Haplogroup R (Y-DNA) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 1 of 9 Haplogroup R (Y-DNA) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In human genetics, haplogroup R is a Y- Haplogroup R chromosome DNA haplogroup common throughout West Eurasia. It is a subgroup of haplogroup P and is defined by the M207 mutation. Contents ■ 1 Origins ■ 2 Subclades ■ 3 Distribution ■ 4 Subclades ■ 4.1 Paragroup R* ■ 4.2 R1 ■ 4.2.1 R1* ■ 4.2.2 R1a Possible time of 35,000-40,000 ago years [1] [2] ■ 4.2.3 R1b origin ■ 4.3 R2 ■ 4.3.1 R2* Possible place of Central Asia or Middle east ■ 4.3.2 R2a origin ■ 5 Tree Ancestor P which origin is belived to be in west ■ 6 Notes central Asia ■ 7 See also ■ 8 References Descendants R*, R1, R2 ■ 9 External links Defining R = M207 (UTY2), P224, P227, P229, mutations P232, P280, P285, S4, S8, S9 and V45. [3] Origins :R1 = M173 ::R1a = L62, L63 This haplogroup is believed to have arisen ::R1b = M342 around in the Upper Paleolithic period :R2 = M479 [4] (35,000-40,000 years ago), suggests that ::R2a = L266, M124, P249, and P267. central and western Asia might be the source of this haplogroup: "Given the geographic spread and STR diversities of sister clades R1 and R2, the latter of which is restricted to India, Pakistan, Iran, and southern central Asia, it is possible that western Asia were the source for R1 and R1a differentiation." Subclades Haplogroup R Paragroup R* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R_(Y-DNA) 5/23/2011 Haplogroup R (Y-DNA) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 2 of 9 Paragroup R1* Paragroup R1a* Haplogroup R1a Haplogroup R1 Haplogroup R1a1 Paragroup R1b* Haplogroup R1b Haplogroup R1b1 Paragroup R2* Haplogroup R2 Paragroup R2a* Haplogroup R2a Haplogroup R2a1 Distribution Y-haplogroup R is found throughout all continents, but is fairly common throughout Europe, South Asia and Central Asia. In these regions the distribution is markedly different for the two major subclades R1a and R1b. It is important in Native Americans and it also occurs in Caucasus, Near East, West China, Siberia and some parts of Africa. Small frequencies are found in Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Korea and Indigenous Australians.[5] Subclades Paragroup R* Y-chromosomes which possess the marker M207 (which defines Haplogroup R), but neither of the markers for its subgroups, are categorised as belonging to group R*. However, R* is exceedingly rare. According to Firasat et al. (2007), R* has been found in 10.3% (10/97) of a sample of Burusho, 6.8% (3/44) of a sample of Kalash, and 1.0% (1/96) of a sample of Pashtuns from northern Pakistan in addition to 0.63% (4/638) of an ethnically mixed Pakistani sample[.6] Kivisild et al. (2003) have reported finding R* in 3.4% (1/29) of a sample of Indians from Gujarat.[7] There is also a significant sample of RxR1 from Chad [8]. R1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R_(Y-DNA) 5/23/2011 Haplogroup R (Y-DNA) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 3 of 9 Main article: Haplogroup R1 (Y-DNA) The majority of members of haplogroup R belong to its subgroup R1, defined by marker M173. R1 is very common throughout Europe and western Eurasia in the form of its subclades R1a1a-M17 and R1b1b2-M269.[11][12] R1 is the second most important haplogroup in Indigenous peoples of the Americas following haplogroup Q, and spreads Spread of Haplogroup R in Native populations. The presence specially in Algonquian peoples from United of R1 in the American continent is still uncertain and it is [9] States and Canada. probably the result of recent European admixture[9] or came from Siberia.[10] R1* The Haplogroup R1* is very rare. Examples have been found in Turkey, Pakistan and India, but the highest frequency so far discovered is in Iran.[13] R1a R1a is typical in populations of Eastern Europe, Indian Subcontinent and parts of Central Asia. It has a significant presence in Northern Europe , Central Europe, Iran, Altaians and Xinjiang (China) as well as in Siberia. R1a can be found in low frequencies in the Middle East, mostly in Indo-European speakers or their descendants.[14] Main article: Haplogroup R1a (Y-DNA) The highest levels of R1a (>50%) are found across the Eurasian Steppe: West Bengal Brahmins (72%), and Uttar Pradesh Brahmins, (67%) , the Ishkashimi (68%), the Tajik population of Khojant (64%), Kyrgyz (63.5%), Sorbs (63.39%), Poles (56.4%), Ukrainians (50%) and Russians (50%)[15][11][16][17]. R1a has been variously associated with: Distribution of R1a (purple) and R1b (red). ■ the re-colonization of Eurasia during the Late Glacial Maximum.[11][18] ■ the expansion of the Kurgan people from the Pontic-Caspian steppe, which is associated with the spread of the Indo-European languages.[15][11] The Modern studies for R1a1 (M17) suggest that it could have originated in South Asia.[citation needed ] It could have found its way initially from WesternI ndia (Gujarat) through Pakistan and Kashmir, then via Central Asia and Russia, before finally coming to Europe"..."as part of an archaeologically dated Paleolithic movement from east to west 30,000 years ago.[19] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R_(Y-DNA) 5/23/2011 Haplogroup R (Y-DNA) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 4 of 9 R1b Main article: Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA) Haplogroup R1b predominates in Western Europe. It can be found at high frequency in Bashkortostan (Russia).[20] Low frequency in Central Asia, Middle East, South Asia as well as North Africa. There is an isolated pocket of R1b in Sub Saharan Africa.[21] In Europe, R1b coincides with areas of Italic and Celtic influence. R1b is thought to have originated in Central Asia, the Middle East, or Anatolia. It is prolific in Western Europe, where frequencies of 70% or more have been found in populations from Ireland,[12] Spain,[11] and the Netherlands,[11] according to the Genographic Project conducted by the National Geographic Society.[22] It is also found in Bashkortostan where its frequency surpasses 84%.[20] It is also present at lower frequencies throughout Eastern Europe. [23] Although it is rare in South Asia, some populations show relatively high percentages for R1b. These include Lambadi (Andhra Pradesh) showing 37%,[24] Hazara 32%[25] and Agharia (East India) at 30%. [25] Besides these, R1b has appeared in Balochi (8%), Chenchu (2%), Makrani (5%), Newars (Nepal) (10.6%), Pallan (3.5%), Pathan (10%), Punjabi (7.6%) and West Bengalis (6.5%).[24][25][26] It is also found in North Africa where its frequency surpasses 10% in some parts of Algeria.[27] R2 Main article: Haplogroup R2 (Y-DNA) Haplogroup R2 is defined by the presence of the marker M479. R2* Paragroup is a term used in population genetics to describe lineages within a haplogroup that are not defined by any additional unique markers. They are typically represented by a nasterisk (*) placed after the main haplogroup. Y-chromosomes which are positive to the M479 SNP and negative to the M124, L266, P249, P267, and PAGES00004 SNPs, are categorized as belonging to Paragroup R2*. Paragroup R2* (M124-) is found in Pakistan North, Lisbon (Portugal), Sevilla (Andalusia, Spain), Tatars (Bashkortostan, Russia), Italy North, and Osetins South (South Caucasus). [28] R2a Main article: Haplogroup R2a (Y-DNA) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R_(Y-DNA) 5/23/2011 Haplogroup R (Y-DNA) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 5 of 9 Haplogroup R2a is a subgroup of haplogroup R2. Haplogroup R2a is defined by the presence of the markers M124, L266, P249, P267, & PAGES00004. At least 90% of R2a individuals are located in the Indian sub-continent.[29] It is also reported in Caucasus and Central Asia. R2a may have arisen in southern Central Asia, and its members migrated southward as part of the second major wave of human migration into India.[30] Tree The subclades of haplogroup R with their defining mutation, according to the stratification chart published by the 2010 International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG)[3]: ■ R (M207/UTY2, P224, P227, P229, P232, P280, P285, S4, S8, S9, V45) ■ R* Found with low frequency in Iran Pakistan and Gujarat (India) ■ R1 (M173/P241, M306/S1,P225, P231, P233, P234, P236, P238, P242, P245, P286, P294) Fairly common throughout Europe, South Asia and Central Asia. It also occurs in Africa, Near East and Native americans from North America. Low frecuencies in Siberia, Malay Archipelago and Indigenous Australians ■ R1* Found at low frequency in Middle East and South Asia ■ R1a (L62/M513, L63/M511, L145/M449, L146/M420) ■ R1a* ■ R1a1 (SRY1532.2/SRY10831.2, L120/M516, L122/M448, M459) ■ R1a1* ■ R1a1a (M17, M198, M417, M512, M514, M515) Is typical in parts of Eastern Europe, Central Europe, South Asia and Central Asia. R1a1a also has a significant presence in the rest of Europe, Siberia, and the Middle East. ■ R1b (M343) ■ R1b* ■ R1b1 (P25, L278) ■ R1b1* ■ R1b1a (V88) The majority was found in northern and central Africa ■ R1b1b (P297) Spread in Europe, Caucasus and Near East ■ R1b1b1 (M73) Typical of Bashkortostan (Russia) and Hazaras (Pakistan) ■ R1b1b2 (M269, S3, S10, S13, S17, L265) Typical of populations of Western Europe and Perm region, with a moderate distribution throughout Eurasia ■ R1b1c (M335) ■ R2 (M479) ■ R2* Found in Pakistan North, Lisbon (Portugal), Sevilla (Andalusia, Spain), Tatars (Bashkortostan, Russia), Italy North, and Osetins South (South Caucasus). ■ R2a (L266, M124, P249, P267) Typical of populations of South Asia, with a moderate distribution in Central Asia and the Caucasus. Notes 1. ^ http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~wellsfam/dnaproje/haplogroupR.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R_(Y-DNA) 5/23/2011 Haplogroup R (Y-DNA) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 6 of 9 2.