Haplogroup R (Y-DNA) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 1 of 9

Haplogroup R (Y-DNA) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In human genetics, haplogroup R is a Y- Haplogroup R chromosome DNA haplogroup common throughout West . It is a subgroup of haplogroup P and is defined by the M207 mutation.

Contents

■ 1 Origins ■ 2 ■ 3 Distribution ■ 4 Subclades ■ 4.1 R* ■ 4.2 R1 ■ 4.2.1 R1* ■ 4.2.2 R1a Possible time of 35,000-40,000 ago years [1] [2] ■ 4.2.3 R1b origin ■ 4.3 R2 ■ 4.3.1 R2* Possible place of or ■ 4.3.2 R2a origin ■ 5 Tree Ancestor P which origin is belived to be in west ■ 6 Notes central Asia ■ 7 See also ■ 8 References Descendants R*, R1, R2 ■ 9 External links Defining R = M207 (UTY2), P224, P227, P229, mutations P232, P280, P285, S4, S8, S9 and V45. [3] Origins :R1 = M173 ::R1a = L62, L63 This haplogroup is believed to have arisen ::R1b = M342 around in the period :R2 = M479 [4] (35,000-40,000 years ago), suggests that ::R2a = L266, M124, P249, and P267. central and might be the source of this haplogroup:

"Given the geographic spread and STR diversities of sister clades R1 and R2, the latter of which is restricted to India, , , and southern central Asia, it is possible that western Asia were the source for R1 and R1a differentiation." Subclades

Haplogroup R Paragroup R*

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Paragroup R1*

Paragroup R1a*

Haplogroup R1 Haplogroup R1a1

Paragroup R1b*

Haplogroup R1b1

Paragroup R2*

Haplogroup R2 Paragroup R2a* Haplogroup R2a

Haplogroup R2a1

Distribution

Y-haplogroup R is found throughout all continents, but is fairly common throughout , and Central Asia. In these regions the distribution is markedly different for the two major subclades R1a and R1b.

It is important in Native Americans and it also occurs in , Near East, West China, and some parts of .

Small frequencies are found in Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Korea and .[5] Subclades

Paragroup R*

Y-chromosomes which possess the marker M207 (which defines Haplogroup R), but neither of the markers for its subgroups, are categorised as belonging to group R*. However, R* is exceedingly rare. According to Firasat et al. (2007), R* has been found in 10.3% (10/97) of a sample of Burusho, 6.8% (3/44) of a sample of Kalash, and 1.0% (1/96) of a sample of Pashtuns from northern Pakistan in addition to 0.63% (4/638) of an ethnically mixed Pakistani sample[.6] Kivisild et al. (2003) have reported finding R* in 3.4% (1/29) of a sample of Indians from Gujarat.[7] There is also a significant sample of RxR1 from Chad [8].

R1

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Main article: (Y-DNA)

The majority of members of haplogroup R belong to its subgroup R1, defined by marker M173. R1 is very common throughout Europe and western Eurasia in the form of its subclades R1a1a-M17 and R1b1b2-M269.[11][12]

R1 is the second most important haplogroup in Indigenous peoples of the following haplogroup Q, and spreads Spread of Haplogroup R in Native populations. The presence specially in Algonquian peoples from United of R1 in the American continent is still uncertain and it is [9] States and . probably the result of recent European admixture[9] or came from Siberia.[10] R1*

The Haplogroup R1* is very rare. Examples have been found in Turkey, Pakistan and India, but the highest frequency so far discovered is in Iran.[13]

R1a

R1a is typical in populations of , Indian Subcontinent and parts of Central Asia. It has a significant presence in Northern Europe , Central Europe, Iran, Altaians and Xinjiang (China) as well as in Siberia. R1a can be found in low frequencies in the Middle East, mostly in Indo-European speakers or their descendants.[14]

Main article: Haplogroup R1a (Y-DNA)

The highest levels of R1a (>50%) are found across the : Brahmins (72%), and Brahmins, (67%) , the Ishkashimi (68%), the Tajik population of Khojant (64%), Kyrgyz (63.5%), (63.39%), Poles (56.4%), Ukrainians (50%) and Russians (50%)[15][11][16][17].

R1a has been variously associated with: Distribution of R1a (purple) and R1b (red).

■ the re-colonization of Eurasia during the Late Glacial Maximum.[11][18] ■ the expansion of the Kurgan people from the Pontic-Caspian steppe, which is associated with the spread of the Indo-European languages.[15][11]

The Modern studies for R1a1 (M17) suggest that it could have originated in South Asia.[citation needed ] It could have found its way initially from WesternI ndia (Gujarat) through Pakistan and Kashmir, then via Central Asia and Russia, before finally coming to Europe"..."as part of an archaeologically dated Paleolithic movement from east to west 30,000 years ago.[19]

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R1b

Main article: Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)

Haplogroup R1b predominates in . It can be found at high frequency in Bashkortostan (Russia).[20] Low frequency in Central Asia, Middle East, South Asia as well as . There is an isolated pocket of R1b in Sub Saharan Africa.[21] In Europe, R1b coincides with areas of Italic and Celtic influence.

R1b is thought to have originated in Central Asia, the Middle East, or Anatolia. It is prolific in Western Europe, where frequencies of 70% or more have been found in populations from ,[12] ,[11] and the Netherlands,[11] according to the Genographic Project conducted by the National Geographic Society.[22]

It is also found in Bashkortostan where its frequency surpasses 84%.[20] It is also present at lower frequencies throughout Eastern Europe. [23]

Although it is rare in South Asia, some populations show relatively high percentages for R1b. These include Lambadi (Andhra Pradesh) showing 37%,[24] Hazara 32%[25] and Agharia () at 30%. [25] Besides these, R1b has appeared in Balochi (8%), Chenchu (2%), Makrani (5%), Newars (Nepal) (10.6%), Pallan (3.5%), Pathan (10%), Punjabi (7.6%) and West (6.5%).[24][25][26]

It is also found in North Africa where its frequency surpasses 10% in some parts of .[27]

R2

Main article: Haplogroup R2 (Y-DNA)

Haplogroup R2 is defined by the presence of the marker M479.

R2*

Paragroup is a term used in population genetics to describe lineages within a haplogroup that are not defined by any additional unique markers. They are typically represented by a nasterisk (*) placed after the main haplogroup.

Y-chromosomes which are positive to the M479 SNP and negative to the M124, L266, P249, P267, and PAGES00004 SNPs, are categorized as belonging to Paragroup R2*.

Paragroup R2* (M124-) is found in Pakistan North, Lisbon (), Sevilla (Andalusia, Spain), Tatars (Bashkortostan, Russia), Italy North, and Osetins South (South Caucasus). [28]

R2a

Main article: Haplogroup R2a (Y-DNA)

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Haplogroup R2a is a subgroup of haplogroup R2. Haplogroup R2a is defined by the presence of the markers M124, L266, P249, P267, & PAGES00004. At least 90% of R2a individuals are located in the Indian sub-continent.[29] It is also reported in Caucasus and Central Asia.

R2a may have arisen in southern Central Asia, and its members migrated southward as part of the second major wave of human migration into India.[30] Tree

The subclades of haplogroup R with their defining mutation, according to the stratification chart published by the 2010 International Society of (ISOGG)[3]:

■ R (M207/UTY2, P224, P227, P229, P232, P280, P285, S4, S8, S9, V45) ■ R* Found with low frequency in Iran Pakistan and Gujarat (India) ■ R1 (M173/P241, M306/S1,P225, P231, P233, P234, P236, P238, P242, P245, P286, P294) Fairly common throughout Europe, South Asia and Central Asia. It also occurs in Africa, Near East and Native americans from . Low frecuencies in Siberia, Malay Archipelago and Indigenous Australians ■ R1* Found at low frequency in Middle East and South Asia ■ R1a (L62/M513, L63/M511, L145/M449, L146/M420) ■ R1a* ■ R1a1 (SRY1532.2/SRY10831.2, L120/M516, L122/M448, M459) ■ R1a1* ■ R1a1a (M17, M198, M417, M512, M514, M515) Is typical in parts of Eastern Europe, Central Europe, South Asia and Central Asia. R1a1a also has a significant presence in the rest of Europe, Siberia, and the Middle East. ■ R1b (M343) ■ R1b* ■ R1b1 (P25, L278) ■ R1b1* ■ R1b1a (V88) The majority was found in northern and central Africa ■ R1b1b (P297) Spread in Europe, Caucasus and Near East ■ R1b1b1 (M73) Typical of Bashkortostan (Russia) and (Pakistan) ■ R1b1b2 (M269, S3, S10, S13, S17, L265) Typical of populations of Western Europe and Perm region, with a moderate distribution throughout Eurasia ■ R1b1c (M335) ■ R2 (M479) ■ R2* Found in Pakistan North, Lisbon (Portugal), Sevilla (Andalusia, Spain), Tatars (Bashkortostan, Russia), Italy North, and Osetins South (South Caucasus). ■ R2a (L266, M124, P249, P267) Typical of populations of South Asia, with a moderate distribution in Central Asia and the Caucasus. Notes

1. ^ http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~wellsfam/dnaproje/haplogroupR.html

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2. ^ http://www.genebase.com/learning/article/11 3. ^ a b Y-DNA Haplogroup R and its Subclades - 2010 (http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_YDNATreeTrunk.html) from ISOGG 4. ^ name="Karafet08"/> somewhere in West Asia or Central Asia, Haplogroup P is most often found at polymorphic frequencies, 5. ^ Manfred Kayser et al 2002-03, Reduced Y-Chromosome, but Not Mitochondrial DNA, Diversity in Human Populations from West New Guinea. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC379223/) 6. ^ Firasat, Sadaf; Khaliq, Shagufta; Mohyuddin, Aisha; Papaioannou, Myrto; Tyle-rSmith, Chris; Underhill, Peter A; Ayub, Qasim (2007), "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan", European Journal of Human Genetics 15 (1): 121–126, doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ejhg.5201726) , PMC 2588664 (http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2588664) , PMID 17047675 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17047675) . 7. ^ Kivisild T., Rootsi S, Metspalu M, Mastana S, Kaldma K, Parik J, Metspalu E, Adojaan M e tal. (2003), "The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations", American Journal of Human Genetics 72 (2): 313–332, doi:10.1086/346068 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1086% 2F346068) , PMC 379225 (http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi? tool=pmcentrez&artid=379225) , PMID 12536373 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12536373) . 8. ^ http://www.scs.illinois.edu/~mcdonald/WorldHaplogroupsMaps.pdf 9. ^ a b Ripan Singh Malhi et al 2008, Distribution of Y Chromosomes Among Native North Americans: A Study of Athapaskan Population History. (http://usmex.ucsd.edu/assets/022/10143.pdf) 10. ^ Jeffrey T. Lell et al 2002 The Dual Origin and Siberian Affinities of Native American (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B8JDD-4R1WP1R- M&_user=10&_coverDate=01%2F31% 2F2002&_fmt=full&_orig=search&_origin=search&_cdi=43612&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=aea3e97fc50e66062319537d4c1f9af4&ref=full) 11. ^ a b c d e f Semino et al. 2000 12. ^ a b Rosser et al. 2000 13. ^ M. Regueiro et al., Iran: Tricontinental Nexus for Y-Chromosome Driven Migration, Human Heredity vol. 61 (2006), pp. 132–143. (http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp? Aktion=ShowPDF&ArtikelNr=93774&ProduktNr=224250&filename=93774.pdf) 14. ^ http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~mcdonald/WorldHaplogroupsMaps.pdf 15. ^ a b R.Spencer Wells et al, The Eurasian Heartland: A continenta lperspective on Y-chromosome diversity, PNAS August 28, 2001, vol. 98 no. 18, pp.10244-10249. (http://www.pnas.org/content/98/18/10244.full) 16. ^ High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe Traces Major Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic Populations - Pericic et al. 22 (10): 1964 - Molecular Bi... (http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/22/10/1964/TBL1) 17. ^ Behar et al. (2003) 18. ^ Passarino et al. (2002) 19. ^ Underhill et al. (2009) 20. ^ a b A. S. Lobov et al. (2009), "Structure of the Gene Pool of Bashkir Subpopulations" (original text in Russian) 21. ^ http://www.eupedia.com/europe/origins_haplogroups_europe.shtml 22. ^ "Haplogroup R1 (M173)" (https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html?card=my047) . The Genographic Project. National Geographic Society. https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html?card=my047. Retrieved 2008-03-11. 23. ^ B. Arredi, E. S. Poloni and C. Tyle-rSmith, The peopling of Europe, in M. Crawford (ed.), Anthropological Genetics: Theory, methods and applications (2007), p. 394. 24. ^ a b Kivisild et al. (2005) 25. ^ a b c Sengupta et al. (2005) 26. ^ Gayden, T; Cadenas, AM; Regueiro, M; Singh, NB; Zhivotovsky, LA; Underhill, PA; Cavalli-Sforza, LL; Herrera, RJ (2007), "The Himalayas as a directional barrier to gene flow." (http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1852741), American journal of human genetics 80 (5): 884–94, doi:10.1086/516757 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F516757) , PMC 1852741 (http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1852741) ,

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PMID 17436243 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17436243) , http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1852741. 27. ^ Analysis of Y-chromosomal SNP and STR in an Algerian population sample (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez? db=pubmed&uid=17909833&cmd=showdetailview&indexed=google) 28. ^ Myres et al. (2010), "A major Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b Holocene era founder effect in Central and Western Europe - 2010 (http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ejhg2010146a.html) ." 29. ^ Manoukian, Jean-Grégoire 2006, A Synthesis of Haplogroup R2 (http://www.ethnoancestry.com/index_files/index_data/Haplogroup_R2_Manoukian.pdf) 30. ^ "The Genographic Project" (https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/index.html) . National Geographic Society. https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/index.html. Retrieved 2008-03-13.. The first wave consisted of African migrants who traveled along the Indian coastline some 50,000 to 60,000 years ago. See also

■ Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup ■ Genealogical DNA test ■ ■ Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic groups ■ Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups

Evolutionary tree of Human Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups

most recent common Y-ancestor A BT B CT DE CF D E C F G H IJK IJ K I J LT K(xLT) I1 I2 L T M NO P S N O Q R R1 R2 R1a R1b

Y-DNA by ethnic groups · Famous Y-DNA haplotypes

References

■ Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza (1994), The History and Geography of Human Genes, Princeton University Press ISBN 0-691-08750-4 ■ Semino et al.; Passarino, G; Oefner, PJ; Lin, AA; Arbuzova, S; Beckman, LE; De Benedictis, G; Francalacci, P et al. (2000),"T he Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extan t Europeans" (http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/Science_2000_v290_p1155.pdf)( PDF), Science 290 (5494): 1155, doi:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%

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2Fscience.290.5494.1155), PMID 11073453 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11073453) , http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/Science_2000_v290_p1155.pdf. ■ Wells et al.; Yuldasheva, N; Ruzibakiev, R; Underhill, PA; Evseeva, I; Blu-eSmith, J; Jin, L; Su, B et al. (2001), "The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity" (http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/98/18/10244.pdf) (PDF), PNAS 98 (18): 10244, doi:10.1073/pnas.171305098 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.171305098) , PMC 56946 (http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=56946) , PMID 11526236 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11526236) , http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/98/18/10244.pdf . ■ Passarino et al.; Cavalleri, GL; Lin, AA; Cavalli-Sforza, LL; Børresen-Dale, AL; Underhill, PA (2002), "Different genetic components in the Norwegian population revealed by the analysis of mtDNA and Y chromosome polymorphisms" (http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v10/n9/full/5200834a.html) , Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 10 (9): 521–9, doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200834 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1038% 2Fsj.ejhg.5200834) , PMID 12173029 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12173029) , http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v10/n9/full/5200834a.html. ■ Behar et al.; Thomas, MG; Skorecki, K; Hammer, MF; Bulygina, E; Rosengarten, D; Jones, AL; Held, K et al. (2003), "Multiple Origins of Ashkenazi Levites: Y Chromosome Evidence for Both Near Eastern and European Ancestries" (http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJHG/journal/issues/v73n4/40097/40097.html) (– Scholar search (http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=intitle%3AMultiple+Origins+of+Ashkenazi+Levites% 3A+Y+Chromosome+Evidence+for+Both+Near+Eastern+and+European+Ancestries&as_publication=&as_ylo=2003&as_yhi=2003&btnG=Search) ), Am. J. Hum. Genet. 73 (4): 768–779, doi:10.1086/378506 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F378506) , PMC 1180600 (http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi? tool=pmcentrez&artid=1180600) , PMID 13680527 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13680527) , http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJHG/journal/issues/v73n4/40097/40097.html. ■ Anjana Saha, Swarkar Sharma, Audesh Bhat, Awadesh Pandit, Ramesh Bamezai (2005), "Genetic affinity among five different population groups in India reflecting a Y-chromosome gene flow", J Hum Genet 50 (1): 49–51, doi:10.1007/s10038-004-0219-3 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10038- 004-0219-3) , PMID 15611834 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15611834) . ■ Sengupta et al.; Zhivotovsky, LA; King, R; Mehdi, SQ; Edmonds, CA; Chow, CE; Lin, AA; Mitra, M et al. (2005), "Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists" (http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1380230) , Am. J. Hum. Genet. 78 (2): 202–21, doi:10.1086/499411 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F499411) , PMC 1380230 (http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi? tool=pmcentrez&artid=1380230) , PMID 16400607 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16400607) , http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1380230.* C. Cinnioglu et al. (2004), Excavating Y-chromosome strata in Anatolia (http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/HG_2004_v114_p127-148.pdf) , Human Genetics 114 (2):127-48. ■ Underhill et al.; Myres, NM; Rootsi, S; Metspalu, M; Zhivotovsky, LA; King, RJ; Lin, AA; Chow, CE et al. (2009), "Separating the post-Glacial coancestry of European and Asian Y chromosomes within haplogroup R1a" (http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi? tool=pmcentrez&artid=2987245) , European Journal of Human Genetics 18 (4): 479–84, doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.194 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fejhg.2009.194) , PMC 2987245 (http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2987245) ,

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PMID 19888303 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19888303) , http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2987245 External links

Phylogenetic tree of Y-DNA haplogroup R

■ ISOGG 2011 tree of haplogroup R (http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpR.html) ■ ISOGG 2010 tree of haplogroup R (http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpR10.html) ■ ISOGG 2009 tree of haplogroup R (http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpR09.html) ■ ISOGG 2008 tree of haplogroup R (http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpR08.html) ■ ISOGG 2007 tree of haplogroup R (http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpR07.html) ■ ISOGG 2006 tree of haplogroup R (http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpR.html) ■ 2005 Y-Chromosme Phylogenetic Tree (http://www.familytreedna.com/haplotree.html) ■ R branch of the haplotree (http://www.kerchner.com/images/r1bproject/r -haplotreebranch.gif)

Other information of Y-DNA haplogroup R

■ World and European haplogroup prevalence maps (http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~mcdonald/WorldHaplogroupsMaps.pdf) ■ Video tutorial and Distribution maps of Y-DNA haplogroup R and its subclades (http://www.genebase.com/tutorial/item.php?tuId=11) ■ Spread of Haplogroup R1 (https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html? card=my047) , from The Genographic Project, National Geographic ■ Spread of R1a1 (https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html?card=my048) , from the Genographic Project, National Geographic ■ Spread of R1b (https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html?card=my050) , from the Genographic Project, National Geographic ■ Travels on a D.N.A. molecule - the first farmers (http://member.tripod.com/~midgley/dna.html) ■ Digging into Haplogroup R2 (Y-DNA) (http://r2dna.org/) ■ R2-M124-WTY (Walk Through the Y) Project (http://www.familytreedna.com/public/R2-M124- WTY/) ■ R-Arabia Y-DNA Project (http://www.familytreedna.com/public/R-Arabia) Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R_(Y-DNA)" Categories: Human Y-DNA haplogroups

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