ing Provided that where a lessee shall have two or more Runs adjoining each other not exceeding in the aggregate 100 square miles it shall be lawful for the said lessee to locate his stock on any or either of them Defined capability of Run 9 Every Run shall be deemed to be capable of carrying at least one hundred sheep or twenty head of cattle per square mile Date of Lease 10 Every lease granted under the provisions of this Act shall bear date the first day of January or July preceding the application for such lease Description of Leased Lands 11 In any license or lease granted under the pro- visions of this Act it shall be sufficient if the land thereby granted or demised be defined according to the be st description of such land and of the boundaries thereof which may have been procurable notwithstand, ing that such description may not have been prepared after actual survey and no license or lease shall be , liable to be set aside by reason only of the imperfection of any such description so long as the land shall thereby be defined with reasonablecertainty Rent to be paid Amount of Rent during first four years Amount of Rent during residue of term 12-The lessee of every Run shall during the con- tinuance of his lease pay a yearly rent for the same as hereinbefore mentioned and such yearly rent shall be payable in advance at such time and place as shall be fixed by the Governor with the advice aforesaid 1st The rent to be geld for each ran during the first four years of any lease of the same shall be a sum of ten shillings per square mile according to an estimate of LAND ACTS. 75 the area of such run to be made by the Commissioner and by the party applying and in the event of their not agreeing by an umpire to be appointed as herein- after provided 2nd The rent payable in respect of such lease for the succeeding periods of five years and live years being the residue of the term comprised in such lease shall be the appraisement made at the com- mencement of such periods of five years and five years respectively in proportion to the value of the run its -capabilities advantages and disadvantages being con- sidered Provided that in no case during the first period of five years shall the rent be after a less rate than £25 nor a greater than £ 50 and during the second period of five years in no case shall it be less than after the rate of £ 30 nor more than £ 70 per Block of twenty-five square miles Mode of estimating the Rental of Runs If lessee shall refuse or fail to appoint a valuer Com- missioner shall have the power to appoint him 13 In order to estimate the rent as provided by section 12 of this Act the lessee shall within a period of not less than three months previous to the expira- tion of the fourth year of his lease nominate in writing tog Commissioner of the District in which his run is situated a valuer on behalf of himself and such Com- missioner shall act as valuer on behalf of the Crown or name one to act for him and these two valuers shall have power to choose if necessary an umpire but if they cannot agree in the choice of an umpire he shall be appointedby theGovernor with the advice aforesaid Provided that if the lessee shall neglect or refuse within the space of eight weeks -after notice in writing to be given to him for that purpose by such Commissioner to appoint a valuer it shall be lawful for such Commis- sioner to appoint a valuer on such lessee's behalf and such valuer shall be a valuer appointed by and acting on behalf of such lessee and every valuation made 76 QUEENSLAND under such appointment as well as all other valuations under this Act shall be published in the Government Gazette within one month after the same has been determined upon and shall be deemed to be valid Penalty for non-payment of Rent 14 If default shall be made in the payment of the rent the lease shall be forfeited but the lessee shall be permitted to defeat the forfeiture and prevent its be- com ng absolute by payment within ninety days from the date of the original rent day of the full annual rent with the addition of a sum equal to one-fourth part thereof by way of penalty but unless the whole of the said yearly rent together with such penalty as afore- said shall be paid within the term of ninety days count- ing from the original rent day inclusive the lease shall be absolutelyforfeited Lease not applied for runs to be dealt with as Crown Lands 15 If any licensee of a 4un shall omit or neglect to apply for a lease of the same within the time speci fied in this Act and according to the provisions thereof or shall fail to obtain a lease of the same or shall fail to keep up the amount of stock required to be on the run at the time of obtaining the lease unless prevented by unavoidable accident such run shall be dealt with as a forfeited or vacated run Grants for public - purposes 16 Nothing in this Act contained shall prevent the Governor with the advice aforesaid from making grants or sales of any lands comprised in any license or lease for public purposes or disposing of in such other manner as for the public interest may seem best such lands as may be required for the sites of schools or for the construction of high roads or railways and railway stations or for other internal communications whether by land or water or for the use or benefit of the aboriginal inhabitants of the country or for public LAND ACTS. 77 buildings or as places for the interment of the dead or places for the recreation and amusement of the inha- bitants of any town or village or as the sites of public quays or landing places on the sea-coast or shores of navigable streams or for the purpose of sinking shafts and digging for gold coals iron copper lead or other minerals and effectually working gold coal iron copper lead or other minerals or for any other purpose of public defence safety utility convenience or en pyment or for otherwise facilitating the improvement and settle- ment of the Colony Resumption of Run 17 The whole or any portion of any run may be reserved for public purposes or resumed for We or otherwise after giving twelve months notice In case of resumption the proportionate rent paid or to be paid in respect of the quantity of land so resumed wi ll be re- turned or allowed to the lessee Value of improvements may be claimed in resumption 18 Whenever it shall be deemed expedient to re- sume for any purpose any land included in a lease and whenever the term of any lease shall expire the Lessee may claim the value of improvements effected on land so sold or resumed or of which the lease shall so expire if such claim is made within two months after notice of such intended resumption or after the expiry of such term such value to be ascertained by valuation to be made in the manner prescribed by section thirteen of this Act and such valuation shall be conclusive and payment shall be made to the lessee according to such valuation Provided always that such claim shall not be allowed to any such lessee who shall take the land in- cluded in such lease under any renewal or new lease thereof Sale at Auction of leases of forfeited and vacated Runs 19 Runs which have been forfeited or vacated after the same have been leased shall be submitted to sale by 78 QUEENSLAND public auction for the residue of the term specified in the original lease of the same at the minimum upset price of ten shillings per annum for every square mile and the rental shall be paid in advance And any such Run if unsold may be once again put up for sale in like manner and if not then sold the Governor with the advice aforesaid may reduce the minimum upset rent to such sum as may be deemed just and reasonable and the saw shall be again submitted for We as aforesaid at such reduced upset price Passage of Stock 20 Any person driving horses cattle or sheep along any road used or required for the purpose of travelling may depasture the same on any Crown Lands unless the same are enclosed within the distance of one half mile of such road notwithstanding any lease of any such lands for pastoral purposes Provided that unless prevented by rain or flood such horses or cattle shall be moved at least seven miles and such sheep at least four miles in one and the same direction within every succes- sive period of twenty-four hours And any person or persons driving horses cattle or sheep or depasturing the satne contrary to the provisions of this clause shall forfeit and pay a sum not exceeding £20 to be recovered before any two Justices of the Peace at any Court of Petty Sessions and for every subsequent offence shall forfeit a like sum Provided that no information for any subsequent offence shall be laid until the expiration of one week succeeding the filing of any preceding in- formation Licenses to Cut Timber &c may be granted Provided that any reasonable objection may be enter- tained by Government 21 The Governor with the advice aforesaid may (subject to any regulations to be made as hereinafter enacted) authorise the Commissioners or Bench of Magistrates to issue licenses for any term not exceed- LAND ACTS. 79 ing one year to enter any Crown Lands whether under lease or license or not and to cut and take therefrom any timber and to dig for and remove any gravel stone brick earth shells or other material but not within two miles of any head station unless by consent of the lessee Provided that the fee fixed for such license shall be paid in advance Provided also that any lessee may make any reasonable objection to the granting of such license and the granting or withholding of such license after any objection shall have been made to the Commissioner or Bench of Magistrates shall be determined by the Governor with the advice aforesaid Provided that any l essee may by notice in writing to that effect given to any such licensee restrict him or her from exercising his or her rights as such licensee ip any given spot to be mentioned in such notice for a period not exceeding one month and such licensee shall within such period appeal to the Commissioner or nearest Bench of Magis- trates who shall have power respectively to decide the matter in issue between the parties and such licensee shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding twenty pounds if after such notice given as aforesaid or in the event of the matter in issue being decided against him he or she shall exercise the right of a licensee which penalty may be recovered before any two of H er Majesty's Justices of the Peace in Petty Sessions in the manner prescribed by law Use of Timber or material by Lessees 22 Lessees of Runs shall be permitted to out and use such timber and material for building and other purposes as may be required by them as tenants of their several lands Removal of Timber and material by other than Lessees 22 Except as provided in clause 21 of this Act Lessees of Runs shall not have power to restrict other persons duly authorised by the Government ether from so QTJEENSLAND cutting or removing timber or material for building or other purposes or from searching for any metal or mineralwithin the run leased Commonage proclamation and regulations 24 The Governor with the advice aforesaid may proclaim and set apart temporarily any Crown Lands for commonage purposes for the use and benefit of the inhabitants of any city town or village or other specified locality and may make and proclaim regulations for the management of such commonage or depute or permit and suffer the Mayor and Corporation of any Munici- pality to manage such commonage and to make rules and regulations -for the management of the same Right to enter on Lands 25 Nothing in this Act or in any license or lease granted thereunder shall be held to prejudice or inter- rupt the right of the Governor or of any officer duly authorised in that behalf by the Governor with advice aforesaid to go upon any lands included in any license or lease or to make any survey inspection or examina- tion of the same In case of dispute Governor may refer 26-Whenever any dispute shall arise as to the botundaries of any runs it shall be lawful for the Governor or the officer duly authorised to act in that behalf to require the same to be settled by arbitration and which arbitration shall be in all respects con- ducted in the manner pointed out by section Thirteen of this Act with respect to the determination of the rent of such runs provided that nothing herein con- tained shall be held to bind the Governor to refer any such dispute to arbitration or to issue any lease pursuant to the award of such arbitration unless the same shall be approvedby him Declaration to be made 27 Before any Commissioner of Crown Lands arbitrator appraiser or umpire shall enter into the con- LAND ACTS. 81

aideration of any matter referred to him he shall in the presence of a Justice of the Peace make and subscribe the following declaration that is to say :-

I do solemnly and sincerely declare that I have no pecuniary or other interest either directly or indirectly in the matter in question that I will faithfully and honestly and to the best of my skill and ability her and determine the matters referred to me under the provisions of an Act entitled '"An Act for regulating the Occupation of Unoccupied Crown Lands in the unsettled Districts" Made and subscribed in the presence of

And such declaration shall be annexed to the award when made Provided that any Commissioner of Crown Lands arbitrator appraiser or umpire who shall make a false declaration shall be punishable for perjury Removal of Trespassers 28 On information in writing preferred by any Commissioner of Crown Lands or other person duly authorised in that behalf to any Justice of the Peace setting forth that any person is in the unlawful occu- pation of any Crown Lands or land reserved or dedi- cated for any public purpose such Justice shall issue his summons for the appearance before any two Justices of the Peace at a place and time therein specified of the person so informed against and at such time and place such two Justices on the appearance of such person or on due proof of the service of such summons on him or at his usual or last place of abode or business shall hear and enquire into the subject matter of such information and on being satisfied of the truth thereof either by the admission of the person informed against or on other evidence such Justices shall issue their warrant addressed to the Sheriff or Deputy-Sheriff or Commissioner of Crown Lands or to any Chief or District Constable requiring him forthwith to dispossess and remove such person from such land and to take 82 QUEENSLAND possession of the same on behalf of Her Majesty and the person to whom such warrant is addressed shall forthwith carry the same into execution Penalties for Trespassing 29 Any person unless lawfully claiming under any subsisting lease or license or otherwise under this Act who shall be found occupying any Crown Land or land Fanted reserved or dedicated for public purposes either residing or by erecting any hut or building thereon or by clearing digging up enclosing or cultivating any part thereof or cutting timber otherwise than firewood not for sale thereon shall be liable on conviction to a penalty not exceeding five pounds for the first offence and not exceeding ten pounds f the second offence and not exceeding twenty pounds Mr the third or any subsequent offence Provided that no information shall be laid for any second or subsequent offence until thirty clear days shall have elapsed from the date of the previ- ous conviction Limitation of action 30 All actions or other proceedings against any Commissioner of Crown Lands or other officer acting under the provisions of this Act for anything wrong- fully done under or against the provisions of this Act shall be commenced within six months after the matter complained of was committed and not otherwise And notice in writing of any such action and of the cause thereof shall be given to the defendant one month at least before the commencement of the proceeding And in every such proceeding the defendant may plead the general issue and give this Act and the special matter in evidence at any trial to be had thereupon and no plaintiff shall recover in any such proceeding if tender of sufficient amends shall have been made before the same was commenced or if a sufficient sum of money shall have been paid into Court after such commence- ment by or on behalf of the defendant together with LAND ACTS. 83

costs incurred up to that time And if a verdict shall pass for the defendant or the plaintiff shall become nonsuit or discontinue such proceeding or if upon demurrer or otherwise judgment shall be given against the plaintiff the defendant shall recover his full costs as between attorney and client and have the like remedy for the same as any defendant has by law in othercases No quashing for error nor certiorari 31 No order judgment or proceeding made touch- ing or concerning the matters aforesaid or touching or concerning the conviction of any offender against this Act shall be quashed or vacated for want of form only or be removed or removable by certiorari or by any writ or process whatsoever into the Supreme Court Instruments under Act to be evidence 32 Any lease or other instrument issued under this Act may be proved in all legal proceedings by the production of a certified copy thereof signed by the officer to be authorized for that purpose under any rega, lation made as hereinafter enacted Governor may make regulations 33 It shall be lawful for the Governor with the advice aforesaid from time to time to make vary and alter regulations respecting the forms of leases and tenses granted under this Act and respecting all matters and things necessary to give effect to the same and every such regulation shall be published in the Gazette and when published shall have the force of law Regulations to be laid before Parliament 34 A copy of all regulations made under the authority of this Act shall be laid before the Parlia- ment within fourteen days from the publication thereof if the Parliament shall be then sitting and if the Par- liament shall not be then sitting then within fourteen days from its next sitting for the despatch of business 84 QUXENSLA"

Commencementand SAort Title 35 This Act shall commence on the first day of October next and shall be styled and may be cited as the " unoccupied Crown Lands Occupation Act of 1860."

[24TH PICT ., No. 12.]

TO REGULATE THE OCCUPATION OF LAND APPLIED FOR BY TENDER. [Assented to 17th September , 1860.] Preamble by an Order of the Queen 's Most Ex- W llbtt Majesty in Council bearing date the ninth day of 0 arch 1847 it was by the 12th and 13th sec- tions thereofprovided that any persondesirous ac- quiring a lease of any Run of Crown Lands sh uld tender for the same in such manner as therein is mew tioned and w hereas tenders for leases of Runs within the Colony of Queensland have be en transmitted to and received by the Governments of New South Wales and Queensland respectively And whereas it is expedient that leases should be issued in pursuance of the afore- said sections to al l persons who have tendered and whose tenders have been accepted or receivedand opened and who shall not have stocked the land com- prised in the same And whereas it is also expedient to make regulations concerning the occupation of the lands to be comprised in any such lease to be granted as aforesaid Be it therefore enacted by the Queen's Most Excellent Majesty by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Council and Legislative LA" ACTS. 85

Assembly of queensland in parliament assembled and by the authoritl of The same` as follows Repeal of 22 Viet . o 17 1 The Order in Council of the 9th March 1847 and all Regulations made in pursuance thereof so far as they in anywise affect or are inconsistent with this Act and the Act of Parliament of New South Wales made and passed in the twenty -second year of the Reign of Her Most Gracious Majesty and numbered seventeen intituled " An Act to Impose an Assessment on Runs in the Unsettled and Intermediate Districts and to "Increase the Rent of Lands for Leased Pastoral Pur- " pbses within the Settled Districts of New South " Wales " so far as the same affect the provisions of this Act shall be and the same are hereby repealed Provided that nothing herein .contained shall prejudice antbiug already lawfully done under the said orders and regu- lations or commenced or contracted to be done there- under respectively Tenders for Runs already liable to Rent 2 All persons whose tenders for runs have been =already received and opened by the Government of New South Wales or the Government of Queensland under the 12th and 13th sections of the hereinbeforo- reoited Order in Council dated 9th March 184T ?eras bg to runs in the Colony of Queensland and of which such persons shall be entitled to a lease under the said 12th section of such Order in Council shall be liable until such lease shall have been granted to pay and shall pay rent on such tenders as if such lease had been granted such rent to be the same and to be payable at the same time and manner specified in this Act for leases and shall be subject to forfeiture for non -payment of rent in manner mentioned in the Unoccupied Crown Lands Occupation Act of 1860 notwithstanding that such tenders may not have be en finally reported on but no F 86 QUEENSLAND such party shall be called upon to pay more than one year's rent for each run till the said tenders shall have been accepted and reported on Provided always that in the event of its appearing that any such tender com- prises land leased or under promise of lease or applied for under any previous tender and that such tender has ultimateljr been declined then and in every such case the rent paid on such land as aforesaid shall be returned to the parties or party whose tenders or tender shall have been so declined Leases of Lands Tendered for to be Granted 8 The Governor with the advice of the Executive Council shall grant a lease of the lands comprised in any accepted tender for the term of fourteen years and the term of every such lease shall commence from the first day of January or July nearest to the acceptance of any sfich tender Provided that all lessees who have occupied their runs for the first time since the 1st January 1860 may come under the provisions of this Act Rent 4 Every lessee shall during the continuance of his lease pay a yearly rent for the same to be fixed and pap able at-the same rates and times and ascertainable in the same manner as provided for in the Unoccupied Crown Lands Occupation Act of 1860 Provision for Occupation 5 Every lessee whose tender has at the time of the passing of this Act been accepted or whose tender shall hereafter be accepted shall within twelve months from the date of his lease occupy and stock the lands com- prised in such lease to an extent equal to one-fourth of ,the number of sheep or equivalent number of cattle which such lands shall be deemed to be capable of carry- ing according to section nine of the said last-mentioned Act and should such runs not be stocked as hereinbefore LANt ACTS. 87 provided every lessee of same shall be liable to pay in advance twice the amount of rent imposed by his lease and if within six months after the payment of such additional rent such runs shall not have been stocked as hereinbeforeprovided the same shallbe absolutelyfor- feited Incorporation of Provisions of Act of 1860 6 All the provisions of the said Act of 1860 so far as the same are not repugnant to or inconsistent with the provisions of this Act shall be incorporated in this Act Proportion of Rent Remitted 7 In all cases where Rent or Assessment Tax shall have ,been paid in advance prior to the passing of this Act for a period any portion of which shawl be included in any lease to be granted as aforesaid a proportionate part of such Rent or Assessment Tax shall be remitted Commencement and Short Title 8 This Act shall commence on the first day of October next and shall be styled and may be cited as the °t Tenders for Crown Lands Act."

[24TH VICT., No. 15.] ;n art TO PROVIDE FOR THE ALIENATION OF CROWN LANDS. [Assented to 17th September, 1860.) Preamble

W HEREASsion for the itsale is and expedient other alienation to make better of the Waste provi- Lands of the Crown within the Colony of Qut :n land IV* 88 QUEENSLAND

Be it therefore enacted by the Queen's Most Excellent Majesty by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Council and Legislative Assembly of Queens- land in Parliament assembled and by the authority of the same as follows Repeal of Orders in Council and Regulations 1 From and after the commencement of this Act the Acts of Council of New South Wales 11 Victoria number 61 and 16 Victoria number 29 as well as so much of Her Majesty's Orders in Council and so much of the Regulations made thereunder and now in force as may be repugnant to or inconsistent with the provisions of this Act shall be and the same are hereby repealed Provided that nothing herein contained shall affect any- thing lawfully done or commenced or contracted to be done thereunder respectively Governor Authorised to Convey Lands 2 Under and subject to the provisions of this Act and of such Regulations as may hereafter be established in accordance with this Act the Governor with the advice of the Executive Council is hereby authorized in the name and on behalf of Her Majesty to convey and alienate in fee simple or for a less estate or interest any waste lands of the Crown within the said colony which conveyances or alienations shall be made in such form as shall from time to time be deemed expedient with the advice aforesaid and being so made shall be valid and effectual in the law to transfer and vest in possession such lands as aforesaid for such estate or interest as shall be granted by any such conveyance as aforesaid Proclamation of Town and other Reserves 3 It shall be lawful for the Governor with the advice of the Executive Council by Proclamation in the Gazette to declare what portions of Crown Lands shall be set apart as the sites of new Cities Towns or Villages and also to declare what lands shall be reserved from sale fov any public purpose Provided that the Governor LAND ACTS. 89 with the advice aforesaid may by Proclamation in the Gazette rescind either in whole or in part any such Proclamation as aforesaid in all cases in which Sales of Town Lots shall not have taken place pursuant thereto Grants for Public Purposes 4 It shall be lawful for the Governor with the advice aforesaid to grant or otherwise dispose of for such public purposes as are speci fied in clause 16 of the Unoccupied Crown Lands Occupation Act of 1860 or for such other purposes as may from time to time be previously sanctioned by the Legislature any Waste Lands of the Crown in the said Colony No Land shall be Sold for less than £1 per acre after Survey 5 The price of land to be sold under this Act shall in no case be less than £ 1 per acre and the con- veyance and alienation of such lands shall not be com- pleted until the same shall have been surveyed and de- lineated in the public Maps in the office of the Sur- veyor -General Land to be Sold by Auction 6 Except as herein otherwise provided all Waste Lands of the Crown in the said Colony before being so alienated or conveyed as aforesaid shall be offered for sale by Public Auction at the office of the Land Agent in or nearest to the district in which such land& are offered for sale and all particulars of such auction shall be fully notified by Proclamation under the hand of the Governor in the Queensland Government Gazette not less than one month nor more than three months be fore the day of holding such auction- Lands O,fered for Sale to be Distinguished into Classes and Lots 7 All lands offered for sale by auction shall be distinguished into Town Suburban and Country Lots and the Town Lots shall comprise all lands situate within the actual boundaries of Towns and the Suburban 96 QUEENSLAND

Lets shall comprise all lands situate within two miles from the nearest boundary of any town unless the Governor with the advice aforesaid shall see fit to exclude any such last -mentioned lands from the class of Suburban lots on the ground that they will not in his judgment derive any increased value from their vicinity to any such Town and the Country Lots shall comprise all other lands and the Governor with the advice aforesaid may from time to time fix the upset price of any lot of lots at any sum being not less than the lowest upset of Waste Lands within the said Colony Unsold Country Lots may be sold by Private Contract. 8 Any Lots which shall have been offered for sale by auction in manner aforesaid and shall remain unsold either at the time of the passing of this Act or subse- quently thereto or on which the deposits hereinafter specified shall have been forfeited may be sold at the office of the Land Agent aforesaid by private contract at the upset price or in case of such forfeiture as afore- said at the price for which they were sold at auction less the amount of the deposit paid and forfeited on them Providing that nothing herein contained shall prevent any such Lots aforesaid from being withdrawn from sale by private contract and again offered for sale by public auction in the same manner as other Lots not previously offered for sale Purchase Money when to be Paid 9 No Waste Lands of the Crown within the said Colony shall be sold by such private contract as afore- said except for ready money and no lands shall be sold at any such public auction as aforesaid unless on con- dition of the payment at the time of sale in ready money or Land Order of a deposit the amount of which shall be fixed by any Proclamation as aforesaid and being not less than one-tenth of the whole price and of the payment of the residue of such price within one calendar month from the time of such sale by auction LAND ACTS. 91 and if the purchaser shall fail to pay such residue of the price within one calendar month the deposit shall be forfeited and the sale of the said lands shall be null and void Agricultural Reserves Fixed Price of £1 10 Within a period of six months after the passing of this Act it shall be lawful for the Governor with the advice of the Executive Council by Proclamation to define and set apart for Agriculture Occupation not less than 100,000 acres on the shores or navigable waters of Moreton Bay Wide Bay Port Curtis and Keppel Bay and also within five miles of all towns whose inhabitants shall exceed 500 in number reserves of at least 10,000 acres of land and also such other reserves as the Governor with the advice aforesaid and with the approval of the Legislature shall from time to time think fit and the land so defined and set apart shall be surveyed and shall be called Agricultural Reserves and shall not be submitted to public auction but shall be sold at the fixed price of twenty shillings per acre subject to the provisions hereinafter contained in that behalf Provided that it shall be lawful for the Governor with the advice aforesaid by Proclamation to withdraw and deal with as country lands or otherwise the whole or any portions of such reserves but that at no time after the survey shall there be less than half of the above quantity open to selection within the said agriculturalreserves Method of Obtaining Farm in Agricultural Reserve 11 Any person who may be desirous of occupying land within an Agricultural Reserve shall apply at the office at the Land Agent in or nearest to the district in which such reserve has be en marked out and shall point out on the map thereof such lot or lots which he may wish to select and shall pay in advance twenty shillings for every acre and if within six months he shall have 92 QUEENSLAND occupied and commenced to improve or cultivate the same then a deed of grant of the land shall be issued Provided that if at the termination of such six months as aforesaideither the farm appliedfor or such other landscontiguous thereto as may be leasedaccording to the provisions of clause twelve of this Act shall not have been occupied and improvements shall not have been made thereon then the purchase money less ten per cent shall be returned to the applicant and the land so purchased or leased as aforesaid shall be again open to selection Lease of Lands contiguous to Farms 12 It shall be lawful for the Governor with the advice aforesaidto leaseto the occupant of a farm within an agricultural reserve any portion of the lands contiguous to such farm not being already sold or leased as herein provided and not exceedingin extentthree times the amount of purchased land comprised in such farm nor exceeding in the whole including the purchased land 320 acres for the term of five years at a yearly rent of sixpence per acre such rent to be paid annually in advance and such lessee shall be entitled during the currencyof hislease to purchaseany part or the whole of the land so leased to him if the same shall have been fenced in notwithstanding that another person may be an applicant for the purchase of the same Provided that if any such lessee shall fail to pay the rent of the land so leased to him within thirty days from the date of such rent becoming due or shall fail to fence in the land so leased to him with a substantialfence withineighteen months from the commencement of such lease the said lease shall thereupon become void Provided also that it shall not be competent for any person to hold any such lease as agent for another or to borrow by way of mort- gage or otherwise on the security of such lease Farms not to be less than 40 or more than 320 acres 13 No farm to be sold within an Agricultural LAND ACTS. 93

Reserve as hereinbefore mentioned shall be less than forty acres in extent and no person shall become the purchaser of more than 320 acres in all within the same reserve Provided that such lands so selected by one person shall be in one lot or in conterminous lots Commonage 14 All the unenclosed lands within any Agricul- tural or other Reserve shall be subject to such rights of Commonage as may be secured to the purchasers of land within such reserve and to the residents in any adjacent township and determined by regulations to be hereinafter made in that behalf Sale in Consideration of Improvements 15 Upon application made within twelve months after the passing of this Act by any person who may prior thereto have made improvements upon lands com- prised within the boundaries of any city town or village or upon application within twelve months after the Proclamation in the Government Gazette of any new city town or village reserve within which improvements may be situated it shall be lawful for the Governor with the advice aforesaid to sell the allotment or allotments containing such improvements to the owner of such im- provements without competition at its fair value in an unimproved state not being less than the minimum upset price of such lands Closing and Alienation of Unnecessary Roads 16 Whenever the owner or owners of any lands adjoining a road which has been reserved for access to such lands only and is not otherwise required for public use shall make application for the closing of such road it shall be lawful for the Governor with the advice aforesaid to notify in the Government Gazette that such road will be closed and after the expiration of two months from such notice a grant or grants of the roads so closed may be issued to the owner or owners of the ad- joining lands in fair proportion or in accordance with 94 QUEENSLAND

agreement among such owners provided that the fair value of such road as estimated by the Surveyor-Gene- ral be paid for the same Sales without Competition in Special Cases 17 In cases in which there may be no convenient way of access to any portion of Crown Land or in which any portion may be insufficient in area for public sale or in which a portion of Crown Land may lie between land already granted and a street or road which forms or should form the way of approach to such granted land or in which buildings erected on lands already granted may have extended over Crown Lands or in any other oases of a like kind the Governor may with the advice aforesaid sell and grant such lands to the holder or holders of adjacent lands without competition and at a price to be determined by the Surveyor-Gene- ral or other officer duly authorized in that behalf Remission of Purchase Money to Officers 18 Nothing in this Act contained shall be held to alter or discontinue such Regulations made under the authority of Her Majesty and now in force in the Aus- tralian colonies as provide under certain conditions for the remission of purchase money to officers of the British Array and Navy who may become purchasers of land in the colony of Queensland Land Orders may be given to certain Officers Soldiers and Sailors 19 It shall be lawful for the Governor with the advice aforesaid to extend to any such Officer of the British Army and Navy having served seven years and upwards as may not be entitled to a remission of pur- chase money tinder the Imperial Regulations last here. inbefore mentioned and to any British Soldier or Sailor who has been discharged with a certificate of good con- duet the benefit of a remission of purchase money in accordance with such regulations to the amount of X50 Provided that such Soldiers and Sailors shall be certi- LAND ACTS. 95 fled to be in sound bodily health and not more than 45 years of age and shall be bound under conditions to be agreed upon between the Governor and the Secretary of State for War to serve when called upon for the defence of the Colony Land Orders may be given to Immigrants 20 It shall be lawful for the Governor with the advice of the Executive Council to issue to any adult Immigrant who shall have come direct from Europe to the,Colony of Queensland but not at the expense of the said Colony or to the person who shall have paid for the passage of such Immigrant a Land Order for the amount of £ 18 and after such Immigrant shall have resided not less than two years continuously within the said Colony and if not previously a British Subject shall have been naturalized then to issue to such Immi- grant a further Land Order for the amount of £12 Provided that two children over the age of 4 and under the age of 14 respectively shall be reckoned as one statute adult under this Act Provided also that every such Immigrant shall have complied with and shall be of the class comprised within the Immigration regula- tions for the time being in force in the said Colony Premium for 0-rowing Cotton 21 In order to encourage the growth of Cotton within the said Colony it shall be lawful for the Governor with the advice aforesaid to issue Land Orders during the next three years to the extent of 'X10 and during the two years next following the said period of three years to the extent of £5 by way of premium for every bale of good cleaned Sea Island Cotton without any ad- mixture of damaged or discoloured and weighing 300 lbs. the growth and produce of the Colony which may be exported to Great Britain and during the said periods one half the above premiums shall be given for the common descriptions of cotton 96 QUEENSLAND

Grants for Mining Purposes 22 In cases where persons or companies shall be desirous of purchasing lands for mining purposes other than for coal or gold it shall be lawful for the Governor with the advice aforesaid to sell the same to such per- sons or Company at the upset price of twenty shillings per acre provided that the quantity sold to one person or Company shall in no case exceed 640 acres Governor may make Regulations 23 It - shall be lawful for the Governor with the advice aforesaid from time to time to make or alter in accordance with the provisions of this Act such Regular tions as may be necessary to give effect to the same and all such Regulations shall be published in the Government Gazette and when so published shall have the force of law and a copy of the same shall be laid before the Parliament within fourteen days after the publicatidn thereof or if the Parliament be not then sitting then within fourteen days after its next meeting for the despatch of business Short Rtle 24 This Act shall be styled and may be cited as " The Alienation of Crown Lands Act of 1860."

[24TH VICT., No. 16.] (Awn Aut TO PROVIDE FOR THE LEASING OF CROWN LANDS PREVIOUSLY OCCUPIED (Assented to 17th September, 1860) Preamble WHEREAS itisexpedient thatall Lands now leased r I or otherwise occupied for pastoral purposes under LAND ACTS. 97

Her Majesty 's Order in Council and such regulations as are now in force in the Colony of Queensland should upon the expiration of the current term for which they are occupied be brought under an amended and uniform tenure Be it therefore enacted by the Queen's Most Excellent Majesty by and with the advice of the Legislative Council and Legislative Assembly of Queens- land in Parliament Assembled and by the authority of' the same as follows Partial Repeal of 22 Vic No 17 and Orders in council and Regulations 1 So much of an Act of the Legislature of New South Wales passed in the 22nd year of Her Majesty's reign and numbered 17 intituled " An Act to impose " an Assessment on Runs in the Unsettled and Inter- mediate Districts and to increase the Rent of Lands " leased for Pastoral Purposes within the Settled Dis- tricts of New South Wales " as may affect the pro- visions of this Act and so much of the Orders in Coun- cil and Regulations now in force as are repugnant to or inconsistent with the provisions of this Act shall be and the same are hereby re pealed Provided that nothing herein contained shall prejudice or affect anything alreadydone or commenced or contractedto be done thereunder respectively All Leases to be Renewed for Five Pears 2 Upon the expiration of the current terms for which any Crown Lands are now held under existing regulations or may be held under the provisions of the Unoccupied Crown Lands Occupation Act of 1860 or of the Tenders for Crown Lands Act of 1860 such Crown Lands shall in every case be let upon a lease for five years subject to the conditions hereinafter set forth Rent to be Determined by Valuation 3 -Upon application from the Occupant six months before the expiration of any lease of Crown Lands for 98 QUEENSLAND

Pastoral purposes the fair annual value of lands com- prised in such lease shall be determined for the five years next ensuing the expiration of such lease according to the provisions of clause 13 of the Unoccupied Crown Lands Occupation Act of 1860 and such valuation shall be based upon the grazing capabilities and other advantages or disadvantages of such lands but shall not have reference to any valuable improvements that may have been made thereon and shall be the annual rent during the currency of such lease and such rent shall be paid in advance If Lease be not Renewed to former Occupant Run to be Let by A uction 4 In the eventof such occupant not applyingas aforesaid for a valuation of the lands comprised in his lease in order to obtain a renewal thereof according to the terms of such valuation as aforesaid or if such lands shall have been forfeited or vacated within the provisions of Clause 14 of the Unoccupied Crown Lands Occupa- tion Act of 1860 then such lands shall be let to the person bidding the highest rent for the same at Public Auction but if such lands shall have been so forfeited or vacated then for the residue of the current term only and the upset rent at such auction shall in either case be the rent determined by such valuationas aforesaid and if there should be no bidders at such upset rent then it shall be lawful for the Governor with the advice aforesaid to reduce such upset rent according as be may think fit and again to submit the lease of such lands to Public Auction Compensation for Improvements 5 Any person not being the previous occupant of such Lands who may obtain the renewed lease thereof shall in addition to his rent pay into the Treasury before entering upon such lands the amount that may be fixed by arbitration in manner provided in clause 13 of the Unoccupied Crown Landtt Occupation Act of LAND ACTS. 99

1860 as being the value of the permanent improve- ments on such Lands as may be comprised in any new lease to be granted thereof and such amount shall be forthwith paid to the outgoing lessee Clause 14 to 84 of Unoccupied Crown Lands Occupa- tion Act Incorporated 6 All the clauses of the Unoccupied Crown Lands Occupation Act of 1860 from clause 14 to clause 34 both inclusive except clauses 15 and 19 shall be and the same are hereby incorporated into this Act Short Title 7 This Act shall be styled and may be cited as the Occupied Crown Lands Leasing Act of 1860 " This is a blank page

QUEENSLAND:

A BRIEF OUTLINE OF HER,

GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION,

CLIMATE,RESOURCES, CAPABILITIES,

,farm of (gabernment, ,Janagen nt of Lanbz,

TRADE AND REVENUE,

POPULATION,

&c., &c., &c. This is a blank page

\9RRY gGST

n W

QUEENSLAND, &C.

INTRODUCTION.

ON the 17th May , 1770, the celebrated circumnavi- gator Captain Cook dropped anchor from the bows of the good ship Endeavour in the waters of a large inlet on the eastern coast of Australia , to which he gave the name of " Moreton Bay," in honor of his patron, the Earl of Moreton , the then President of the Royal Society - through whose instrumentality , principally, the expedition was fitted out. Thirty years after Cook's visit , Captain Flinders entered the Bay while engaged in an exploringexpedition on the north-easterncoast of Australia , but, although he appears to have made what he conceived to be a minute examination of the surrounding shores, he yet failed to discover the existence of the Brisbane and other rivers, just as he had previouslypassed , without knowing it, the noble stream now called the Clarence. The investigations of Flinders extended along the coast to the northward, and were doubtless useful in a maritime point of view, but it was not until the year 1823 that an attempt was made to turn to good account the vast tracts of country northward of Port Macquarie , which was then the furthermost limit of settlement in New South G* 104 QIIESNSLAND.

Wales. In that year (Oct. 23) an expedition was despatched from Sydney, under the leadership of Mr. Oxley, the then Surveyor-General, for the purpose of deciding upon an eligible site for the formation of a new penal settlement-those in existence proving insufficient for the safe-keeping of the felon hosts with whom England was then crowding our shores. On the 2nd of December, Mr. Oxley entered the Brisbane River in a boat, and explored it for fifty miles from its mouth, and upon this ground the credit of having discovered the noble stream has been awarded to him. It appears , however, that the existence of the river was known some time before to certain runaway convicts, one of whom accompanied the explorer when he at length succeeded in finding the embouchure. The river was named after the then Governor of New South Wales, Sir Thomas Brisbane, and the present capital of the colony, situated 22 miles from its mouth, bears the same appellation. Mr. Oxley also explored and named the Bremer (a tributary of the Brisbane), at the head of which the important town of Ipswich is situated. The Surveyor-Generalhad previouslycarried his researches northward, discovered the Boyne, visited Wide Bay and Port Curtis-the latter of which inlets had been named by Flinders, and after having explored the Brisbane as above stated, the expeditionary party returned to Sydney. The report made to the Govern- ment favoured the establishment of a penal station on the shores of Moreton Bay, and in the September of 1824, Mr. Oxley-to whom the enterprise was entrusted ---succeeded in forming a station at Redcliffe Point. Not long afterwards, the situation of the new settlement proved to be so ineligible that the removal of the party to some more desirable spot was found to be necessary, and a position was taken up on the banks of the Brisbane, on the site of the present city. To this place the doubly and trebly c nvicted felons of the INT_ODUCTION. 105 colony were sent , and the settlement was rigorously ruled over by military commandants up to the time when it was thrown open to free immigration. This, then, was the commencement of colonization in Queens- land. The hostility of the aborigines did not prevent exploration , and the enterprising investigations of successive commandants extended the knowledge then possessed of the character of the surrounding country, and its adaptation for settlement . In 1827, too, the celebrated trave ll er Allan Cunningham, made an overland journey from Sydney to the latitude of Brisbane , and discovered the broad and extensive Downs, which were named after Governor Darling. Three years afterwards , the flocks of the squatter followed the tracks of the explorer , and the ri ch pasture land was speedily occupied by the wool- producing portion of the community . Mr. Cunning- ham, in 1829 , connected his discoveries with the settlement on the Brisbane by an overland tri p, and, notwithstanding the difficulties presented by the lofty Dividing Range , and other mountainous impediments, the route was found to be practicable , and the first supplies to the "new country" went via Brisbane, and through Cunningham 's Gap, in 1840. The subsequent settlement of the colony was attributable to the enterprise of the squatter - the pioneer of civilization in Australia. To meet his increasing requirements, tract after tract of before unknown country was " taken up, " and his footsteps have now traversed the wilderness far beyond the line of the tropics. The exten- sion of squatting pursuits along the coast line necessitated the discovery of fresh points for the shipment of pro- duce , and in this way have the ports of Maryborough, Port Curtis , and Rockhampton , be en successively established ; and so, in the course of time, will the wool-bales of the sheep -farmer occasion the opening up 106 QUEENSLAND.

of fr esh outlets , which shall become maritime towns of great commercial importance. The rise and growth of inland centres of population are traceable to the same civilizing agency-the pastoral interest. The drivers of the bullock-teams which conveyed the squatter 's wool bales to the port of shipment made a particular spot in a particular locality their " camping ground ," and there , in process of time, that apparently universal attendant Upon the advance of British colonization and settlement - the wayside inn, was erected and opened . Man being a com- panionable animal , the publican soon had his near neighbour , and his house be came the nucleus of a township , where gradually appeared a general store, a post office, a court -house, lock-up , and, possibly , a school- house or place of worship . Tbus have most of the towns sprung up which are noticed in another part of this publication. In a sketch of this kind , however brief, we should not omit to mention the explorers who have , at various times and in different directions , rendered such trans- cendant service to the colony . Principal among these were Sir Thomas Mitchell, Kennedy, Leichhardt- whose fate is still unknown , and- whose bones are probably bleaching upon the desert sands of the interior, -and Augustus Gregory, who has since become the Surveyor-General of the new Colony, and who, in 1858, succeeded in making his way overland from the Leich- hardt district of Queensland to Adelaide, the capital of South Australia . Within the last few months, too, Mr. G. E. Dalrymple has followed up the discoveries of Leichhardt on the Burdekin, in latitude 18 -9 301 S., and by following the course of that river nearly to the sea, has added considerably to the knowledge we possessed of the pastoral capabilities of the country to the north. An expedition was sent out in August last year for the purpose of surveying the embouchure of the river, INTRODUCTION. 10 7

Mr. J. W. Smith, R N ., late master of H.M .S. Herald, and Mr . Dalrymple , Commissioner of Crown Lands, being the principal personages connected with the undertaking . They found that the river was not available for purposes of navigation , on account of the shallowness of the water at its mouth and for some distance from the coast , but they have reported very favorably of a lately discovered harbour named Port Denison , which , from the facilities it offers for vessels, is more than likely to be the shipping port of the Kennedy , the newly -opened district through which the Burdekin runs. But we must not further enlarge upon this part of our subject , and will therefore again resume the thread of our brief historical narrative. From the time when the Moreton Bay district was thrown open to free settlement in 184 2, and the convicts of the former penal settlement were removed, the progress made was rapid in the extreme. Steam communication with Sydney was opened up, and many who had long inhabited the southern portions of New South Wales migrated hither, attracted by the certainties of success which the new field of enterpri se opened out before them . In the following year , More-' ton Bay was admitted to a share of the representation in the Legislative Council, by being included in, an electorate which extended over more than 500 miles of seaboard , and a proportionate distance inland-tbe head polling -place being at Raymond Terrace on the Hunter. 1846 was a year memorable for advancement . The bay (Moreton) was surveyed by Captain Wickham, R.N. the then representative of government authority in the district; the first newpaper - tbe Moreton Bay Courier -was established; and an abortive attempt to found a colony at Port Curtis was made at the instance of the home government . A whole shipload of officials was despatched thither from Sydney , and the absurd resolve a as made to land upon the unknown shore in official 108 QUEENSLANA.

costume , but the previous stranding of the unlucky Lord Auckland made the disembarkation anything but an imposing ceremony , since the treacherous reef proved tougher than the vessel 's bottom, and " five feet of water in the hold " spread consternation among the passengers - wholly denuding them of the f° dignity " they had put on for the great occasion . Instead of be ing a stiff and ceremonious affair , the landing was almost a sauve qui peut , and as the career of the colonists began , so it ended-miserably enough. Three or four months of a disagreeable and perilous existence under canvass -. disagreeable because of the scantiness of provisions , and perilous by reason of the determined hostility of the blacks-terminated this wretched attempt at colonization . It was at the instance of Mr. W. E. Gladstone,the Secretaryof State for the Colonies under Sir Robert Peel's administration, that the settlement was formed, and, on the advent of Earl Grey to power, the Colonial Secretary of the rival ministry ordered its removal. The systematic neglect of the outlying provinces by the Government of New South Wales had had the effect of causing the inhabitants of Port Phillip (now Victoria) to seek a government of their own - the full enjoyment of which they obtained in 1851; and the arrival of three shiploads of superior immigrants in 1849, sent out under the auspices of Dr. Lang , had a very material influenceupon the course pursued by Moreton Bay, which had to complain , no less bitterly than Port Phillip, of the neglect of the governing powers, and the centralizing policy of the Sydney authorities. About the time of the arrival of these immigrants, a movement commenced among the squatting fraternity for procuring separation from New South Wales, and the erection of the Moreton Bay district into a penal colony , the class with whom the agitation originated being short of labour for the management of INTRODUCTION. 109

their stations. The idea of returning to the abandoned system of transportation, and receiving whole cargoes of criminals, deported from the, mother-country, was so repugnant to the feelings of the settlers-who were weaker in pocket, but stronger in numbers, than their opponents-that a counter agitation was commenced The squatters were striving to obtain " separation with convicts," and even established a newspaper to further their views ; the ""free party" strove to obtain the boon of self-government without any such degrading condition as the acceptance of England's criminal hordes involved. Meetings were held by both parties, and at the commencement of 1851 the presence of Dr. Lang in the district lent fresh force to the cause of those who ad- vocated separation without exiles. Meetings were held, petitions to the Queen were drawn up and signed, and it soon became evident that the last-mentioned party was by far the stronger of the two. Each succeeding appeal to the throne laid the case more strongly before the Home Government; the cause gained ground throughout the whole district ; and ultimately, the pro- jectors of the movement for separation with exiles gave up the contest as hopeless, and joined with the best grace possible in the struggles of the other party. The oppo- sition offered by New South Wales to the proposed par- tition of territory was virulent and unscrupulous from the first, the chief bones of contention being the settle- ment of the boundary between us, and the adjustment of accounts . Neither of these points is yet determined. The Queen still has the power, under the Constitution Act of 1855, to separate from New South Wales the whole territory lying to the northward of the 30th parallel of south latitude, on petition of the inhabitants, and the people who have settled on the 11debateable land " lying between that parallel and our southern boundary, have been for some time past engaged in agi- tating for annexation to Queensland-with a view to 110 QUEEN$LAND. which end petitions to the Queen have been, and are being, numerously signed. As to the adjustment of ac- counts , the question hinges on the liability of our colony to become responsiblefor a portionof the largedebt contracted by New South Wales. That debt was ex- travagantlyand heedlesslyincurred for the con- struction of costly railways, and the still more costly drainage and waterworks of the metropolis (Sydney). The principlehas been fairlyand justly laid down by Governor-General Sir William Denison, that Queensland should have credit for the revenue raised within her borders,, and be debited with all the sums therein expended-whether for go- vernment machinery, public works, or any other pur- pose; and further, that she should not be held account- able for any portion of the debt contracted for the objects above-named, not a shilling of which was expended for our benefit. This is just the view we take of it. Our opponents say that we, as an integral part of their colony at the time the debt was contracted, are bound to pay our share; that the money was borrowed on the security of the public lands, and that that security is now vastly deterioratedby our separation, unless we consent to bear apart of the burden. We say that the distant portions of a province have no right to be heavily taxed for the benefit of one particular and favored locality ; and that such a system of centralization in a free coun- try is opposed to sound political principles. We say, too, that the debt was not contracted on the security of the public lands , but upon the consolidated revenue, and that, even supposing the lands were so pledged, New South Wales had neither the right nor the power to pawn our territory, since the debt was chiefly contracted after separation was known to be inevitable. How this matter will be finally settled it is difficult to say. Our Legislature has passed an Act authorizing the appoint- ment of commissioners when New South Wales shall INTRODUCTION. III

have agreed to a similar arrangement , and there the question rests, for the present ; but there can be little doubt as to the relative position of the two colonies, if affairs are settled on a just and equitable basis . Instead of having something to pay, we shall have something to receive-since the revenue derived from the districts now forming our colony was far in excess of the amount ex- pended; but whether we shall ever get anything is quite another question. When Victoria was separated, New South Wales was found to be her debtor, but the money has never yet been handed over to the creditor, and is not likely to be paid until the approach of the Greek Kalends. Commencing, as we have previously shown, in 1851, the agitation for separation was carried on with un- abated vigor in succeeding years. In 1856, Mr. La- bouchere (then Secretaryof State for the Colonies,) declared that the time bad arrived when the partition of territory was desirable ; but frequent changes in the British cabinet caused repeated alterations in bar prospects.Hope and fear successivelyprevailed in the minds of the many, but there were those who never wavered in their belief that, sooner or later, we should gain our independence. At length, our arduous and long-sustained struggle was rewarded by success. The new colony of Queensland-so named by our gracious Queen herself,-was proclaimed in London on the 3rd June, 1859, and Sir George Ferguson Bowen,-Colonial Secretary of the Ionian Islands,-was appointed first governor . This glorious news reached ' us at a time when we were almost despondent of hearing favourable intelligen ce during that year, and the whole tide of public feeling met with a sudden, though agreeable, revulsion from doubt to triumph- realising that

Hope is bri ghtest when it dawns from fears. The November of the same year witnessed the arrival 112 QUEENSLAND. of Sir George Bowen in Sydney, and the separation of Moreton Bay was formally proclaimed in the colony of New South Wales on the 1st of December, although the proclamation was not made here until the 10th, when Sir George Ferguson Bowen landed at Brisbane, from H.M S. "Cordelia." The enthusiastic reception accorded to the Governor was an evidence of the heartfelt joy and satisfaction with which the colonists regarded the advent of self-government ; nor were the jubilant mani- festations any less gratifying as demonstrations of loyalty to, and esteem for, our beloved Sovereign, in the personof her representative. Immediately upon the arrival of His Excellency, the government was inaugurated. The Hon. R. G. Wynd- ham Herbert, (late private secretary to Mr. Gladstone, when Chancellor of the Exchequer in Lord Aberdeen's administration,) who had accompanied Sir George Bowen from England, became Colonial Secretary; the Hon. Ratcliffe Pring, who had for some time previously held tT office of Crown Prosecutor, was made Attorney- General, and the Hon. Robert Ramsay Mackenzie, a colonist of eight-and-twenty years' standing, was ap- pointed Colonial Treasurer. The departments were brought into a state of organization, and the affairs of the colony were conducted by the Governor up to the time of the assemblage of our first Parliament, which event took place on the 22nd of May, (1860,) just ninety years and a few days after the date upon which Captain Cook anchored in Moreton Bay. The three members of the Executive Council-who were all returned to the Assembly for different constituencies- then became responsible ministers, and maintained office throughout the session, which lasted until the 18th of September-a fact which is especially note- worthy as being somewhat rare in Australian parlia- mentary history. Of the constitution of the Parliament, and the nature of the laws already passed, we shall INTRODUCTION. 113 descant in a future chapter, and we will now bring to a close our introductoryremarks by saying that the progress of the colony, so far, has more than realised the anticipationsof those who laboredand struggled for itsindependence, and that the resourcesat our disposal, the prospects of success apparent, and the high position we already occupy among the possessions of the British Crown, lead us, as colonists, to regard with pride and affection the land of our adoption, and to hope and believe that we stand upon the threshold of a gloriousfuture.

L-GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION AND EXTENT.

Tan new Colony of Queensland forms-the north-eastern corner of the greatAustralian continent. Its present southefn boundary commences at Point Danger, in lati- tude 28 ° 8' S., and traverses the mountain range which divides the waters of the Tweed, Richmond, and Clarence rivers from those of the Logan and Brisbane in a westerly direction until the line meets the Great Dividing Range, when it takes a southerly course until the 29th parallel of latitude is reached. Thence it fol- lows a lesser range until it meets with the Dumaresq, or Severn River; by that river downwards to its con- fluence with the M'Intyre River; after which it tra- verses the devious course of that stream until it again cuts the 29th parallel, and thence it follows that parallel westerly to the 141st meridian of longitude- the eastern boundary of South Australia. This line is preserved as far north as the 26th parallel of latitude, which is the boundary of South Australia in that direction, but our western frontier is not yet defined. It was at first supposed that our limits would extend to the 129th meridian of longitude, thus comprising an area 114 GEOGR APHICAL POSITION, &C. of 1,209,800 square miles, but the Law Officers of the Crown at home having given an opinion adverse to this view, the Legislative Assembly, at the close of the late session, presented an address to the Governor asking that the home government should define our north- western boundary. It is probable that the 138th meri- dian will be adopted, there being at that point-accord- ing to Mr Gregory, who has explored the region-a natural frontier. On the north, the colony is bounded by Torres' Straits, and on the east by the isle-studded waters of the Pacific. These, then, are the boundaries of the vast territory to which$er Most Gracious Majesty has accorded the privilege of self government, and upon which she has bestowed her own royal title. As we have previously shown, it is more than pro- bable that the southern boundary may be extended to the 30th parallel ; and we are prepared to believe that, ere many lustra have passed, the creation of a colony or colonies on the northern coast will bring about the curtailment of our borders in that direction. The tide of colonizationmust inevitably set in, sooner or later, to the shores of the Gulf of Carpentaria, and the proximity of that region to the Eastern possessions of the British and Dutch, cannot fail to render any such settlement of considerable importance. Setting future contingencies aside , we find that the area of the territoryincluded within the boundaries above defined, is estimated to be three times the size of France ! An immense proportion of this area is yet be- yond the range of settlement.* Avast expanse of it has not even been traversed by the footsteps of the explorer, and it is often truly remarked that Queensland has come into the possession of a patrimony of which she scarcely knows either the extent or value.

Our present settlements extend orcr an area equivalent to that of Great * Britain and keland. POPULATION, &C. 115

II.-POPULATION OF QUEENSLAND; HOW DISTRIBUTED.

IT happens rather unfortunately for the compiler of this sketch, and for the reader who may wish to gain accurate information on the point, that no census of the population has been taken since the year 1856. An act was obtained during the late parliamentary session , empowering the Government to collect the census simultaneously with the performance of the same operation in all parts of the British empire, but as this object will not be effected until some months of the year 1861 have gone by, we must avail ourselves of such information as is already at our disposal. In the year 1846, the entire population of the Moreton Bay district,-which then comprised all who resided within the limits of the present colony,- amounted to no more than 2257 souls. Of these 829 were resident in Brisbane, and 103 in Ipswich ,-those being the only townships then in existence,-thug leaving 1325 souls for distribution throughout the re- mainder of its settled districts. In 1851, four other townships had sprung into existence,and the urban population had increased to 4333 in all , while the entire district numbered 10,000. In 1856, when the last census was taken by, the Governme nt of New South Wales, the population amounted in the aggregate to 17,082, according to the actual returns, lmt many believe it to have been under -rated , rather than othewise . This number (17,082 ) were scattered over an area of 174,600 square miles , and the propor- tion of population to the square mile in the most thickly peopled districts amounted to no more than 1.70. At this time the urban population had been considerably augmented by the establishment of new centres of attraction, and the returns stood thus.- 116 POPULATION OF

Brisbane . . 4,395 Ipswich 2,459 Drayton .. 263 Warwick 472 Dalby 109 Maryborough 353 Gayndah 152 Gladatone 224

Total 8,427

To this total should have been added the population of a Clement named Toowoomba, situated four miles from Drayton, and then unproclaimed as a township, the inhabitants of which amounted to fully 600 souls. This would bring the urban population up to 9000 on on the 1st of March, 1856. Thus, in ten years, the inhabitants of the districts now included in the colony of Queensland had increased in number from 2000 to 17,000,-a circumstance which fully justified the remarks made by the Registrar- General in his Report, when be said The very high average of the Moreton Bay districts is attributable to no gold discovery, but solely to the inherent richness of their -resources, and to the high spiritof enterprisefor which the explorers and occupants of those districts have been so remarkable." It should also be remem- be red that this increase accumulated in spite of the opposing influences arising from the unwise administra- ti of affairs by the New South Wales government, and all the concomitant evils thence arising which presented barriers to the advancement of the unbefriended district. To arrive at an absolutely correct estimate of the present population of the colony is a somewhat difficult matter, and, as we before remarked, the completion of the census can alone give us positive information on the subject. But we may nevertheless obtain moderately accurate results by a very simple process, namely-by QUEENSLAND , &C 117

judging of the increase during the period between the 1st of March, 1856, and the present time, by the increase which took place duringthe fiveyears anterior to that period. We have, then, to find the ratio of increase between 1851 and 1856, and to obtain this, we once more turn to the census of the latter year, and make the following compilation :

Population in T a Name of District 1851 1856 U ,+

Stanley ,. ., „ 4,787 9 875 5,088 106.2 Darling Downs 2,173 3,977 1,804 83.0 Moreton ,. ,, ,, 272 527 255 93.7 Burnett 852 1,309 457 53.6 Maranoa 85 110 25 29.4 Wide Bay 406 669 263 64.7 Port Curtis and 615 615 .... Leichhardt ., I f I-- ' 8,575 17,082 8,507 92.03

From this table it will be seen that the ratio of increase during the period named, averaged more than 90 per cent., and the severest casuist could hardly object to our taking the same ratio for the basis of our calcula- tions when we seek to arrive at an estimate of our present population. 92.03 per cent. increase in five years would give 73.60 in four years ; 73 per cent. increase on 17,082 is equal to 12,469, and if we add these two amounts together, we have an aggregate of 29,551 as the present population of Queensland. It will be observed that this estimate is based on the hypothesis that the ratio of increase remains the same all through, from 1851 to 1860, thus making no allow- ance for the great influx of new comers since the advent H 118 POPULATION OF of separation. No charge of exaggeration could be brought against us were we to take account of this enhanced growth by adding an extra per tentage for the last year or two, but we are content to leave the matter as it is, broadly stating the European popula- tion at 30,000. Of this number nearly 50 per cent. are resident in the towns. Brisbane, the capital of the colony, and beautifully situated as before remarked, 22 miles from the mouth of the noble river of that name, absorbs a large proportion, its inhabitants being now estimated at fully 7,000, taking the area included within the munici- pality, of city proper. Here are centred the head offices of the various departments, and here, also, the principal commerce of the country is carried on. The municipal revenue already averages £5000, and is derived from rates , ferry tolls, and government endowments in money. Ipswich, the next in importance to Brisbane, is situated on the Bremer, a tributary of the Brisbane river, and is generally described as being at " the head of the navigation ," because it is the extreme point of water communication in that direction. The distance be- tween the two places, by the winding course of the rivers, is 44 miles, but they are also connected by an excellent road 25 miles in length The population of Ipswich is roughly stated at 4,500. The town is now passing through its first year of municipal government, having been incorporated some six months after Brisbane. It is a very thriving place, and will always occupy a posi- tiou .of great importance . The municipal revenue of this town averages £2,000, derived from like sources with those of Brisbane. Toowoomba , which has just been proclaimed a municipality , is situated in the centre of a large squatting district , at the summit of the Great Dividing Range, and on the eastern limit of the vast pastoral district of the Darling Downss all the produce QUEENSLAND , &C. 119

of which passes through this town on its way to the shippingport . The populationis variously stated at 1,200 and 1,500, but it is probable that the correct estimate more nearly approaches the latter than the former number Toowoomba is 63 miles direct, or 85 miles distant by road from Brisbane , bearing in a W. 4 S. direction. Drayton, of which Toowoomba is an off-shoot- and which has been thrown into the shade by the rapid progress of the latter ,- is only three miles distant from it. Together, these towns form the entrepot of a large squatting district , and will , in process of time; pro- bably become one large and flourishing centre of population and trade . Allowing for increase, the inhabitants now number something like 400 souls. Warwick is the nearest town to the present boundary between our colony and New South Wales. It is situated on the river Condamine, in the southern part of the Darling Downs, and in the centre of a district which will one day be famous for its agricultural productions. The population is now about 700, and the town is distant from Brisbane 77 miles direct, or 100 miles, via Cunningham 's Gap, (a pass in the great mountain range ), or by the Spicer 's Peak road, a similar pass three miles to the south of the Gap; and 140 via Drayton - the latter being the route which the central line of telegraph will take . Warwick bears S.W. from Brisbane , and is 1800 feet above the- sea level. Dalby is a small but well-situated and flourishing township in the electorate of the Northern Downs, distant about 106 miles direct , or 140 miles by road from Brisbane , from which it bears in a west by north direction . Population , about 200. Gayndah , a township in the Burnett district, is well-placed for purposes of trade , and is 220 miles distant from Brisbane , and 85 fr om Maryborough, H* 120 POPULATION OF which is one of the outlets of the country in which it is situated. Population, about 400. Maryborough is a seaport town, situated 60 miles from the mouth of the river Mary , which disembogues into Wide Bay-the port proper of the district. The land in the vicinity of this town , and along the banks of the Mary river , is said to be of excellent quality for agricultural purposes , and it is believed that the Wide Bay or Maryborough district will, in time, be to Queensland what the Hunter River District is to New South Wales. The port is 150 miles north of Bris- bane , and there is communication between the two places bath by land and sea, the latter route be ing preferable on account of the great advantage it affords in point of time . It is also the great outlet for the produce of the Burnett squattages . The population is now nearly 800. Gladstone - which was the scene of the abortive attempt made in 1846 to found a northern colony, as alluded to in our introduction - is another maritime town , situated at Port Curtis , about 110 miles north-west of Maryborough, and only one degree south of the Tropic of Capricorn . The rapid growth and superior attractions of its more northerly neighbour, Rock- hampton -- coupled with other causes , have somewhat tended to lessen the importance of this place and retard its progress . Up to the time of separation, it remained a kind of pet township with the Sydney authorities , who appointed and maintained there-at great public expense , and to very little public purpose,- a (( government residency." . The population may pr o- bably be set down with proximate accuracy, at from 250 to 300. Rockhampton- alluded to in the foregoing paragraph -affords a noteworthy example of the rapid settlement and growth of townships in a new country The Fitzroy river-45 miles from the mouth of which the town is QUEENSLAND, &C. 121 situated- was first navigated by vessels seeking freight from the surrounding stations in 1855, but in the July of 1858 , gold was reported to be discovered in large quantities at Canoona , a spot 40 miles further up the river than the site of the present Rockhampton. Fabulous tales were told of the extreme richness of the ground, the surprising character of the yield , and the large size of the nuggets obtained, and one of those mad " rushes" occurred for which the gold regionns of Australia and other countries are so famous. I two short months after the first announcement of the °` find," it was computed that 15,000 persons visited the so-called " field ." They came from all the other colonies in hordes-sacrificing property, leaving home , family, and friends ; forsaking the desk, the counter , the workshop, and every kind of employment ;-- all joining madly and heedlessly in the general stampede . The gold proved to have been distributed over a very limited surface,-the 11patch " was soon worked out, and then the return rush began. Ship and steam-packet owners -who had reaped a rich harvest by the traffic thither, laid on their vessels for the long train of disappointed diggers who abandoned the field, and there were hundreds of unfortunate men who had lost their all by the foolish venture, and to whom the New South Wales and Victorian governments were obliged to extend a helping hand . Notwithstanding the disastrous con- sequences which followed the rush, a few diggers still remained upon the field at Canoona , and a moderately large population settled down on the site of Rockhamp- ton. Town allotments were sold at a very high rate ; the tents and shanties of the first inhabitants gradually disappeared before the more pretentious erections of permanent residents ; and, contrary to the predictions of many •pseudo-prophets, the decline of the township by no means followed as a natural sequence upon the wane of the gold -field . From then till now, prosperity 122 POPULATION OF has been bountifully accorded to the people of Rock- hampton, and the inhabitants do not number less than 800. The land on the bank of the river has been found to be admirably fitted for agriculture, more especially for the growth of semitropical productions, and there cannot be a question as to the future success of such pursuits in that locality. We have now enumerated all the townships worthy of mention, within the limits of the new colony. There are several towns and villages marked out , and residents are beginning to settle down in many of them, which are either eligibly situated in the centre of agricultural districts, on the shores of our bays, or on the banks of our rivers. To these, however, it is hardly worth while to allude in the limits of a sketch like this, where it is necessary, as far as possible, to avoid going into detail ; for our progress is so rapid that the statistics of the present year will be well nigh antiquated in the next. This part of our subject may fitly be closed with a reference to the aboriginal population, who, here as else- where, are fast disappearing before the advance of civilization. Their present number has been set down at 12,000 in Queensland alone, but by far the larger pro- portion of these are scattered over a territory where they still remain lords of their native soil, and where the vices and diseases which are consuming their fellows in the "civilized" districts have not penetrated. The peculiar traits and habits of the Australian abo- rigine have been so often made the subject of remark by ethnological writers, and authors who have taken this continent for their subject, that we need not say much about them here. As a race they are quick-witted and intelligent, but cruel, treacherous, untameable , and essentially nomadic in their habits. Their native tongue is very expressive , and contains such a number of lingnals as to entitle it to rank among the soft and beautiful of languages . That the race will QUEENSLAND , &C. 123

ever conform to the industrious and frugal habits of Europeans is perfectly hopeless, ahd however melan- choly it may be to the christian or the philanthropist, it is nevertheless apparent that they are doomed to the fate experienced by so many other aboriginal nations-- gradual extinction.

III.-FORM OF GOVERNMENT.

GREAT BRITAIN has so far profited by experience as to arrive at the conclusion that she cannot more surely secure to herself the loyalty and permanent adhesion of her colonies than by bestowing upon them free in- stitutions on the model of her own. Such a proceeding is worthy of the enlightenment of the age, and affords another evidence of the reality and soundness of that well-ordered liberty which is the boast of every Briton. Queensland is a possession of the British crown, but is a free and independent province of the empire. The Order of the Queen in Council in virtue of which Moreton Bay was separated from New South Wales, provided that the new colony should adopt a form of government as nearly resembling that existing in the older colony as circumstances would allow. In accord- ance with the model thus prescribed, we have a Governor who is appointed by the crown , and who is its repre- sentative in the colony. The Executive council is composed of gentlemen nominated by the Governor, but who, like the ministry at home , are responsible to the legislature, and, through that body, to the country. There are two Legislative chambers, called respectively the Legislative Council and the Legislative Assembly. The Council is at present nominated by the Governor on behalf of the Crown ; but it may be rendered 124 FORM OF elective, should such a change be deemed desirable. The Assembly is purely elective, and is composed at present of twenty-six members, representing six- teen electorates. The town members-those actually returned by borough constituencies-are ten in num- ber, but, in several instances, the country members are returned by constituencies which include a large pro- portion of urban population. All the members of the Executive Council hold seats in the Assembly, and the first session of parliament passed over without our having experienced the sensation arising from that oft- recurringcasualty in the chapterof colonialaccidents -a ministerial crisis. The only qualification required of candidates for parliamentary honors is, that they shall have their names recorded on some electoral roll within the colony, so that the door of the Assembly is open to anyone who may possess the confidence of a consti- tuency. The elective franchise is so extended that every sober and industrious workman can obtain it in within a few months after his arrival in the colony. We may epitomize the various qualifications for electors, as fol- lows :-

Every man twenty-one years of age, who is either a natural -born or naturalized subject of Her Majesty ; and who is either Owner of a freehold worth £100 above all charges and encumbrances, and which has been held in possessaten six months previous to the last registra- tion. [This latter proviso obtains also in connection with the qualifica- tion`yrising from households , salary, and board and lodging.] Occupier ofa house or tenant of the annual value of £10 Leaseholder to the anneal value of £10 , whose lease has not less than three atthe time ofregistration ; Lasydo runhe amount aforesaid , three years of whose lease had expired previousto registration; Holder of a pastoral license from the crown ; Receiving a salary of £ 100 a year ; or Paying £f0 a year for board and lodging , or £10 a year for lodging only. In each of these cases, the qualification must arise in the electorate for which the vote is to be given. The only persons debarred from exercising the privilege of the franchise are criminals, and defaulters in respect OOYERNMENT. 125 of taxes, rates, rents, tolls, &c., which may have been due more than three months previous to registration. It will thus be seen that the qualifications required for an elector may be practically stated at manhood suff- rage and six months residence, since there is scarcely one man in a hundred who cannot claim a vote under one or the other of the heads mentioned. Removal from one electorateto another of course involvesre- newed registration. This requirement may sometimes disfranchise a person because of the removal having taken place directly after recording his name on the roll of the district from which he migrates; but we apprehend thatsuch a contingencymight be provided for, without any difficulty, in any proposed reform bill. An act passed during the late session abolished the New South Wales method of collecting the electoral lists. Independent of the expense to the treasury which this method involved;the inconveniencesand annoyances arising from the accidental or wilful omission of names, the misstatement of qualifications, and the occasional dis- guise of both name and residence under a mis-spelt and absurd substitute,--frequently deprived numbers of voters of their right, and led to innumerable heartburn- ings and disputes. Hence the abolition of the system, and the adoption of the more simple and effective method of registration, by which, in the February of each year, any person properly entitled may hand in his claim to the clerk of petty sessions in his district and have his name enrolled,-unless objected to on valid and tangible grounds. 0--

IV.-LAWS AND MUNICIPALINSTITUTIONS. -. WnnN Queensland was separated from New South Wales, we became the inheritors of the laws at that 126 LAWS AND

time in force in that colony, she, in her turn, having derived most of them from the mother-country; and until altered, amended, or repealed by our local Parlia- ment, these laws will remain in force. Chief among the Acts passed during the late session are those re- lating to the sale and occupation of the waste lands of the colony, but to these we shall have presently to refer while treating upon the management of the public estate, and we will now proceed to descant upon our Municipal Institutions. The municipal system of Queensland is identical with that of New South Wales, the law by which it was established having been passed by the latter colony in October, 2858-long after the governments of Vic- toria and South Australia had extensively adopted such a system. Under this Act, the Governor may pro- claim any city, town, hamlet, or rural district on the petition of fifty resident householders, provided that no counter-document, more numerously signed, be pre- sented to the Executive within three months after the receipt of the first. • The proposed boundaries of each municipality are defined in the petition for incorporation, and the petitioners also have it in their power to decide upon its division into wards-all localities where the population exceeds 1000 being divided into three wards, returning three members each at the first election; and where below that number, into two, also returning three members each. Three members -where the Council consists of nine-retire annually, but are elegible for re-election, the date of the annual meeting for such purpose being the second Tuesday in February. The Mayor, or Chairman, is chosen by his brother Aldermen, or Councillors, as in England. At the first election; the parlia- mentary- list of voters is made use of, those being entitled to have a voice in the selection of councillors who are possessed of a freehold, leasehold, or household MUNICIPAL . INSTITUTIONS. 127 qualification ; , but at each succeeding election, rate- payers only may exercise the privilege . All elections are by ballot , as in the case of parliamentary contests, candidates and their scrutineers being entitled to be present . One peculiar feature about the system is, that every person elected by his brother burgesses is compelled to serve his term, or pay a penalty of £25 ; and if the Mayor o Chairman elect refuse to serve, he is to be fined X50. The powers conferred on municipal councils are extensive , and admirably suited to the requirements of the country . They are empowered to make bye laws for the good government of the municipality - to levy taxes and tolls - to take the management of public institutions , if required - to do, in fact , all that is necessary for the i0.ecomplishment of the first-named object . The properties liable to berated are " all lands, houses , warehouses , counting -houses, shops , and other buildings within the limit of the municipality," whether occupied or not-thus providing for the just taxation of speculators who may have purchased land and allowed it to lie waste until the advancement of the locality had rendered the property sufficiently valuable to satisfy their cupidity . All property is rated at its " fair , average, annual value ," and the Act provides that the rates shall in no case exceed one shilling in the pound . Such rates upon unoccupied property as it may be found impossible to collect, on account of the absence of the owner , or other causes, remain as a charge upon the land or premises , and may be recovered at any time by the Council by process of law. Corporations also have power to borrow money, or to enter upon private land for purposes of drainage, &c. No provision has yet been made for a land endowment to each municipality -even in the cases of townships to be marked out - but the Government bestow pecuniary aid from the public treasury for the 128 LAWS, &C. first fifteen years in the following proportions :-In each of the first five years a sum equal to the amount raised by the rates, tolls, or taxes levied by the Corporation ; in each of the succeeding five years a sum equal to one moiety of the amount raised; and in each of the last five of the fifteen, a sum equal to one-fourth. Thus a corporation raising £3000 during the first five years has a like sum from the Government, making the annual income £6000 ; and so on, as above stated. The powers of self-government thus placed within the reachof the colonistshave not been so readily availed of as would otherwise have happened if the holders of unoccupied allotments had not been doomed to taxation by the Act. Opposition to incorporation is generally the work of those wl>e vacant pieces of ground lie scattered in all directions over our town- ships, rendering their appearance unsightly, and in many instances proving an actual bar to their advance- ment At the time we write, Brisbane and Ipswich are the only localities where municipal institutions are in full working order, but, as we previously remarked, other towns will ere long be incorporated. Toowoomba and Rockhampton for instance, have both been lately proclaimed, and Maryborough has petitioned. The time will come, too, when our rural districts will be led to appreciate the privileges bestowed by incorporation, and when Parliament will not be asked to vote every paltry pound required for purposes of local improve- ment. It is probable, moreover, that the Legislature will see the wisdom of conferring land endow- ments on all new municipalities, and thus a fresh amount of vigor be infused, which shall lead to a more wide- spread adoption of this excellent system. EDUCATION, &C. 129

V.-EDUCATION AND RELIGION.

Oux first parliamentary session was happily signalized by the passing of two excellent measures relating to education, and by the grant of a noble sum of money for educational purposes. £10,000 may seem a small sum when compared with the amounts granted by the legislatures of older colonies, but, in our case, it is no less than one-eighteenth part of our first year's revenue, and we are a young country just entering upon our political existence. Of this grant, £3000 is to be appropriated to the foundation of grammar schools, and £7000 to the establishment of primary schools, in accordance with the provisions of the Grammar Schools and Primary Education Acts-the measures above alludedto. The first-mentioned of these Acts empowers the government to grant a sum of £2000 towards the building of a grammar school in any locality in which a sum of £1000 shall have been contributed by dona- tion or subscription-the Government subsidy being paid into the hands of seven trustees, four of whom shall be nominated by the Executive, and three elected by the donor or subscribers. These trustees, upon their appointment, become a body politic in whom the management and control of the school are vested, and may hold office for three years, with eligibility for re-election or re-appointment. Wherever the school fees amount to £250 annually, the Government are authorised to grant a yearly sum of £500, which amount is devoted to defraying working expenses. Ten per cent. of the annual endowment may be reserved for scholarships or exhibitions to universities if the Execu- tive think fit ; and the government are also empowered to bestow a land endowment to the value of £2000 upon each school. Thus it will be seen that the 130 EDUCATION AND

legislature has dealt most liberally with this impor- tant question, as far as regards the establishment of grammar schools. The Primary Education Act provides for the estab- lishment of a national system of education throughout the colony, and the gradual abolition of the denomi- national or sectarian schools. All matters relating to primary schools are managed, and all school property is vested, in a " Board of General Edu- cation," consisting of five persons appointed by the Executive, with a chairman in addition, who shall be a Minister of the Crown representing the Government either in the Legislative Council or Assembly. The Board is empowered to make rules and bye-laws, but it is provided that they shall be in accordance with the spirit of the national system, and that they shall have the approval of the Governor, and be laid before the legislature. Any primary school that may submit to the supervision and inspection of the Board, and conform to the regulations made, is entitled io assistance, but no money can be granted for building purposes unless the fee simple of the property be vested in the Board. All schools receiving aid under the Act are to be periodically visited by paid inspectors, and pecuniary assistance is to be withdrawn from any school which is not conducted in accordance with the regulations. Certain hours are set apart in each school during which the children may receive special religious instructionfrom the minister of the denomination to which their parents belong, and the Board cannot interfere with the time thus set apart. The Board has the option of devoting 5 per cent. of the funds at their disposal to the granting of exhibi- tions to one or other of the grammar schools of the colony; and a certain proportion also to the establish- lishment of training and industrial schools. Such then, are the facilities afforded by our young RELIGION. 131 legislature for the education of the rising generation in this colony , and we believe that good is already resulting from the efforts thus made. Such a system as the national is especially necessary in a country like this, where the population is sparsely distributed over a vast extent of territory, and where it would be impossible either for the different sects to support a school of their own in each district, or for the majority of parents to provide instruction for their children. No steps have yet been taken towards the establish- ment of grammar schools, but four primary schools have been placed under the regulations of the Board within the last nine months. The school at Brisbane com- prises distinct establishments for girls and boys, and the total number of pupils on the register is 280. At Drayton and Warwick severally the pupils number upwards of 60, and there is every reason to be lieve that Toowoomba , Gayndah, Dalby, Maryborough, and Rockhampton will speedily avail themselves of the benefits accruing from the act , so that the intending emigrant need have no forebodingsas to the lackof educational means for the training of his ch Idren. The fees paid by the scholars are very sma ll in pro- portion to the amount of advantages afforded by the system of teaching adopted ,- ranging, from 6d. to Is. 6d . per week for each ; and there are very, very few persons in this colony who cannot afford to pay such a small sum, and few , we are happy to say , who are unwilling to pay it . A large proportion of the popula- tion are persons who have felt the need of education them- selves, and who are therefore desirous that their off- spring should be better cared for in this respect ; and we could point to instances in which men of very meagre acquirements themselves have bestowed a first- class education on their sons and daughters. When the first statistical register of Queensland was 132 EDUCATION AND

compiled at the close of last year ( 1859 ), there were 847 children be ing taught in the public and private schools of Brisbane ; 395 at Ipswich ; 104 in the pastoral district of the Downs; 78 at Drayton; and 93 at Maryborough ; but it must be borne in mind that, since that date, educationaladvantages have be en much more extended, and these figures must only be regarded as promises of successin the future-for " great events from small beginnings rise." We come now to consider the state of religion in the colony, and here, too, we should be beset by difficulties were we to attempt to arrive at a correct estimate of the num bers pertaining to the diflerent denominations of Christians . In the absence of more complete infor- mation , the better plan to take will be to omit statisti- cal matter , and merely allude to the general points which present themselves to the mind. In none of the Australian colonies is there a dominant church. Every sect is here left to its own resources, the state merely continuing the stipend to the ministers who were in receipt of it at the time of the passing of the State Aid Discontinuance Act. The Civil List appended to the Orders in Council provides for the annual appropriation of £1000 to the purposes of public worship , and of this sum £750 will be distributed among six ministers - three Church of England, two Roman Catholics , and one Presbyterian - so long as they shall continue to reside and officiate within the colony . At their death or removal , the aid ceases, and the whole system will gradually become extinct. There will then be no cause for the unhappy dissensions that have ever prevailed in colonial communities where state interference in religious matters is permitted, and voluntaryism will have full scope for the development of its powers. It will be readily conceived from this that the utmost toleration is permitted, and that all persuasions RELI GION. 133 are held in respect by the laws. Such is the fact, and in no country under heaven is greater freedom of opinion enjoyed , nor is there one in which the Sabbath is better observed, wherever the people have the privilege of availing themselves of the ordinances of religion. Each persuasion is well represented in the colony ; the Church of England having eleven clergy- men, inclusive of Bishop Tufnell ; the Roman Catholics two; the various Presbyterian Churches seven ; the Wesleyans four ; the Independents two ; the Baptists three ; the Lutherans one ; the Primitive Methodisto one;-thirty-one ministers in all . The number of churches , chapels, and places where services are held, is 34, affording accommodation for over 6000 persons. The great want of the colony in a religious point of view is, a thoroughly organized system of itinerant ministration , similar to that which has been found so effective in the backwoods of Canada The ministers stationedin the towns occasionallytravel on a pastoral tour through the bush , going from station to station, but these visitations have , unfortunately , been so frequently identified in the minds of the squatters with applications for money, that the cause of religion has be en rather injured than furthered . The Catholics and Wesleyans have been gener al ly successful in their itinerating efforts, and, since the arrival of Bishop Tufnell in the colony, the English Church has determined upon establishing a system of pastoral visitation in the bush . Missions are also being formed by the Baptists, and as the population of Queensland increases , we are encouraged to hope that there is sufficient religious vitality among the different sects to meet the re quirementsof the times.

I 134 CAPABILITIES OF

VI.--CAPABILITIES OF THE SOIL.-NATURAL ADVANTAGES AND )URCES.

Tus productive qualities of the soil of Queensland are superior to those of other Australian colonies, either for pastoral or agricultural purposes. In the latter particular, the scrubs and forest lands in the vicinity of the rivers and their tributaries, are capable of being made to yield almost every variety of grain, fruit, and spices peculiar to the tropical and tem- perate zones-the eastern side of the Dividing Range being admirably adapted for the growth of the former, and the table lands on the west side of the same range excelling in the production of the latter. The great extent of the Queensland territory, both in latitude and longitude, enables its inhabitants to cul- tivate, successfully, those productions suited to the varied degrees of temperature experienced therein. We therefore find the English potatoe, the cabbage, the turnip, the carrot, the varieties of beans and peas, growing in close proximity to the pine-apple, banana, orange, sugar cane, arrowroot, &c. In the productions of the field, recent experiments have filly borne out the preconceived opinions of agriculturists, that wheat can be profitably grown upon both sides of the mountains. The wheat on the coast side comee to maturity about the end of OQtober, or the beginning of November; but upon the Western or Downs side, it is found to ripen nearly a month later. Oats and barley, as well as wheat, produce abundant crops upon the table lands. Indian corn, or maize, also yields abundant crops, particularly upon the rich soils recently cleared of scrub timber. Such localities require no manure for years. After the maiden crop has been gathered, the English and sweet potatoes are grown profitably on the same ground, the former producing two crops THE SOIL , &C. 135 per •annum ; the summer crop being fit to dig for market in November, and the autumn crop about the month of June ; the planting season for the summer crop being in August, and for the autumn in March. Along the coast line from the Clarence to the northern boundary of occupation, comprising some eight degrees of latitude, most, if not all, the produc- tions of the Indies, South America, and not a few of those of Africa, may be successfully, and therefore profitably, cultivated. The hill slopes, from their base to the summit, are found to be admirably adapted for the cultivation of the vine, olive, indigo, cinchona, cinnamon, cocoa, allspice, tamarind, nut- meg, clove, tea, coffee, orange, cotton, &c., &c.; and upon the rich extensive lands in the glens or valleys of the rivers near the coast, the sugar cane, arrow- root, ginger, tobacco, banana, &c., can be produced in the highest perfection. There are, perhaps, few plants introduced into the colony so interesting to the agriculturist-parti- cularly if residing near the coast-as the Cotton plant, the Sugar-cane, Arrowroot, and Ginger ; and a dew remarks on the mode of their culture will perhaps be acceptable. The growth of CoTToa by free labour in a British colony is a subject of imperial, as well as colonial, importance ; and there is little doubt but that cotton will become, before long, one of our chief exports. The attention of the great manufacturers in England is already directed to the peculiar facilities for its cul- tivation afforded by the soil and climate of Queens- land ; and we have millions of acres admirably fitted for the production of the most valuable kinds of this plant. In a speech recently delivered at Manchester, Mr. Bailey, M.P., said- " About five years ago a few bags of Moreton Bay cotton were shipped to Liverpool, and I saw at 1* 136 CAPABILITIES OF

once that with such vastly superior cotton, yarn could be produced finer than any that could be manufac- tured in India or Great Britain. I bought that cotton, carried it to Manchester , and spun it into exquisitely fine yarn. I found that the weavers of Lancashire could not produce a fabric from it, it was so exceed- ingly delicate ; the weavers of Scotland could not weave it ; nor could even the manufacturers of France weave this yarn into fine muslin . It occurred to me to send it to Calcutta, and in due time I had the hap- piness of receiving from India some of the finest muslin ever manufactured, the produce of the skill of the Hindoos with this delicate Australian cotton. At the Paris Exhibition, some of this muslin was placed in the same glass ease with a large golden nugget from Australia, and the two attracted much attention. The soil and climate of Queensland are capable of pro ducing , with proper care, 600lbs. yearly per acre of this exquisitely fine cotton. Two crops could be grown each year ; I value this cotton at Is. 3d. per pound, which would be equal to X40 per acre. This i@ no over estimate , for I have recently given Is. 8d. per pound for Australian cotton. Now £40 per acre is an enormous yield for any agricultural product ; and I do not think such a profitable return could be obtained in any other country. Judging by what is done in the United States, a man with his family in Queensland could cultivate ten acres of land, which would yield £400 per annum-a very high rate of profit." 'Mr. WalterHill,the Superintendent of theBotani- cal Gardens, Brisbane, lately contributed to one of the local journals the following particulars relative to the mode of cultivating the plant:- " In compliance with your request respecting the cultivation of the Gossypium herbaceum (or Sea Island Cotton) I have much pleasure in making you ac- THS SOIL, &C. 137

quainted with the results of two experiments made in our garden . In the months of September , 1857 and 1868, -a half an acre of ground on an open situa ti on, of a.sandy loamy soil , was selected and dug one spade deep for the cul ti vation of the Sea Island Cotton plant. P re viously to planting , the seeds were steeped in water during some hours ; they were afterwards rolled in sand in order entirely to separate them fr om each other . This process very much accelerates their germina ti on. In the month of October, the seeds were planted in rows , four feet distance fr om each other ; two or three seeds were dropped in each hole, because some of them are li able to rot in the ground ; the seeds were covered with earth one inch, thick. The plants made their appearance in about eight days. At about the end of four weeks the ground was care- fully weeded, and those plants which were the weakest were drawn , and only one plant left in the hole. The ground was fr equently hoed and kept fr ee fr om weeds. When the plants were about five months old, they showed signs of flowering . The stems and branches were thinned , and about an inch was broken off fr om the end-of each shoot to determine the sap of the capsules . The time of the seeds coming to maturity was little more than six months after they had be en planted. This period is , however, well indicated by the spontaneous bursting of the capsule , or seed pod. In gathering the fibre care was taken to withdraw it fr om the capsule, leaving the empty husks upon the plant . This work was always performed as soon as possible after the fibre displayed itself, for long ex- posure, t6 ,the sun injures its color . The process of gathering lasts till the middle of July . The fibre and seeds of one hundred -plants were kept separate in gathering each season. Each plant produced 11 ounces of seed and 4 ounces of fibre , yielding at the rate of 1871bs. 6 ounces of seed and 680lbs 8 ounces 128 CAPABILITIES OF

of fibre per acre. Samples of the fibre were forwarded to England with the view of testing its quality anti value. The, report received stated the fibre appeared to the eye to be of excellent quality, and, its value would be from 2s. to 2s. 6d. per lb. in melon. I may state the Sea Island Cotton plant is a perennial hero, and improves in quantity and quality for two or three years, after which period it will be liable to dew I may also mention that this plant is of ea7 cultivation, and quite within the scope of any ordinary man's ability who can use a spade or hoe.. The most important operation is the picking of the fibre, as the pods ripen and open out, and-that can be a-wiiv performed by the younger branches of a man's family." The SUGAR-CAN X (or Saccharum ef/iicinarum.)- The nature of the soil and mode of culture have a con- siderable effect qu the size of the plants In a f vocable soil awd in new and moist lands it reaches to he heig it of 16 feet, while in dry and light soils it does not ekaw d six feet. When a plantation is to be fornxed, the land should be prepared by digging or ploughing to the depth of eight to ten inches deep, a,ud cleared of all weeds. The ground is then divided by parallel trenches about four feet asunder and 18 inches deep, the earth turned out, and laid on between the trenches. The trenches being finished, the planter should proceed, in the months of October or November, to plant horizontally in their bottoms, at four feet distance from each other, the shoots or tops of the canes of the former season. These are of such length as to have two or three buds in each-generally about kdne inches. A portion of the earth is then thrown on the shoots, and as the buds rise above the ground, more soil is gradually added until the whole of the earth taken out of the trenches has been accu- mulated round- the young plants. The.grourid should THE SOIL, &C. 139 be frequently hoed and weeded during the growth of the plants . The canes come to maturity in 12 months. The planting does not require to be renewed aunaally, as the roots and stoles of the cane of the former year being'left , from these fresh canes spring up, and are nearly as large as in the first year. This plan may' be eontiuul ca for several years, provided the roots an furnishedevery seasonwith a liberal supply of manure, and the ground about them is well loosened, and all weeds carefully removed. The Maranta Arundinacea and Canna edulia.- These are both indigenous to South America, and each species yields excellent Anaownoor. Their mode of culture is easy and simple . The soil most suitable for their growth is a rich light loam ; the ground when it is intended for a plantation should be pre- pared by digging or ploughing six to eight inches deep, October being the best month for planting. The root should be divided , and planted singly in rows four feet asunder, and two feet apart in the rows,; the ground frequently hoed, and kept clear of weeds during the season of growth . In about nine months the roots are ready for digging up, and the proms for making the arrowroot is as follows. The roots are carefully washed in clean water, and then either grated or beaten into a pulp in a large wooden mortar. The pulp is next thrown into a quanti ty of clear water, and after thorough agitation all the fibrous matter is'' collected with the hand, squeezed, and thrown out , find the •rem ing milky fluid contains the farina, mixed with water and a portion of the remaining fibrous matter. This latter is separated by straining through a- sieve, after which the liquid is allowed to rest, the astar6h subsides to the bottom, and the water is drained off. The white pasty resi- di an is again washed in clear water and all owed to subside as before. If a very fine article is required, 140 CAPABILITIES OF the process of washing should be repeated. The powder is finally spread on clean white cloths, and dried in the sun, and in this state is fit for use. It will keep for any length of time, providing it is pro- tected from moisture. Zingiber ofcinale , or ginger .- This is a peren- nial root, which creeps and increases under ground in tubrous joints, from each of which arises a green reed-like stalk of about two feet in height . The stem is annual. It is propagated by division of the roots, and flourishes best in a rich peaty soil. The land prepared should be dug or ploughed to the depth of twelve inches, and the roots planted in October, in rows two feet distance from each other. The land should be frequently hoed and kept free of weeds during the period of growth. The ginger of com- merce is distinguished into black and white , but the difference of color depends wholly on the mode of preparation, for in both of the kinds the tubers are allowed to he ripe- that is, the roots are taken up after the annual stalks are withered . For the black, they are scalded in boiling water, and then dried in the sun ; and for the white they are scraped clean and dried carefully without being scalded, the best and soundest roots are selected for the latter process. When a preserve is to be made of the roots, they are dug up in the sap, the stalk not being more than eight inches high . The young roots are scalded; then washed in cold water, and afterwards pealed. This process lasts for three or four days, during which time the water is frequently changed. When ,the cleaning is complete the tubers are put into jars, and covered with weak syrup of sugar, and after a day or two the weak syrup is removed and' replaced by a stronger. Having thus briefly touched upon the varied capabili ties of the soil, we shall now refer to the THE BOIL, &C. 141

NATURAL ADVANTAG ES AND RESOURCES OF QU=NSLAND. Here an endless field of inquiry is opened up, and, to the mind of the enterprising man of business, these are topics which present features of considerable interest .particularly as to the pastoral, agricultural, and mineral productiveness of the colony. If we contemplate the rapid progress of the squatting, or, more correctly speaking, the grazing, interest during the past ten or fifteen years, we may presume that, as the new tracts of fine country to the northward and westward are opened out and occupied, the increase of stockduring the next five or seven years will be unprecedented in the annals of colonization. In 1845, the exports of pastoral produce amounted to £40,000: in 1860 they reached to nearly half a million in money value. The country l*1y explored by the enterprising pioneer squatters, to the north- ward of Rockhampton, is described as abounding in natural grasses, capable of sustaining immense quan- tities of stock. Leichhardt, in reporting upon the country about latitude 23° S., in his overland journey of 1844,-says,--"1 I left the Mackenzie and travelled in a north-west direction. In an extent of 25 males we passed long stretches of thick scrub and of fine open narrow-leaved ironbark forests, of box flats, and of plains, the latter of rich black soil--strewed over with pieces of fossil wood-changed into iro nstone and silex ; some of the finest country with rich grass and herbs, plenty of water, open forest and plain, with honey sweet as that of Hymettus ; with plenty of game; the air fr agrant with wild thyme and mar- joram." the same authority affirms, that in the valley of the Mackenzie , layers of fine coal were found identical with the formation of the Newcastle coal. These facts, coupled with a knowledge of the limited quantity of land already occupied by sheep and cattle, prove the splendid opening which the new 142 CAPABILITIES OF colony of Queensland presents to the man of moderate meads for the safe and profitable investment of his money in breeding stock ; independent of the proba- bility of his-being able, to sell the lease of his-ran or station--after a- few years profitable occupation-at from X1000 to £i000. Stations on the Darling Downs have changed hands at almost fabulous prices, --ranging from £20,000 to even £70,000--although conveying only to the purchaser the right of depastur- iugstock upon the land leased from the Government. A country embracing so large an extent of ter- ritory, and situated as it is in a corresponding latitude south of the equator to Egypt on the north, though with a more healthy and invigorating clintat 6--mast, in the very nature of things, be looked upon as emi-- nentigr proth tive. The east, or lower province-front latitude 28P to 23°-has been already proved to be capable of bearing all or most of the tropical pro- duotions of the earth ; whilst the upper, or western province- which has an elevation of some 1800 to 2000, feet above the eastern portions of the colony is capable of growing the finest wheat, oats, and barley that can be produced in Australia; and Eagli .shfruitsalsoarrive tl &eatgveatperfeotiou. Mil- lions of acres of the best- possible land are open for the occupation of the industrious man. Unlike the forests of America, the land, generally speaking (ex- cept in the scrubs bordering the rivers and -water courses), is but lightly timberedy present ig the appearance of some nableman?s park in the old ceuMry. Agricultural operations have hitherto been ooh, .from want of experience and labor, to very narrow Hai* but the time is rapidly arriving *hew this branch of industry will receive accessions both of skill wad capital, and when the two pursuits of agriculture and wool-growing will be profitably combined. THE SOIL, &C. 143

Coal of a superior quality has been, for some time procured from pits sunk on the bunks of the Brisbane and B re mer Rivers, not far from thejunetion of the two st re ams , and the steamers trading in Qneena- lend have been accustomed to use it for years past. The indications of carboniferous wealth observable throughout the tract of -country lying between the rivers named and the great Dividing Range, and in other parts of the colony also, afford gratifying evi- dence of the inexhaustible supply of this valuable article at our disposal. Indications of gold, copper, tin, and iron are to be found in our mountain ranges, and specimens of each of these minerals have, from time to time, been procured and tested, but the want of capital has hitherto prevented the development of the ,resources of the colony in these particulars. A gold prospect- ing party, fitted out at the public expense, are now engaged in searching the country, with the hope of discovering a paying gold-field, and sanguine hopes are entertained that the expedition will prove success- ful. Stone of excellent quality for building purposes can be obtained from the neighborhood of mget ,of our towns; and marbles of a very excellent tleeo ip- tion have recently been discovered at Warwi * and Port C urtis. The wealth of Queensland in forest productions is scarcely to be estimated, most of 3rer ;umbers being of a Und exceedingly valuable for building and inanufEeeturiug purposes . To enume rate a few of the varieties is all t hat we can attempt in these pages, and this we ebb Ao as follows -The Afoneton Bay Pine, (Pintas Gnainpkamsi), a splendid and hand- some tree , the wood of which is said to be superior to that grown in the forests :of Canada. The B nya Bunya, ( Pinus Bidteeldiana ), another species of pine, grows plentifully in the portion of the 144 CAPABILITIES OF northern country lying between the 25th and 26th para ll els of lati tude . This tree is remarkable for its great height-sometimes measuring 200 feet, for the singularity of its growth and foliage, and for the peculiar properties of its cone or fruit, which is held to be a great dainty by the blacks, and resembles the chesnut in flavor. The Red Cedar of our rivers is one of the best and most beautiful woods for manu- facturing purposes in the colony, and the Iron Bark is not only valuable in building, but is remarkably adapted,gboth in strength and durability, for ship buildin, and for constructing bridges, wharves, and also for railway sleepers. In addition to these may be named the Blue Gum, Box, Violet Wood, Silk Oak, Tulip Wood, and Forest Oak, all of which are plenti- ful, and the timber exceedingly useful. Independent of these there are a number of others, such as the cypress pine, the satin and yellow-wood trees, and a host of eucalypti. Of native flowers there are few, but a very large variety of exotics may be grown with safety in the open air. Our dense scrubs abound with vegetation of the richest and most beautiful kind ; and a quantity of plants-useful both in com- merce and in physic-have already been discovered. Lastly, Queensland is not without her share of ocean wealth. Shoals of fish of every variety and species frequent our coasts, but although the islands scattered over the broad expanse of Moreton Bay word most eligible sites for the formation of fisheries, the trade is at present confined to the few who follow the occupation of dugong-catching for the sake .of the oil-the medicinal properties of which are said to be even superior to those of cod-liver oil. The bays to the northward also abound in every variety of the finny tribe ; but, although the calling would be lucrative, we habenow either to import fish intendedfor the table, or rely upon the blacks for a supply. The THE BOIL, &c. 145

pearl, oyster is found in such lace quantities as to justify the hope that a pearl-fishery may one day be established on our coast, and it may be mentioned that at the Paris Exhibition of 1854, a prize medal was awarded to one of our colonists (Mr. C. Coxen, .M.L.A.,) for his beautiful specimens of KMoreton Bay pearls." Thus both earth and sea unite in bestowing upon the inhabitants of this colony abundalt advantages for the acquisition of wealth. The bowels of the earth will yield up to the enterprise of man their mineral treasures ; while our forests are rich in the choicest woods, and our soil in products of which we can as yet form but a faint conception.

VIL---CLIMATE OF QUEENSLAND.

The climate of this colony has been strangely misrepresented in England and elsewhere, and those who have been accustomed to regard this part of Australia as a region fit only for the residence of salamanders, will be astonished to find that the nea re st approximation to our genial clime is found in the sunny island of Madeira, whither invalid English- men are wont to resort for the renovation of their health. The best information we can give on this subject is contained in a lecture lately delivered by Dr. Barton, house surgeon of the Brisbane hospital, and meteorological , observer to the Government, whose thoroug b.acquaintance with the subject justi- fies an implicit belief in his statements . The extract is somewhat lengthy, but the importance of the topic treated is a sufficient apology for inserting it entire 146 CLIMATE OF

" I have now to consider the climate of this -country, more particularly this colony, and principally this place. Humboldt divided the hemispheres each into six spaces or belts, from the knowledge that their temperature was nearly similar ; the lines in the direction of, but not generally parallel to the equator, he called isothermal lines, and the spaces between them isothermal belts or zones. Thus, m thenorthern hemisphere, London, New York, and Pekin are on the same--the fourth-isothermal li#i, their mean temperature approximating, though their climate and vegetable productions are very different. In the southern hemisphere, Queensland is in the second isothermal belt, which has a mean temperature of 68 to 77 deg. The Cape of Good Hope and Chili are in the same space. In the corresponding belt in the northern hemisphere are Funchal, in the island of Madeira, and Algiers, on the Mediterranean coast of Africa. The following results of temperature have been noted at these places: Funchal . Alai-re. Mean temperature of warmest month ...... 75.6 ... 82.8 coldestmonth ...... 64e ... 60.1 )ear ...... »...... 68.6 ... 41410 winter ...... 64.4 ... 61.5

bummer ...... 72.6 ... 802 autumn ...... 72 3 ... 725 " The contrast will here be seen between Algiers, avariable climate, and Funchal, an insular or con- stant one. It is very important to obtain the mean temperature, ns well as the extreme temperature of a place, ereby these are climates classed as constant, varfsle, or extreme. Thus Funchal is constant, London and Pavia variable, Pekin extreme ; though the second and last, as I have just said, are on the same isothermal line. I am uncertain whether the climate of this neighbourhood should he classed amongst the constant or the variable ; for although qursNSLexa, 147

our temperature is generally very;- steady, yet the diurnal range is considerable, and at times, vpry great ; but on the whole I consider it entitled to be, e0led a constant climate. We are indebted to thQaes-beeze--- tempering the heat of summer-for this equals en it would not be felt further inland, and there greater variations of temperature might be expected, The climate of this colony, as well as of, Now South Wales, is salubrious, and very favourable to the European constitution ; persons particularly who have arrived at, or passed, the middle age, in the more inhospitable climate of Britain, often have their health and vigour surprisingly renewed in this genial climate. Instances of persons arriving at great age are co on,-persons nearly or quite one hundred years old being not unfrequently met with, and these generally retaining an amount of strength and activity to the last, From returns extending over many years, of the diseases of troops in foreign stations, I find that while the rate of mortality in the Windward and Leeward islands has been 934 per 1,000 per annum, and in Jamaica 143 per 1,000-; in Australia and the Cape of Good Hope the mean annual mortality has been at the minimum, or only 15 per 1,000. On this point Sir George Ballingall says of New South Wales, 'the climate generally is salubrious, although the heats in summer are excessive ; the hottest and most unhealthy mouths are November, December, Jaar, a February; the meau temperature duri these the. is, 80 degrees; -Mareb, and April may be leol l izpen am. the *uy season.' The diseases owani*g i Queeuslar d from atmospherics causes, aiwc} ,wAwt eom muly noticed, are ague, een- tinued fevot, oUrenie rh4nati$m, and influenza; the first two being cax by the exbalatiou of vegetable miasm, the next by undue exposure to wet and night aar, the last by. some unknown state of the atmos- 148 CLIMATE OF

phere, producing at first ordinary colds, which soon become infectious and epidemic. I will now make a few remarks on the results noted at this station (Brisbane), for a complete year, noticing each season separately ; premising, however, that as the observa- tions have only been taken for two or three years, the results may have to be modified somewhat, after the observations have extended over a number of years.

Srateo.-This season extends from September 23rd to December 22nd. Mean maximum beat of spri ng ...... 83'8 Mean temperature ...... 71.9 Mean test diurnal range ...... 83.9 Mean diurnal range ...... 26.8 Suin aa .- This season compri ses the time between Dec. 22nd and March 20th. Mean maximum heat of summer ...... 87.2 Mean temperature ...... 774 Mean greatest diurnal range ...... 80.1 Mean diurnal range ...... 20.4 Auutnaa. Comprised between March 20th, and June 24th. Mean maximum heat of autumn ...... 7615 Mean temperature ... 64 *4 Mean dress test diurnal range ...... 26.6 Mean di a'a ...... 2316 Wiaaa .- Comprising the time be tween June 24th, and September 23rd. Mean maximum heat of winter ...... 76' Mean temperature 61.1 Mean =diurnal range ... 39.2 mean diurnal range 27.2 Mean maximum heat of year ... 80.6 Mean temperature of year ... 88.7 Mean latest diurnal range ... 84.7 Mean diurnal range 24.1

11The temperature of the year, then, as thus earefilllly ascertained, we see is 68.7; almost exactly the same as that of Funchal, in the island. of Madeira, which we have siren to be 68.5 ; and which place, as already stated, is in the corresponding isothermal belt oi* the northern hemisphere ; being classed amongst the insular or constant climates, and of world-wide repute for the salubrity of its climate. But while I unexpectedly find this almost exact coin- cidence of mean teinperaturd; between Brisbane and QUEENSLAND. 149

Funchal, still I must notice that the range of tempe- rature, both in summer and winter, is several degrees greater here than in Madeira ; the summer here being a little hotter, and the winter colder." Dr. Barton appends to his lecture a tabulated Statement, showing the mean temperature in different parts of Australia, and also in other countries ; and it is hardly possible to avoid drawing a com- parison favorable to Queensland from the particulars therein given. The table is as follows :-

MEAN TEMPERATUREOF YEAR AND RAIN FALL AT THE vAmous AUSTRALIAN STATIONS AND AT OTHER COUNTRIES.

Mean Ann. Mean Ann. No. of Days Temperature Bain Fall. R.in. of Year.

Inches. Brisbane , (Queensland ) ...... 681 43 108 Port Macquarie (N.S.W.) ...... 631 71 ... York (Western Australia ) ...... 6518 25 ... Perth do, ...... 65.2 Parramatta (N.S.W.) 611 Sydne do ...... 6111 49 146 Adelaide 641 20 Melbourne ... 57.6 29 ... Launceston (V. D. Land ) ... 532 32 Hobart Town do...... 58.8 20 ... Loudon ...... 604 28 ... Paris ...... 51• 24 New York ...... 5P8 ... Pekin 549 ...... Funchal (Madeira ) ...... 68.5 Algiers ...... 70 Be

VIII.-MANAGEMENT OF PUBLIC LANDS. -.- THE statesmen and legislators of New South Wales and Victoria have been for years engaged in LfSettling N 150 MANAQEMENT OF the land question. " Ministries have been ousted from office, and parliaments have been dissoIved, on it ; and in New Soutli Wales--the parent colony of the group-it still_ remains a senategwest io. The young parliament of Queensland, on the other hand, grap- pled with this question, the most important of all in Australia, during its first session, and succeeded in passing four measures, forming together a code for the management of the public estate. I.-The first of these Acts relates to the " Occu- pation of [hitherto] Unoccupied Crown Lands in Unsettled [or newly-opened] Distrie u "' and princi- pally afi`ects the rssron I ITm msr. The " runs,' 11sheep walks," or stations obtained under, its pmvisions,- are to be held on a. fourteen years' lease, at a gradually increasing rent. The runs are not to contain less than twenty-five square miles, nor more than one hundred, and the rent to be paid.is proportioned as follows : -During the first foureara the sum of ten shillings per square mile ; and during the succeeding period of five years and five yearn (making the fourteen of the lease), the rent paid is to be determined by an appraisement of the run, made at the commencement of each such term, and in proporti on to itscapabilities, advantages., or disadvantages,-_ providing always that in no case during the first period of five years the rent shall be less than £25, nor more than £50 ; and during the second period, less than £30, nor more- than £70 per Mock of twenty-five square miles. This provision was made as a matter of simple justice to the " out- side," nr pioneer squatter, who, in taking up new country. had to contend with dangers,, dif£eulaies, and expenses far in excess of those experienced by the holders of runs near the settled localities, but who yet had to pay the same amount of rent and assessment--amounting to X40 per block of twenty- PUNLIC LANDS. 151 five square miles. The rents named above are the sole charges now made by the Government, the assess- ment being abolished ; and the provisions of the Act are so framed as to encourage enterprise, and tend in every way to promote the reclamation of the wilder- ness. II.--The second measure regulates "the Occu- pation of Land Applied for by Tender," and was passed in order to put an end to a system of "run- jobbing" which was rapidly increasing, and the tendency of which was to retard the progress of set- tlement. Extensive tracts of territory were tendered for by parties who never intended to occupy it, and when persons who really wished to'settle went out to " look for country," they had either to pay an exorbi- tant price to the run jobber, or to go one or two hun- dred miles beyond the limits of civilization, and submit to all the risks and expenses incident to dwellers in remote localities in the Australian bush. As there were few who would pursue the latter course, and quite as few who could afford to adopt the former, many were deterred altogether from entering upon pastoral pursuits. The if Tenders for Crown Lands Act," as it is called, remedies all this inconvenience by requiring that runs shall be occupied and stocked to one-fourth their capabilities within twelve months from the date of lease ; and, if they be not so stocked and occupied, double the amount of rent is to be paid in advance ; and if the requirements of the Act be not complied with in six months after the payment of such additional rent, the alternative is an absolute forfeiture of the rube . Some stringent measure of this sort was necessary in order to check so pregnant aIk evil, fraught as it was with the worst possible conse- quences to the colony. III.-The fourth act passed- omitting the third for the present--also related to pastoral pur- K* 152 MANAGEMENT OF suits. The leases of many of the best stations will shortly expire, and as it was necessary to legislate for their re-lease or occupation in some way, the Government introduced and passed Kan Act for the Leasing of Crown Lands Previously Occupied." This measure enacts that the leases of all runs held under existing or former regulations may be renewed for a period of five years at their expiration, provided that the tenant is content to pay the rent then fixed by valuation. If the outgoing lessee does not wish to renew, then the lease of the run is to be let to the highest bidder at public auction ; and any person who may thus obtain the lease of a run is required to pay into the Trebaury the value of the permanent improvements on such lands,-such amount to be forthwith handed over to the outgoing lessee. IV.-Last, but by no means least-since it is the measure which chiefly interests the most numerous class of immigrants to this country-we come to consider the " Alienation of Crown Lands Act," by which the sale of the public lands is regulated. Under this law all lands are divided into three classes-town , suburban, and country lots ; the former comprising all land within the actual boundaries of towns,-the second all land within two miles from the nearest boundary of .any town (the Governor, with the advice of the Executive Council, having a discretionary right to narrow this limit in certain cases ) ; and the third class, all other lands Whatsoever. Juice of Land.-The price of land sold under this Act is in no case less than £1 an acre, and the lots, must be properly surveyed and delineated in the public nfpr!, before the alienation from the Crown Can be completed. The aucti on system is resort ed to in all cases, except as regards the agricultural reserves hereinafter menti oned, in respect to which PUBLIC LANDS. 153

the right of free selecti on at the upset price is per- mitted ; the terms of purchase at the sale being-ten per cent deposit, and the remainder within one month afterwards. Agricultural Reserves , and method of obtainito Land upon them.-The Act prescribes that , within a period of six months after its passing, re serves to the extent of at least 100 ,000 acres sha ll be proclaimed for agricultural purposes "on the shores or navigable waters of Moreton Bay , Wide Bay, Port Curtis, and Keppel Bay ;" and further , that within five miles of all towns whose inhabitants number more than 500; reserves of 10 ,000 acres sha ll be set apart with a like object . The same clause also authorizes the reser- vation of land in other loca li ties , but the power thus given to the government is purely discretionary. Farms upon these reserves are not to be less than 40 acres , or more than 320, andpersonsdesirousof procur- ing them must apply at the office of the Land Agent (who is generally the Clerk of Petty Sessions in the district ,) nearest to the reserve , and there point out on the map the lot or lots they may wish to select ; the amount of the purchase money , at 20s. per acre , must then be paid down - either in current money, or in the " land orders " they may have received fr om the Government on their arrival in the colony. The settler must then go to work upon his farm, and commence to improve and cultivate it, for, if this con- dition be not fulfi ll ed within six months after the purchase , then the money is to be returned , less ten per cent , and the farm reverts to the Government The occupant of a farm may lease lands con- tiguous thereto on such reserve to the extent of three times the quantity owned by him-providing that the whole does not• exceed 320 acres,- at an annual rent of sixpence per acre. The lease may extend to a term of five years, but the lessee has the power 154 MANA GEMENT OF during the time of purchasing any part or the whole of the land so held by him, notwithstanding the application of other intending buyers--he having a pre-emptive right to the same. The land so held, h6wever, must be fenced in within eighteen months from the commencement of the lease, under penalty of forfeiture ; and it is also forfeit if the rent be allowed to run more than thirty days in arrear. No sub-letting is permitted, nor is it competent for any person to borrow money on the security of such lease. Land Orders Given to ITnrriigrants.--That clause of the act which relates to the issue of land orders to immigrants, is decidedly one of its best provisions. All adults coming to Queensland direct from Europe at their own expense, are to receive, immediately af- ter landing, an order to the amount of X18; and, af- ter having resided in the country for two years con- tinuously, a further order to the amount of £12. Two ebiidren over the age of four, and under fourteen, are reckoned as one adult, and their parents wi ll receive orders accordingly. They may also be given to par- ties' paying the passages of immigrants , and are no less open to foreigners who become naturalized in the cotony, than to persons coming from the United Kingdom. Premium for Cotton-growing.-With a view to the encouragement of cotton cultivation, the legisla- ture wisely introduced a clause which offers a con- sidetabble inducement to the tillers of the soil, and it is probnh that this provision will be shortly availed of to some extent by persons in the colony. During the first three years after the passing of the Act the Government is empowered to issue land orders to the extent of £10, by way of premium for every bale of good cleaned Sea Island cotton, weighing 300 lbs. ; and during the next succeeding two years a further PUBLIC LANDS. 155

land order to the amount of £5 for each such.bale. Premiums to half these amounts may also be given for the ordinary kinds of cotton, but where. the best of all sorts-the Sea Island-may be cultivated with equal facility to any other, it is scarcely probable that growers will turn their attention to any but the best. These, then, are the provisions of the Land Sales Act which chiefly affect new comers, and upon care- ful perusal, it will be found that no mean advantages are offered. Take, for instance, the case of an immi- grant arriving in the colony with a wife and four chil4ren, all over the age of four and under 14. Sup- posing him to have paid for the passages of himself and family, he will receive land orders to the extent of £72 immediately after setting foot on our shores ; and if he and they should remain two years, he will be entitled to a further amount of £48-representing altogether the value of 120 acres of land ! If he should be an individual who is desi ro us of settling down on the agricultural reserves, he would be at once able to choose his farm and pay for it with the orders, so that the colony, in point of fact, offers a free grant to all who come hither at their own cost. These orders are, however, not only negotiable in this way, but they may be tendered in payment at any Government land sale, for any class of lots the holder may think fit to purchase. The regulations as to leasing contiguous lots to owners of farms upon the reserves, will enable the settler to unite, on a small scale, the two, pursuits of agriculture and wool -growing, as carried out at home;. or he may cultivate his farm and keep his herd of cattle, which always pro ves a never -failing source of wealth to the Australian grazier . The reserves wi ll be marked out in localities best suited to the purposes of the- agriculturist, the nature of the soil and the lightly timbered character of the country being taken 156 MANAGEMENT OF PUBLIC LANDS. into consideration. Clearing averages from £8 to £14 per acre, and fencing from 5s. to 10s. per rod (16k feet), when men are hired for the purpose ; but these tasks are among the first difficulties of the settler, and are generally performed by himself and family-the trees out down furnishing the timber necessary for fencing purposes. The facilities and advantages thug afforded to immigrants by the Queensland legislature are superior to those at present offered by any other of the Aus- tralian dependencies, and great hopes are entertained that the prosperity of this colony has been ensured by the enactments above epitomized, inasmuch as they hold out inducements to the capitalist to engage in squatting-to the man of small means to become the owner of his own homestead,-and to the laborer to employ his " capital "-his bone and muscle-in either market which best suits his purpose.

I%.-TRADE AND REVENUE.

Tu trade of Queensland is at present confined to the neighbouring colonies and the mother-country, but it must be remembered that we are only just "com- mencing business on our own account," and we must therefore be content gradually to enlarge the sphere of our operations. The imports into the port of Brisbane alone, in the twelve months ending 30th September, 1860, amounted to X561,496; but the total value of the whole imports into the colony during that period is estimated at £650,000. This suns was principally expended in bread stuffs and other articles of consumption--including spirituous and fermented liquors, and in drapery, hardware, TRADE AND REVENUE. 157 furniture, imported stock, &e., &c., as the subjoined recapitulation of imports into Brisbane will show

Fermented and spiri tuous liquors .. £36,944 4 0 Agricultuial produce...... 68,799 12 6 Livestock .. 7,460 0 0 Assorted merehandize ...... 448.293 0 0

Total ...... £561,496 16 6

It is within the range of probability, however, that the second item will be considerably reduced, ere long, by the local production of many of the articles we are now compelled to send money out of the country for ; and it is in this, as well as in other particulars, that we expect benefit to accrue from the proclamation and settlement of the agricultural reserves referred to in the last chapter. The great bulk of our exports consist of articles connected with pastoral pursuits, and this will con- tinue to be the case until cotton or some other valuable staple is counted among the number. The total value of the whole exports from the colony of Queensland during the twelve months ending September 30th, 1860, was' £573,372 3s. 6d., and in this amount wool-the principal product--figures to the extent of £415,397 lls. 9d.--the value of 13,564 bales ; while hides, tallow, sheepskins, and live stock, make up a further sum of £124,238 16s. The aggregate amounts of both imports and exports show a balance in favor of the former of upwards of £120,000, and some might be led to suppose that we are in a crippled condition because the " balance of trade" is against us ; but we have a multitude of examples in our favor in this respect. Such circum- stances are onlyincidental to theinfancy of a state; and no harm can accrue if ourexportsbefoundtobesteadily increasing . That such is the case, we can show by 158 TRADE AND

quoting the value of the exports from Brisbane alone during the four years ending with 1860; thus-

1851 ...... £366,23714 0 1858 363,-61517 0 1859 ...... 429.984 8 0 1860 ... 435,744 1 9

As long as this steady progress is observable, an occasional deficit need excite no cause of ajVprehen- sion, for, as,the exports of a country increase in value, so must there be a corresponding increase of material and national wealth. Coming now to the matter of revenue, we cannot do better than quote the Colonial Treasurer' s state- ment of " ways and means" to meet the probable expenditure of the year 1861, as given in the Esti- mates.

PROBABLE WAYS AND MEANS.

Customs ...... £70,000 Land revenue- Proceeds of land sales ...... 65.000 Rents of land ...... 15 000 Assessment ...... 30,000 Postage ...... 4,500 Licenses 3,000 Fees of office 1,600 Fines and forfeitures ...... 300 Bents ...... 300 Pilotage, harbour dues ...... 300 Misce llaneous and special receipts .. 2,300 Total ...... £182,200

Against this there was an estimated expenditure of £197,6603, diowing an apparent deficit of £16,463; but the large sums of money voted for public bustd- ings, roads, and improvements urgently r4uired must necessarily involve a large expenditure for some anVENVS. 159 few years to come, which will not recur when these requirements have once been met. As yet there is no public debt. As will be seen from the above, statement, the principal revenue is derived from the public lands and from customs' duties ; and it cannot but be ad- mitted that these items must necessarily increase with the growth of our population. Young as the colony is, hovdever, and great as have been the difficulties with which she has had to contend, she is even now entitled to take the twelfth place on the list of the forty- eight British colonies in point of revenue ; and we believe there are few parallel cases to be found in the history of colonization of the revenue of a colony barely twelve months old showing an average of £6 per head for every man, woman, and child in the ter- ritory !

Z-EffiPLOYffiENT OF LABOUIL

Tim rapidity with which all newly imported labor of a really useful kind is absorbed, justifies the assertion that this colony presents an admirable field for the remuneration of industry. Here the " poor man" of the stump orator is a myth ; or, if such an individual be found, his poverty is generally traceable to one of three causes, namely-drunken- ness, idleness, or physical infirmities which would beset a human being in any country. Here it may truly be said that "labor is wealth," for the industrial classes are well-to-do and contented, enjoying full political privileges, and perfect free- dom in the exercise of those privileges. There are few working men who have not their own freeholds, and as the eight-hour system prevails in the, principal 160 EMPLOYMENT

towns, they have ample time for mental cultivation, the improvement of their properties, or any other pursuit to which their tastes may incline them after the labours of the day are over. The demand is perhaps greater Just at this stage of our historyfor unskill ed labor than skill ed; but there is never a time when work of some kind cannot be procured, either in town or country. "The bush" has been made a perfect bugbear by some people, but many a roan who has wrought his way up to a posi- tion of influence and comparative competence, has commenced his career in Australia as a shepherd or hutkeeper. The emigrant who thinks of coming to this, or any other of the Australian colonies, should be prepared to " turn his hand to anything" in order to obtain a footing. The idle, worthless, dissipated loafer is not wanted here ; neither is he welcome whose heart fails him at every step, and who would be apt to regard the primary difficulties of colonial life as so many insurmountable obstacles. For honest, industrious, and thrifty men it is no exagge- ration to say that Queensland presents as fair a field, and prospects quite as hopeful, as any possession of the British crown. " $ere, brothers , eacard from all turmoil and danger, We reap what we sow, for the soil is our own ; We spread hospitality 's hoard for the stranger, And joyous are we as the king on his throne ; We never know want , for we live by our labour, And in it contentment and happiness And." The wages paid to the different classes of labor very seldom fluctuate, and the rates given in the sub- joined list obtain, we believe, throughout the colony. Bricklayers ...... 109. to 11g. per day. Masons ...... 10S." 12s. ,, stone-cutters ...... 10s.,, 12s. Plasterers .. 8S.. 14s. „ Carpenters and Joiners ...... 8s. „ 12g. Painters ...... 8s.,9 lOs. „ Upholsterers ...... 8s.,, 12s. G,opers ...... `3s. „ lOs. OF LABOR. 161

Tinsmiths ...... 40s. „ 55s. per week. *P ri nters ...... 60s. „ 72s. , Tailors ...... Paid by the piece. Shoemakers ...... 45s. to 65s . per week. Day-labourers ...... :... 5s. to 6s. per day. Needlewomen and dressmakers ...... 2s. „ 6s, „ Saddlers 8s. „ los. ,, Blacksmiths ...... 10s. „ lls. „ Wheelwrights ...... 108-11 - Quarrymen ...... 8s. ,, l0s. Farm labourers (with board or rations ) £30 to £40 per year. Men servants (ditto ) ...... 30), 35 Maid 11 (ditto) 16 „ 26 Servant boys (ditto ) ...... 10 „ 20 Gardeners ditto ) 35 „ 45 Stockmen (ditto ) ...... 30 „ 40 Hutkeepers (ditto ) ...... 30 „ 35 Shepherds (ditto ) 30 „ 40 » Married couples (ditto ) ...... 45 60 „ Bull ockdrivers (ditto) ...... 35 „ 45 Although not fitly coming under this head, it will not be thought out of place if we here introduce a list of prices of articles, &c., which would constitute the chief expenses of a household, as the information might be useful to the intending emigrant ; viz.:--- House Rent-From 3s 6d to 7s per room per week, according to position. Butchers' Meat .- Beef (carcase ), 2d per lb .; beef (retail). 3d to 31d ; mutton (carem e), 31d to 4d ; ditto (retail ), 4d to 5d ; ports, 6d per 1b ; veal 6d. Brad-Is the 41b. loaf ; flour, by the bag , 22s to 23s. per cwt. Tea, 2s to 3s per lb. ; coffee, is 6d ; sugar, from 4jd to 8d; soap, 4d; candles (sperm), is 3d to is 9d, (tallow), 9d; tobacco, 2! to 4s 6d. Vegetable Market. -Cabbages per dozen , 2s to 4s ; green peas per peck, 2s 3d to 2s 6d; beans, ditto , is 6d to is 9d; pumpkins, per cwt., 5s to 5s 6d; carrots , per dozen bunches, 3s to 3s 6d ; turnips, ditto , 2s Gd to 3s; lettuces , ditto , is to is 6d ; young onions, is 6d to 2s ; radishes, ditto , is to is 6d ; herbs, ditto, is to is 6d; potatoes (new), 2d per lb. Firewood - Delivered in town , per load, 6s ., and oiRtside of town 7s.

* When paid by the piece in newspaper offices, is. 3d. per thousand. 162 MISCELLANEOUS.

%I.-MISCELLANEOu8.

WE have not in the foregoing pages, alluded to several topics of interest and importance which might have been introducedwith advantage, but our brochure already exceeds the bulk originally intended, and we must therefore be very brief in referring to the subjects included in this chapter. I.--Communication between the various towns and localities in the interior-where river navigation is not available-is at present effected by ordinary highways,* many of which are only in course of for- mation. A project is on foot, however, for initiating a cheap bnt effective system of tramways, a company having been constituted for the purpose of const ru ct- ing such a road between Ipswich and Toowoomba (Darling Downs). The success of this project is tolerably well assured , and when it has been proved by actual demonstration, there can be no doubt that the proposed line will ultimately become a grand trunk tramroad, with other lines diverging from it to all settled parts of the territory. Such a system of internal communication would be far preferable to railways-in point of economy, as the latter could only be constructed at an enormous expense, and would, if laid down at the public cost, create a heavy charge upon the revenue for years to come. The days of rail- way travelling have not arrived for Queensland yet, and we are satisfied to be content with a less speedy, but quite as effective , mode of transit. II.-Steamers run daily on the river between Brisbane and Ipswich, and we have fortnightly com- munication by steam with the ports of Maryborough, Gladstone, and Rockhampton, the Government paying

* See Appendix I. for table of distances between the various places, MISCELLANZOUS. 163 a handsome subsidy for the conveyance of mails by this route. There is also weekly intercourse by steampacket with Sydney, the voyage occupying from two to three days. Passages may also be had in coasters, and it often happens that the trip is not very much longer protracted in them than in the steamers. If the emigrant is unable to procure a passage direct from England to Queensland, he would avoid much additional expense and trouble by taking ship for Sydney, and not for Melbourne It may be stated here that a local company has just been organized, and is in active existence, for carrying on the steam trade with the north, the Govern- ment having guaranteed to the directors the mail subsidy for a stipulated period. When this company is in active operation, it is contemplated, we believe, to open up steam communication with the Clarence River -a step which would save a great influence with the population there in deciding as to which colony they shall belong, if that point cannot be said to be already settled. III.-Although we are not likely soon to enjoy the superior advantages which railways afford, we are happy to state that a line of electric telegraph is now being constructed which will place the capital of Queensland in almost instantaneous communication with the metropoli- tan cities of New South Wales, Victoria, and South Aus- tralia, and which will ultimately form part of the great Anglo-Australian system. The line will meet one now being constructed by the neighbouring colony at our southern frontier, and is expected to be in working order about the commencement of next year (1862.) It is anticipated that the original idea of laying down a series of submarine cables from Batavia to Moreton Bay will be abandoned, and that the less expensive and additionally useful method will be adopted of conveying the line overland from Brisbane to the Gulf of Carpen- 164 MISCELLANEOUS taria , whence it might be carried across to the island of Timor, and so on to Java. The risks of interruption would not be either so imminent or so numerous if this plan were adopted; and another great consideration is, that the settlement of that portion of country over which the wires will travel wi ll be materially assisted. IV.-The benevolent spirit of the people of Queens- land should not be forgotten . Hospitals - which par- take also of the character of asylums for the infirm and destitute - are established in most of the townships, and are supported partly by voluntary contributions and partly by grants from the public coffers, but we allude more particularly to the cases of distress which are every now and then relieved by the kind contributions of the inhabitants . Never is the widow and the orphan un- cared for ; the open palm of charity be ing extended to all who are in need , without respect of creed or country. V.-The "fourth estate" is represented in Queens- land by six newspapers at present, but we expect to see the num ber increased , before many months have elapsed, by the establishment of other " organs of public opinion." Those al ready in existence are distributed as follows Brisbane has two,-the Moreton Bay Courier, the oldest and leading journal of the colony , published three time s. a week ; and the Queensland Guardian, recently established , published twi ce a week . Ipswich publishes two journals , the North Australian and the Ipswich Herald, both issuing twice a week. In Dray- ton there is a weekly paper called the Darling Downs Gazette; and another weekly at Maryborough , styled the Maryborough Chronicle . These newspapers each enjoy a fair share of public support , and they all sub- scribe to the popular doctrines of li be ralism. VI.-The Queensland government are about to send to England an Emigration Agent , whose duty it will be to afford to intending emigrants all the informa- tion they may require, and to make the colony known MISCELLANEOUS. 165 through the length and breadth of the United Kingdom by means of lectures, contributions to the metropolitan and provincial press, and all other available media. Should it not be in the power of every individual into whose hands this pamphlet may fall to consult the Agent, the information herein conveyed may be safely relied upon, as it has been carefully compiled from the most authentic sources, and has received the approval of the Governor of the colony. If the facts bore stated should have the effect of inducing but a few out of Great Britain's toiling myriads to make Queensland the country of their adoption, the publication will not have been issued in vain, nor will the author have spent his labour for nought. APPENDIX I.

TABLE OF DISTANCES

BBTWEER THE PRINCIPAL TOWNS AND SETTLEMENTS OF QUEENSLAND.

BRISBANE TO SURAT. Hiles. Brisbane to Ipswich .. 22 Ipswich to Gatton ... 35 Gatton to Drayton 25 Drayton to Aalby 50 Dalb y to Daandine 17 Danoine to Wombo .. 40 Wombo to Condamine 25 Condamine to Alderton 20 Alderton to Walkon .. 25 Walkon to Surat 30 Total ...... 289

BRISBANE TO GAYNDAB: Via DUBINDUE. Miles. Brisbane to Durindur 60 Durindur to Burnett Inn...... 65 Burnett Inn to Gayndah ...... 105

Total . , .. .. 230 APPENDIX I. 167

IPSWICH TO GAYNDAH Via WIVENHOE. Miles. Ipswich to Wivenhoe 20 Wivenhoe to Cressbrdok 32 Cresebrook to Barnett Inn 41 Burnett Inn to Baramba... 28 Baramba to Boombijan 30 Boombijan to Ban -Ban 35 Ban Ban to Gayndah 12 Total ...... 198

GAYNDAH TO B.OCERAMPTON. Miles. Gayndah to Bouverie 's Old Station 25 Bouverie's to Eidsvold .. .• .. 25 Eidsvold to Rawbelle 35 Rawbelle to Castle Creek 30 Castle Creek to Fergueson's 25 Fergussons 's to Cooranga 20 Cooranga to Banana 15 Banana to Rannes , ...... 27 Rannes to Colliengol...... 22 Colliengol to Westwood ...... 18 Westwood to Gracemere , , ... .. 22 Gracemere to Rockhampton 6 270

GAYNDAH TO GLADSTONE. Miles. Gayndah to Yendah.. .. 13 Yendah to Tenningering.. 30 Tenninge ri ng to Walla 17 Walla to Gingin 11 Gingin to Mundnran 7 Munduran to Wocoga 16 Wocoga to Warra 11 Warra to Marian Vale 26 Ma ri an Vale to Gladstone 45

Total ...... 176 L* 168 APPENDTA I.

GLADSTOI cE TO ROCKHAMPTON. Miles. G tone to the Calliope- 13 Calliope to young's 12 Young's to -Raglan Creek.. . 12 Raglan Creek to Archer's Cattle Station 30' Archer's to Rockhampton ...... 15

Total ...... 82

MARYBOROUGH TO GAYNDAH. Miles. Maryborough to Robinson's ...... 25 Robinson's to Degilbo ...... 35 Degilbo to Wetheron ...... 18 Wetheron to Gayndah ...... 12 Total ...... 90

BRISBANE DO GASINO. Miles. isbane to Beaudesert ...... 45 B audesert to Unumgar ...... 50 Unumgar to Casino ... .. 45

Total ...... 140

WARWICK TO TENTERFIELD. Miles. Warwick to Maryland ...... 28 Maryland to Tenteifield ...... 50

Total ...... 78

DALBY TO TAROOM. Miles. Dalby to Chinchilla...... 38 Chiuchilla•to Juandah ...... 70 Juandah to Taroom ...... 15 Total ...... 123 APPENDIX I. 169

BETWEEN OTHER POINTS. Miles. From Brisbane to Maryborough, via L 160 Durindur and the new coast line .. j From Brisbane to Cleveland ...... 18 From Btisbane to Sandgate ...... 14 From Ipswich to Warwick ...... 80 From Drayton to Warwick ... 47 From Tentertield to the Clarence, byl 136 the Old Road ...... j From Rockhampton to Canoona .. .. 30

APPENDIX II.

THE KENNEDY DISTRICT. Tun new district which is to be opened shortly to the north, to be called the Kennedy district, (as a tribute to the memory of one of our explorers, Mr. Kennedy, who perished by the spears of the aborigines on York Peninsula,) is bounded on the South by a line running westward from Cape Palmer- ston, in about lat. 21 deg. 32 sec. south, and which is the northern boundary of the Leichhardt and Port Curtis dis- tricts ; on the North, by the ranges which form the commence- ment of the'/ York Peninsula" table-land, are the watershed of the Burdekin, Lynd, Mitchell, and Kennedy rivers, and abut on Rockingham Bay in lat. 17 deg. 40 min. S.; on the West by the watershed of the Burdekin and its tributaries ; and on the East by the Pacific Ocean. Its extreme length is about 320 miles, by about 250 miles in breadth. The whole district is watered by the River Burdekin and its tributaries, the most important of which are the Suttor, rising near the southern boundary, and joined by the Bely- ando and Cape rivers from the south-west ; the Broughton and Clarke draining the western side, and the Perry, Douglas, and Fanning the eastern side, of its upper course while the Bowen drains the country to the south of its lower course, between the Suttor and the ocean. This district was traversed for the first time b tbd great explorer Leichhardt in 1845, when, en route from 170 APPENDIX II. ton Bay to Port Essington, be discovered the waters of the Suttor, which led him to their junction with the "Burdekin " at Mount McConnell, then a " running stream with a bed on-, mile broad." The course of the Burdekin above this point is from N.W. to S.E. ; Leicbhardt followed it to about lat. 18 deg. 35 min., where it came from the eastward, and ascended its northern watershed over the basaltic region. In 1856, Mr. A. C. Gregory (now Surveyor-General of Queens- land) traversed this district on the memorable North Aus- tralian Expedition from the Victoria river, striking from the River Gilbert on to the Burdekin, in about lat. 18 deg. 50 min. S., and adding a knowledge of that locality, and of the River Belyando-by which, and the Mackenzie, he entered the settlement-to the geographical knowledge of the dis. trict. In 1859, Mr. G. E. Dalrymple. lately appointed First Commissioner of Crown Lands for that district, stimulated by the accounts of these explorers of its pastoral richness, and actuated by a desire to form a settlement there, orga- nized an expedition from private sources, to explore the yet unknown course of the Burdekin and its tributaries, discover its mouth, and ultimately take out stock in sufficient num- bers to form a settlement. Mr. Dalrymple left the settle- ments in August, 1859, and returned after an absence of six months, during which his party suffered great privations and dangers, having traced the Burdekin to within 30 miles of the ocean-discovered several tributaries-and explored the country between Leichhardt 's and Gregory's most easterly point at Mount McConnell, and the sea at Upstart Bay. Mr. Dalrymple also explored both banks of the Burdekin as fir as 18 deg. 50 min. S., whence his return to the settlements was a continual struggle with flooded rivers and creeks, and ground rendered boggy by the tropical rains. Mr. Dalrymple found that ten miles to the east of Mount McConnell, the Burdekin trends through a great range of granitic mountains, which he named Leichhardt's Range, by a gorge about 15 miles in length, so rocky and wild as to be quite impassable. Examining this range farther to the north, he struck the channel of the Lower Burdekin below the range, and followed it in a N.N.W. direction to about lat. 19 deg. 47 min. S., where, from the numbers and hostility of the black.-, the smallness of his party, and boggy ground from heavy rains, he was obliged APP19NDIX It. 171 to leave it . Its mouths have , however , been discovered and explored by Lieut. Smith, R.N., and Mr. Dalrymple, in the late expedition of the " Spitfire." At Mr. Dalrymple's last point the river sweeps to the E., and discharges its waters into the sea through a number of mouths, radiating through tle delta of Cape Bowling Green, the principal one being the Wickham River in Upstart Bay. These mouth, are unfortunately useless for navigation, being silted up and exposed to easterly gales. A fine tributary was discovered joining the Burdekin from the S E. on the eastern side of the range, and which Mr. Dalrymple called the Bowen, after His Excellency Sir George Ferguson Bowen. The seaboard of this district was first visited by Cook in 1770, who named most of the principal headlands and bays; and at various intervals by Flinders, King, Wickham, Stanley, Blackwood, Sinclair, and lastly, by Lieut. Smith, R.N., in the colonial schooner " Spitfire," despatched by this Government, in August last, to explore the estuaries of the Burdekin and the coasts of the district. The " Spitfire " returned to Brisbane on the 18th of October, and the details of her exploration may be read with interest in the reports of Lieut. Smith and Mr. Dalrymple, lately published. From these various explorations we find that the geolo- gical formation of the country is an alternation of granitic, palseozoic, metamorphic, and basaltic rocks. The headlands of the coast, and the highest mountains-which are generally isolated masses near to, and upwards of, 4000 feet above the sea, are granitic, as are also the principal mountain ranges. Mr. Dalrymple reports auriferous indications over consider- able tracts of country of a very marked description. So varied a geological formation of course produces equally varied characters of country. On the Suttor and lielyando large scrubs alternate with well grassed flats, openly timbered along the rivers. The Cape, twelve miles from its junction, appears to be all scrub. The Rolleston, a tribu- tary of it from the N.W., has fine open ridgy country, with ironbark, bastard box, and gums. Leichhardt says of the Suttor, " fine flats accompany its lower course ;" "the grasses are very various and dense." Be particularizes the " oaten grass of the Isaacs," and mentions twenty other different grasses, and " various herbs which cattle and horses were fond to feed upon." " Water is abundant;" 172 APPENDIX II.

" the drooping tea tree, which grows to a great size in its bed, yields an excellent timber ; the blood wood and iron- bark are generally of good size for building huts. There was also no want of timber at the Isaacs, nor at the Burdekin." Of the Burdekin he also reports that "almost the whole extent of its banks jr, available for pastoral `purposes;" " fine ironbark and box flats, open. ridges, high ranges of the river",""" the latter "is well supplied with water from living springs and brooks coming from basaltic table land." Off the valley of the river, Mr. Dalrymple reports fine downs in several places, and much fine sheep country in the large valleys, and on the lower spurs of the ranges, with black Boil, red loam, quartz pebbles, ironbark, and rich grass and herbage. The finest sheep country of the district, however, is undoubtedly on the basaltic table land in lat. 18 deg. 16 min. South, elevated 2.00 feet above the sea, and, as Leichhardt describes it, " a pattern for cattle and sheep stations." The valleys of the Lower Burdekin and Bowen are described by Mr. Dalrymple as beautiful, open, and richly-grassed.Plains and downs alternatewith open forest of poplar, gum, ironbark, blood wood, water box, &c., this fine country coming right down to the coast. The climate of the district, although intertropical, appears to be very fine, and although in summer the sun is extremely hot, the tem- perature is moderated by the trade winds, by the absence of hot winds, and by the clouds with which the rains of the season cover the heavens. During last summer there. Mr. Dalrymple's highest reading of the thermometer was 98 deg., and the average 8$J deg. Fahrenheit. The rains appear to last from November till February, when travelling is diffi- cult and at times impossible. The climate of the remainder of the year is said to be like Madeira. There can be no doubt, from these facts, that the Kennedy will shortly, as a pastoral district, rival its southern competitors. The production of a good marketable wool depends more upon wholesome pastures and, soil than upon the temperature, and there appears in this fine district, to be no fiercer heat than on the scorching plaips of the Bar wan, Bogan, and Darling ; or heavier or more lasting rains than hale at times tried the strength of our. Darling Dowi.s sheep. APPE NDIX II 173

We learn that large tracts of country in the maritime district4 on the banks of the rivet, will afford a fine field for the farming of tropical productions, which will doubtless soon be tested, as the fine port discovered by Mr. Sinclair, in the "Santa Barbara," last year, in Edgecombe Bay, has been most favourably reported upon by Lieutenant Smith, R.N., as a harbour, and by Mr. Dalrymple as an outlet for the district, with which it is connected by easy routes. This port is landlocked, bounded by beautiful country, fine sound ridges, backed by a running river, and sloping to the margin of the harbour, thus offering an excellent site for a town- ship. The aborigines of the district appear to be numerous and hostile, but the country being generally pretty clear of scrubs in which they harbour, it is anticipated that after the first settlerh.nt is formed they will find pacific measures the best for their own well being.

APPENDIX M.

IN order to render our sketch as complete and interesting as possible, we make the following extracts from an Aus- tralian Geography, published in 1855, by, Mr. James Bonwick, of Victoria. The reader will have to bear in mind that, at the time this work was brought out, the northern boundary of New South Wales extended as far as the 26th parallel of latitude, and in making a compilation, we have to cull from two distinct sections of the book. The first extract relates to the geology of the districtsreferred to :- "North of the Liverpool range, the Dividing Chain extends to it north north easterly direction, consisting principallyof granite . Towards the Bellengen the hills are of mica, slate and porphyry . From Bolivia to lenterfield, and thence toward Maryland the range is granite with intrhsive basalt; and thence to Warwick is olayslate and granite. From Warwick to Drayton are a ferrugiheus conglomerate Aand+tone and porphy- ritie scoria; and from Drayton to Mount Brisbane by Ipswich are crystatline sandstone and metamorphic slate . The red and 174 APPENDIX III. grey granites prevail in the chain north of the Severn river, and slate to the north -west of it . North of Moreton Bay the Dividing chain narrows and approaches the sea coast , becoming more quartzose and slatiform. On the Boyne and near Wide Bay gold is obtained. As both sides of the Dividing range are of similar formation , the intrusive and more recent character of the mountains becomes apparent . It rose gradually dislocating the country east and west . Some have thought the chain was formerly much higher. Most of its peaks in New England have a granite base , and greenstone or basalt top. Mount Lindsay has an apex of castellated trachyte. * * * The upper Condamine is a country of quartz and basalt. Lower down by Dogwood creek it exhibits much fossil wood and agate, and at Oakey creek a sort of tufa . Slate is abundant between the-Condamine and the McIntyre and Severn rivers. A granite table land runs eastward of the Severn head waters . Sandstone forms the stratum of the flat land towards the Murray. * * so- High rocks of mica slate flank , the Bellengen river. The Clarence , rising from the trappean Mount Lindsay, passes through an auriferous and then a carboniferous country . Granite, basalt, and plumbago are on its western branch , the Rocky or Uralla ; slate and quartz on the Boyd ; and good coal abounds on its last tributary, the Ora Ora. The carboniferous system extends from the sea through Grafton to Tabulam at the junction of the Rocky and Clarence, though with many in- terruptions of slate, quartz and granite . It reappears on the Richmond river, on the flanks of the McPherson range, and northward of Maryland , on granite in Sydney sandstone 3000 feet high . The Clarence coal measures have fewer ferns than the Newcastle. The coal of Catika is in Sydney sandstone with coniferous wood . It would appear that two irruptions of basalt took place in the Clarence coal valley. Trachytie pebbles are frequent in the Richmond and Clarence coalfields, The Richmond district has much silicious grit, bearing vege- table impressions with veins of quartz ; it is rich in granite and old trachyte. Trachytie trap is also abundant at McPherson range , and so on at intervals up to Moreton Bay. * * * * The Moreton Bay district has mineral treasures in gold, coal, and excellent limestone. Gold is obtained from the Dividing range, Canning Downs , &e. The river Brisbane passes felspathic and hornblendic rocks , and then flows through & rich carboni- ferous district . The coal is on both sides of the stream ; and also on the Bremer ; at the north point of the Bay ; and about the limestone country of Ipswich. On the Bremer the beds are alternately coal and fire clay. The Ipswich bituminous seam is six feet thick . Mount Brisbane is of porphyry and red APPENDIX III. 175 granite ; the same granite extends northward and westward, ,On the north side of Brisbane town are white spar and purple slates. Trachytic lava constitutes the rock of the Glass -houses by the Bay. A spur of quartz comes down to the Ping river; in the serpentine and slate debris of this stream gold is found. Borizontal sandstone occurs at Drayton and at Stanley river, porphyry at Mount Byron , and granite at Durandur." Our further extracts have reference to the topography, discovery, and geology of " North Australia" :- " The discoverers of North Australia were the Dutch in 1605. Torres, the Spaniard, was in the Strait, bearing his name , in 1605. Tasman also, and other Dutchmen, and Cap- tains King, Flinders and Stokes were discoverers on the northern coast ; while Captain Cook in 1770 discovered the whole of the eastern side. The great land explorers have been Sir T. L. Mitchell in 1846, Captain Sturc and Dr. Leichbardt in 1845, and Mr. Kennedy in 1847 and 1848. Start discovered the interior Great Desert; Leichbardt, the rivers near the out coast from Moreton Bay to Port Essington ; Mitchell, the rivers and plains between the Darling and lat. 22° 8 ; Kennedy, the lower course of the Victoria, and the scrub of Cape York Peninsula. "The rivers north of the Darling, and flowing into it, are the tributaries of the Balonne. The Condamine joins from Darling Downs to the east. East of the Balonne are the Yahoo, Sandy and Frederick Creeks. The Fitzroy Downs are about the southern boundary. The Mantuan Downs, about lat. 24e, are the source of several important streams; as the noble Vic- toria, running westward and then southward for 700 miles towards Lake Torrens. The Warrego was traced downward from the Mantuan Downs 500 miles, to within 100 of the junction of the Culgoa and Darling. The Maranoa has a southern course from Mount Owen for 300 miles to its junction with the Balonne. The Nive and Claude, near Lake Salvator, have short courses. The pretty Salvator flows through Salvator Rosa valley into Lake Salvator. The Nogoa from the Downs runs northward to the Mackenzie . The splendid Bel- yando, or Cape, proceeds also northward 400 miles from Mount Mudge of Mantuan Downs toward Edgecombe Bay. The rivers from the Fitzroy and Mantuan Downs to the sea we' e those observed by Leichhardt. From the Lynd range, latitude 254°, flows the Dawson towards Port Curtis. Then follow the Robinson, or Horsetrack, the Boyd, and Zamia Creek. From the Expedition range the Comet runs northward i nto the Mackenzie , with a course towards Port Bowen . The Isaacs is near the, Sutter, which joins the Cape or Belyando. The Bur- 176 APPENDIX 111. dekin, receiving the Perry, was followed to the north -west for 200 miles. The Clarke , andwSeparation Creek are north again. 'The l ynd, reeeivring the Mitchell, flows north -west into York Peninsula . The rivers of the Galt' of Carpentaria are the Nassau , fitatten, and Van Diemen , to the east ; Flanders , Albert, NNeholson, ATarlpw, Tasman, Calvert, Seven Emu, Rofjfnson and Macarthur , to the south ; and Limmenbight and Roper, to the west. 1q Arnheim Land , tq the north , are the Liverpool, the South Alligator and the Adelaide , into Vag piemen 's Gulf; the Fitzmaurice and the Victoria of Stokes into Queen's Channel , latitude 156, pear the north-eastern extremity of North Australia . Large ships have sailed up the Adelaide, Albert, and Victoria for fifty to eighty miles. r' No great mountain ranges are known in North Australia. The Fitzroy and Mantuan Downs are elevated . The volcanic cones of -Pluto , 2.500 feet. Playfair, Salvator , and Hutton are south of Mantuan Downs. Wear the hepdof the Maranoa, are Ring, 2,700 feet; Owens , 1,800; and Aquarius . 14ynd and Expedition ranges are north of Fitzroy Downs. Aldis Peak and lyl-ount Nicholson are in Expedition range. Linuley's range is west , and Buckland 's Table Land east of Lake Salvator. Chri stmas range is between the river Comet and the Mantuan Downs ; Coxen range by the Isaacs; and Mount Kennedy on the east side of the Maranna. The Peak range, in latitude 234, is between the Isaac and the I3e1 ando Smitb , €lturt and Narrien Mountains , are near the Belyando and Lang , by Sepa- ration Creek. Bellenden Ker, Abbott, Dryander , 4,500, and Elliott , ¢,000 feet , are peaks of the easterti'coast range. The Collar range is roulta Gulf ' Carpentaria . The basaltic Table Land near Port Essington is 4,000 feet high. "The Bays on the eastern coast are, Wide Bay, latitude 26 0 south ; then Hervey , Port Curtis, 2,4° south ; Keppel, Port Bolden, Broad Sound, 22°; Repulse , Edgecumbe , Cleveland, Halifax, 19°; Rockingham , Trinity, P ri ncess Charlotte, Weymouth , Temple, Shelbourne ; Newcastle , by Capq Yoik ; and Port Albany , on Albany Island , near Cape York. On the nort h side are the Water Placts , Limmen Bight and Blue Mud Pay, in the Gulf; Melville, Arnheim and Castlereagh flays, north-east of Arnbeim Land ; Mountmorris , Refes and Poit Fasipgton , in Coburg Peninsula ; Van Diemen 's Gulf, between Melville Island and the main land ; Adam Bay at the mouth of Adelaide diver ; and Anson Bay, Port Beats and Queen's Charnel to the nort h-west. The Capes of the easterq side , are Sandy anti Break Sea spit, by #Iarvey Bay; Capricorn, on the tropical line ; Townsend , latitude , 22° south ; Palmerston ; Sandwich, by APPENDIX III. 17 7

Rockingham Bay; Grafton and Tribulation , by Trinity Bay'; Flattery . above Endeavour river ; Melville , latitude, 14-; Direction , 13°; Granville , by Temple Bay ; York the northern extremity . The northern capes , ate A rn heim , Wilberforce, and Wer,eel, north east of Arnlaeim ; Don of Coburg peninsula; Hotham, in Van Diemen 's Gulf ; Van Diemen of Melville island; Ford, by Anson Bay ; Hay by Po rt Keats; and Turtle Point at the western boundary. " The islands of the east coast, are Sandy or Fraser, by Wide Bay; Facing , near Port Curtis; Northumberland and Cumberland groups, within the Barrier Reefs ; Albany, near Cape York ; Wednesday and Prince of Wales in T orres' Strait,' The islands to the north , are Groote Eylandt and the Wellesley and Pellew groups in the Great Gulf ; Melville and Wessel's groups, near Cape Arnheim ; Melville and Bathurst , west of Coburg Peninsula ; and Peron 's Iles in Anson Bay. The grand Coral Barrier Reef , 1,200 miles long, is about thirty miles from the eastern ct.ast. "The straits are Endeavour by Cape York; Torres, be- tween Australia and New Guinea ; Brown, by Wessel 's Isles; Bowen, by Raffles Bay; Dundas , between Coburg Peninsula and Melville Island ; Apsley , between Melville and Bathurst Islands; and Clarence between Melville Island and Mainland." Dracov Rv .-" Northern Australia was the first portion of this continent sighted by Europeans . The Dutch yacht Du1 fhea first approached the coast . This was on the east side of the great gulf, in March , 1606. Torres, the Spaniard, how- ever, in September , 1605, passed by Cape York , and spent two months in the strait . Jane Carstens was sent by the Dutch East India Company to explore North Australia with the Pera and Arnheinn in 1623 . He was unfo rt unately killed by the New Guinea savages . H is crew continued the voyage, and observed part of the opposite coast, since called Arnheim Land. They reptrted that they found sha llow water and barren coasts, islands altogether thinly populated by divers cruel, poor, and brutal natives , and of very little use to the company. Another Dutch Navigator , named Pool , was murdered in New Guinea, in 1636; but his super-cargo , Pieterson , sailed 120 miles along the nort hern coast without seeing signs of inhabitants . Tasman, in 1644 , surveyed part of the Gulf of Carpentaria , so call ed in 1628, from Carpenter , the Governor -General of the East India Company . The Bay of Van Diemen was entered by three Dutch ships from Timor in 1705. All these discoveries were made by very small coasting craft. The English were the next discoverers . Captain Cook, in 1770, sailed along the eastern coast of North Australia . He discovered the Barrier 178 APPENDIX III.

Reef, and all the principal bays on the coast . .Breaksea Spit is the cape round which he found smooth water . Most of the names of places are after English noblemen. He took his vessel the .Endeavour to refit in the Endeavour ri ver or inlet, latitude 15°. Upon Possession Island near Cape York, in August 1770, he took possession of the country of New South Wales , in the name of his Sovereign , George III . Flinders went over Cook's Track, in 1802, to complete the survey. He discovered and named Port Curtis after an Admiral friend. He then properly surveyed the Gulf of Carpentaria, and noticed the embouchure of several ri vers there; one is named after himself, On Chasm's Island , in the Gulf, in a cave , he saw numbers of rude drawings of men, with dress different from the natives ; also kangaroos and other animals. Captain King, in the Mermaid of eighty tons, ventured among the reefs and rocks of unknown seas . He left Sydney in 1818, and in four voyages, in five years , examined 800 miles of the northern coast. He discovered and named the Alligator and Liverpool rivers, and called the following places after Admirals - Port Essington, Popham Bay, Port K eats, Mount Cockburn , Bowen Straits. On Clack 's Island near Cape Melvi lle, he noticed 150 red ochre figures in a cave. The men were represented with transverse belts. H.M.S. Beagle made important discoveries between 1839 and 1842, commanded at first by Captain Wickham ; but it was under the command of Captain Stokes that most success fol- lowed the expedition . In 1839, the Victoria river, near the western boundary of North Australia , was ascended in boats for eighty miles by Stokes, who there got wounded by the natives. The Adelaide , to the south west of Port Essington, was ascended by him for fifty miles. Captain Stokes afterwards discovered the Albert river ; towards the head waters of which he beheld the fertile Plains of Promise . The sailors were much troubled by the mosquitoes of the low mangrove shores. At night , to get a little sleep, they took turns in being tied up in a sack , previously well smoked. In a heavy shower on land, they ve ry carefu lly stripped and put their clothes in a hollow tree to keep them dry . Captain Blackwood, with Jukes the natura list , in H.M .S. ,Fly , surveyed Torres Strait for a new passage through the reefs, between 1842 and 1846. The English have- made several unsuccessful attempts to settle North Australia . Hea ri ng that the French intended to form a colony , Sir Gordon B*emer was sent in 1824 to establish the settlement of Dundas on Melvi ll e Island . Another , location was made by Captain Stirling, on the east side of Raffles Bay, Coburg Peninsula , called Wellington . Continual conflicts with the natives led to the removal of both settlements, with APPENDIX III. 179

the stores , cattle, &c., in 1829 , to Swan river , to form a new colony, called Western Australia. News of the b'mnchinduced ,the English government to send Sir Gordon Bremer in the Wligaior and Britomart men-of-war , in 1838, to take possession of the whole coast from Cape York westward. A desire to check Malay piracy, and to afford protection to Europeans shipwrecked in the straits, led to the formation of the settle- ment of Victoria on Port Essington. This, from its unhealthiness, was soon after abandoned, in November, 1849. Another attempt was made on the north east coast, at Port Curtis, by Colonel Barney in 1846. After five months trial, and an expenditure of £15,000, this settlement of Gladstone was also abandoned for want of water. Water having since been found, a township has arisen. " Although the coast of North Australia bad been surveyed, yet nothing was known of the vast interior. Captain Sturt first penetrated that fiery region, and found it a heartless' desert. He saw no inland sea and no dividing range. For the par- ticulars of that journey, the reader is referred to the history of South Australia. " Sir T. L. Mitchell, the fortunate explorer of Australia Felix in 1836, left Sydney in December 6th, '1845, to survey the country north of the Darling. He had a party of thirty, with eight drays, three carts, thirteen horses and 250 sheep. In his progress to that river he suffered much from thirst. For forty miles he sought in vain for water in the river Bo an. The heat killed his kangaroo dogs. After passing the Darling be encountered few hardships. River after river appeared, with a large extent of excellentpasture land. From the Balonne depot he went ahead with ten men and light carts. In June he left the beautiful Maranoa and discovered new realms of fertility. Well might he exclaim, "these beautiful recesses of unpeopled earth could no longer remain unknown." The Claude, the Salvator, the Nogoa, the Nive, the Warrego, the Belyando, the Maranon , and the Victoria we re the principal waters he passed . The last river he expected , from its size and direction, would lead to the Gulf of Carpentaria; or, as he bimselt observed , " the country is open and well watered for a direct route thereto." They forsook the Victoria, with its per- fume of lilies and waving grass , because their provisions were failing . With all his rivers the traveller complains of contend- ing a whole year with scarcity of water . Observing no ex- tensive or lofty ranges, be beheld lines of volcanic coney. The Claude, from its soft iich scenery, was named after a French landscape painter-; and another picturesquelooking stream, was called after the romantic painter Salvator RoSa. The 180 APPENDIX 111. pastoral Mantuan Downs , were named from the Mantuan pastoral poet , Virgil ; the Nive, from a battle in Spain ; Hope's Table Land , after an officer under whom Sir T, Mitchell serves in the Peninsula thirty years before. "His assistant in the expedition, Mr. E. B . C. $ennedy, after his superior's re turn to Sydney, was directed to trace the Victoria in 1847. It turned to the south -west through a bad country , the edge of Sturt 's Desert, and was finally lost in the baked channels . But, as the Cooper Creek was left by Captain gturt only 120 miles southward , and in the line of the Victoria, doubtless they are the same river , which, after flowing 1000 miles from Mantuan Downs, is probably lost in Lake Torrens. The enterprising Kennedy was sent in 1848 , to explore York Peninsula . He had a party of twelve. They were provided with t wenty - seven horses, 250 sheep, and four tons of flour. They were landed at Rockingham Bay, and were to proceed to Port Albany, near Cape York. For one month they were entangled in scrub and swamps near the coast . For four months more, they struggled over a frightful count, y, through which they could carry neither their flc ur not their sheep. They killed their horses to sustain life . Leaving eight of the party at Weymouth , Kennedy pushed on with the native Jackey Jackey, and three others , to gain the ship waiting with stores. An accident obliged him to leave the three whites and hasten on with the aborigine to get medical assistance . The natives beset them at Escape river, December .13, when near Port Albany. Kennedy was mortally wounded by several spears. His last momenta are thus described by his faithful servant. " He said , ' Jackey , give me paper and I will write .' I gave paper and pencil , and he tried to write - and he fell back and died-and I caught him as he fell back and held him-and I then turned myself round and cried . I was crying a good while until I got well." The good fellow buried his master, and succeeded , faint and wounded, after thirteen day's strug- gling with blacks and scrub , in getting to the vessel. The crew hastened to those left at the bay and in the bush. Two living skeletons alone remained ; the others had perhbed from fever and hunger . Governor Fitzroy afterwards presented the faithful Jaekey with an engraved silver plate , to be worn on his breast. "Dr. Ludwig Leichhardt, a German naturalist , was also an eminent explorer of North Australia . In 1843 and 1844 he had examined the country between Hunter River and Wide Hay. He afterwards proposed to go across from Sydney to Port Essington , keeping near the sea coast . Sir Thomas M itchell had invited him to join his party, but while the Surveyor- APPENDIX its. 181

General awaited a reply from England , the Doctor organised an expedition with the help of public subscription. He was accompanied by Messrs . hopes . Calve rt and Gilbert , 8 prisoner named Phillip Murphyy, an Irish lad. and two blacks, Charley and Harry B rown , To those who contributed money or stock towards the expedition , fie showed his gratitude by taming riven after them ; as Isaacs , Mackenzie , Cape, Sutton , Burdekin, Lynd , Macarthur, &c. In their long journey of 1600 miles, the party 's provisions were exhausted, and they fed on opossums, iguanas and birds, until they fell in with wild buffaloes toward the, Gaif When they killed a beast, they dried the flesh in the sun. They were once fifty hours without waters On the Queen 's birth -day they sweetened their tea by putting their last empty sugar bag in the boiling water , Losing three horses in crossing the Roper, they were obliged to leave their i otanical collection behind them . Mr. Gilbert was speared by the natives near the river Lynd. They fell in with a beautiful Table land district , and the Country of Lagoons between the Laqnd and the Burdekin , 20 00 feet high. Approaching the Alligator river they found plenty of ducks and geese. When nearing the settlement some na ives appeared . Looking at the whits strangers , they caused the party much pleasure by call- ing out in broken English , " Come here - very good-what's your name .') They reached a home at Port Essington, December 17, 1846, and arri ved by a vessel at Sydney, March 29, 1846, after being long given up for lost. Assisted by the Government and private subsc ription , Leichhardt began a new journey , December , 1846 , with a party of eight, and Mr. Daniel Bunco as naturalist . They were provided with fourteen horses , sixteen mules , ninety sheep , forty cattle, and 270 Cashmere goats . The ok,eet of this journey was to discover the mountain source of the gulf rivers , to ski rt Start's Desert , and reach Swan river , Western Australia. This was an unfortunate expedition . The animals were often missing . The weather was unusually wet. Fever and ague constantly hindered their progress , and interfered with the care of the animals . The goats and sheep were totally lost , with most of the cattle and mules The part y sub- sisted upon sun dried bull ock 's flesh , with occasional birds, iguanas, snakes , &c. Want of nourishment and medicines prevented their re covering strength. They reached Stmt's Desert near Peak range , but were forced at last, by sick- nee and weakness , to return. Well might Leiohhardt re- mark , that nothing but a continued chain of misfo rt unes attended them. Mr. Bunco on the homeward route reaped the benefit of his benevolen ce and thoughtfulness , in uuex- M 182 AppllNDix in. pettedly eating of fruits and vegetables springing from his sowing months before. After a few months rest Dr. Leieh- hardt courageously departed for Span river. He took with him only three white men, Hentig, Glassen, jack, a bushmah, and Mr. Bunce's black, Jemmy. He left Darling Downs in March, 1848, and has not been heard of since. Mr. kHely went afterwards upon his track, and was told by some native women, that the white man had been murdered. Mr. Bence marked a good track 300 miles long from the Dayliog to Mount Abundance. Mr. Gregory, late Surveyor of Western Australia, recently left on his'North Australian tour. He proceeds to the Victoria river of Stokes, the Plains of Promise, &c." GrotoGY.-1, Little is known of this region beyond the' tracks of Mitchell, Leicbhardt and Kennedy, and the glances of such navigators as Cook, King, Stokes, &c. Though the coast generally is sterile, the interior, especially near the rivers and in the basaltic plains, contains rich black mould. The sandstone of the Darling basin is a prominent rock in Worth Australia. The banks of the Maranoa, the Belyando, the Victoria, the Dawson and the Mackenzie are of sandstone. But the sandstone is of two varieties--crystalline and un- altered sedimentary. The latter is found, as in New South Wales associated with coal, as evidenced on the Mackenzie and the Maranoa, where there is good bituminous mineral. A tertiary clayey sandstone is the floor of the gulf country. On the Belyando is black soil on red sandstone. Mount Abundance is of a decomposing sandstone, near which fossil Belemnites were picked up. Vegetable impressions were seen in the sandstone by Sir Thomas Mitchell. The Mantuan and Fitzroy Downs are of sandstone. The Table Land by the Alligator is a dislocated sandstone. That near Raffles Bay is very hard, but in horizontal beds. Tombstone Creek banks are composed of huge rectangular blocky of sandstone having a considerable dip. Coxen range, by the Isaacs, is of hori- zontal building sandstone; the Lamia Creek bed of clayey sandstone; and the romantic creek of Ruined Castles is named from its sandstone ridges. There is little doubt that the -sandstoneand graniteof the northern coast, as described by navigators, were but varieties of the same primitive crystalline rock. Of this nature may be the ferrugginons sandstone of Port Essington, the hard sandstone of Groote Eylandt in the Gulf, the red sandstone at the mouth of the Adelaide and other northern rivers, and the granite of Melville Island. Iere, as elsewhere in Australia, the secondary forma- tions are sparse and inconsiderable . Fossiliferous limestone AFPENnIx in. 183

was noticed by Leichhardt on the Burdekin. The shore of the Gulf of Carpentaria is of recent tertiary . It is a low mast of calcareous conglomerate , or breccia , with many fossil shells . Fossil maraupialia were discovered on the river Isaacs. Fossil wood and agate are gathered in the bed of the Claude, Dawson, &e. The eastern coast is altogether crystalline, and chiefly granite. Quartz, and slate with gold, appear at Wide By and Port Curtis. Porp hyry occurs at Cleveland Bay, mica slate against granite on Endeavour river , red quartzose rock at Cape Palmerston, and granite in dykes at Cape Upstart. Cape York Peninsula is crystalline. The islands near partake of that character , excepting where associated with reefs, being of porphyry , granite and clay slate . Arnheim Land has a slate and granite base . The banks of Stoke's river Victoria are described as slate and altered sandstone . The rock to the east of Port Essington is a quartzose conglomerate . Roby's range is of porphyry; and the'Burdekin country is of quartz, granite and slate . Granite is on the Cape, clinkstone on the Suttor, and quartz on the Clarke. Christmas Range is of clinkstone and basalt, the Mackenzie Plains of blue clay with fern leaves, and the Peak Plains of Quartzose. The first primitive rock Leich- hardt saw after leaving Moreton Bay was on the Suttor. "The volcanic element is very strong in North Australia. There are extensive plains of basalt; as, the Albino Downs, the Valley of Lagoons. Comet Plains, &c. A basaltic Table Land was traversed by Leichhardt about latitude 18" south. Lines of volcanic cones were beheld by Mitchell ; three of these form a triangle, Hutton, King, and Playfair. Hope Table Land , Mounts Maearthur , Owen and Kennedy , and the banks of the Salvator and Perry rivers, are of basalt . Separation Creek was so named by Leichhardt as the division of the slate and basalt ridges. Mount Aquarius near Mount King is smygdaloidal basalt, with much ironstone shot around it. The Peak range is said to be of dolomite, by the basaltic plains. Between the range and the sea , there is sandstone traversed by dykes ition of trap . The basaltic summits of Aldis , Nicholson, and Exped range , pierce through a sandstone country. The same lock in a trappean form presents itself through the slate and. granite of the Lynd and the Mitchell. Dykes a mile broad run through the limestone of the Burdekin. Fields of broken basaltic lava are seen near the porphyry junction of the Burdekin and Perry . E ornblendie trap covers the singular conglomerate of Erroob and other Islands new Torres Strait. The conglomerate is an earthy matrix, with blocks of black lava , varying in size from a pin's head to that of a man, also with lumps of white limestone . Similar conglomerate, with M* 184 APPENDIX III. volcanic sandstone , may be witnessed in the Murray Islands. Pumice pebbles , but not of a recent kind , have been gathered on raised beaches along the north-eastera coast, for 2,000 miles ; they are usually as large as a walnut. No so . called Igneous Rock was observed on Leichhardt 's track from the Lynd to the Roper. The Burdekin , Clarke, Lynd , C ape, &c., wi.l doubtless prove auriferous districts. " 1'he Great Barrier Coral Reef is a remarkable physical feature . Commencing at Break Sea Spit , in latitude 25°, it es tends to latitude 91, off the coast of New (}ulna , a line of 1,250 miles in length . Its distance from the shore vari es from ten to one hundred miles, averaging about thirty, and preserving everywhere a similarity to the contiguous coast line . A number of isolated and branch reefs oc, ur between the shore and the Barrier , and beyond . For 350 miles fiom the Spit there is no Opening for a vessel in the reef . The Olinda Passage was discovered by Captain Sinclair , in the Hobart Town ship Olinda. The inner route is smooth , but full of shoals. The outer route is north -west to latitude 15°, and then west north- west to latitude 12°, where it expands into a clear track , eighty miles wide. From the shape of the reef it is obvious that it was origina lly alongside the shore . The depression of the coast conve rt ed bills into islands , the slopes of which , as well as those of the shore , have been walled up by the indust ri ous coral insects . As these animals never work above water, nor below the depth of about 250 feet, it is manifest that the reefs are rising. Between the reef and the shore is a calcareous rock of coral, and det ritus of coral and shells , in which rock volcanic pebbles are em bedded. The roof is of all varieties ;- fri nges, barriers, and ato lls. Some of these atolls are large and beauti- ful, with their lagoons of sti ll water between the outer circle and the inner coral home."

END OF THE SKETCH. CRIMINALSTATISTICS.

IT is a gratifying and remarkable fact-unpre- cedented in the annals of colonization-that, as the population of the colony has increased, crime has decreased in a proportionate ratio. The years 1856 and 1857 show the number of prisoners in the central gaol at Brisbane to be 621, whilst in the last two years-1859 and 1860-they only amount to 494; and if we place the population for the last two years at an average of 26,000, the number of prisoners is considerably less than one per cent. This is a circumstance of which Queensland may well boast, and which, we unhesitatingly assert, no other Christian country under Heaven can parallel. It must not be understood, however, that the number of prisoners in gaol is less now than it was in former years. On the contrary, there are many more, and the number wi ll be constantly increasing , owing to the fact that all long -sentenced offenders , together with the lunatics , were formerly sent to Sydney. Since separation , of course all sentences wi ll have to be worked out within the limits of our colony, and in m4ny eases the same prisoners may be counted in the returns for several years successively. 186 CRIMINAL STATISTICS.

The foll owing is a numerical return of all pri- soners of both sexes annua ll y received at Her Majesty's Gaol , Brisbane, for the last five years, viz. from the 1st of October , 1855 , to the 30th of Septem- ber, 1860.

Date. Males, Females. Total.

From Oct. 1, 1855, to Sept. 30,185F 305 26 331 Oct.1, 1856,to Sept 30,1857 269 21 290 „ Oct. 1,1857, to Sept 30,1858 190 13 203 ,, Oct. 1,1858, to Sept. 30,1859 221 16 257 „ Oct. 1,1859, to Sept. 30, 1860 232 25 237

1,217 101 1,318

From 1st December, 1859, to 30th November, 1860, there were confined 227 males and 18 females, making a total of 245, inclusive of 10 lunatics ; for which latter class separate wards and exercise grounds are provided.

AGRICULTURAL. (For Pnph' s.Lmanac.) DRAINING AND SUBSOILING.

SEvERAL thousands sterling per annum are lost by the farmers round Brisbane through drought and excessive rain, the greater part of which they might save by using the subsoil plough and draining their land. Many are aware of this fact, but are deterred from giving their knowledge any practical effect because of the expense. This idea of expense AGRICULTURAL. 187 is greatly exaggerated, and what is considered economy, is, in reality, the most wasteful extrava- gance in time and money. Let any farmer, calculate the cost of cultivating the land on which year after year he loses his crops, either through drought or too much wet, and he will find that, without counting the value of the crops he has lost, he will have paid for merely working the land (from which he has had no return) sufficient money to have subsoiled and drained his land. He therefore cannot plead that he "can't afford it," for he has been expending a similar amount of labour and money, only to reap disalopoint- ment. The limited space at our command will not suffice to do justice to either of the subjects treated of, and the object aimed at, therefore, is not so much to convince the reader, as to arrest his attention, that he may seek more information and then bring his knowledge into practice. Some cultivators think that it is not only super- fluous, but improper to drain land here, because it is a hot, dry climate, and we are subject to long droughts. But it has been proved by long experiment that drained land retains its moisture longer than swampy land ; for the latter shrinks and hardens as the wet dries off; gets parched and cracks ; while the former- being light and friable-admits the damp vapour to rise through it almost as fast as it dries from the sur- face. For similar reasons wet land is unfit for vege- tation either in wet or dry weather; for during rain the roots are standing in water and are smothered, so that the plant either turns yellow or perishes ; and in drought it strives in vain to push its roots through the parched, unhealthy mass in search of moisture it was not able to retain. Drain the land, and have it thoroughly pul- verised, and it will then lay light, so that excessive 188 AGRICULTURAL. rain falling on it will percolate through and run off by the drains ; an ample store being retained by ab- sorption for the supply of plants during drought. By thus draining we deepen the soil, and allow the roots to travel further in search of nourishment ; we admit an increased supply of atmospheric fertilizers, which hasten the decay of vegetable and other organic matter, and accelerate the disintegration of the mineral parts of the soil. It improves the mechanical texture of the soil and warms it, by which the effects of frost are much modified, and the crops come on earlier in spring. It allows us to work sooner after rain, and prevents the formation of acetic and other acids;_ and it admits large quantities of rain to pass into the soil which are always more or less imbued with the fertilizing gasses of the atmosphere, to be deposited among the absorbent parts of the soil, and given up to the necessities of the plants. In Barbadoes drain pipes are put down at in- tervals of sixteen to twenty-four feet, at a depth of two feet six inches to four feet (the latter being pre- ferable), and one inch pipes are found sufficient to carry the water into the main drains. The drain pipes must have a fall throughout to allow the water to run off. It would be useless to put them at an equal distance from the surface in uneven ground, as that would prevent the flow of the water; but there must be a decline from one end of the drain to the other, and it must be at least sufficiently below the surface, in the shallowest parts, to be out of the reach of the subsoil plough or the effect of pressure from horses walking over it. In fact, it should not be less than two feet six inches below the surface in the shallowest part, and the main drains should be at a lower level still and with sufficient inclination to carry the water off freely. AaatCULTURAL. 189

DE.Ep Tuz*a has been reserved for the second consideration, not because it is of less importance, but because it would be useless without drainage. Of what advantage could it be for a man to trench his garden three feet deep if the earth stood full of water? $remising, therefore, that nearly all soils require draining more or less, and that as want of drainage renders all other labour on the soil com- paratively unavailing, it should be first attended to- we will endeavour in a few words to impress upon cultivators the advantages of working the subsoil. The various plants, during their growth use the constituent parts of the soil in different proportions, some requiring a preponderance of the alkalies, some the phosphates, &c,, and this fact accounts for the exhaustion consequent upon continually growing the same sort of crop in a field without intermission ; some necessary food having been abstracted from the soil, which is consumed by that plant, and it ceases to remunerate the cultivator for his labour until he manures his land,--or, in other words , returns to the soil similar ingredients to those he has carried away from it in his crops . Such being the case, it will be admitted that deep ploughing will afford greater scope for the roots, more food for the plants, and conse- quently the land will not be so soon exhausted; it will be almost like two fields in one. In shallow ploughing a hard "pan" is formed at the bottom as impervious to water as if it had been: puddled, and during our heavy and continual rains, everything is flooded and destroyed. In drought the result is equally disastrous, for the four or five inches of earth is soon dried through to the hard bottom and the crop either perishes or yields no return. There are some sub-soils which are unfit for the support of vegetable life until exposed to the action of the atmosphere, and thus in shallow tillage the 190 AGRICULTURAL.

roots on reaching the undisturbed sub-soil run along without penetrating it, and are forced to depend en- tirely upon the few inches of surface soil for support; exposed alike to destruction by either drought or flood. As an instance of this, some clay sub-soils may be mentioned which owe their color to the pre- sence of protoxide or oxide of iron, which is deleteri- ous to vegetable and animal life ; but, by thoroughly draining and breaking this soil , and thus fu ll y expos- ing it to the influence of the atmosphere, more oxygen is absorbed , and this injurious agent is converted into peroxide of iron , which is bene ficial and necessary, being -a great promoter of vegetation . It also fr e- quently happens that fr om want of mixture the surface soil is deficient in some of the important earths and saline matters in which the subsoil is rich. In most cases , however, it will be best to break up the subsoil without bringing it to the surface, and gradua ll y mix it with the surface soil at each subse- quent ploughing , as it gets sweetened and ameliorated by exposure to the air and rain ; and this may readily be accomplished by using the trenching plough in the bottom of the furrow after the common plough- for as it is constructed in a very strong manner, with a share but no mould boards, it raises the earth in the bottom of the furrow, and passing under it leaves it in a, loosened state without raising it to the surface. A. J. H.

T

13ANANA CULTIVATION. MANY of the banana plantations in the vicinity of Brisbane are being ruined by neglect . The plants keep on bearing something in the shape of bananas, which turn yellow as they get old; but there is no AGRICULTURAL. 191 substance in them ; they are a mere sham, and con- sist only of a thick skin and an insipid core. This is chiefly to be attributed to allowing too many suckers to remain in one stool ; but shallow digging, wet soil, and weeds all lend their aid. There is no other plant which is grown in Queensland that yields so large an amount per acre per annum, when compared with the cost of cultiva- tion, as the banana plant, and it will amply repay a little extra labour. Notwithstanding the rapid extension of banana plantations, there is an abundant demand for really good fruit in Sydney and Melbourne to encourage growers who will carefully cultivate ; but, unless there is an immediate and conspicuous improvement in the quality of our fruit, we shall inevitably be supplanted in the southern markets by growers in Wide Bay and Port Curtis. A few acres of Sugar and Dacca Bananas for the town trade would pay well, as the population is in- creasing, and very few of these sorts have been planted recently. BANANA Frsxi is at present attracting some attention, and if we can prepare it at a price that will enable us to compete with Manilas it may yet pro ve a valuable export. The Manila Hemp is prepared from the Musa Textilis , but this sort of banana appears too tender for this climate, and is a shy bearer; and it would therefore probably be wise to depend upon the varieties in ordinary cultivation such as the M. Maculata and M. Dacca, which recent experiment has proved will yield a fibre in every respect equal to the other. Damon BAxAx&s would enter largely into con- sumption, if properly prepared, and it would be an excellent means of preserving them when the market was over-stocked. Skin them and expose them to 192 A(#itlCrMnAt.

the sun , tufrn them frequently and protect theft from rain and dew until they resemble the condition of new-dried figs.

The banana delights in & deep rich, soil, artd in a warm and sheltered situation . The land should be trenched at least two feet six inches deep, drained three feet deep if possible , and manured ; the surface kept clear of weeds, and the old stems, when cut down, should be cut into short lengthu with the hoe, And laid round the plants to rot along with the dead weeds, leaves, &c. The earth, to the depth of three inches, should be kept loose with the fork, that the rain may penetrate to the roots. Seaweed is an exce ll ent manure for bananas. A. J, H.

ARTIFICIAL, GRASSES.

LTA the occupation of the Agricultural Reserves, it is to be hoped a more perfect system of Farming will be introduced . At the present time we find many men forsaking their farms because they make more profit from their few head of Cattle (feeding upon unsold Crown lands ) than they did from the cultivation of the soil ; but the sort of farming we want , and which would yield the best return to the farmer, would include crops to feed the cattle, that they might supply manure to increase the crops. It is the opinion of the writer that every person should feed a certain number of cattle , sheep, and pigs ; the manure from which would double; and in many cases treble, the produce of the fields. No farm can be carriedon successfully, forany lengthenedperiod, with- out manure . The same crops year after, year imppv erish AGRICULTURAL. 193 the soil, and the farmer complains that the land is " worn out," which can only be cured by manure, growing a totally different crop, or giving it rest by laying it down in grass for a few years . Sheep farming is known to pay well , but we feel sure that if the farmers were to add a small flock of sheep to their stock they would get a farbetter return, in proportionto the capitalinvested, than the large squatters do.

Clover and Grass paddocks would enable our farmers to supply good butter throughout the winter, or fatten their spare stock for the shambles.

Lucerne mown for bay will yield five or six cuttings in the season, which, at the present price (&8 to £10 per ton), affords a very tempting return. Take the average cuttings as only four per annum , and the weight only one-and-a-half tons, at £8, we have a return of forty-eight pounds sterling per acre per annum ; and one sowing will last for twenty years. Messrs. Child§, Fielding, and some other enterprising farmers .have tried it successfully, and their example should be followed.

The Native Grasses generally are found unfit for cultivation, and in the rich agricultural districts of New South Wales they are everywhere giving place to im- ported grasses. The consequence is that five beasts can now be fattened on the same land that would have starved one previously ; and their dairy produce is so abundant that the teeming thousands residing in Sydney and Melbourne depend on them for a supply of butter during the-greater portion of the year. To the farmers of Queensland we would say " go and do likewise."

A. J. H. 194 AGRICULTURAL.

TABLE

SHOWIIG THE NUnnuR oIr PLANTs AN AcA .n of LAND WILL CONTAIN.

Feet I No. of Feet No. of Feet No. of asunder. Plants. asunder. Plants. asunder. Plants.

2 10,890 9 537 20 108 3 4,840 10 435 21 98 4 2,722 12 302 25 69 5 1,742 15 193 30 48 8 680 18 134 35 35

RuLL :-Multiply the distances into each other, and with the product, divide 43,560 (the number of square feet in an acre), and the quotient is the number of plants.

POSTAL INFORMATION.

REGULATIONS. ALL letters must be prepaid by stamps. Letters are sent to all parts of Queensland at the following rates :- 1. Town Letters-Not exceeding 4 oz., 1 penny ; exceeding 4 oz., but not exceeding 1 oz., 2 pence ; exceeding I oz., but not exceeding 2 oz., 4 pence ; and so on, increasing 2 pence for every additional ounce or fraction of an ounce. 2. Country Letters-Not exceeding I oz., 2 pence ; exceeding 4 oz., but not exceeding 1 oz., 4 pence ; exceeding 1 oz., but not exceeding 2 oz., 8 pence ; and so on, increasing 4 pence for every additional ounce or fraction of an ounce. The postage on letters for the colony of New South Wales is POSTAL INFORMATION. 195 now 6d. on letters under } oz., Is . between 4 oz. and 1 oz., and 6d. for every i} oz., or fraction of 4 oz. Letters for the otherAustralian colonies are charged6d. for every oz., or fraction of 4 oz. Letters for Great Britain are charged as follows:-6d. under the } oz., 1s. between the 4 or. and I or., and Is. additional for every oz, or fraction of 1 oz . Letters sent via Marseilles are charged extra at the rate of 3d. for every 4 or. Via Trieste letters not exceeding ,1 oz. Is , exceeding 4 or. and not above 1 oz., 2s. ; exceeding 1 or. and not above 2 oz. 4s.; and 2s. additional for every extra oz. or fractionof ditto. Newspapersid. each. Registeredletters must have on them a distinctiveregis- tration stamp, which may only be used for this purpose. The stamp costs 6d. Local newspapers may be sent free fo any parr of New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, New Zealand, or Sou Australia , if posted within 7 days of publication, but a 1 stamp must be affixedto'newspapers intended for Great Britain. Book packetsmust not exceedtwo feetin length,or weigh more than 3 lbs., and must be sent open at the ends or sides. The denomination of "book packets ," includes books , publications , printed forms, M.S. intended for publi- cation, maps, almanacs, prints, and works of literature and art. The postage must be prepaid, and the rates are as follow :- British book packets :' under 4 or., 4d.; and under 4 lb., 8d. ; between 4 lb. and 1 lb., Is. 4d. ; and 8d. for every additional 4 lb. or portion of 4 lb. Inter-colonial ditto : under 4.lb., 6d.; between 4.lb. and 1 lb., Is.; and 6d. for every additional 4 lb. or portion of 4 lb. Inland ditto :- not exceeding 4 or., 2d. ; and ld. extra for every additional 2 oz. or fraction of 2 oz.- -Bankers' parcels, or parcelscontaining notes , orders,specie , patternsand samples of merchandise, deeds, conveyances , affidavits, or letters of attorney ,- are now charged at ordinary letter rates. The postage of book packets sent via Marseilles is, not exceeding 4 or., 6d. ; not exceeding 8 oz. 1s. ; and 1s. for each additional 8 or. or fraction of 8 oz. 196 POSTAL L FOPHA TIOM.

POST OFFICES„ &c. The following is a list of the- offices established in the colony of Queensland, and which are officially connected with the Brisbane post office ,- Brisbane Warwick Dalby I Callandoon Ipswich Moggill Condamine Gladstone Drayton Nanango Taroom Gayndah Toowoomba Maryborough Surat Rockhampton

TIME TABLE FOR 1861. Brisbane and Ipswich. To leave Brisbane daily (Sundays included) at 2 p. m., and arrive at Ipswich at 7 p.m.; and to leave Ipswich daily at 7 a.m., and arrive at Brisbane at 11 a.m. Drayton and Ipswich. To leave Drayton every Thursday and Sunday at 4 a.m-, and arrive at Ipswich same days at 8 p.m. ; and to leave Ipswich every Tuesday at noon, and Saturday at 4 am., and arrive at Drayton every Wednesday at noon, and Saturday at & p.m. Drayton and Dalby. To leave Drayton every Thursday at 8 a.m., and arrive at Dalby at 8 p.m. on the same day; and to leave Dalby every, Wednesday at 8 a.m., and arrive at Drayton same day at 8 p.m. Drayton and Calandoom To leave Drayton every Thurslay at 4 a.m., and proceed- ing by Canal Creek, arrive at Calandoon every Satur- day at noon ; and to leave Calandoon every Monday at 8 a.m., and returning by Canal Creek, arrive at Drayton every Wednesday at noon. Dalby and Condamine. To leave Dalby every Friday at 8 am., and proceeding by way of Daandme and Warra Warns, arrive at Chinchilla at 8 p.m., and at Condamine on Saturday at 8,p.m.; and to leave Condamine every Monday at noon, Wambo at.6 p.m., and proceeding by same route, arri ve at Dalby on Tues. day at 7pm. P09TAL INFORMATION. 1 97

Dalby and Gundiwindi (Calandoon). To leave Dalby every Fri- day at 6 a.m., and proceeding by way of St. Ruth's, Cecil Plains, Dunmore, and Retreat, arrive at Calandoon on Sunday at 10 a.m. ; and to leave Calandoon every Sunday. at 2 p.m., and returning by the same route, arrive at Dalby on Tuesday at 12 p.m. Dalby and Auburn. To leave Dalby every Saturday at 6 a.m., and proceeding via Jimbour, Burrandowan, and Boondooma, arrive at Auburn on Sunday at 2 p.m. ; and to leave Auburn on Friday at noon, returning by the same route, arrive at Dalby on Saturday at 6 p.m. Condamine and Surat (via Alderton). To leave Candamine every Sunday at 6 a.m., and arrive at Surat on Monday at 8 p.m.; and to leave Surat every Friday at 6 a.m., and reach Condamine on Saturday at 8 P.M. Condamineand Taroom. To leave Condamine every Sunday at 6 a.m., and calling at Tieryhoo, arrive at Taroom every Monday at 6 p.m. ; and to leave Taroom every Friday at 6 a.m., and reach Condamine on Saturday at 6 p.m. Surat and Yarrowa. To leave Surat every Monday at noon, and arrive at Yarrows on Wednesday at noon.; and to leave Yarrowa every Monday at noon, and arrive at Surat on Wednesday at noon. Drayton and Nananzo. To leave Drayton every Thursday at 6 a.m., and arrive at Nanango on Fridayat 8 p.m ; and to leaveNanango every Sunday at 6 a.m., and arrive at Drayton on Monday at noon. Nanango and Gayndah. To leave Nanango every Saturday at 6 a.m., and arrive at Gayndah on Sunday at 8 p.m., and to leave Gayndah every Friday at 6 a.m., and arrive at Nanango on Saturday at 6 p.m. N 198 POSTAL INI' ORMATION,

Gayndah and Maryborough. To leave Gayndah every Monday at 6 a.m., and proceed- ing via Degilbo, arrive at Maryborough on Tuesday at 4 p.m.; and to leave Maryborough every Wednesday at 6 a.m.. and calling at Degilbo, arrive at Gayndah on Thurs- day at 6 p.m. Gayndahand Gladstone. To leave Gayndah every alternate Monday at noon, and proceeding via Yenda and Walla, arrive at Gladstone on Friday at noon ; and to leave Gladstone every alternate Monday at noon, and arrive at Gayndah on Friday at noon.

Gayndah and Taroom. To leave Gayndah every Monday at 6 a.m., and arrive at Taroom on Wednesday at 6 p.m.; and to leave Taroom every Thursday at 6 a.m., and arrive at Gayndah on Satur- day at 6 p.m. Taroom and Rockhampton. To leave Taroom every alternate Friday at noon, and to arrive at Rockhampton on Wednesday at noon ; and to leave Rockhampton every alternate Friday at noon, and arrive at Taroom on Wednesday at noon.

Rockhampton and Marlborough. To leave Rockhampton every alternate Saturday at noon (or immediately after the arrival of the steamer), and reach Marlborough on Monday at noon ; and leave Marlborough every alternate Wednesday at noon, and arrive at Rock- hampton on Friday at noon.

Ipswich and Nanango. To leave Ipswich every Wednesday at 6 a.m. and arrive at Nanango on Friday, at noon ; and to leave Nanango every Sunday at 6 a.m., and arrive at Ipswich on Monday at 6 P.M. POSTAL INFORMATION. 1 99

Warwick and Leyburn. To leave Warwick every Thursday at 4 a.m., and arri ve at Leybu rn on same day at 10 a.m.; and to leave Leyburn every Wednesday at 6 aim', and arrive at Warwick at noon same day. Warwick and Drayton. To leave Warwick every Tuesday and Saturday at 8.30 a.m., and arrive at Drayton same days at 8 p.m.; and to leave Drayton every Thursday and Monday at 4 a.m., and arrive at Warwick on same days at 3.30 p.m.

Warwick and Ipswich. To leave Warwick every Saturday at 4 p.m., and arrive at Ipswich on Sunday at 6 p.m.; and to leave Ipswich every Wednesday at noon, and arrive at Warwick on Thurs- day at 2 p.m.

TOWN DELIVERY. Daily at 2 p.m. in North Brisbane and Fortitude Valley ; and at 9 a.m. in South Brisbane and Kangaroo Point. Letters may be posted until within a quarter of an hour of the time of each delivery. Iron letter receivers , intended for the receipt of letters only. have been fixed at South Brisbane, Fortitude Va lley, and Kangaroo Point . The hours at which they are cleared are stated on the receivers. The Delivery Office is open from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., except when the steamers leave at a later hour, when the office is kept open till 6 p.m. The following persons have been appointed licensed vendors of stamps, viz..- Messrs. J. W. Buxton , and C. G. Campen, Nort h Brisbane. Messrs. Kent and Wonderley, South Brisbane. Mr. George Smith, Fortitude Valley ; Mr. W. Dyson Kangaroo Point. N* 200 POSTAL INFORMATION.

TABLE OF ARRIVAL AND DEPARTURE OF MAILS AT THE GENERAL POST OFFICE, BRISBANE.

Post Office. Arrives at Brisbane . Leaves Brisbane.

Calandoon ...... Friday, at 11 a m...... Stonday at 1.30 p.m. Casino ...... :.. Sunday, at 6 p.m...... Tuesday , at 8 a.m. Condamine ...... Friday, at 11 a.m...... Monday, at 1.30 p.m. Dalby ...... Ditto, at ditto ...... ,. Ditto, ditto. Drayton ....,.,,. { Mondayin and Friday, at Monday and Friday , at 1.30 p,m, t 11 a ...... 1 (Monday , via Drayton , at 1.30 Friday, at 11 a.m., and t' p.m., and Tuesday via Bur- Gay ndah "Sunday, , at 6 p.m ...... f nett Inn, at 6 a,m. ; and by 1 Steamer. fortnigh tly Gladstone ...... By steamer fortnightly ... 6y steamer , fortnightly. Ipswich ...... Daily, at 11 am...... Daily, at 1.30 p.m. Friday. at 11 a.m., over- ( Monday, via Drayton, at 1.30 Maryborough .,. land, and by steamer . P.M. Tuesday, at 6 a.m ., and fortnigh tly ...... by steamer. Monday, via Drayton, at 1.30 Nanango ...... Sunday, at 6 p.m. P.W. Tuesday, via Ipswich, at i 1.30 p.m. By steamer only, fort - Rockhampton I 4y steamer only , fortnightly, nightly ...... Fnrat ...... Friday, at 11 a.m...... fonday, at 1.30 p.m. Taroom ...... Ditto, ditto ...... ) itto, at ditto. Monday and Friday, a Toowoomba .., ditto ...... Ditto and Friday, at ditto ((( Tuesday, at 1.30 p.m., and Warwick ...... { Ditto, at ditto ...... { Friday, via Drayton, , at 1.30 l l p.m.

The Mails for England are made up in Brisbane on or about the 18th of each month, or in time to secure their arriving in Sydney before the 22nd, the date on which the mail leaves for England. The Mails for New Zealand are despatched so as to arrive in Sydney about the 15th of every month. The Mails for Victoria , South Australia , and Tasmania, aredespatched weekly. TRADE RETURNS. 201 irvaur Ueturns+

(Compiled expressly for Pugh' s Almanac.)

EXPORTS FROM THE COLONY OF QUEENSLAND, FROM THE1sT OCTOBER TOTHE 30TH SEPTEMBER, 1860.

PORT OF BRISBANE. Valued at Wool ...... 9,165 bales, 3,365,425 lbs @ is 9d £294,474 13 9 Tallow ...... 641 tons ...... 27,400 00 Hides...... 14,528 9,473 00 Sheepskins ..25,200 ...... 3,590 00 Calfskius ...... 303 ...... 39 00 Pones ...... 118 tons ...... 698 00 Beef ...... 427 tierces ...... 1,779 00 Pork ...... 10 casks...... 60 00 Tongues .•.. 10 casks ...... 25 0 0 Bacon ...... 240 cwt ...... 938 0 0 Hams...... 52 cwt ...... 299 16 0 Ox-tails ...... 3 casks ...... 7 10 0 Lard • • .... • . 20 cwt. 80 0 0 Cheese ...... 10 cwt ...... 28 0 0 Horses .. 13 ...... 375 0 0 over= 75,000 ...... 37,500 0 0 Catt { land .} 10,000 ...... 30,000 0 0 Timber Pine & cedar625,700 feet ...... 4,398 7 0 Oil(Dugong ).. 300 gallons ...... 300 0 0 Bark ...... 12 tons ...... 60 0 0 Salt ...... ll tons ...... •.•.... 88 0 0 Flour . • •.. • .. 116 bags...... 230 0 0 Brandy ...... 1,025 gallons ...... 563 15 0 Fruits...... 1,212 packages ...... 3,248 0 0 Sundries .... 500 packages ...... 1,000 0 0 Gold ...... 4,235 ozs...... •...... • 12,822 0 0 Coal ...... 6,267 tons . , .. ••• ...... 6,267 0 0

Total-, ...... £435",744 1 9 202 TRADE RETURNS.

The total value of the exports from the port of Brisbane dur- ing the past four years , exhibits as follows: 1857 ...... £355,237 14 0 1858 ...... 363,515 17 0 1859 429,984 3 0 1860 ...... 435,744 1 9

The total value of the exports from the Colony of Queensland during the past twelve months is as under: From the Port of Brisbane , Moreton Bay.. £435,744 1 9 Maryborougb, Wide Bay 97,128 11 0 Gladstone, Port Curtis1 40,499 10 9 Rockhampton „

Total exports ...... 573,372 3 6 The principal items of exports connected with the pastoral interests show in the published returns as follows:- Valued at Wool ...... 13,564 bales ...... £415,397 11 9 Hides ...... 18,054 bales ...... 11,62215 0 Tallow ...... 916 tons 39,025 0 0 Sheepskins ...... 37,013 ...... 6,091 1 0 Sheep and Cattle ...... 67,500 0 0

These five items exhibiting a gross total of £539,636 7 9

ARRIVALS AND DEPARTURES. The number of persons arrived in the Colony during thet 2,941 12 months ending 30 September , 1860 , were ...... The departures ...... 1,156 The excess of arrivals over departures being . . .. 1,785

IMPORTS (FoREIGN) INTO THL PORT OF BRISBANE (QUEENSLAND) IN BOND FROM OCTOBER 1, 1959, TO SEPTEMBER 30, 1860.

FERMENTED AND SPIRITUOUS LIQUORS. I punch galls Rum „ .{(536 hhds containing 27,640 @ 4s £5,528 0 0 25 casks TRADE RETURNS. 203

IMPORTS (FOREIGN)- Continued. gals. Brought forward ...... 27,640 5,528 00 129 hhds Brandy .. 77 qr csks. contg . 10,588 @118 5,823 80 1 914 cases 2 hhdses 7,364 1,291 4 0 Geneva "' 1,816cas ( 2 hhds Whiskey.. j 31 qr esks- „ 1,206 at 5s 301 10 0 83 cases Old Tom.... 214 cases .. It 453 „ 4s 90 12 0 PerfamedSpirits 24 „ 5s 6 0 0 Absynthe 5 cases it 20 „ 10s 10 00 2 butts 36 hhds Wines ...... 564 qr csks 27,723 „ 10s 13 .861 10 0 . 7 octaves L1,443 cases 1.365 hhds t Beer...... 83,250 6,915 0 0 45 barrels f Do. bottled 11738 pkgs, 12,468 3 117 00 ' or 6,234 dz i "

Total gallons... 170,736 £36,944 4 0 -+ AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE. Flour .... 19,286 bags contg . 2,197 tons @;C25 £54,925 0 0 Wheat 13,942 bush valuedat 9s 6,273 18 0 Maize ....11,121 „ „ 3s 6d 1,946 3 6 Oats...... 1,698 4s 6d 382 1 0 Barley .. 418 5s 104 10 0 Bran .... 2,775 2s 277 10 0 Potatoes ... 1671 tons „ £8 1,340 00 Hay...... 114 „ „ £7 798 00 Onions .. 182 cwt „ 15s 136 10 0 Rutter .... 196 120s 1,176 00 Cheese.... 280 60s 840 0 0 Bacon .... 20 „ „ 84s 84 0 0 Apples..... 180 bushels 36 00 Oranges and other fruits , 240 packages , valued at 480 00

Total ...... £68,799 12 6 204 TRADE RETURNS.

LIVE STOCK. Valuedat Horses ...... 272 ...... £5,440 0 0 Bulls ...... 17 ...... 850 0 0 Rams ...... 117 1,170 0 0

Total...... £7,460 0 0 ---`- ASSORTED MERCHANDIZE. Tobacco.. 135 pkgs containing 46,300 lbs @ 2s £4,630 0 0 Snuffs .. 2401bs 5s 60 0 0 Cigars ... 284,0001bs 710 0 0 Opium.. 140lbs 40s 280 0 0

Tea .... 2,915 pkgs „ 133,595 lbsvalued at 13,161 0 0 Sugar-... 10,124 cwt 20 248 0 0 Coffee .. 1,780 4,450 0 0 Rice.... 99 tons 1,485 0 0 Salt.... 3671, 2,205 0 0 Do., rock 22 155400 Slates ..30.000 300 00 Wheeled carriages , 69 in number, 2,07000 Timber (boards), 34,000 feet 340 0 0 palings, shingles, and laths 2000 0 Drapery and haberdasherygoods 135,000 0 0 Oilmen's Stores and Assorted Merchandize 140,000 0 0 Ironmongery 120,0000 0 Furniture 3,000 0 0

Total ...... £448,293 0 0

TOTAL IMPORTS (FOREIGN). Fermented and spirituous liquors...... £36,944 4 0 Agricultural produce ...... 68,7 99 12 6 Live stock 7,460 0 0 Assorted Merchandize 448 293 0 0

Total ...... £561,496 16 6

Total Exports from Brisbane...... £435,744 1 9 31 Imports into Brisbane ...... 561,496 16 6 TARIFF OF QUEENSLAND. 205 TARIFF OF QUEENSLAND.

[Up t' the date of the publication of this Almanac , no alteration has been made in the tariff which was in force at the time of Separation , save and except the abolition of the export duty on gold.] IMPORT DUTIES. s. d. Brandy and Gin ...... 10 0 per gallon. Whiskey, Rum, and all other spirits 7 0 „ Spirits , Cordials , Liqueurs , or strongl waters sweetened or mixed with any article , so that the degree of } 10 0 strength cannot be ascertained by Sykes ' Hydrometer. .. .. J Perfumed Spirits 7 0 „ Wine, containing more than 25 filer cent . of alcohol , of a specific gravity I of •825 , at the temperature of 60 10 0 „ degrees of Fahrenheit's thermome- ter, for every gallon, in proportion to the strength .. ... Wine , not containing more than 251 per cent . of alcohol , of a specific gravityof •825,at the temperature} 2 0 of 60 degrees of Fahrenheit's ther• I mometer. J Ale, Porter, and Beer of all sorts, in wood 0 1 Ale, Porter , and Beer of all sorts, in bottle ...... 0 2 Tea ...... 0 3 the pound. Sugar-Refined and Candy .. 6 8 the cwt. „ Unrefined ...... 5 0 Treacle and Molasses ...... 3 4 Coffee and Chicory . . .. 0 2 the pound. Cigars .. .. 3 0 Tobaceo and Snuff ...... 2 0 Opium ...... 10 0 >> SAILING DIRECTIONS FOR MORETON BAY. Cape Moreton is the north eastern point of Moreton Island, and is visible from a ship's deck eight leagues. 206 SAILING DIRECTIONS

When first seen from the southward it appears to be de- tached, as the land between it and the higher points of the island is very low. With the two exceptions of Flinders Rocks , which lie NNE ., distant three miles from the northern projection of the Cape,- and Smith's Rock, the position of which is marked by a new-shaped black buoy, and the official notice of the discovery of which we append, - there is no outlying danger. Vessels entering Moreton Bay from the southward should pass about a mile to the northward of the Cape, giving Smith's Rock a clear berth by keeping midway between it and the Cape, and then steer W.4N until the NW extreme of Comboyuro Point bears S by E ., and on with the Ship Patch; Mount Tempest (the highest land on the Island) will then bear S.S.E., and the Lighthouse E by S4S. The depth of water will be 74 fathoms at low water, and the Buoy A will bear WSW nearly a mile and a third distant. The Glass Houses will be seen in clear weather, with the highest (Burwa) bearing W.4S. From this point, or stopp- ing place, a course a degree to the southward of W.S.W. will take a ship a third of a mile to northward of Buoy A. Stand on this course until Buoy B, chequered black and white, is on with Mount Tempest , bearing S. 38 E. and the Light House E.4S. and she will then be to the westward of the East Banks, and may steer for Moreton Island, (bearing in mind that the tides set directly across the channel,) by keeping the Buoy B and Mount Tempest a quarter of a point open on the port bow. The breadth of the channel between the East and West Banks is about half a mile, and the banks are plainly descernable from an elevated position. Comboyuro Point is bold of approach, and maybe passed at a cable's length distance. Stand past it until the ex- treme of the bushes bears north; then steer S.S.W. from Cowan Cowan Hill to the Bar off the mouth of the River Brisbane in four fathoms, muddy bottom ; the middle of Mud Island bearing East, and Luggage Point S. by W. 4W. A direct course may now be steered from Cowan Cowan, by passing to the westward of the Middle Bank, off Tanga- looma, as Buoys are placed on each side of the channel. The Middle Bank bears W. by S. }S. two and half miles from the Ship Patch. The shore betweenCowan Cowan and the Ship Patch is FOR MORMON BAY 207 fronted by a narrow bank, upon which there is not more than five feet at low water. The south part is about a mile off shore, but not accessible for large vessels. In Yule's Roads, off the watering place, there is anchorage in ten to twelve fathoms, half a mile from the shore, where wood and water can be procured. The soundings are given at low water, spring tides, the rise from three to seven feet. The general set of the tides are, the flood to the south, the ebb to the north ; but in the channel between the East and West Banks, the first of the ebb sets strong to the N.E. ; after half tide it sets north. The tide in Freeman's Channel sets E.N.E. on the flood. It would be advisable for ships entering not to bring Mount Tempest to the eastward of S. by E. until the Light House bears E.S.E. A ship will then be on the channel course, and may steer to half N., following the foregoing directions. The bearings are magnetic. Buoy A. can shaped ; painted black. Buoy B, nun shaped ; black and white. Buoy C, can shaped; black. Mast buoys on the West Bank red,-to be kept on the starboard hand coming in, and the port hand going out. 0 SMITH'S ROCK. The following notice, relative to this fearfully dangerous impediment to navigation, was published in the New South Wales Govermn emt Gazette , on the 19th January, 1859 NOTICE TO MARINERS. Captain Denham, of H.M.S. n Herald ," reports the existence of a Rock , with as little as seven feet water over it. in the hitherto deemed fairway of the south passage into Moreton Bay. The said Rook lies nearly midway upon a line drawn be- tween the outer extreme of "Cape Moreton " and "Flinders' Rocks," and bears from the Lighthouse N. by E . 4 E. (easterly) distant two miles. A ship can keep seaward of it by night , so long as the light is not brought southward of S.S.W. # W., or, by day, she will be, at the least, 4 of a mile outside of it, so long as " Mount Tempest" (bearing S.S.W.) is open of Cape Moreton;" while. if bound into the bay , a safe passage between it and the Cape 208 SAILING DIRECTIONS, &C.

will be ensured by not opening of " North Point," with which i t"Midge-tree closes, but is Land" seen over, northward on the bearing of S.W. I W. Whenever the weather is not clear enough to make out the distant objects, or a stranger is navigating himselt into the pilot ground of Moreton Bay, he should, according to the wind, hug the foot of the Cape, which is bold on the south hind, or, borrow upon the breakers of Flinder's Rocks on his north hand, rather than make free with the midway line of the said South Passage, until the suggested "Black Buoy" denotes the actual position of this fearful danger, lying, as it does, outside the boarding limits of the local pilots.* Submitted to His Excellency the Governor-General of New South Wales, December 10th, 1858. by H. M. DENHAnt.

REGISTRATION OF BIRTHS, MARRIAGES, AND DEATHS.

EVERY BIRTH must be registered within sixty days, and every death within thirty days, next thereafter respectively, and neglect of this regulation renders the parties liable to a fine not exceeding£10. In every case of Burial the minister or officiating person ought to receive from the undertaker or person having charge of the funeral a certificate from the District Registrar, certify- ing the registration of the death -unless in the case of an in- quest, when a certificate from the Coroner or Magistrate bold lug the inquest will be sufficient ; and if any dead body shall be buried without such certificate, the person who may bury the same, or perform any funeral or religious service for the burial, or who shall in any way dispose of the body, shall forthwith give notice of.the facts to the District Registrar. Every Minister who has celebrated a Marriage shall, within one month thereafter, transmit the original certificate to the Registrar of the district, and every Minister who shall fail to transmit the certificate to the District Registrar shall be liable to a fine of not less than £10 and not exceeding £50.

* As previously stated, a first -rate iron Baoy, nun shaped and painted black ,- is now placed on this rock. ADVERTISEMENTS. This is a blank page

NOTICE.

The PUBLTs$Ex hereby notifies that it is his intention shortly to issue the Sf.etcJiof ueensIanb contained in this Almanac in the form of a pamphlet, which will contain 88 panes, and will be sold at ONE SHILLING. This is a blank page

0 LI VE1 'S

EDWARD 131VCHAIA

witlhlllP

I

C RCAERTSON

STEAM ROASTED S&GROUND COFFEE. CUT HAY AND CRACKED CORN always on Sale.

11-HOLESALE ANI) RETAIL Wine, Spirit and Grocery Stores, 23111 2LI'LL13 1 0`42'2`1 11E)TE"'I" NORTH BRISBANE.

N.B.-Coffee roasted and ground , Hay cut, &c. Corn cracked, for the Trade, and others. THE BANK OF AUSTRALASIA. (INCORPORATED BY ROYALCHARTER, (835.) PAID UP CAPITAL, £900,000. GUARANTEEFUND, £200,000. SUPERniTIIdDANT- JAMES JOHN FALCONER, EsquiRE. AS818TANT-SUPEAIIfrEND} T- DAVID CHARTERIS M'ARTHUR, Esqurss. BRISBANE BRANCH. MANAoia,--Edward B. Drury, Esq. ACCOUNTANT---JosephB. Dixon. Discount Days--Mondays and Thursdays.

IPSWICH BRANCH. MANAGES--George Faircloth, Esq. ACCOUNTANT-GeorgeMaughan. Discount Days-Mondays and Thursdays. BRANCHESIN NEW SOUTH WALES: AT SYDNEY, MAITLAND, and NEWCASTLE. -0- IN VICTORIA: AT MELBOURNE, GEELONG, BELFAST, PORT- LAND, WARRNAMBOOL, BALLAARAT, CASTLEMAINE, SANDHURST, BEECH- WORTH, and WILLIAMSTOWN. ____0_ IN TASMANIA: AT HOBART TOWN, and LAUNCESTON. IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA: AT ADELAIDE, and KOORINGA, (Agency.) HEAD Orrwe --4, Threadneedle Streht, Loudon. SECRETARY-W. Milliken, Esquire. X09 ear Australia+ BANKER TO THE GOVERNMENT OF QUEENSLAND. Paid up Capital, £1,000,000, unlimited Liability. This Bank grants Drafts and Letters of Credit upon LONDON, and upon its various Branches as under, viz. NEW SOUTH WALES : Sydney,Bathurst, Orange, Goulburn. VICTORIA: Melbourne, Geelong, Ballaarat, Sandhurst, Ararat, Maryborough, Castlemaine, Portland. SOUTH AUSTRALIA: Adelaide, Port Adelaide. TASMANIA: Launceston, Hobart Town. NEW ZEALAND: Auckland, Wellington, Napier (Hawke's Bay), Nelson, Lyttleton and Christ Church (Canterbury) ; Dunedin (Otago.) Drafts are also issued upon Montreat and Quebec (Canada ); Halifax (Nova Scotia), and upon New York . Approved Bills negotiated, and Advaces made apon wool and other Produce by purchase of Bills drawn against same ; and Insurances effected op shipments whether direct or via Sydney. Interest allowed by the Bank on money deposited for fixed periods of 6, or 12 months at the rate of 8 and 4 per cent per saaam. The Union Bank of Austr alia has Agents at Port Louis, Colombo, Cal- cutta , and Bombay ; also at Ipswich , wide Bay, and Port t•artb in this Colony. JOHN BURROW TURNER, Manager at Brisbane. o* AIISTIIIUAN JOINTSW KBANK, ------Incorporated "by Ad of Council (N. S. Vales , 1853.)

CAPITAL, £375,000 ; in 37,500 Shares of £10 each.

HEAD-OFFICE, GEORGE-STREET, SYDNEY.

Board of Directors. Chairman.--ITOHN FAIRFAX, Esq., Thomas Holt, Esq. { Hon. It. M. Robey, M.L.C. Clark Irving, Esq. J. B. Darvall, Esq.

Auditors. John Blanland, Esq. I George Stabler, Esq.

4e woral manager. A. H. Richardson, Esq.

Solicitors. Messrs. Malden and MfCarthy.

-QUMSL"ND.

BRISBANE BRANCH. Will iam Thornton, Esq...... Local Director. E. S. lbsworth , Esq ...... Manager J. W. Jackson, Esq ...... Aceountant. Robert Little, Esq ...... Solicitor. The Bank has als o a Butch ut Ip gWach,under the man gemenf of henry P. Abbott, Esq.; and at 1i ,ek- hampton, with Colin Archer, Esq. as Local Director, and J. A. Larnaoh, 9sq. as Manager.

NEW SOUTH WALES BRANCHES,

West Maitland... 'C. W. Turner, Esq., Manager. Armidale ...... W. L. Seeley, Esq., Braidwood ...... R. Gregson, Eaq., Goulburn ...... T. 0'S. Green, Esq, Wagga Wagga ... C. Ilinchey, Esq., Bathurst ...... David Kennedy, Esq., Grafton...... Henry Cuthbert, Esq., Tenterfield ...... Charles Sweetland, Esq., ,, Mudgee...... J. F. Skinner, Esq., „ Singleton ...... It. P. Stacy, Esq., „

AGENCIES.

England...... Messrs. Heywood, Kennards, and London. Ireland ...... The Provincial Bank of Ireland, Dublin. Scotland...... The Royal Bank of Scotland, Edin- burgh. Victoria ...... The Bank of Victoria, Melbourne, and its Branches. The Colonial Bank of Australasia, Melbourne, and its Branches. South Austr alia The South Australian Banking Com- - pang, Adelaide , and its Branches. Tasmania ...... The Commercial Banking Company, Hobart Town andLauneeston. WK OF NEWSOUTH WALESI ESTABLISHED 1817.

CAPITAL (Paid-up) £750,000.

33oarbof irectorL. President-The Hon. Sir D. COOPER. Alex. Stuart, Esq. Frederick Tooth, Esq. J. S. Willis, Esq. Thomas Walker, Esq. George Alen, Esq.

anbitoro. Edward Lotze, Esq. (J. Henderson, Esq. Inspector and Secretary Robert Woodhouse. Assistant-Secretary-J. O. Gilchrist. Solicitor-Geo. W. Allen, Esq.

BRANCHES. Brisbane, Ipswich, Maitland, Newcastle, Albury, Deniliquin, Mudgee, Windsor, Bathurst, Tamworth, Melbourne, Geelong, Kyneton, Ballarat, Castlemaine, Tarrengower, Beechworth, Sandhurst, Wangaratta, Ararat, Chiltern, London.

AGENCIES. Adelong, Kiandra, Timbarra, Toowoomba, and other agencies in London, Glasgow, Edinburgh, Bristol, Manchester, Liverpool, Ireland, South Australia, Tas- mania, Western Australia, Hamburg, New York, India, Ceylon, Mauritius, Singapore, Bahia, Manila, Batavia, Sourabaya. czr. Ire l Uyr ili a ,

Established January 1, 1849, and Incorporated by Act of Parliament of New South Wales , 20 Victoria, 1847. PRINCIPAL OFFICE-HUNTER -STREET, SYDNEY, NEW SOUTH WALES.

Directors: Chairman -- M. S. Marvin, Esq. Deputy Chairman - Thomas Holt, Esq. A. ..T. Esq I W. H . Christie, Esq. James Mitchell , Seq., M.L.C. John Fairfax, Esq. ' Medical Referee -- A. M. a'Beckett , Eeq., M.L.C. Consulting Actuary-Morris Birbeck Pell , B.A., Esq., Sydney University. BoiieiWr- M. Consett Stephen, Esq. Actuary and Secreta y-Robert Thomson, Esq.

vocal Agents : Brbbane...... 0. Buckley,Agent 0. Trundle, Sen., Acting Agent , (office opposite Wesleyan Chapel, Albe rt-street.) N. Canaan , Seq.# M.D., Referee Ipswich ...... Buckley and Haseall , Agents Henry Challinor , Esq., Referee Warwick...... F. 0. Saabse, Esq., M.D., Referee

Buoitteo of t#e £ociett. 1. Assurance of every Contingencyof Human Life. EXTRACTS FROM TABLES. LIFE ASSURANCE - Premiums payable during life to assure 4100, with Bonus Additions , payable on attaining certain ages, or at previous death.

Age. Premium. Age. Premium.

20 as 4 5 60 44 9 10 80 a 16 0 60 7 1 4 ENDOWMENTS ASSURANCE-Premiums to assure £ 100, with Bonus Addition. , payable at death.

On attaining Age, or at previous death. Age. 50 55 60 65

25 £°3 10 4 £2 17 0 as 9 2 £2 3 7 85 6 11 0 4 15 6 3 15 1 3 3 3 45 it 10 4 6 14 It 5 1 6

Joint Lives Assurances-Survivorship Assurances-Assurances by ascending or descending scales of Premiums-and Assuran ces of any other sort . with JW Participation in profits in every cunt, axe ales, effected by the Society- CLAIMS payable three months after proof of death-Coanrrto >Its, with regard to voyaging, residen ce abroad, &c., &c., tutusually liberal.

H. Granting Amanities, Present, Deferred, and Reversionxiy III. Granting Endowments for Children and for old Age. EXTRACTFROM TJBT,ES. ENDOWMENTS FOR CllILABEN - Prenaiume to secute £100, with Bonus Additions , payable on attaining the age of 14 or lears. The premiums actually paid being returned in the event of the p death of the chila.

On attaining Age. On attaining Age. Age. Age. 14 ` 21 14 I 21

1 £6 5 9 £3 9 6 5 £919 2 £415 8 3 716 5 4 1 E 7 l3 2 3 512 b

Policy Feq is every eye, 5e. Pres inure payable yearly, halt-yearly, or quarterly . Surrenders accepted pn equitable terms.

DIVISION OF PROFITS. The Investi gation completed in 1854, showed that Moss Tana ' men-ratan OF Tae Assara was PaoFrr Ac'avAbr.$ RaAweaA Attu IwcasTYn, every penny of which is the property of the aaettreeltbsnaelges , while the existing Assets have been soi valued as to render it highly probable that during the progress of the next fire years they will be productive of an iaere as ing surplus. The following instances will show the results to individual Members of the operations of the past five years. LIFE ASSURANCE POLICY for £ 000, effected i t the Age of 40.

Amount Reduction Cash Annual Date of Assured Bongs, Total of Prem . value of cttre Policy with 1859 Policy in lieu of present addition previous present Bonus tillnextIn- Bonus BonHS veetigation

June, 184 581 1s 7 110 10 5 699 18 4 18 7 51 7 12 6 7 Mar., 1851 551 8 11 86 9 2 637 18 1 8 12 6 88 8 10 12 7 0 April, 1852 500 0 3 57 0 11 557 0 It 2 6 1 24 15 IQ 9 10 0

A DEFERRED ANNUITY for the original sum of £20 , to commence in 1867' is now £29 Is, 10d. An ENDOWMENT POLICY payable in 1870, on the nominee coming of age, for the original amount of :8406, is now one for £503 176.94. IMPORTANT TO INTENDING PURCHASERS. The following privileges have been accorded by its Act of Incorporation to the Members of this Society, and to Ahein only. All its policies are protected against the operation of the Insolvent Laws, after a certain term, on a gradually inereaeing genie. Pot idiot effected by married women are protected against the debts and control of their husbands. The families of small Assurara are saved the expense of letters of administration.

Prospectuses , Forms of Proposal , and every informa tion may be obtained from any of the Society 's A cnts or Medical Referees in Queensland , and In the o her Colonies , or at the Ptlnoipal Office , Sydney.

ROBERT THOs1ISON, Hunter-street , Sydney, Actuary and Secretary. December 31st, 1860.

USSLM F iaCERN? M fne, Spirit, anTi Grural jercijanto, IMPORTERSAND AGENTS, GERMAN IMMIGRATION OFFICE,

BRISBANE. QUEENSLAND AGENCY. VICTORIA.AND FIRE, LIFE, BEINSERINCE MINE HEADOFFICE, MELBOURNE.

CAPITAL, £2,000,000, in 40,000 Shares of £50. LIFE BRANCH. THE RATES OF PREMIUM , are the lowest that can be charged, consistent with safety. All the financial advan_ tages offered by the most reputable London Offices, are granted by this Company among which is the system of GUA- RANTEED BONUS, by which the amount recoverableat death is gradually increased from year to year by discinet stipulation, instead of being made to depend on the contingency of success- ful management. In the FIRE DEPARTMENT Policies are issued to cover up to £5000 on good individual risks . In transactions connected with the MARINE DEPARTMENT, The Directors would especia lly call the attention of the Mer- cantile Community to the subjoined rates for insurances to B ritish Ports, which they think will contrast favourably with those which many shippers have be en hitherto in the habit of paying through their London Agents * :- The rates of primli um on shipments to London or Liverpool , are as under : say, on GOLD , or on WOOL, TALLOW, HIDES , or other PRODUCE, warranted free of P . average, 30s . per cent . net. On WOOL, with average on each bale , 40s. per , cent. net. CLAIMS settled in SYDNEY or LONDON at Insurers option. N.B.-Proposers held insured until the decision of the i-tuaid can be notified. HEUSSLER & FRANCKSEIT, Agents, Brisbane. RAYMOND & CO., Agents, Ipswich. + By effecting the transaction at the Port of Shipment , the British Policy Duty of 5 per cent . is also saved. COLONIAL 41812ANCERATES GEELTLYREDUCED. THESYDNEY INSURANCE COMPANY. FncorporatebbV Sectof Council.

Directors. S. D. GORDON, Esq., CHAIRMAN. RICHARD JONES, Esq., DEPUTY CHAIRMAN. T. C. BREILLAT, Esq. M. E. MURNIN, Esq. JOHN FAIIRFAX, EaQ. THOMAS HOLT, EsQ. SuavsvoR-JA1"E8 Hrnr, ESQ. SECRETARY - MR. JOSEPH DYER. Office-The corner of Hunter and Pitt-street, opposite the Herald Office. ------Capital, £250,000.

RATES. Buildings - Metal or slated roof, stone or brick, 3s. and upwards. Buildings - Shingled or slated roof, 5s. and upwards. Wooden buildings-- Metal or slated roof, 10s. and upwards. Wooden ditto, shingled, special.

CountryAgents who will supply Forms of Application and receive proposals from persons wishing to insure : BRISBANE- Mr. HENRY BucxLEY. IPSWICH- Mr. HENRYKim. DRAYTON and TOOWOOMBA-Mr. W..13. GRooM. A. J. HOCKINGS' CHOICENEW PEACH TREES SHOULDa sup ly. be The bespoke " Early early China in," the " Flat season China," to "Dwarf secure China," " Double Blossom China," all being free stone peaches, ripening during October, November, and De- cember. Hockings ' " Metuah " and Hockings' 1°Dral lab " being large fry stone peaches of excellent quality, ripening during January and February , and Hock- ings' " Early Cling" and "Late Cling " being fine clingstone peaches , ripening duri ng February , March, and April . These valuable new peaches are recommended with confidence for the neighbourhood of Brisbane, Maryborough, Gladstone, Rockhampton, &c. Also 20,000 FRU1 TREES, Comprising the largest variety of acclimatized Fruit Trees ever offered in Brisbane, including all the choicest kinds of English Peaches , Plums, Necta rines, Apples, Pears, Filberts, &c., &c., adapted for the climate of New England , Drayton, Toowoomba, Warwick, &c.; and a valuable assortment of Oranges, Guavas , Grape Vines , &t., suitable for Brisbane and the northern towns, far too numerous to particularise here. w The prices will be very low during the approaching season, and the great experience the advertiser has had in this climate has enabled him to adopt a system of packing specially adapted to the colony . Catalogues of the plants will be forwarded to any part of Queensland on application. A. X. HOCKINGS, Quttn Atreet, It nrth J$riobatte.

J. PABKES, Watchmaker and Jeweller, EAST STREET , IPSWICH, Has always on hand a well selected Stock of English and French WATCHES, of first quality , and by the beat makers. Also, A Fine Assortment of Gold, Silver, and Electro- plate.

Country Orders promptly executed. C v ®1Sti ! s ttbftcf, $ c., QUEEN STREET, BRISBANE. (Opposite the Court House, and on the Second Floor of Mr. Hocking*' Premises.)

Itolt-Al 4 NORTR-BNIS'BANE. ESTABLISHED 1845. HE undersigned begs to remind Country Gentlemen and T Residents in Town, that all Medicines, Medical Prepara- tions, and sundry articles . sold as above , are obtained from English houses of long standing and good repute , and in every ease will be warranted G enuine and Quite Fees from Adulteration. The Invalid Public may depend upon obtaining from this Establishment the Genuine DUGONG 0IT4, Free from the Adulteration which has lately been so disgrace- fully practised upon the Public . This assurance is given from the fact of the Fish being caught by men in the Advertiser's employ, and the Oil being prepared on the Premises. It may albo be obtained in the same Genuine State from the Appointed Agents . Messrs. ROW and EJ,LIOTT, Sydney -; and Messrs. WESTGARTH , ROSS, and CO ., Melbourne. T. S. WARRY, WHOLESALE, ANDRBTAIL CHEMIST AND DHif6615r, T1%11181*61111'a 4 SADDLER & HARNESS MAKER, OPPOSITE-TEE fAL POST OFFICE, QUEEN STREET, BRISBANE. A superior assort ,nenl of every article in the Trade. QUEENSLAND R A N G E R Y I LING FIRM, WESTERN SUBURBS , BRISBANE. TllOUA3P4YM, Late of the Spring Gardens, near Exeter, and of the Royal -Palace Gardens, Kensington , and whose ex- perience in gardeningoperations extends over a period of Thirty Years, calls attention to his well-selected and extensive stock of ORANGE AND OTHER TREES, for which his Nursery has acquired much celebrity. NOTE THE ADDRESS ! OVEN CONNOR, w BRISBANE STREET, jr r S w ire Air, Begs to inform the inhabitants of Ipswich that, hav- ing been the first to initiate the system of selling Good Meat at a Low Price , he still continues that plan, and supplies families with the best of joints , and with the utmost punctuality and attention. 0. CONNOR, BRISBANE STREET O w )r O KINGSFORP, f ala n aft I -

0 0 QUEEN STREET, 0 Jlortb Brisbane. a D1 p 9bt 1roWidilonalb GENERAL ADVERTISER Is Published every Tuesday and Frida7, mud d pldthad by the earliest Mails toad pdrts of the t olonies. TERMS : $miscairriow - The amergountof dabscriptioa to the rp%wtcs ?rleraid Is Eight $hilliug } and Sixpeam pnarter . The quatters terminate on the 80th SeP- end 30th fund , at tt0i ¢lods only can subscribers decline , by giving notice and paying the amount duo to the end of the attrrent 40atter . Single copies , Srlspence. dnvaarrsx krft are inserted according to thefollotttsgnals- a.d.

J:very additional eight no" .r...... 1 0 The following Discover is allowed on a ll advertisements continued- Fdr sla i nsertions ...... 10 per cent. For 18 weeks ...... t5 ditto For 26 weeks...... 38} ditto For 52 weeks, 80 per cant ...... 80 ditto R. HE EERfNGTON, WHOLESALE AND RETAILMERCHANT, GLSTE, QUEENSLAND.

AND ®®N®®E®TAI PlINT11S1 ea'asmS & g81 E3HARGEES, chum ft"t, (Opposite the Legislative Chambers), NOTE BRISBANE. JULIUS 11AIIBERGER, FORTH AUSTRALIAN MUSIC, STATIONERY, _& FANCY REPOSITORY, BELL STREET, IPSWICH.

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS , STRINGS, MUSIC, INSTRUCTION BOOKS, MUSIC PAPER, AND MANUSCRIPT BOOKS.

For the principal importers of which in Sydney, J. H. is Agent, and which he can supply at Sydney prices. Every description of Stationery, Toys, and Fancy Goods. J. H. having already established connections with London and German houses, will shortly be able to supply all the articles of the trade on the most advan- tageous terms. Purchasers will have the full benefit of J. H.'s extended experience in all matters pertaining to the Musical Trade. Ma- - 1'X agzm' EEIBEROF THE CONSERVATORIES ANDUNIY>OISITUES OF LEIVSICAND VIENNA. All communications respecting, Priva te and Class Lessons in Music and Languages will meet with prompt attention. TERMS :- P4 VLTE LE SSONS Music, per quarter ...... £5 0 LANGUAGES do ...... 4 0 FINISHING LESSONS IN MUSIC . 0 5 each. P ESTABLISHED 1844.

SAOOLERA Ot9ARWES , MAKCR

I

C. GORRY, S DDUR I N RIR E$S N -K-M IPSWICH, QLTEENSLATND. A large and varied Assortment of all kinds of Saddlery and Appointments, imported direct to order from the best DIsnufacnuets in Walsall , at the Smallest Advance on English Cut -All hinds of Colonial made Saddlery and Harness. RPPAIRS PROPERLY AND NEATLY EXECLTFD, COUNTRY ORDERS PROMPTLY ATTENDED TO. JAMES SE 1 ON, BOOTSELLER , BOOTBXNDER>,, AND AONT600 6 IAffATtTItIR1 CORNER OF QUEEN AND ALBERT STREETS, BRISBANE. AGRICULTURAL SEEDS.

LUGrass,CERNE, SainfoineClover, Lawn(White, GrassRed, , Sorghum,and Crimson), Seed Oacs, E3 Seed Barley , Maize, Canary, Rape , Hemp, Swede Turnip, White Tuscarora Corn, Cotton , Tobacco, Vetch, Rice , and other seeds of the most superior duality. As the undersigned imports the seeds direct from London, Hobart Town, and the Hunter River, he i, able to supply the above in original packages far below the usual prices . The Grass Seeds ( warranted new) 1,. (id per lb. wholesale.

4ff- The Trade Supplied. A. J. HOCKINGS, SEEDSMAN AND NURSERYMAN. BRISBANE. 7c- 717 1, gilt" HOUSE CARPENTER, JOINER, GLAZIER, VENETIANBLINDNIAKER, A' TJNDERTAKER.

IPSWICH.

Plans, Specifications, and Estimates for Buildings of every Description carefully pea td, I11RKYE[L&GluES1 WHOLESALE & RETAIL DRAPERS, TALC & O YT TTER8, QUEEN STREET, BRISBANE.

A very extensive and thoroughly assorted Stock of GENERAL DRAPERY at the LOWEST CASH PRICES.

The Gentry of Queensland are reminded that our Stockof Wdst of England Goods, &c., Black and Blue Superfines, Ladies' Cloths, Does- kins, Kerseys, Bedford Cords, &c., Heavy and Fine Drills, Fancy Drills, &c., &c., is by far the largest in Queensland ; and being now well supplied with efficient workmen, we are in a position to execute orders to any extent with despatch, and in our well-known style and quality. Orders from the Interior receive our immediate attention. MARKWELL & GRIMES,

QUEEN STREET, BRISBANE. January 1st, 1861. ALEXANDERHOOD, y IM63) a Ad5 51 1PI L 29

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL WHITE LEAD, GLASS, AND PAPER -HANGING STORES, GEORGE-STREET.BRISBANE. THE 1PSWICH HERALD NeWspaptr AND CE ERIL PRINTINGOFFICKs Ettenborough Street, ZtZA;b E ?UauL t Every description of Printing executed with neatness and despatch. FRIGDU D ICE. ANY PERSON OR PERSONS VISITING IPSWICH, SHOULD TRY THE

TO BE HAD AT THE COTTAGEOFCONTENT, NEXT HOUSE BUT ONE TO THE WHARF, ,BAST-STREET.

Su (5 911 knA 120 a3naMU WLTCCHM®KKi®J

IMPORTEROF MORTON'SPATENT CHRONOMETER. This Patent has been pronounced, by the highest authorities , to be superior to the Original Chronometer, AS A POCKET WATCH ; it combines all that is excel lent in two of the most popular escape- ments, -- the Chronometer and Lever.

}UlU MAZOU 1l ht

=2 7 -73RR U ' D 7 319 (OPPOSITE THE COURT HOUSE,) IPSWICH.

SAMUEL PARIS, Draper, Clothier, Outfitter, Boots and Shoes, Fancy Goods, Groceries, Oilmen's Stores, &c. S. PARIS, BOWEN HOUSE, ('Next to man& of Australasia), 5NI-SWO1. W. H. 1111001, AI30L6SALH 2s H8T9dy GENERALST01180 TOOWOOMBA.

A choiee assortment of Drapery, Grocery, Ironmongery, Crockery, &c., &c., always on hand.

cc, 19 27 13 9 AUCTIONEER, €OIIISSION & UJSTOU-ffOSE AGENT, ALBERT-STREET,BRISBANE. WON 0181011W CABINET-MAKERAND UPHOLSTERER, 'Ibtrt Rub (flightt-studs, Mbabane. (LATE MR. SLAUGHTER.) TO%P LU19GE LONDON HOUSE, CHEAPBOOT ANDSHOP DEPOT, Qu-0339 BRISBANE. FAMILIES , SETTLERS, SQUATTERS , AND UPCOUN- TRY STOREKEEPERS SUPPLIED BY THE TRUNK, OR IN ANY QUANTITY TO SUIT PUROHASERS, FOR STATION OR FAMILY USES COUNTRY OUDERS , WITH REMITTANCE OR RE- SPECTABLE REFERENCE . PROMPTLY ATTENDED TO. THOMAS XLLXDGE, BRISBANE.

m

(Auctioneer, Laub, 3vuoe, anb (Estate Agents, CORNERQUEEN AND ALBERTSTREETS, BRISBANE.

maw ass® 0181282% 8914200 52212111 (Successor to Mr. Jordan), GEORGE-STREET, ®NMSBA,NI9 OKNAME1'TAL TREES & HR,UBS. A. J. ITOCKIN GS Has on band a La;e Stock of Norfolk Island Pines, Cupresses, Pinuses,` Junipers, Cryptomerias, Poplars, Laburnhams, &c., &c. Also- NATIVE TREES, &a., for Exportation , viz.:- Bunya Bunya, Moreton Bay Pine, Native Chesnut, Tulip Wood, and about Thirty others. PLOWERING PLANT S, in Pots, Roses, Fuchias, Dahlias, Pelargoniums, Camellias, Begonias, Azaleas, &c., &c., of the choicest varieties, and 1500 other brilliant Flowering Plants (in Pots) ready for moving at any season. A valuable collection of CLIMBING PLANTS of fine colors, for Arbours, Greenhouses, and other ornamental Garden buildings. A. J. XOCKXNGS, Heedsman aid' Nurseryman, BRISBANE. NR, G. N. MALLOW O®OTOORIPlIST ©PP© TF T. P&GL'8 Q NNJ4w IPSWICH. JEREMIAH SCANLAN, " eneennIanb*atet," EDWARD STREET, (Opposite the A.S.N. Cox Wharf,) NOR T39 BRISBANE.

Excellent Accommodation for Travellers, and Good Stalling and Paddock for their Horses. J. Pfl. iOST, PORK BUTCHER AND GivaABB ®usur k eTURil, ADELAIDE-STREET, BRISBANE.

DRAPERY AND GROCERY STORE, BRISBANE-STREET,

B. BU L Of , ,fruiterer anb Oreenarocer, BRISBANE - STREET, IPSWICH.

131.a.. lawalat w

BRISBANE-STREET, IPSWICH. MICHAELFORD 9 U1IAS11&FARY 11111(1 AER1 CORNER OF T a 90911271 7375Z9 AND IEU B $D®NE$ lEI T1 IPSWICH. CLARENDON HOTEL. MR. D. M ITCHELL, PROPRIETOR of the above Hotel, begs to intimate to travel- lers and the general public , that every arrangement for the comtort of those who may favour him with a. visit is now com- plete, and that cleanliness , civility , prompt attention, and moderate ch ar ges will be always strictly adhered to in this establishment. The Cuisine will bear comparison with that of any hotel in or out of Queensland , the Proprietor having seemed the services of a thorough professed cook from the Royal Hotel , Sydney ; ever y dish in season, dressed in a superior style , will be pro- duced on the table. The Bed-rooms are well ventilated and neatly furnished. The Wines and Spirits are of the choicest quality to be obtained in the Syd- ney markets, which has been acknowledged by every visitor to the Hotel. The Stables are decidedlf the most complete in Queensland , baying accom- modation for 30 horses , and be ing attended to bya thorough experien ce d groom. Adjoining the Hotel a well ventilated Billitrd -room has been erected, which is handsomely decorated , and provided with one of Thurston's best tables, A skilful and obliging marker win be always in attendan ce . Parties who may favour this establishment with a visit will find every comfort an hotel can provide, at charges equal to , if not below , those of other houses. Private apartments for families , and dinners provided at two hours' notice, H. &M. LEVY, BEEHIVE 'DRAPERYAND FANCY STORE, EAST STREET,

Liberal Allowance to Wholesale Buyers. GLENCOT TAGE INN, EAST BRISBANE STREET, IPSWICH. WK. DEVINE, Good Accommodation for Travellers. LOUIS RITZ, TIN MANUFACTURER, BELL STREET, IPSWICH. VAL L COARL170 BOARDAND LODGING HOUSE, B.REEIEB NT1U ET, JOHN PETTIGREW, wboLEsaLE.wiNE.ASAINT-te r, DRAPER AND GROCER, (Cornerof anion aub East Streets, IPSWICH. NEWTAILORING ESTABLISHMENT, Quern Strut, iiba + ,G.

OF THELATE F1R1 "JONES& BUSHEY," GEORGESTREET , SYDNEY, Aaaooacas his commencement in business as above, and respectfully solicits from the Gentlemen of Queensland their patronage, who will soon be convinced they need no longer obtain their supplies from Sydney, but as it will be their interest, so also their pleasure, to advance the land of their adoption. N. B. has a well assorted Stock of Goods adapted for a first- clssbusinesa consisting of West of England Super fine Blue and Black Cloths , Doeskins , Silk Warp and Fancy Bordejed Augolas , Tweeds , Fashionable Fancy Drills , Vestings , &c., &c., & c., R hick only need inspection for appro val. G. EMMONS`UK CARCASE, llIPNG,&RA CILYRUTfflEN, QUEEN STREET, BRISBANE. VEGETABLE SEEDS, GRASS SEEDS,

New and genuine, and warranted to grow.

$ai Seeds forwarded by Post to a,ay part of the Cole op. IIOCKINNGS'COLLECTION OF SEEMS. Economy in cost, and a better selection of seeds will generally be obtained by ordering the "Collection of Seeds," nhich include (in sufficient quantity for a large garden dur- ing twelve months) choice varieties of Beans, Peas, Brocoli Melon, Cucumber, Lettuce, Cauliflower, Brussels' Sprouts. Scotch Rail, Cabbage, Carrot, Turnip, Radish, Mustard and Cress, Vegetable Marrow, Onion, Giant Asparagus, Celery, Parsnip, Beet, Rhubarb, Sage, Thyme, Basil Mar- juram, Fennel, Water Cress Seed, &c., for the sum of £3. A Small and very Choice Assortir.eot, £1 10. A. J. HOCKINGS, Opposite the Court House, Brisbane ; and at the Nursery , South Brisbane. ESTABLISHED EIGHTEEN YEARS.

OLI) BRISBANE STORE, STANLEY-STREET, STANLEY-QUAY, SOUT11 BRISBANE. R3111 Dill -11110 A WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DRAPERS, GROCERS, AND GENERAL STOREKEEPERS.

Every Article in the Trade eonatantly on hand. Goods carefally packed and sent to any part of the tmvu free of expen-e.

Orders from the Country supplied on the most liberal terms. IAR1S.R,4J'.E S A W 1 IILl, S , WILLIAM-STREET, BRISBANE. ri`HE following is a list of prices of material now supplied at this place:- 1 Sassa pine flooring boards, aseathci boa,il,, lining boaiits, s(antling, and battens, at 14s per 100 feet In quantitos under Ito feet, and for boards 12 in x 1 in. at 14s. 7d. Broad boas its cliaiged extia as below. Hardwood scantling at 20s. per 100 feet 1 or lengths oser 13 feet 2s, per Hardwood boards at 22s. ditto 100 feet extra. baivn pine shingles at 21s, per 1000. Sawn hardwood shingles at 2&s per 1000 CEDAR Boatns. I inch at 3d per foot I 1 inch at 4d per foot ) 14-nit It at 6li1 per toot im li at 31d ditto Ii-inch at d ditto 2-inch at 7d ditto inch at 30d ditto f 1',i-inch at it ditto B RUA1) Bosuns, charged extra as follows 14 incites to 16 inches at ;d per toot 24 inches to 20 inches at Id per foot 16 inches to 20 inches at Id ditto 28 tidies to 32 niches at IN ditto 20 inches to 24 inches at ;d ditto 32 tidies to .,6 inches at 1# ditto GLTrFas Cut out of pine scantling 4 niches a 4 inclies at 2:d. per foot, for muter 20 feet long, above that length at 21d per foot. HARDWOOD drains made to m der from four inches square and upwaids- inside messnre Prices-4 incurs x 4 inches, per foot. Gd, 8 mi lies x 6 met- of I inch material, is. , 12 inches x q inches, soles and top 2-i1ch, button, 1-i11ch, at Is. lid, 18 inches it 18 inn hes, sides and bottom 1-Inch, top 20- inch, corner pieces, 4 inclies x 4 inches liaised, at 3s. ltd. per foot. Larger saes chmged equally moderate 1his is the cheapest way of bridging a small watercourse. G5ThS made of hardwood without lunges as follows :-per pair S feet by4 fi et, e t 25x. , 9 feet by 4? feet, at 26s. , 9 feet by 5 feet at tbs. bd. , 10 feet by 5 feet, at 273. Gates made to order of any practicable dimensions.

PLANING MAcnt e Pine flooring boards, and titling boards, thicknessed, planed, tongued and grossed, or plane jointed, at lss. 9d. per 100 feet Boards, 12 inches x 1 inch, chamfered and raboetcd, and planed on outside, at 21s, Gd. per 100 feet. TvariNC LATHES. One will turn 27 feet long and 16 inches diameter ; the other will turn 9 feet long and 20 inches diameter, or upwards, by raising floe loads. This is piu- vided with back speed, and is suited for turning iron. the other one is more suited tot wood but iron shot tin, about the length mentimod, and 3 inn lies d,am, ter, has been turned in it WM. PETTIGREW 14tli 1) tJnibei, 1810. CH G. CAMDEN, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL T O B C C O N X S T t QUEEN STREET, (Opposite the Ueion Bank,) BRISBANE. IMPORTER OF ALL KINDS OF TOBACCO AND CIGARS, MEERSCHAUM P1P'S, FANCY PIPES, 1VAX VFS'IAS, FUSEES, AND FANCY ARTICLES, &c. KENT&WONDERLEY, CHEMISTS, DRUGGISTS, GROCERS,&c., RUSSELL STXREET, SOUTH BRISBANE.

TEETH CAREFULLY EXTRACTED. Prescriptions peomptIq attended to.

PERFUMERY OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. OILS, PAINTS, AND COLORS. W. He GROOM, AUCTIONEER AND

X1 `1 ( 1 'j5 c.,S Z J 7 w U "(11 3 wr u ""1 TI)"I :1 rcit IPP,AYTON AND TOOWOOMBA. HAIR-CUTTER, PERU MEIR7 AND ORNAMENTALHAIR MANUFACTURER, CORNER OF ALBERT 4' QUEEN STREE CS, NORTH BRISBANE. A large and choice asso rt ment of Perfumery , Combs, and Brushes. Also, Hair Pads, Frizettes , Plaits, Fronts, Bands, and Ringlet, always on Sale , manufactured by himself on the premises.

Note the Address- CORNER OF ALBERTAND QUEEN STREETS, Opposite the Legislative Chambers.

I, PO W47% TIN&IRON PLATE WORKER,

BRISBANE. The American REFLECT V(; OVEN, one of the best inventions known for Roasting and Bak-ing generally, is made here.-All Orders for Tinware promptly attended to.-Prices Moderate. VICTORIA QUEEN STREET , BRISBANE.

PROPRIETOR. Private Suites of Apartments for Families .-Table d'Hote every day at 2 o ' clock .- Wines, Spirits, &c , of the most recherche description, CHARLESS. WARRY , (MEMBER' OF THE PIIARMACEUTICAL SOCIETY OF (UREA'P BRITAIN,) 14 M MIUSSIS STREET, IPSWICH.

ALL CHEMICALS, DRUGS, and PERFUMERY, purchased at this establishment, are warranted genuine as imported, and sold at a moderate advance upon English cost. rug anI a r-0arV '$t0rr+ W.J. COSTIN, CHEMIST, DRUGGIST, GROgER&c., QUEEN STREET,

HAS ALWAYS ON HAND A SUPPLY OF GENUINE DRUGS, SUP1' RIOR TEAS, SUGARS, FINE FLOUR, OILS AND COLORS, With every other article in the Drug and Grocery Trade, which he is prepared to sell at low prices. -o- . Prescriptions accuratel y prepared. a 00099 min novV41,40 BELL-STREET, IPSWICH. BILLIARDS.

" 1T auuwc, 2" 11'111--2 Ms 121) IPSIYIIJII. R. S. WARRY,

GROCERY, WINE,AND SPIRIT STORES, QUEEN AND ALBERT STREETS,

EVERY ARTICLE IN THE TRADE SUPPLIED, EITHER WHOLESALE OR RETAIL. R. S. W. procures Goods from the very best Houses, and from his advantageous method of purchasing, he is always enabled to sell at reasonable rates. A list would be altogether superfluouq J obn antiOEry 'avr is, NORTH BRISBANE,

ARE PURCHASERS OF WOOL , TALLOW , HIDES, &c., AT MARKET RATES. A' HVVITL PRACTICAL WATCHMAKER & OPTICIAN, QUEEN ti1TREET, (Next to Mr. P. Mayne's), NORTH BRISBANE. 1?11 AIT 11311 loj/X VIAIML Yiimiti.auh EirtaP ¶MttrJnr, QUEEN -STREET, NOW TII BRIS ' IS WAIVE.

Shipping Supplied on reasonable terms. UOPU JOE t o TAILORIND WOOLLEN8401% QUEEN-STREET, BRISBANE.

A CHOICEASSORTMENT OFSEASONABLE GOODSALWAYS ONHAND. I DRAPER17 5`TO1 E59 ,t QUEEN STREET, NORTH BRISBANE. r' THE PROPRIETOR, E. B. S1)TJTHERDEN, ji; Has always on hand a large and well assorted Stock of LINEN DRAPERY , HOSIERY, HABERDASHERY, MIL- 1 LINERY , &c., &c. Also, YOUTH'S and GENTLEMEN'S ` CLOTHING, &c., in Great Variety. 0'0 AUSTRALIASTORE b XPSWXCH.

X130 Zia ZM PROPRIETOR.

A MOSTextensive and carefully-selected stock of Plain and Fancy Drapery, Silks, Mantles, Shawls, Dresses, &c., &c , &c , always on hand. As H. M. REEVE aims at keeping none but Goods of the best quality, and charges the lowest possible advance, pureha-ers may always ielyupon getting the bestpossible value fortheir money. The Millinery Department is in the hands of a superior ARTISTE. Patterns forwarded to any part of the Interior. OrdersCarefully and PunctuallyExecuted.

H. M. REEVE, Tailor and Woollen Draper. A large and varied selection of materials always in stock. The best workmanship and a good fitguaranteed, and the lowest charges made.

NOTETHE ADDRESS- a Ell. CORNER OF BRISBANE AND BELL STREETS, IPSWICH. ALEX.CAMERON, M111117STH777 AND MACHINIST, 012204 anumm?w NEXT SCHOOL OF ARTS, NORTH B PISBANE. 0PnxxaiPrinting oftr, GEORGE-STREET , BRISBANE.

;antrartarfor alrtrnmtntrinting, Stith nblisjtr of tIt "Qatunst310 v otrtrnnttnt6H tttt." Every description of Printing neatly and promptly executed. JOllN& GEORGE HARRISI IMPORTERS GENERAL MERCHANDISE, SHIPPING,COMMISSION, ANDGENERAL AGENTS, NORTH BRISBANE, ToHe JONES& Co.,

WHOLESALEAND RETAIL IRONMONGERS, Queen 'Wet, jiortb 3ri5bane.

GEORGE M `ADAM , Proprietor.