Permethrin and Fenvalerate Hydrolysis in Pseudoplusia Includens (Walker) and Heliothis Virescens (F.)
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Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1985 Permethrin and Fenvalerate Hydrolysis in Pseudoplusia Includens (Walker) and Heliothis Virescens (F.). Patrick Francis Dowd Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Dowd, Patrick Francis, "Permethrin and Fenvalerate Hydrolysis in Pseudoplusia Includens (Walker) and Heliothis Virescens (F.)." (1985). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 4125. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/4125 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 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The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical Col.Ph.D. 1985 University Microfilms International 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has baen filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark V . 1. Glossy photographs or pages_____ 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print_______ 3. Photographs with dark background _____ 4. Illustrations are poor copy_______ 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy ______ 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of p ag_______ e 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages 8. Print exceeds margin requirements______ 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine_______ 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct print_______ 11. Page(s)____________lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s)____________seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages numbered . Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled pages ______ 15. Dissertation contains pages with print at a slant, filmed as received __________ 16. Other___________________________________________________________________________ University Microfilms International Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PERMETHRIN AND FENVALERATE HYDROLYSIS IN PSEUDOPLUSIA INCLUDENS (WALKER) AND HELIOTHIS VIRESCENS (F.) A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Entomology by Patrick Francis Dowd B.S., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University 1977 M.S., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University 1980 December 1985 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station in general, and the Department of Entomology in particular for making an assistantship available to me so that I could afford to attend L.S.U., and for providing the money for space, equipment, and supplies that made my research possible. Along the same lines, I would like to thank Chevron Chemical Co., and Dr. Art Whipp in particular for providing unrestricted grants that allowed for purchase of equipment, supplies, and student worker time that I used for my research. I would also like to extend special thanks to FMC Corp, Shell Development Co., American Cyanamid Co., and Dr. Bruce Hammock for providing chemicals or insects that I used for portions of my research. No graduate student survives without the support of his major professor. I was especially fortunate to have Dr. Thomas C. Sparks serve in this capacity for me, and I would like to thank him for putting up with my various inanities and insanities during my stay. I would also like to thank the other members of my committee for their time and help in their areas of specialization: Dr. L.D. Foil, Dr. J.B. Graves, Dr. C.M. Smith, and Dr. E.S. Younathan. I would also ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. like to thank Dr. J.G. Traynham for assistance with chemical nomenclature. The student workers that the toxicology lab has had working for us have also been especially helpful. They include: K. Albarez, M. Barrow, and B. Bondy. Several of the graduate students in the department have also helped me in obtaining insects or plant material for my research. These people include: R. Leonard, H.R. Mitchell, Jr., D. Orr, A. Pantoja, A. Pavloff, and D.A. Rider. I would also like to thank the many graduate students here for the friendship and companionship they have provided, including M. Brewer, D.A. Rider, and T.W. Walker. In short, I would like to thank all of those responsible for getting me to Louisiana and L.S.U., allowing me to survive, and allowing me to leave. "It's not the kill, it's the thrill of the chase". Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. FORWARD This dissertation is arranged into chapters that represent papers essentially ready to submit to be published, already submitted, or already published. The Introduction and Literature Review are included to set the stage and outline the need for, and the areas of, the following chapters which are formatted as individual papers. All chapters are written in the style of Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology (published by Academic Press). Anyone attempting to reproduce all or part of this manuscript should be aware that infringement of copyrights held by Academic Press could result (since at this pont in time, Chapter 3 has been published, and Chapter 5 is in press). Appendices are included which cover areas too detailed to be included in the chapters. The reader should also be aware that patents may be applied for, or pending, which deal with the practical usage of information contained within this manuscript. iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1. Introduction......................................1 Chapter 2. Review of the Literature.........................8 Chapter 3. Developmental Changes in trsms-Permethrin and alpha-Naphthyl Acetate Ester Hydrolysis during the Last Larval Instar of Pseudoplusia includens (Walker)...........................................76 Chapter 4. Comparative Hydrolysis of Permethrin and Fenvalerate in Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) and Heliothis virescens (F.)........................ 106 Chapter 5. Characterization of a trans-Permethrin Hydrolyzing Enzyme from the Midgut of Pseudoplusia includens (Walker)...............................141 Chapter 6. A Comparison of Properties of a trans-Permethrin Hydrolase and Leucine Aminopeptidase from the Midgut of Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) 175 Chapter 7. Comparisons of Midgut, Fat Body, and Cuticular Enzymes from Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) and Heliothis virescens (F.) Responsible for the Hydrolysis of Permethrin and Fenvalerate....... 208 Chapter 8. Inhibition of Pyrethroid Hydrolysis in Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) and Use of Inhibitors as Synergists.......................