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Intelligence and Terrorism in the 1990S O 6.1 1990 O 6.2 1993 O 6.3 1995 O 6.4 1996 O 6.5 1998 O 6.6 1999  7 Intelligence and Terrorism in the 2000S O 7.1 2000

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Intelligence and Terrorism in the 1990S O 6.1 1990 O 6.2 1993 O 6.3 1995 O 6.4 1996 O 6.5 1998 O 6.6 1999  7 Intelligence and Terrorism in the 2000S O 7.1 2000 CIA Malone Pyzdick This article deals with activities of the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) related to terrorism. Especially after the CIA lost its coordinating role over the entire Intelligence Community (IC), it is impossible to understand US counterterrorism by looking at the CIA alone. Coordinating structures have been created by each president to fit his administrative style and the perceived level of threat. The US has a different counterterrorist structure than other close allies, such as Australia, Canada, France, and the United Kingdom. Each has a structure that fits its particular legal system and culture; there is no ideal solution. A continuing issue is whether there needs to be a domestic intelligence service separate from the FBI, which has had difficulty in breaking away from its law enforcement roots and cooperating with other intelligence services.[1] The National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC)[2] is no longer in the CIA proper, but is in the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI). NCTC, however, contains personnel from the CIA, Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) of the Department of Justice, and other members of the IC. A counterterrorism center did exist in the CIA before the NCTC was established. Given the restrictions of the National Security Act of 1947, which created the CIA but strictly forbade it from having any domestic police authority, the role of the CIA still has multiple dimensions. The National Clandestine Service (NCS) of the CIA can infiltrate or otherwise gain human intelligence (HUMINT) from terrorist organizations, their supporters, or from friendly foreign intelligence services (FIS). The NCS has a covert operations capability that, possibly in combination with military units from the United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM), may take direct action against terrorist groups outside the United States. Above all, the key CIA counterterror partner is the FBI, which has the domestic operational responsibility for counterterrorism, both domestic intelligence collection and domestic police work. In the highly decentralized police system of the United States, the FBI also provides liaison and operates cooperatively with state and local police agencies, as well as with relevant Federal units. For example, the United States Coast Guard has an important role in preventing terrorist infiltration by sea. Military units have a specialized Counterintelligence Force Protection Source Operations capability to protect their personnel and operations. Contents 1 Intelligence Community view of terrorism o 1.1 Tactics . 1.1.1 Suicide attacks . 1.1.2 Weapons of mass destruction o 1.2 Terrorists by ideology and region 2 Collection approach o 2.1 HUMINT o 2.2 SIGINT o 2.3 IMINT o 2.4 FININT 3 Analytic approach o 3.1 Regular research o 3.2 Virtual station and cross-functional team research o 3.3 Regional analytic operations 4 Intelligence and terrorism in the 1970s o 4.1 1970 o 4.2 1972 o 4.3 1973 o 4.4 1974 o 4.5 1975 o 4.6 1976 o 4.7 1978 o 4.8 1979 5 Intelligence and terrorism in the 1980s o 5.1 1982 o 5.2 1983 . 5.2.1 1983 Beirut barracks bombing o 5.3 1984 . 5.3.1 Kidnapping of CIA Beirut station chief and US response authorizing preemption . 5.3.2 Creation of al-Qaeda . 5.3.3 Support to the Afghan resistance o 5.4 1986 . 5.4.1 Foundation of the Counterterrorist Center o 5.5 Afghanistan and its consequences . 5.5.1 Bin Laden's early years: terrorist financier 6 Intelligence and terrorism in the 1990s o 6.1 1990 o 6.2 1993 o 6.3 1995 o 6.4 1996 o 6.5 1998 o 6.6 1999 7 Intelligence and terrorism in the 2000s o 7.1 2000 . 7.1.1 Clandestine intelligence/covert action o 7.2 2001 . 7.2.1 Covert action . 7.2.1.1 Paramilitary support . 7.2.1.2 Targeted killing in war versus assassination . 7.2.2 Strategic Assessments Branch . 7.2.3 World-Wide Attack Matrix o 7.3 2002 o 7.4 2004 o 7.5 2005 o 7.6 2006 o 7.7 2008 o 7.8 2009 . 7.8.1 Forward Operating Base Chapman attack 8 References Intelligence Community view of terrorism Further information: War on Terrorism Further information: CIA transnational human rights actions Further information: CIA transnational anti-terrorism activities Contrary to popular belief, the US intelligence community was dealing with aspects of terrorism long before the September 11, 2001 attacks. Those aspects included the support of guerillas against the Soviets, in Southeast Asia, and other places where the guerrillas' methods may have included terror. In Asia, Latin America, and Africa, the US worked with government to suppress terror. While government research suggests personality traits that may be common to a substantial number of terrorists, terror has few other constants. It certainly is not restricted to Muslims. It has taken place on every continent except Antarctica. In all these cases, intelligence support clearly was necessary. In some of them, clandestine intelligence collection and covert action, by CIA personnel or those they sponsored, dealt with both sides of the terrorist and counterterrorist roles. Many studies of the analysis of, and countermeasures to, terrorism remain classified. Unclassified CIA documents on terrorism go back at least into the late 1970s. At that time, Western Europe often had opposing terrorist groups in the same conflict, such as nationalists and separatists in Northern Ireland, Spanish nationalists and Basque separatists, Turkey,[3] Transnational terrorism was still unusual, with the report noting that the Basque ETA group was active in France as well as Spain. There are relevant observations from government reports by researchers who have various levels of access into the IC, including the Federal Research Division (FRD) and Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress. A 1999 FRD study examined some changes from terrorists of the past, especially the emergence of terrorist acts carried out by individuals and members of small, ad hoc groups largely unknown to security organizations.[4] Tactics, as well as sources, had changed, with the greater use of suicide attacks and attacks by women and children. A very significant concern was the possible use, by terrorists, of weapons of mass destruction (WMD). Senate Probe of CIA Tactics: The recent investigation of the tactics used by Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) veterans when interrogating detainees is both invasive and unrealistically biased. The Senate has appointed a special committee to look into supposed violations of both the Law of War and the Geneva Convention by the Central Intelligence Agency regarding the treatment of many detainees, both at Guantanamo Bay and in Afghanistan and Iraq. The actions under question were previously approved at the White House level, and also should remain classified and not readily available to the American Public. For those who do not know what is happening with the Central Intelligence Agency, the agents who performed interrogations affiliated with the Iraq and Afghanistan wars are under investigation based on accusations that they violated the Law of War, Geneva Convention and are possibly guilty of torturing detainees. The Senate committee is in the cross- hairs of two Democratic Senators. (Ghosh 2009). The two politicians who seem to have the most interest in the pending investigation are Dianne Feinstein and Patrick Leahy. Things have gotten so dangerous, with the CIA employees drowning in legal garble, their boss has now included full legal-liability insurance in their employment packages. (Zagorin 2008). Over the past several years in both Iraq and Guantanamo Bay, the CIA has come under fire for their interrogation techniques. One of these controversial techniques is water-boarding. Water-boarding is a technique where the prisoner is bound to an inclined board, feet raised and head slightly below the feet. Cellophane is wrapped over the prisoner's face and water is poured over him. Unavoidably, the gag reflex kicks in and a terrifying fear of drowning leads to almost instant pleas to bring the treatment to a halt. The CIA agents were authorized for two sessions per day with the water being applied up to six times for ten seconds. Every thirty days, the agent would have to apply for more approval on this technique and have it authorized by their chain of command. (Stack 2009). While this technique may seem harsh and unlawful it has an amazing success rate and leads the interrogator to important intelligence. The longest water-boarding session on record took only between two and two and a half minutes before breaking the source. The CIA agents also kept meticulous logs of each water boarding session, so that they could not only review and see where they had left off, but also to keep accurate records for use in court and to see how the detainee was responding to it. (Stack 2009). Some former detainees have stated that they underwent torture or the threat of torture in the forms of sexual humiliation, religious humiliation, isolation, intimidation by dogs, and exposure to extreme temperatures of hot and cold, alternating over a period of hours. (Zagorin 2008). Still other documents that have recently been released by the CIA into the hands of President Obama state that the CIA agents kept meticulous records of various forms of interrogations that were used to extract information from detainees such as playing up a man's fear of bugs by putting him into a box with one and also feeding some of the men a liquid diet and keeping them awake for almost a week. (Meyer 2009). The documents also show the legal steps that President Bush took to ensure that the CIA vets would be protected for every technique they used.
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