Naissance De La Batterie De Jazz

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Naissance De La Batterie De Jazz Université de Paris 8 Vincennes/St Denis Mémoire de maîtrise Année 1999-2000 Naissance de la batterie de Jazz Dirigé par M. Philippe MICHEL BOSSARD Jérôme N° d’étudiant 116496 1 I. Conditions de création du Jazz et de la Batterie (Etat des lieux Politique et Sociologique des Etats Unis) p.5 1. Situation des noirs p.5 2. Situation des blancs p.9 3. Situation des métisses ou créoles p.10 4. La Nouvelle Orléans p.10 II. Création de la batterie p.15 1. Etat des lieux Musical p.15 a. Apport d’origine occidentale p.15 • La grosse caisse p.15 • La caisse claire et le tambour p.15 • Les timbales p.16 • Les cymbales p.17 • Les baguettes, balais et autres mailloches p.18 b. Apport d’origine africaine p.19 c. Autres apports p.21 • Le tom-tom p.21 • Les cymbales chinoises p.23 • Les blocks chinois et temple blocks p.23 • Les cloches et autres instruments métalliques p.24 2. Le Ragtime et ses batteurs p.25 3. Des parades aux salles de danses p.25 4. La pédale de grosse caisse p.26 5. La pédale hi-hat p.29 6. Autres innovations techniques p.30 7. L’enregistrement et la batterie p.31 III. Les pionniers p.33 1. Les percussionnistes de Brass Band ou Marching Band p.33 • John ROBICHAUX p.35 • Albert GLENNY p.35 • Booker T. GLASS p.35 • Black Benny WILLIAMS p.36 • Abbey FOSTER p.36 • Josiah FRAZIER p.36 2 2. Les premiers batteurs p.37 • Dede CHANDLER p.37 • Dave PERKINS p.38 • Jack LAINE p.38 • Louis Sr COTTRELL(E) p.39 • Henry ZENO p.41 • Walter BRUNDY p.41 • Minor HALL p.41 • Alfred HALL p.42 • Paul BARBARIN p.43 • Louis BARBARIN p.44 • Alexandre Louis BIGARD p.45 • Vic BERTON p.45 • Tony SBARBARO p.46 IV. Le style Nouvelle Orléans (ou New Orleans jazz) p.48 1. Définition d’un des premiers genre p.48 2. Un modèle du genre: Warren «baby » DODDS p.51 V. L’un des grands pionniers : James «Zutty » SINGLETON p.54 1. Biographie p.54 2. L’association avec Satchmo p.63 3. Parallèle entre DODDS et SINGLETON p.64 VI. L’ère du Swing p.66 1. Chicago/ New York p.66 • Dave TOUGH p.68 2. Les Big-Bands p.69 • Sonny GREER /Duke ELLINGTON 1920-1951 p.70 • Sam WOODYARD /Duke ELLINGTON 1955-1966 p.71 • Jo JONES /Count BASIE 1935 p.72 • Sonny PAYNE /Count BASIE 1955-1965/1973 p.73 • Jimmy CRAWFORD / Jimmie LUNCEFORD p.75 • Chick WEBB p.75 3. Les batteurs Show man p.76 • Gene KRUPA p.77 • Buddy RICH p.82 3 4. Autres batteurs p.83 • Ray BAUDUC p.83 • Cozy COLE p.85 • Sidney CATLETT p.85 VII. Le Be Bop et ses ouvertures p.88 1. Bouleversements p.88 2. Le New Orleans Revival p.88 VIII. Annexes p.89 1. Abréviations et termes utilisés p.89 2. Notes sur les batteurs cités p.89 a. Baby DODDS p.89 b. James “Zutty” SINGLETON p.91 c. Dave TOUGH p.93 d. Sonny GREER p.94 e. Sam WOODYARD p.95 f. Jo JONES p.95 g. Sonny PAYNE p.96 h. Jimmy CRAWFORD p.97 i. Chick WEBB p.97 j. Gene KRUPA p.98 k. Buddy RICH p.99 l. Ray BAUDUC p.100 m. Cozy COLE p.101 n. Sidney CATLETT p.102 3. Bibliographie générale p.102 4. Documents et sites Internet consultés p.103 5. Filmographie p.104 6. Iconographie p.104 7. Base de données des batteurs jusqu’à Jo Jones p.104 4 I.Conditions de création du Jazz (état des lieux politique et sociologique des Etats-Unis) 1. Situation des noirs : En 1750, on dénombre environ 236 000 esclaves noirs dans les colonies britanniques d’Amérique du Nord, dont 200 000 environ répartis dans les plantations du Sud1. Le besoin de main d’œuvre est croissant car les exploitations s’agrandissent du fait de la demande grandissante de la consommation européenne de produits exotiques. Pour comprendre le point de départ de la condition des noirs et la considération qu’on leur portait, voici une définition du dictionnaire encyclopédique de Diderot et d’Alembert : « Nègres : considérés comme esclaves dans les colonies de l’Amérique. L’excessive chaleur de la zone torride, le changement de nourriture et la faiblesse des hommes blancs, ne leur permettent pas de résister dans ce climat à des travaux pénibles. Les terres de l’Amérique, occupées par les Européens, seraient encore incultes, sans le secours des Nègres, que l’on y a fait passer presque toutes les parties de la Guinée. Ces hommes noirs très vigoureux et accoutumés à une nourriture grossière, trouvent en Amérique les douceurs qui rendent la vie animale bien meilleure que dans leur pays. Ce changement en bien les met en état de résister au travail et de se multiplier abondamment. » En 1794, la France, deux ans après le Danemark, abolit l’esclavage grâce aux arguments de l’abbé Grégoire. Mais le commerce se réveillera de nouveau en 1799, Bonaparte estimant qu’un commerce si lucratif ne pouvait être abandonné. Officiellement, les Etats-Unis s’opposent à l’importation d’esclaves africains le 2 mars 1807. Décision prise pour se donner bonne conscience mais qui sera vaine. Suivront ensuite la Suède (1813), la Hollande (1814), l’Espagne (1820), le Portugal (1830) et enfin la France (1848). Malgré ces nombreux décrets le commerce des négriers se poursuit sans être très sérieusement inquiété. Avant de débarquer la «marchandise », on prend soin de jeter vivant les rescapés de la traversée qui montreraient des signes de faiblesse. Les survivants sont maquillés, pour cacher d’éventuels défauts, on les enduit d’huile de palme, on améliore la nourriture, on les rase de prêt et on les coiffe. Ils doivent avoir fière allure pour séduire les planteurs. Quant aux femmes enceintes accompagnées de jeunes enfants ou de bébés, elles valent plus cher que les hommes. Les acheteurs inspectent minutieusement les esclaves, comme on traiterait du vulgaire bétail : on examine les yeux, les dents, la peau, les articulations… On les vend par lots, aux enchères, pour pouvoir se 1 N. Balen : L’odyssée du jazz, Liana Levi (1993) 5 débarrasser de certains jugés médiocres placés dans un lot avec des «morceaux de choix ». Ils sont ensuite marqués au fer, portant ainsi les initiales de leur maître sur le torse ou sur l’épaule. On les conduit finalement aux plantations où ils travailleront sans relâche du matin au soir, sous surveillance de gardiens souvent agressifs, uniquement préoccupés par le rendement maximum. Il n’est pas rare de voir des ouvriers travailler au milieu de la nuit dans les champs bien qu’ayant commencé le travail aux premières lueurs du jour. La production passera ainsi de 80000 tonnes en 1815 à 1150000 tonnes en 1861. Certains meurent peu de temps après leur débarquement et la natalité est faible, car les noirs estiment, à juste titre, qu’il est inutile de mettre au monde des enfants qui seront voués à devenir eux aussi des esclaves. Les planteurs de certains états décident donc de faire de «l’élevage ». Comme pour les bêtes, on choisit des étalons et des reproductrices et l’on impose aux femmes d’avoir un enfant par an. Vers l’âge de douze ans, l’enfant est jugé apte au travail ou est vendu à un autre planteur. C’est le maître qui décide de tout, même de la vie familiale de ces esclaves. Ils ne peuvent se marier car ce n’est pas reconnu par la loi. On sépare ainsi les différentes ethnies pour parer à tout regroupement qui serait un vivier de rébellion ou de suicide collectif. On anéantit tout ce qui fait l’organisation sociale, culturelle de ces peuples. Les couples mariés sont séparés à leur arrivée. On institue les Black Codes, destinés à éradiquer toute trace de la culture africaine et à limiter le contact avec le monde extérieur. Les noirs ne peuvent pas se battre entre eux, jurer, posséder de l’alcool, vendre quoi que ce soit, parler dans leur langue (seul l’anglais est toléré), porter des parures, pratiquer leurs religions et les coutumes ainsi que l’utilisation d’instruments de musique. On effectue des fouilles dans les cabanes des esclaves pour y confisquer des armes, des objets dérobés ou bien encore des flûtes et des tambours fabriqués clandestinement. Les blancs savent qu’il est primordial de réprimer fortement la possession d’instruments de musique, car les esclaves pourraient ainsi communiquer et organiser une rébellion. Dans les colonies espagnoles et portugaises, les lois seront plus souples et l’on a vu ainsi se développer des musiques populaires aux polyrythmies très riches dans les Caraïbes, au Brésil et dans les pays latino- américains en général. Les esclaves n’ont plus que le chant pour exprimer cette culture éclatée. On verra ainsi se développer les chants de travail (Work- songs) qui leurs permettent de se «rassembler ». On les trouve surtout dans les champs de coton, sur les chantiers comme le chemin de fer ou dans les prisons, ils sont souvent basés sur des questions (le meneur) et des réponses (le chœur). Ils leur permettent de perpétuer un mode 6 de fonctionnement ancestral africain qui consiste à chanter pendant le travail pour minimiser ou alléger la peine. Ainsi un groupe affecté à la même tâche travaillera dans le même rythme. Le procédé est simple, si vous devez soulever une très lourde charge, il est nécessaire de s’accorder sur le moment où tout le monde va fournir l’effort.
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