Françoise Pommaret Bhutan

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Françoise Pommaret Bhutan Françoise Pommaret Bhutan EDITION ERDE REISEFÜHRER EDITION TEMMEN Vorwort Dieser Reiseführer ist der erste Führer über ein solch unbekanntes Land wie Bhutan und daher ist es wichtig zu erklären, in welchem Kontext er bei seinem ersten Erscheinen 1990 erstellt wurde. Bhutan ist ein weitgehend von der Außenwelt abgeschlossenes Land, das alljährlich nur sehr wenige Touristen aufnimmt – rund 2000 im Jahr 1990 und um die 22.000 im Jahr 2008. Sein politischer Grundsatz ist es, den Tourismus zu kontrollieren und die traditionellen Werte zu bewahren. Dieser Band ist sowohl für Touristen geschrieben, die neugierig ein ungewöhnliches Land erkunden möchten, als auch für jene Ausländer, die nach Bhutan kommen, um an Entwicklungshilfeprojekten mitzuarbeiten. Dies erklärt auch, warum der vorliegende Reiseführer tiefer gehende Informationen gibt, als man gemeinhin in Publikationen dieser Art finden kann. Es ist weniger eine Sammlung von Reisetipps und Adressen denn eine Einführung in die Kultur und das Alltagsleben der Bhutaner , die eine Brücke schlägt zwischen dem Leben im Lande und den Interessen des Reisenden. Es stellt deshalb stärker die für Bhutan charakteristischen kulturellen Eigenarten heraus als jene, die auch in anderen Himalaya-Ländern vorzufinden sind. Es wäre zudem erfreulich, wenn dieser Band allen Ausländern in Bhutan, einerlei ob Touristen oder dort ansässigen, als leicht zu handhabendes Nachschlagewerk dienen könnte. Vereinfacht gesagt: Dieser Führer erfüllt schon seinen Zweck, wenn er zu einem besseren Verständnis zwischen den ausländischen Besuchern und den Bhutanern führt. Den Gastlehrern aus England, Irland und Kanada bin ich zu großem Dank verpflichtet. Während meiner Wanderungen und Reisen durch die verschiedenen Regionen Bhutans gaben sie mir ein Dach über dem Kopf. Auch möchte ich an dieser Stelle all meinen bhutanischen Freunden danken, die mir halfen, ein tieferes Verständnis für dieses Land zu entwickeln. Ich denke dabei besonders an Namgyel, Norzom, Dago, Kunga und Karma, Kunzang und an Chorten; dann auch an den verstorbenen Lopen Chencho, der mit mir zusammen im Amt für Tourismus gearbeitet und mir in größter Bescheidenheit die Traditionen seines Landes so gut vermittelt hat. Dank gilt auch meinen Kollegen des ILCS sowie den Dörflern Bhutans, deren Rauheit im Alltagsleben durch ihren Sinn für Humor und ihre Gastfreundschaft mehr als ausgeglichen wird. Dank sei auch den großen Historikern wie Lam Pemala, Lam Nado und Dasho Lama Sangnga sowie den Gelehrten wie Mynak Truklu, Yongzin Tseten Dorje und Lopen Lungtaen. Ohne sie alle wäre dieser Führer nie zustande gekommen und deshalb sei ihnen dieses Buch gewidmet. Ihnen allen meine allerbesten Wünsche! Tashidele! Thimphu/Paris, im Frühjahr 2010 Françoise Pommaret 4 Inhalt Vorwort .....................................................................................................4 Einführung ..............................................................................................10 Geographie und Bevölkerung .............................................................14 Bhutan auf einen Blick ................................................................................... 15 Klima und Wetter.............................................................................................. 22 Flora und Fauna ................................................................................................ 23 Nationalparks und Naturschutzgebiete ..................................................... 23 Geschichte ..............................................................................................27 Zeittafel ................................................................................................................ 34 Die Monarchie und ihre nationalen Institutionen .......................... 38 Die nationalen Symbole Bhutans ............................................................... 39 Klostergemeinschaften und religiöse Würdenträger ............................ 42 Sitten und Gebräuche ..................................................................................... 46 Die Wirtschaft ....................................................................................... 49 Müller, Meier, Schmidt… – Die Namen in Bhutan ................................ 54 Anredeformen ................................................................................................... 55 Die Kunst ............................................................................................... 56 Chorten und Mandalas .................................................................................. 63 Die Zeremonialschals und ihre Bedeutung ............................................. 71 Die Religion ............................................................................................74 Feste, Tanz und Musik ......................................................................... 82 Die religiösen Bildserien ................................................................................ 90 Vom bhutanischen Lebenslauf..................................................................... 96 5 INHALT Reiseteil Westbhutan ......................................................................................... 100 Das Paro-Tal ......................................................................................................100 Kyichu-Lhakhang – Taktshang-Lhakhang – Satsam-Chorten-Kloster – Drukyel-Dzong – Dungtse-Lhakhang – Nationalmuseum – Paro-Dzong – Ort Paro – Tachogang-Lhakhang – Chuzom – Von Paro nach Thimphu – Ha-Tal Bhutanische Medizin .....................................................................................111 Thimphu ............................................................................................................121 Das Zentrum von Thimphu – Erinnerungs-Chorten – Changlimithang und der Wochenmarkt – Auf dem Weg zum Dzong – Der Dzong von Thim- phu – Das Tal nördlich des Dzong – Ein Spaziergang durch Thimphu – Motithang – Changangkha – Semtokha-Dzong Reiseeindrücke in Bhutan 1783 ................................................................130 Die Nationalsprache Dzongkha ................................................................141 Eine Audienz beim Desi ...............................................................................145 Tagesausflüge rund um Thimphu .............................................................. 147 Der Wangduetse-Tempel – Tala-Kloster – Phajoding-Kloster und Seengebiet – Thadra-Kloster – Trashigang-Kloster – Das Dongkola-Kloster – Auf der alten Straße von Thimphu nach Punakha Der Süden – Von Chuzom nach Phuentsholing ...................................150 Von Thimphu nach Punakha und Wangdue Phodrang ......................154 Der Thongdroel von Punakha ....................................................................158 Die Straße nach Zentralbhutan ..................................................................162 Über die Schwarzen Berge – Von Wangdue Phodrang nach Trongsa – Das Phobjika-Tal und Gangtey Gompa– Das Gangtey-Kloster – Der Pelela-Pass – Chendebji-Chorten Papierherstellung und Buchkunst .............................................................168 Zentralbhutan ..................................................................................... 171 Die Umgebung von Trongsa ........................................................................ 171 Der Zhemgang-Distrikt (Khyeng) ............................................................... 173 Die Täler von Bumthang ............................................................................... 176 Das Chume-Tal ................................................................................................ 178 Die Klöster Tharpaling, Choedrak und Samtenling – Domkhar – Zugne – Prakhar (Pra) Das Choekhor-Tal............................................................................................ 181 Ein Spaziergang im Tal – Tamshing-Lhakhang – Kurje-Lhakhang – Thangbi- Lhakhang – Ngang-Lhakhang – Jampa-Lhakhang – Chakhar – Wangduchoeling- Palast – Jakar-Dzong – Jakar-Lhakhang – Lhodrakarchu-Kloster 6 INHALT Das Tang-Tal......................................................................................................199 Mebartsho – Kunzandra-Kloster – Ogyenchoeling-Palast – Thowadra-Kloster Volksdroge Doma ...........................................................................................199 Das Ura-Tal ........................................................................................................205 Ostbhutan ............................................................................................ 207 Von Ura nach Mongar ...................................................................................207 Von Mongar nach Lhuentse ........................................................................209 Von Mongar nach Trashigang......................................................................210 Nationalsport Bogenschießen und andere Sportarten .....................213 Trashigang .........................................................................................................216 Der Trashigang-Dzong – Gom Kora Trashi Yangtse ..................................................................................................221 Der Kora-Chorten und Trashi Yangtse – Neuer Dzong und Kunstschule – Das Radhi-Phongme-Tal Der Südosten – Von Trashigang nach Samdrup Jongkhar .................223 Pemagatshel – Deothang – Samdrup Jongkhar Anhang Reiseinformationen von A
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