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Home , Bashan, Gad (prophet), Gibeon (ancient city), Heshbon, Numbers 31, Sihon

Genocide: References from the

Christopher Fulford IWP Research Assistant Project for Dr. M. J. Chodakiewicz Table of Contents

I. ------2 – 3

II. ------4 – 5

III. ------6 – 11

IV. Book of ------12 – 14

V. ------15 – 16

VI. Book of 1 ------17

VII. Book of ------18

1 Source Summary Scripture Reference

Book of Exodus. The children of 10 [Pharaoh speaking] Come on, let us deal awisely with them; The Official 1: 10, 13, 16, 22 multiply—They are lest they multiply, and it come to pass, that, when there bfalleth Scriptures of The placed in bondage by out any war, they join also unto our enemies, and fight against Church of Jesus Egyptians—Pharaoh us, and so get them up out of the land. Christ of Latter-day seeks to destroy sons 13 And the Egyptians made the children of Israel to serve with Saints © 2006 Intellectual born to Hebrew rigour: Reserve, Inc. All women. 16 And he said, When ye ado the office of a midwife to the b rights reserved Hebrew women, and see them upon the stools; if it be a son, http://scriptures.lds.or then ye shall kill him: but if it be a daughter, then she shall g/en/ex/1 live. 22 And Pharaoh charged all his people, saying, Every son that is aborn ye shall cast into the river, and every daughter ye shall save alive.

I. Additional Notes a. Author: i. is the most probable author of Exodus, writing it some point during period (most likely from 1440 –1400 B.C. b. Audience: i. The who took part in the exodus, most likely read Exodus in order to appreciate the struggles of their national origin ii. Exodus tells of how God delivered his people from slavery and almost certain genocide in Egypt 1. It explains God’s own strength over the Egyptian gods 2. How God guided the Israelites step-by-step toward – the 3. How God recognized the Israelites physical needs by making them victorious over their enemies1

1 New International Version: Archaeological Study Bible - An Illustrated Walk Through Biblical History and Culture. Grand Rapids, Michigan. The Zondervan Corporation, 2005. pp. 84, 85.

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Branding iron for runaway slaves

I. This image shows the harsh realities of bondage the Israelites endured under the Egyptian Pharaoh

 The Schoyen Collection – The Interactive NIV Archaeological Study Bible

3 Book of Moses sends forth 1 AND the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, The Official Numbers. 31: 1 – 12,000 warriors who 2 aAvenge the children of Israel of the bMidianites: afterward Scriptures of The 5; 7; 9 – 11; 17 – destroy Midianites— shalt thou be gathered unto thy people. Church of Jesus 18 Prey divided in 3 And Moses spake unto the people, saying, Arm some of Christ of Latter-day Israel—None in yourselves unto the war, and let them go against the Midianites, Saints © 2006 Intellectual armies of Israel were and avenge the LORD of . Reserve, Inc. All lost. 4 Of every tribe a thousand, throughout all the tribes of Israel, rights reserved shall ye send to the war. http://scriptures.lds 5 So there were delivered out of the thousands of Israel, a .org/en/num/31 thousand of every tribe, twelve thousand armed for war. 7 And they warred against the Midianites, as the LORD commanded Moses; and they slew all the males. 9 And the children of Israel took all the women of Midian captives, and their little ones, and took the spoil of all their cattle, and all their flocks, and all their goods. 10 And they burnt all their cities wherein they dwelt, and all their agoodly castles, with fire. 11 And they took all the spoil, and all the prey, both of men and of beasts. 17 [Moses speaking] Now therefore kill every male among the little ones, and kill every woman that hath known man by lying with him. 18 But all the awomen children, that have not known a man by lying with him, keep alive for yourselves.

I. Additional Notes a. Author: i. Like the Book of Exodus, Numbers asserts that God gave specific laws and commands to Moses; therefore, he is traditionally considered to be the primary compiler, writing it probably around 1440 – 1400 B.C. b. Audience:

4 i. Israelites who survived the period of desert wandering read Numbers, using the book to spur their memories of Israel’s sins and failings.2

2 New International Version: Archaeological Study Bible - An Illustrated Walk Through Biblical History and Culture. Grand Rapids, Michigan. The Zondervan Corporation, 2005. p. 194

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Book of Israel presses forward 24 ¶ Rise ye up, take your journey, and pass over the river The Official Deuteronomy. 2: to their promised Arnon: behold, I have given into thine hand the Amorite, Scriptures of The 24, 30 – 33 land—They pass king of , and his land: begin to possess it, and contend Church of Jesus through lands of Esau with him in battle. Christ of Latter-day and of in 30 But Sihon king of Heshbon would not let us pass by him: Saints © 2006 Intellectual peace, but destroy for the LORD thy God ahardened his spirit, and made his heart b Reserve, Inc. All . obstinate, that he might deliver him into thy hand, as rights reserved appeareth this day. http://scriptures.lds.or 31 And the LORD said unto me, Behold, I have begun to give g/en/deut/2 Sihon and his land before thee: begin to possess, that thou mayest inherit his land. 32 Then aSihon came out against us, he and all his people, to fight at Jahaz. 33 And the LORD our God delivered him before us; and we asmote him, and his sons, and all his people. 34 And we took all his cities at that time, and utterly adestroyed the men, and the women, and the little ones, of every city, we left none to remain: 35 Only the cattle we took for a prey unto ourselves, and the spoil of the cities which we took.

Book of Israel destroys people 1 THEN we turned, and went up the way to Bashan: and The Official Deuteronomy. 3: of Bashan—Their the king of Bashan came out against us, he and all his people, Scriptures of The 1 – 6 lands, on east of to battle at Edrei. Church of Jesus , given to 2 And the LORD said unto me, Fear him not: for I will deliver Christ of Latter-day Reuben and — him, and all his people, and his land, into thy hand; and thou Saints © 2006 Intellectual Moses sees Canaan shalt do unto him as thou didst unto Sihon king of the Reserve, Inc. All from Pisgah but is Amorites, which dwelt at Heshbon.

6 denied entrance 3 So the LORD our God delivered into our hands Og also, the rights reserved thereto—He counsels king of Bashan, and all his people: and we asmote him until http://scriptures.lds.or and strengthens none was left to him remaining. g/en/deut/3 Joshua. 4 And we took all his cities at that time, there was not a city which we took not from them, threescore cities, all the region of Argob, the kingdom of Og in Bashan. 5 All these cities were fenced with high awalls, gates, and bars; beside unwalled towns a great many. 6 And we utterly destroyed them, as we did unto Sihon king of Heshbon, utterly destroying the men, women, and children, of every city.

Book of Israel to destroy seven 1 WHEN the LORD thy God shall bring thee into the land The Official Deuteronomy. 7: nations of Canaan— whither thou goest to possess it, and hath cast out many nations Scriptures of The 1, 2, 5, 6 Marriages with them before thee, the , and the Girgashites, and the Amorites, Church of Jesus are forbidden lest and the Canaanites, and the Perizzites, and the , and the Christ of Latter-day apostasy result— , seven anations greater and mightier than thou; Saints © 2006 Intellectual Israel has a mission as 2 And when the LORD thy God shall deliver them before thee; Reserve, Inc. All a holy and chosen thou shalt smite them, and utterly adestroy them; thou shalt b c rights reserved people—The Lord make no covenant with them, nor shew mercy unto them: http://scriptures.lds.or a shows mercy unto 5 But thus shall ye deal with them; ye shall destroy their g/en/deut/7 those who love him altars, and break down their bimages, and cut down their and keep his cgroves, and burn their graven images with fire. commandments—He 6 For thou art aan bholy people unto the LORD thy God: the promises to remove LORD thy God hath cchosen thee to be a dspecial people unto sickness from Israel if himself, above all people that are upon the face of the earth. they hearken.

Book of Laws revealed for 15 Thus shalt thou do unto all the cities which are very far off The Official Deuteronomy. 20: selection of soldiers from thee, which are not of the cities of these nations. Scriptures of The 15 – 17 and making of war— 16 But of the acities of these people, which the LORD thy God Church of Jesus

7 Hittites, Amorites, doth give thee for an inheritance, thou shalt save alive nothing Christ of Latter-day Canaanites, Perizzites, that breatheth: Saints Hivites, and Jebusites 17 But thou shalt utterly adestroy them; namely, the Hittites, © 2006 Intellectual shall be utterly and the Amorites, the Canaanites, and the Perizzites, the Reserve, Inc. All rights reserved destroyed. Hivites, and the Jebusites; as the LORD thy God hath http://scriptures.lds.or commanded thee g/en/deut/20

8  I. Additional Notes a. Author: i. Moses is attested to have written most of this book ii. According to 1:5, Moses presented his speeches as the Israelites camped in , after which he wrote them down (31: 24 – 25)

 Bible History Online, 2003.

9 iii. This suggests that the speeches and events recorded in Deuteronomy took place prior to the conquest – traditionally dated to approximately 1440 – 1400 B.C. b. Audience: i. Original audience for Deuteronomy was the generation of Israelites who were poised to enter Canaan and would take part in numerous battles – physical clashes with the Canaanites.3

3 New International Version: Archaeological Study Bible - An Illustrated Walk Through Biblical History and Culture. Grand Rapids, Michigan. The Zondervan Corporation, 2005. p. 252

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 Zondervan – The Interactive NIV Archaeological Study Bible 

11 . Joshua uses an 22 And the other issued out of the city against them; so they were in The Official 8: 22 – 28 ambush, takes , the midst of Israel, some on this side, and some on that side: and they Scriptures of The and slays its smote them, so that they let none of them remain or escape. Church of Jesus inhabitants—He 23 And the king of Ai they took alive, and brought him to Joshua. Christ of Latter-day builds an altar in 24 And it came to pass, when Israel had made an end of slaying all Saints © 2006 Intellectual Mount Ebal— the inhabitants of Ai in the field, in the wilderness wherein they Reserve, Inc. All Words of law, chased them, and when they were all fallen on the edge of the sword, rights reserved both blessings until they were consumed, that all the Israelites returned unto Ai, and http://scriptures.lds.or and cursings, are smote it with the edge of the sword. g/en/josh/8 read to people. 25 And so it was, that all that fell that day, both of men and women, were twelve thousand, even all the men of Ai. 26 For Joshua drew not his hand back, wherewith he stretched out the spear, until he had utterly destroyed all the inhabitants of Ai. 27 Only the cattle and the spoil of that city Israel took for aa prey unto themselves, according unto the word of the LORD which he commanded Joshua. 28 And Joshua burnt Ai, and made it an heap for ever, even a desolation unto this day.

Book of Joshua. Israel defeats 28 ¶ And that day Joshua took aMakkedah, and smote it with the The Official 10: 28, 29, 31, Amorites and edge of the sword, and the king thereof he utterly destroyed, them, Scriptures of The 33, 34, 36 – 41 their allies, and and all the souls that were therein; he let none remain: and he did to Church of Jesus the Lord casts the king of Makkedah as he did unto the king of . Christ of Latter-day stones from 29 Then Joshua passed from Makkedah, and all Israel with him, Saints © 2006 Intellectual heaven upon unto Libnah, and fought against aLibnah: Reserve, Inc. All them—Sun and 31 ¶ And Joshua passed from Libnah, and all Israel with him, unto rights reserved moon stand still— Lachish, and encamped against it, and fought against it: a http://scriptures.lds.or Divers kings and 33 ¶ Then Horam king of came up to help Lachish; and g/en/josh/10 cities destroyed— Joshua smote him and his people, until he had left him none The Lord fought remaining. for Israel. 34 ¶ And from Lachish Joshua passed unto Eglon, and all Israel with

12 him; and they encamped against it, and fought against it: 36 And Joshua went up from Eglon, and all Israel with him, unto ; and they fought against it: 37 And they took it, and smote it with the edge of the sword, and the king thereof, and all the cities thereof, and all the souls that were therein; he left none remaining, according to all that he had done to Eglon; but destroyed it utterly, and all the souls that were therein. 38 ¶ And Joshua returned, and all Israel with him, to aDebir; and fought against it: 39 And he took it, and the king thereof, and all the cities thereof; and they smote them with the edge of the sword, and utterly destroyed all the souls that were therein; he left none remaining: as he had done to Hebron, so he did to , and to the king thereof; as he had done also to Libnah, and to her king. 40 ¶ So Joshua smote all the country of the hills, and of the south, and of the avale, and of the springs, and all their kings: he left none remaining, but utterly bdestroyed all that breathed, as the LORD God of Israel commanded. 41 And Joshua smote them from -barnea even unto Gaza, and all the country of Goshen, even unto .

I. Additional Notes a. Author: i. No one knows for certain who wrote the book of Joshua, but some scholars suggest that Samuel may have helped to shape or compile the book. ii. Scholars date the book of Joshua after the end of the monarchy in 586 B.C. consider it to be part of a unified “Deuteronomistic history” of Israel that spans the historical books of Deuteronomy through Kings. iii. This would place its writings about 800 years after the events it records b. Audience: i. Israelites born after the conquest were the original readers of this book

13 ii. Joshua continues the story of the conquest from the point at which Deuteronomy left off. The military superpowers who had been players in the action (Hittites, Babylonians, and Egyptians) no longer had a significant presence; instead, the Israelites would have to confront a number of independent city-states or groupings of states.4

Aerial view of Et-, formerly Ai according to most archaeologists

4 New International Version: Archaeological Study Bible - An Illustrated Walk through Biblical History and Culture. Grand Rapids, Michigan. The Zondervan Corporation, 2005. p. 302  Todd Bolen/Bible Places.com – The Interactive NIV Archaeological Study Bible

14 Book of Judges. All Israel arises 43 Thus they inclosed the Benjamites round about, and chased them, The Official 20: 43 – 46 against , and atrode them down with ease over against toward bthe Scriptures of The who refuse to sunrising. Church of Jesus deliver up the 44 And there fell of Benjamin eighteen thousand men; all these were Christ of Latter-day men of Gibeah— men of valour. Saints © 2006 Intellectual Benjamites are 45 And they turned and fled toward the wilderness unto the rock of a Reserve, Inc. All smitten and Rimmon: and they gleaned of them in the highways five thousand rights reserved destroyed. men; and pursued hard after them unto Gidom, and slew two http://scriptures.lds.or thousand men of them. g/en/judg/20 46 So that all which fell that day of Benjamin were twenty and five thousand men that drew the sword; all these were men of valour. 47 But six hundred men turned and fled to the wilderness unto the rock Rimmon, and abode in the rock Rimmon four months. 48 And the men of Israel turned again upon the children of Benjamin, and smote them with the edge of the sword, as well the men of every city, as the beast, and all that came to hand: also they set on fire all the cities that they came to.

I. Additional Notes a. Author: i. The author of the book of Judges is unknown, but the Jewish states not only that Samuel wrote this book, but also that he authored the – most of the events of which occurred after his death. ii. It is possible that Samuel compiled some accounts from the period of the judges and that afterwards such as Gad and helped to edit the material b. Audience: i. Generations of Israelites after the time of the judges who read this book were reminded of their ancestors’ rebellion against God and of their own need of his divine deliverance5

5 New International Version: Archaeological Study Bible - An Illustrated Walk Through Biblical History and Culture. Grand Rapids, Michigan. The Zondervan Corporation, 2005. p. 342

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Ruins of Mizpah, an ancient city of Benjamin

 Todd Bolen/Bible Place.com – The Interactive NIV Archaeological Study Bible

16 1 Samuel. 15: 2 commanded 2 Thus saith the LORD of hosts, I remember that which aAmalek did The Official – 8 to smite and to Israel, how he laid wait for him in the way, when he came up from Scriptures of The destroy the Egypt. Church of Jesus Amalekites and 3 Now go and smite , and utterly adestroy all that they have, Christ of Latter-day all that they and spare them not; but slay both man and woman, infant and Saints © 2006 Intellectual have—He saves suckling, ox and sheep, camel and ass. Reserve, Inc. All some animals to 4 And Saul gathered the people together, and numbered them in rights reserved sacrifice—Saul is Telaim, two hundred thousand footmen, and ten thousand men of http://scriptures.lds.or rejected from Judah. g/en/1_sam/15 being king, and 5 And Saul came to a city of Amalek, and laid wait in the valley. told that to obey 6 ¶ And Saul said unto the aKenites, Go, depart, get you down from is better than among the Amalekites, lest I destroy you with them: for ye shewed sacrifice—Samuel kindness to all the children of Israel, when they came up out of Egypt. destroys Agag. So the Kenites departed from among the Amalekites. 7 And Saul smote the Amalekites from Havilah until thou comest to aShur, that is over against Egypt. 8 And he took aAgag the king of the Amalekites alive, and utterly destroyed all the people with the edge of the sword.

I. Additional Notes a. Author: i. It is unknown who wrote both 1 and 2 Samuel, but some features of 1 Samuel suggest that several independent, unedited sources, including firsthand accounts, were used in the authors’ compositions. ii. The book of 1 Samuel was evidently written between the end of ’s life and some point in ’s reign b. Audience: i. The original audience of 1 Samuel consisted of the Israelites who lived during the reigns of David and Solomon ii. During this period (c. the eleventh century B.C.) no superpower overshadowed the region now known as Palestine. Consequently, led by David, Israel used its opportunities to subdue other nations in Canaan.6

6 New International Version: Archaeological Study Bible - An Illustrated Walk Through Biblical History and Culture. Grand Rapids, Michigan. The Zondervan Corporation, 2005. p. 395

17 Book of Esther. , the 4 Now it came to pass, when they spake daily unto him, and he The Official 3: 4 – 6 Jew, refuses to do hearkened not unto them, that they told Haman, to see whether Scriptures of The obeisance to Mordecai’s matters would stand: for he had told them that he was a Church of Jesus Haman—Haman Jew. Christ of Latter-day arranges a decree 5 And when Haman saw that Mordecai abowed not, nor did him Saints © 2006 Intellectual to kill all the Jews reverence, then was Haman full of bwrath. Reserve, Inc. All in the kingdom. 6 And he thought scorn to lay hands on Mordecai alone; for they had rights reserved shewed him the people of Mordecai: wherefore Haman sought to http://scriptures.lds.org/ a destroy all the Jews that were throughout the whole kingdom of en/esth/3 Ahasuerus, even the people of Mordecai.

I. Additional Notes a. Author: i. The unknown author of Esther appears to have been a Jew, based upon the book’s emphasis on Jewish nationalism. ii. Scholars consider the earliest date of authorship to be around 460 B.C., shortly after the narrated events occurred and before returned to . iii. The latest date suggested for composition is around 350 B.C., just before Greece conquered the Persian Empire in 331 B.C. b. Audience: i. Certainly Israelites familiar with the events described in the book read it, as did contemporary Jews living in other regions and subsequent generations of Jews.7

7 New International Version: Archaeological Study Bible - An Illustrated Walk Through Biblical History and Culture. Grand Rapids, Michigan. The Zondervan Corporation, 2005. p. 714

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