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Traditional Uses and Pharmacological Effects of Anagallis Arvensis: a Review Zarmeena Yasmeen1*, Abdul Basit1 and Sidra Tahir2

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Traditional Uses and Pharmacological Effects of Anagallis Arvensis: a Review Zarmeena Yasmeen1*, Abdul Basit1 and Sidra Tahir2 Int J Front Sci Anagallis arvensis: a review Review Article Traditional Uses and Pharmacological Effects of Anagallis arvensis: A Review Zarmeena Yasmeen1*, Abdul Basit1 and Sidra Tahir2 well as unfertilized or un-pollinated flowers. This is 1. The Islamia Significance: quite an important feature as curvature in pedicels University of Anagallis arvensis has recognized medicinal depictsa fertilized or pollinated flower, while a Bahawalpur, values as an anti-mycotic, antimicrobial, Bahawalpur, Pakistan uniform pedicel indicates and unfertilized or molluscicidal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, unpollinated flower. (7) Various studies have shown 2. Sahar Al-Jadeeda Pharmacy, Sharjah, anti-leishmania, antiviral, cytotoxic, and the medicinal value of the plant, such as an United Arab Emirates spermatogenic. The present review highlights expectorant, anti-bacterial, anti-diuretic, antioxidant, traditional uses, phytoconstituents and antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, mutagenic, Correspondence: pharmacological effects of Anagallis arvensis. antimutagenic, cytotoxic, anticancer, anti- rph.zarmeena@yahoo. leishmaniasis, liver cirrhosis, lung problems, ABSTRACT com gallstones, kidney stones, urinary infection, and Anagallis arvesnsis belongs to family primulacae. It is dermatological activities. (8,9) Bronchicum, Sinupret, Keywords: Anagallis a summer annual herb distributed worldwide or with a Pectosol, and Tussipect are its herbal compounds arvensis, global spread abundantly found in Egypt, Palestine, a derived from roots and flowers of plants of family Pharmacological non-tropical region of South America, Taiwan, and primulaceae. (10) effects, Traditional India (more specifically Jammu & Kashmir). Different Uses A. arvensis contains many active constituents for parts of plant contain variety of active constituents; instance; cucurbitacin (a glycoside) and triterpenoid such as glycosides, saponin, flavonoid, anthraquinone, doi: series of saponins are separated from the root of the alkaloids, rutin, kaempferol, oleananetriterpenes, 10.37978/tijfs.v4i2.294 plant. Similarly, kaempferol, rutin, quercitin, anagalligenin, anagalligenone, stigasetrol, arvenin I, spinasterol (glucoside), sterol, ß-sitosterol, and arvenin II, cucurbitacin B, D, E, I,L& Q, n- Submitted: May 6, stigasterol are found in flowers of the plant. Leaves hexosamine, β-amyrin, sterols carbohydrates, lacceric 2020 are rich inoleananetriterpenes, triterpene saponins, Accepted: June 29, acid. Anagallis arvensis has recognized medicinal deglucoanagallosides, analagossides A, 2020 values as an anti-mycotic, antimicrobial, deglucoanagallosides B, different types of fatty acids Published Online: July molluscicidal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti- e.g., stearic acids, linoleic acids, palpitic acids, oleic 18, 2020 leishmania, antiviral, cytotoxic, and spermatogenesis. acid, anagallosides A, anagallosides B, and The present review will highlight the traditional uses, How to cite this: anagallosides C. In addition to this, aerial parts of A. phytoconstituents and pharmacological effects of Yasmeen, Z., Basit, A., arvensis also have many constituents, in particular, Anagallis arvensis. and Tahir, S. 2020. arvenin I, arvenin II, cucurbitacins B, cucurbitacins D, Traditional uses and cucurbitacins E,ß-amyrin, n-hexacosane, rutin, Introduction pharmacological anagalligenin, anagalligenone, stigasterol, ß-sitosterol, effects of Anagallis In the traditional system of medications, plants have laccericacid, enzyme, and carbohydrates. (10-13) arvensis: A Review. Int played a vital role in the cure or prevention of Colored species of Anagallis arvensis contains J Front Sci, 4(2), 97- different diseases. Treatments were not only limited to pelargonidin, delphinidin, 3- and 3,5-glycosides of 100. humans but also to animals. (1) Anagallis arvensis is a malvidin, malvidin 3- glucosides, flavonol which are summer annual herb which blossoms at the end of discovered by Wiering and de Vlaming (14). Two spring. (2) It has ability to modify according to glucosidic saponins are present in Anagallis arvensis. This article is open climate. (3) It is found across the Europe and (15-16) Aqueous extract of Anagallis arvensis access under terms of dispersed worldwide because of ruderal habitat. It is contains arvenin, tannins, triterpenoids, saponins, and Creative Commons abundant in Egypt, Palestine, non-tropical region of Attribution License flavonoids.(17) Flavones, saponins and South America, and Taiwan. (4-5) The literature 4.0. which permits oleananetriterpenes are found in chloroform extract of witnesses 1000 species of the plant grouped in 22 unrestricted use, the plant.(18) Quercetin 3-glucuronide and genera which are further divided in 5 different tribes: distribution and kaempferol 3 glucuronide are flavonoid constituents reproduction in any Primuleae, Cyclamineae, Lysimachieae, Samoleae, which are found in abundance in ethanolic extract of medium provided the and Corideae. Anagallis belongs to the Lysimachieae Anagallis arvensis, however, a little quantity of some original work is cited tribe comprising of 28 species. (6) This genus is other flavonoid constituents are also present, namely, properly. characterized by some distinguishing characters, such quercetin 3,7-diglucosid, quercetin 7-glucoside, as flowering pattern is pentamerous, nectarless, kaempferol 7-glucoside, Kaempferol 3,7-diglucosid, polypetalous, and have a compound ovary. Petals of isorhamnetin 3-glucoside, isorhamnetin 3-glucuronid this genus have nyctinastic behavior, (i.e., open up in and anthocyanins are malvidin 3-rhamnoside, daylight but close at dusk), which leads to self- malvidin 3-glucoside, and pelargonidin. (19) pollination. Pattern of pedicels shows the fertilized as Furthermore, anthocyanins present in Anagallis 97 Volume 4 (Issue 2) Int J Front Sci Anagallis arvensis: a review Review Article arvensis are malvidin 3-glucoside and pelargonidin. the body are rich in keratin. (34) Dermatophytoses, (15)Structural composition of antiviral saponin is (3- communicable mycoses of the skin that is infected by 0-glucose (1 →1→3 or 4)– [arabinose (1 →1→ 4 or dermatophytes. (34) Themain drawbacks of current 3)]–glucose (1 → 2)-xyloside of 23- synthetic antifungal agents are development of hydroxyprotoprimulagenin A). (20) Aqueous, aqueous resistance, toxicity or mere fungistatic effects. There ethanol, ethanol, chloroform and petroleum ether is need to search for a novel and natural antifungal extracts of Anagallis contain functional proteins. agent which minimizes the earlier cited limitations. However, chloroform extract contains flavonoids too. Medicinal plants and plant derivatives play a vital role (21) Dihydrocucurbitacin B, cucurbitacin B, in drug discovery and the development of a drug. (35) cucurbitacin D, cucurbitacin E, cucurbitacin I, Anagallis arvensis was the most efficacious cucurbitacin L and cucurbitacin Q are reported to be antimycotic agent amongst 22 tested plant extracts. present in Anagallis. (22) Methanolic HCl extraction Aqueous extract of Anagallis arvensis was in petal cells of plant separates the flavonoids and investigated for antifungal activity against crystalline anthocyanins which are malvidin 3- Trichophytonmentagrophytes (SH13, SH1, SH8), rhamnoside, malvidin, luteolin, luteolin 7 –glucoside, Trichophytonviolaceum (S5, SH32, SH38) and quercetin 3-rhamnosid, and quercetin. (23). Microsporumcanis (S14, S20, and SH41), further maintained at 10ºC on SDA slants. The serial agar Traditional Uses dilution plate technique was employed to get the fungi The significance of traditional plants towards toxic results. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration mindfulness of individuals and populations cannot be (MIC) of aqueous extract of A. arvensis measured ignored. The compound substance in plants has were 25, 15, 16 mg/ml and Means of mycelial therapeutic importance and they deliver a vivid percentage inhibition were 78.2±7.30%, 100±0% and physiological activity on the human body, medicinal 94.2±5.90% against Trichophyton mentagrophytes, plants play a vital role in curing illness, because of the Trichophyton violaceum, Microsporumcanis presence of secondary metabolites. (14) In Taiwan, respectively. (17) Anagallis arvensis leaf extract the whole herb of Anagallis arvensis is used for liver prepared with sterile water showed fungi toxic complications. (24) In Italy, Anagallis arvensis was potential on test specie i.e., Colletotrichum papaya. used in veterinary practices for curing mastitis, (16)Similarly, ethanolic extract of A. arvensis is because of its powerful anti-inflammatory and potent for phytopathogenic fungus of particular genera emollient properties. Interestingly, Anagallis arvensis including Ceratocystis, Cytospora, Fomes, and was amongst 4 plants for treating conjunctivitis. (25) Pestaiotiopsis. (18)MIC of methanolic extract of A. Ithas a popular use for skin diseases. The plant used arvensis is 0.31mg/ml which is the maximum topically for wound healing both in humans and inhibition against Candida albicans. (36) animals. Different types of pharmaceutical dosage 2. Antimicrobial Activity forms, including ointments and infusions, where Methanolic extract of Anagallis arvensis was further having been applied to get both local and systemic evaluated for its antimicrobial properties. benefits from the plant. The slurry of the leaf is used Antibacterial activity was determined by using for removing the leeches from cattle's nostrils. (26-28) standard streptomycin against four different
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