Research Report Institute of Aerospace Medicine 2018 2 Preface

The Institute of Aerospace Medicine at the Ger- ducted in dedicated simulation facilities and are man Aerospace Center (DLR) comprises depart- complemented by successful investigations in ments in Cologne and in Hamburg with an inter- space. Our overarching goal is to conduct re- nationally unique research infrastructure. At DLR, search that improves the lives of human beings in the Institute serves as the interface between so- space and on Earth. phisticated technology and life sciences research Influences of environmental factors, such as at- comprising biology, medicine, and psychology. mosphere conditions, radiation, gravity, and noise, The research is conducted in close collaboration on human health and performance are in the fo- with leading national and international research cus of our research. We translate mechanistic un- institutions. The long-standing experience of the derstanding to targeted preventive measures for Institute in selecting and caring for pilots, air traf- aerospace and terrestrial medicine. Human-hu- fic controllers, and astronauts in particular direct- man and Human-machine interactions are another ly after return to Earth provides a solid founda- important research focus. The issue is increasingly tion guiding our research efforts. Mechanism-ori- relevant given the demographic change and digi- ented human research, which is a particular talization thrush in years to come. strength of our Institute, is fostered by the state- The present report provides an exemplary over- of-the-art research infrastructure at the :envihab view of our research activities in 2018 illustrating facility. Systematic ground-based studies in radia- our interdisciplinary and translational research ap- tion, astro- and gravitational biology are con- proach.

The aerospace medical research facility :envihab of the DLR Institute of Aerospace Medicine in Cologne

3 Table of contents

Preface �� 03

Cardiovascular Aerospace Medicine �� 07 Gerlach, D. et al.: Pharmacological baroreflex testing with fMRI reveals baroreflex mediated brainstem nuclei ��08 Hoffmann, F. et al.: Evolution of human pulmonary hemodynamics during severe sustained hypoxia �� 10 Limper, U. et al.: Preserved cardiac and cerebral function during 14 days of severe normobaric hypoxia (8.5%) �� 12

Muscle and Bone Metabolism �� 15 Piechowski, S. et al.: Virtual reality and eyetracking during docking training �� 16 Wilhelm, J. et al.: Lymphatic vessel during unloading �� 18 Yilmaz, K.; Rittweger, J.: Assessment of vertical treadmill running under different levels of simulated gravity �� 20 Wiedmann, I. et al.: Acceptance of 3D accelerometery for real world gait speed in paediatrics �� 22 Wunder, J. et al.: Assessment of vibration-induced stretch-shortening cycles by B-mode ultrasound �� 24

Sleep and Human Factors �� 27 Bartels, S. et al .: Effects of nocturnal aircraft noise on sleep and annoyance of primary school children �� 28 Weidenfeld, S. et al.: Noise-induced annoyance due to nocturnal road traffic: results of a field study �� 30 Elmenhorst, E.-M. et al.: Trait vulnerability of cognitive performance and glucose tolerance under sleep restriction �� 32 Rooney, D. et al.: Transient pressure changes in high speed trains do not interfere with speech intelligibility �� 34

Clinical Aerospace Medicine �� 37 Stern, C.; Trammer, M.: Another “Direct Return” of an European astronaut �� 38 Stern C. et al.: Optic disc edema in test subjects during 30 days of 6° head down tilt bed rest ��40

Study Team �� 43 Noppe, A. et al.: CoolSpin-Study: External cooling as stabilizing cardiovascular countermeasure in hypergravity ��44 von der Wiesche, M. et al.: Direct Return: Medical and technological innovation for ESA-astronauts´ first days back on Earth ��46

Aviation and Space Psychology �� 49 Melcher, W. et al.: Ability requirements of unmanned aerial systems operators �� 50 Hermes, M. et al.: The impact of training on ability testing �� 52 Pecena, Y. et al.: Human performance assessments in remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAS) implementations ��54 Oubaid, V.; Zinn, F.: GAP – A new approach in measuring behavior in groups for Aviation and Space personnel �� 56

4 Radiation Biology �� 59 Schennetten, K. et al.: Measurement of UV radiation in commercial aircraft �� 60 Matthiä, D.; Berger, T.: Energetic particles in space: Impact of the September 2017 event on human radiation exposure �� 62 Beblo-Vranesevic, K. et al.: Refutation of a long-existing hypothesis: No correlation between desiccation and radiation tolerance ��64 Diegeler, S. et al.: Intercellular communication in response to ionizing radiation �� 66 Cortesão, M. et al.: Effect of space radiation and microgravity on the fungus Aspergillus niger ��68 Siems, K. et al.: BIOFILMS: Influence of antimicrobial copper-surfaces on biofilm formation of Staphylococcus capitis �� 70

Gravitational Biology �� 73 Hauslage, J.; Berger, T.: Eu:CROPIS: Waste-management under lunar/Mars gravitation and long duration radiation measurements �� 74 Frett, T. et al.: Spin Your Thesis: Exercise in artificial gravity as a countermeasure for long-term human spaceflight �� 76 Liemersdorf, C. et al.: NeuroSpace: Changes in neuronal development indicated by live-cell imaging in hypergravity �� 78 Hauslage, J., Hemmersbach, R.: Validation of ground-based facilities by means of a mechanosensitive biosensor ��80

Publications ��84

Events, Presentations, Talks ��94 Institute Lectures ��94 Workshops, Events, Seminars at the Institute �� 95 Teaching Activities �� 97

Graduations ��98

Awards �� 99

Patents ��100

Imprint ��102

5 6 Cardiovascular Aerospace Medicine

Gerlach, D. et al.: Pharmacological baroreflex testing with fMRI reveals baroreflex mediated brainstem nuclei �� 08

Hoffmann, F. et al.: Evolution of human pulmonary hemodynamics during severe sustained hypoxia �� 10

Limper, U. et al.: Preserved cardiac and cerebral function during 14 days of severe normobaric hypoxia (8.5%) ��12

7 Pharmacological baroreflex testing with fMRI reveals baroreflex mediated brainstem nuclei

D.A. Gerlach 1, J. Manuel Sánchez 2, A. Hoff 1, H. Kronsbein 1,3, F. Hoffmann 1, K. Heusser 1, H. Ehmke 3, J. Jordan 1, J. Tank 1, F. Beissner 2 1 Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany, 2 Hannover Medical School, Institute for Neuroradiology, Hannover, Germany, 3 University Medical Center Eppendorf, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Hamburg, Germany

Fig. 1: Flow chart of the two-step statistical approach used in the study. In the first-level analysis, the time- course of systolic blood pressure (SBP) recorded during repeated phenylephrine bolus injections was used as regressor in a general linear model (GLM) on the functional MRI time-series leading to voxel-wise parameter estimate maps. In the second-level analysis, parameter estimates of all subjects were combined in a second GLM to calculate a group level statistical parametric map that was thresholded using family-wise error cor- rection and threshold-free cluster enhancement. All analyses were restricted to the lower brainstem.

Background boluses using a remote controlled injector. Brain- Brainstem nuclei mediate baroreflex adjustments in stem and hypothalamus fMRI images were analyz- efferent sympathetic and parasympathetic traffic. ed to identify brainstem nuclei involved in barore- Yet, human brainstem physiology is poorly under- flex-mediated blood pressure control using a stood given the lack of suitable methodology. We masked general linear model (GLM). Blood pressure developed a novel approach combining pharmaco- (BP) changes were correlated with the time-courses logical testing, beat-by-beat cardiovascular moni- of blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signals by toring, and high-resolution functional magnetic mixed-effects general linear model [1]. resonance imaging (fMRI) to assess human baroreflex regulation at the level of the brainstem. Results Method and materials: In 11 healthy men (30.7 Pharmacological baroreflex testing yielded barore- ±6.6 years; 24.1 ±1.9 kg/m2), we monitored con- flex sensitivity measurements with typical blood tinuous finger arterial blood pressure and ECG pressure and inter-beat interval (RR) patterns. Cor- using customized hardware during multiband relation of the baroreflex-mediated changes in fMRI brain acquisitions. We applied repeated in- systolic blood pressure with BOLD signals clearly travenous phenylephrine (PHE, 25 and 75 µg, revealed brainstem nuclei. The solitary tract (NTP: n=8) and nitroprusside (NTP 25 and 75 µg, n=8) 7.3; PHE: 6.0 t-value), the caudal ventrolateral me-

8 Cardiovascular Aerospace Medicine

dulla (PHE: 5.8 t-value), the rostral ventrolateral activation and deactivation patterns consistent medulla (NTP: 5.6; PHE: 7.1 t-value), the nucleus with previous investigations in animal models. The ambiguus (PHE: 5.8 t-value), the paraventricular methodology can be applied to elucidate human nucleus (NTP:7.1; PHE: 4.5 t-value), and raphe nu- physiology and mechanisms of autonomic cardio- clei (NTP: 5.7; PHE: 6.0 t-value) were identified vascular disease. with high sensitivity and corrected for multiple comparisons (p < 0.01). Corresponding author: [email protected] Conclusion References We developed a novel approach testing baroreflex [1] Gerlach et al., Front. Neurosci. 13, 2019 regulation at the level of the brainstem in humans. [2] Paxinos et al., The Human Nervous System, The methodology identified baroreflex-mediated Elsevier Academic Press, 2012

Fig. 2: Brainstem regions showing activations associated with blood pressure changes elicited by phenylephrine bolus injections. Left: transversal lower brainstem slices with an anatomical group template overlaid with the statistical parametric map of the positive BOLD correlation with SBP (t-values encoded by color scale) and the corresponding atlas slice (modified from [2]). Middle: BOLD overlay with the brainstem atlas [2]. Right: sagittal view of the brainstem with marked corresponding transversal slices. Prominent activation maxima include (a) left rostral ventrolateral medulla (rVLM), Ncl. raphe obscurus (ROb), and right Ncl. ambiguus (NA), (b) Ncl. raphe obscurus (ROb), left intermediate reticular nucleus (IRt) extending to nucleus tractus solitarii, and right caudal ventrolateral medulla (cVLM), and (c) Ncl. hypoglossus (12N) extending to IRt and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagal nerve (DMN), right inferior olive extending to the cVLM. A: anterior, P: posterior, L: left, R: right.

9 Evolution of human pulmonary hemodynamics during severe sustained hypoxia

F. Hoffmann 1,2, U. Limper 2,3, V. Zaha 4, H. Reuter 1, L. Zange 5,6, J. Schulz-Menger 5,6, M. Hein 7, H. Sadek 8,9, S. Baldus 1, B. Levine 10, J. Jordan 2, J. Tank 2 1 Department of Internal Medicine III University of Cologne, Germany, 2 Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany, 3 Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Witten/Herdecke University; Merheim Medical Center, Cologne, Germany, 4 The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA, 5 Working Group on Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, Experimental and Clinical Research Center - a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Cente r for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany, 6 Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, HELIOS Hospital Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany, 7 Department of Anasthesiology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany, 8 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA, 9 Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA, 10 Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas

Fig. 1: Echocardiographic exam in one subject in the chamber with hypoxic conditions

Background Material & Methods Susceptible individuals experience hypoxia-in- Two healthy, professional mountaineers (subject duced pulmonary hypertension when ascending A, male 57 years, subject B, female 50 years) to high altitude [1]. Descent is considered the pri- pre-acclimatized for one week in the field at 4559 mary intervention to treat this condition. A human m altitude. Then, they stayed at the :envihab facil- feasibility study testing influences of severe sus- ity of our Institute where normobaric hypoxia was tained normobaric hypoxia corresponding to achieved by nitrogen dilution starting at 13.5% O2 >7,000 m altitude on the heart allowed us to fol- to a minimum of 8% O2 over three weeks. After- low the evolution of pulmonary hypertension us- wards, 8.5% O2 during the daytime and 8.8% O2 ing state-of-the-art cardiovascular imaging. at night was kept for another 14 days. Velocity

10 Cardiovascular Aerospace Medicine

Table 1: RVsP – Right ventricular endsystolic pressure, TAPSE - tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, PAAmean –PA mean Area, PAdistens – PA distensibility, RVSV – right ventricular stroke volume, BSL -30 – baseline 30 days before study, FU +34/+111 – follow up 34/111 days after study.

BSL FU FU Study-Day -30 1 21 33 +34 +111 O2-level [%] 21,0 13,4 8,0 8,5 21,0 21,0

Subject A Echo RVsP [mmHg] 17 28 37 43 23 22 TAPSE [mm] 34 32 28 31 28 37 MRI PAAmean [mm²] 771 856 890 771 811 817 PAdistens [1/mmHg] 1,6 0,7 0,7 0,8 1,0 0,8 RVSV [ml] 90 77 68 59 84 85

Subject B Echo RVsPs [mmHg] 19 33 55 52 19 20 TAPSE [mm] 31 30 30 23 30 31 MRI PAA mean [mm²] 804 1064 1207 1069 861 846 PAdistens [1/mmHg] 2,1 1,3 1,1 0,9 2,1 1,9 RVSV [ml] 109 100 77 73 101 102

encoded single plane phase contrast MRI of the pulmonary artery (PA) and echocardiography were performed one month before, during and one and three months after hypoxia for assessment of right ventricular (RV) function, and endsystolic pressure (RVsP), PA- area, flow and distensibility.

Results Right ventricular endsystolic pressure (RVsP) was related to the decrease in oxygen during acclimatization. In subject B RVsP peaked at 67 mmHg, 48 mmHg higher than baseline. RVsP decreased steadily to a minimum of 44 mmHg after two weeks while still at 8.5% oxygen (Fig. 2). Peak values occurred with clinical symptoms of acute mountain sickness and a drop in exercise capacity but without signs of cerebral or pulmonary edema. In subject A peak RVsP was 44 mmHg and Fig. 2: Development of right ventricular systolic peak pressure (RVsP – excluding cen- remained stable over the entire hypoxia exposure. tral venous pressure) as pulmonary artery pressure surrogate. Displayed are individual Table 1 shows the results for RV-function and pul- data of the two subjects A and B, as well as the oxygen level on the secondary Y-axis. monary artery hemodynamics. Dotted vertical lines indicate study phases.

Conclusion In healthy humans, severe normobaric hypoxia in- Corresponding author: [email protected] duces pulmonary hypertension with paradoxically References preserved right ventricular function. Pulmonary [1] Naeije, Int. J. Sports Med. 13, 1992 hypertension may improve over time in some indi- [2] Boussuges et al. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med 161, 2000 viduals, even in the face of sustained hypoxia. This is even more remarkable as it contradicts current clinical consens [2]. The findings attest to the remarkable physiological reserve of healthy human beings allowing for adaptation to massively increased pulmonary pressure

11 Preserved cardiac and cerebral function during 14 days of severe normobaric hypoxia (8.5%)

U. Limper 1,2, F. Hoffmann 1,3, V. Zaha 4, L. Zange 5,6, S. Kühn 7, C. Mühl 1, H. Reuter 3, M. Hein 8, J. Schulz-Menger 5,6, H. Sadek 9, M. Basner 10, B. Levine 11, J. Jordan 1, J. Tank 1 1 Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany, 2 Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medi- cine, Witten/Herdecke University, Merheim Medical Center, Cologne, Germany, 3 Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Cologne, Ger- many, 4 The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA, 5 Working Group on Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance - a joint cooperation between Charité Medical Faculty and Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany, 6 Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, HELIOS Hospital Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany, 7 Center of Aerospace Medicine of the German Air Force, Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany, 8 Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany, 9 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA, 10 Unit for Experimental Psychiatry/Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychia- try, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, USA, 11 Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA

Fig. 1: Hypoxia profile of the study. Blue: actual inspiratory oxygen fractions. Black: hypoxia-equivalent altitudes, yellow and blue dots: day- and nighttime oxygen fractions. Red dotted graph: attempted hypoxia profile.

The failing adult mammalian heart is unable to re- myocardial regeneration, thus, ameliorating cardi- generate damaged myocardial cells, though this ac function [2]. We conducted a pilot study to test potential exists in the heart of immature mam- feasibility and safety of implementing this ap- mals. This absent regenerative potential of the proach in healthy humans. adult human heart is the reason why causative The study was conducted in the :envihab laborato- treatment strategies for myocardial infarction and ry at DLR in Cologne. Two healthy professional chronic heart failure are still not available today. mountaineers (1 woman 49 yrs., 1 man 56 yrs.) Oxygen metabolism and the production of reac- participated in the normobaric hypoxia study. Fol- tive oxygen species (ROS) have been suggested to lowing 3 weeks slowly progressive hypoxia accli- control proliferation of myocardial cells [1]. Reduc- matization, we maintained the inspiratory oxygen ing ambient oxygen concentration should there- fraction around 8.7±0.2% for 2 weeks (Fig. 1). We fore lead to a diminished ROS production which in applied magnetic resonance imaging to assess turn should re-start myocardial proliferation. In cardiac structure and function and brain tissue fact in mice with myocardial infarction, two weeks morphology before, during, and after hypoxia. We of extreme normobaric hypoxia (7% O2) induced regularly conducted cognitive function testing.

12 Cardiovascular Aerospace Medicine

Fig. 2: Magnetic resonance imaging of the heart of the female subject before and during hypoxia. Marked contractions of the enddiastolic volumes during severe hypoxia (8% O2) are visible, which can be attributed to several adaptive mechanisms of the human body to hypoxia.

Fig. 3: Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain of the male subject before and during hypoxia. A marked dilation of the veins of his brain is visible in hypoxia (8% O2), which indicates that the brain responds with an increase in blood volume to hypoxia.

Despite the severe hypoxia the participants main- fully recovered within a few weeks in normoxia. tained a normal daily life during the study includ- We conclude that 14 days of severe normobaric ing high cognitive tasks and regular exercise (im- hypoxia between 8 and 9% O2 is feasible in healthy age). Left ventricular (-46ml, -50ml) and right humans following an individualized acclimatization ventricular (-44ml, -77ml) end-diastolic volumes profile; however, larger studies in healthy individu- decreased during hypoxia compared to baseline in als are required. Our ultimate goal is to test whether both subjects (Fig. 2). End-systolic volumes, re- the approach can induce cardiac regeneration in mained stable in the left ventricle (+5ml, -7ml) patients after a myocardial infarction. while decreasing in the right ventricle (-15ml, -50ml). During hypoxia, a 20 bpm increase in heart Acknowledgements: We are grateful to Nancy rate in both individuals did not compensate for the Hansen and Ralf Dujmovits for their keen partici- loss in stroke volume resulting in a small decrease pation in this pilot study. in cardiac output. Left ventricular mass index was lower after hypoxia (-8g/m², -3g/m²). We observed markedly dilated cerebral veins in both subjects Corresponding author: [email protected] (Fig. 3) and scattered cerebral white matter le- References sions. Yet, cognitive function testing remained [1] Kimura et al., J. Appl. Physiol. 123, 2017 stable in severe hypoxia. Both cerebral findings, [2] Nakada et al., Nature 541, 2017

Fig. 4: The female subject is exercising on a rotating climbing wall under hypoxic atmospheric conditions while two scientists breathing normoxic air via facemasks are monitoring her.

13 14 Muscle and Bone Metabolism

Piechowski, S. et al.: Virtual reality and eyetracking during docking training ��16

Wilhelm, J. et al.: Lymphatic vessel during unloading �� 18

Yilmaz, K.; Rittweger, J.: Assessment of vertical treadmill running under different levels of simulated gravity �� 20

Wiedmann, I. et al.: Acceptance of 3D accelerometery for real world gait speed in paediatrics �� 22

Wunder, J. et al.: Assessment of vibration-induced stretch-shortening cycles by B-mode ultrasound �� 24

15 Virtual reality and eyetracking during docking training

S. Piechowski, W. Pustowalow, M. Arz, J. Rittweger, E. Mulder, B. Johannes Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany

Fig. 1: Subject using the stereoscopic version of the “6df” docking program during bed rest in six degree head-down tilt.

The ability to manually dock a spacecraft on a tion processing regarding speed and distance of space station can be crucial for mission safety. The the spacecraft. computer-based learning program “6df” is an ab- Until now twelve subjects (33.33% female) partic- stract docking simulation that teaches and refresh- ipated in the ongoing study. Each of them com- es the needed skill of controlling six degrees of pleted 20 training sessions which lasted approxi- freedom. During the AGBRESA bed rest study ad- mately 45 minutes and were conducted twice a ditional technologies can be tested that might im- week. The learning program is self-sufficient and prove this learning process. Common two-dimen- adapts itself to the individual learning speed. Half sional (2D) presentation of the learning program of the participants were presented with a UNI- “6df” for docking is compared to a stereoscopic TY-based stereoscopic visualization of docking, three-dimensional (3D) presentation. Since the whereas the other half used the standard version beginning of docking simulation at the end of the of the learning program “6df”. Learning progress last century, it has been of interest to analyze the was measured as the number of tasks needed to operator’s eye movements. Several eye tracking reach a target task in the middle of the learning systems have been prepared for use in space but range. In the 2D group an eye tracking device (To- did not reach practicality. With proceeding com- bii C4) could be used to assess eye movements as mercialization, for example in the gaming industry, well as pupil dilation. This only required an addi- plug-and-play systems emerged that suggest an tional short calibration phase. easy and robust applicability of eye tracking. Results showed no significantly faster learning With this study we would like to investigate if progress while using 3D technology. Looking at there is a faster learning progress with 3D pres- the eye movements, there was a continuous de- entation compared to standard 2D presentation. crease in pupil dilation while approaching the Moreover, eye tracking is used to answer the ques- docking point. Various task types produced specif- tion whether there is a relationship between dock- ic eye patterns and subjects differed in eye transi- ing quality and extent or timing of visual information frequency. Furthermore there was a signifi-

16 Muscle and Bone Metabolism

Fig. 2: Exemplary eye movement protocol of one subject “flying” a low level docking task. Marked areas of interest are: task overview from above (left corner), visor (in the middle) and two displays for speed and distance information (right corner).

cant positive relationship between visual control of ing training proved itself to be feasible and an op- speed and distance to the docking point and the portunity to gain more insight into the learning quality of the docking maneuver. process. There are first hints at the possible suita- Preliminary results suggest that the learning pro- bility of eye tracking to give learners crucial feed- cess does not benefit above average from stereo- back about productive information processing scopic presentation during early training stages. strategies. Further conclusions are expected by the As the real maneuver has to be flown with a two end of the second AGBRESA campaign. dimensional view, one may favor common 2D training in comparison to the (yet) costlier 3D system. The analysis of eye movements during dock- Corresponding author: [email protected]

Fig. 3: Decreasing dilation of the left pupil during Fig. 4: Correlation between docking accuracy and approach to the docking point. Each time interval com- visual control of the area of interest comprising infor- prises approximately ten seconds, “1” being the last mation about speed and distance to the docking point time interval before docking contact. Error bars depict a 95% confidence interval.

17 Lymphatic vessel during unloading

J. Wilhelm 1, J. Zange 1, W. Bloch 2, J. Rittweger 1 1 Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany, 2 Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany

Fig. 1: Immunohistochemical stained cross-sections of soleus muscle; immunostaining showing LYVE-1 positive and Caveolin-1 positive lymphatic capillary (red/orange) and Caveolin-1 positive blood capillary (green) (1) 60x objective; (2) 20x objective

Introduction Material In skeletal muscle the lymphatic system is involved The extracted biopsies are results of the “NutriHep” in the homeostasis and drain of extracellular fluid. study. In the course of which 12 subjects were Moreover the lymphatic system returns proteins wearing the “Hephaistos Orthosis” for sixty days. 7 and other macromolecules from the interstitial of them were treated by Lupin-substitution and tissue to the blood vessel system. A disability of daily electrostimulations while wearing the Hep- the lymphatic efflux can induce grave consequenc- haistos Orthosis. 5 subjects of the control group es like local edema or even a systemic deficiency of used Hephaistos Orthosis without any treatments. blood proteins. The NutriHep study shows a muscular atrophy after The study “Exercise-Induced Decline in the Density load reduction while wearing the Hepahoios Or- of LYVE-1-Positive Lymphatic Vessels in Human thosis for sixty days. The subjects of the control Skeletal Muscle” from the Institute of Cardiology group show an increased loss of muscle volume [2]. and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne , shows that the density of lymphatic Methods capillaries within the extracted biopsy of M. vastus Biopsies were extracted pre and post induced at- lat. decreased significantly after a cycling training rophy. Lymphatic capillaries were stained by im- intervention. [3] munohistochemistry using Anti-LYVE-1 and Podo- After it has been asserted that raised endurance planin antibodies for lymph specific staining and training leads to decreased density of lymphatic Anti-Caveolin-1 for detecting endothelial cells of capillaries in human skeletal muscle, a change could lymphatic and blood vessels. also be assumed during atrophy in skeletal muscle. We hypothesize an increased density of lymphatic Results capillaries during atrophy in human skeletal mus- The fragile construction of lymph capillaries leads cle and use the Hephaistos Orthosis as atrophy to spread fragments of lymphatic endothelial cells. model and analyzed biopsies from the M. soleus to In this case counting single lymph vessels is imped- investigate this hypothesis. ed. Additionally the muscle fibres should be cut in

18 Muscle and Bone Metabolism

cross-sections to improve identifying single lymph vessels. Our preliminary results of 4 NutriHep-subjects (1 pre and 1 post slices) show the following percentages: lymphatic vessels in non-atrophic muscle 0.24+/-0.038%, in atrophic muscle 0.35+/-0.114%. For the ratio of lymphatic to blood vessels we found 3.6+/-1.612% in non-atrophic muscle, while in atrophy it was 5.59+/-1.84%.

First Conclusions We could demonstrate that muscle atrophy increases the total fraction as well as the ratio in respect to blood vessels of lymphatic vessels in muscle biopsies. However not all data was taken into account and further analyses are required. Especially the Lupin- and electrostimulation may have significant influence on these preliminary results. Fig. 2: Percent changes (means ± standard error of the mean) in the triceps surae muscle and its three parts by the orthosis intervention in the control and in the countermeasure Outlook group, respectively. Investigating the numeric change of lymph vessels after induced muscle atrophy is the first step to comprehend the actual meaning of skeletal muscle contractions in relation to lymph drain. After- wards we will determine the relevance of immobi- lization caused atrophy. Comparing atrophied muscle tissue of immobilized subjects to astronauts after their stay aboard the ISS may appoint the effect of hydrostatic pressure – especially on calf muscles.

Corresponding author: [email protected]

References [1] Gehlert et al., Lymphatic Res. Biol. 8, 2010 [2] Zange et al., PLoS One12, 2016

Fig. 3: Hephaistos Orthesis. Subjects wearing the HEP-Or- thesis 60 days long for unloading calfmuscles.

19 Assessment of vertical treadmill running under different levels of simulated gravity

K. Yilmaz, J. Rittweger Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany

Fig 1: Vertical treadmill facility with the subject loading system set up in the Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany.

Prolonged exposure to microgravity during space- ject loading system (SLS) from the European flights leads to severe deconditioning in the physi- Space Agency (ESA). This study was carried out in cal performance of astronauts which affects crew the Physiology Laboratory of the Institute of Aer- health and safety during mission critical maneu- ospace Medicine at the Department of Muscle vers dangerously. To understand the effectiveness and Bone Metabolism at the German Aerospace of the existing inflight daily countermeasures, Center (DLR) in Cologne, Germany. treadmill running in simulated microgravity under After assessing the maximum oxygen uptake different levels of adjusted g-load is compared to using the Bruce-protocol on the horizontal usual treadmill running on Earth. treadmill, an incremental running protocol on For purposes of exercise planning onboard the ISS, both the vertical and horizontal treadmill was the objective of this study was to assess the oxy- performed in randomized order, starting at a gen uptake using spiroergometric assessment of speed of 4 kph and increasing every 4 min by men and women (n=26, 8 female and 6 male 20- 2.5 kph to a maximum of 19 kph. The runs on 30 years; 6 male and 6 female 50-60 years) during the vertical treadmill were performed under running on a horizontal treadmill and on a vertical 0.3g, 0.6g and 1 g of body weight. 26 subjects treadmill under different levels of simulated gravity were included with a total of 90 runs. 14 of 104 with the Vertical Treadmill Facility (VTF) and Sub- runs were excluded.

20 Muscle and Bone Metabolism

Table 1: Maximum speed in [km/h], Maximum oxygen uptake (“VO2 peak”) in [ml/min*kg)] and maximum heart rate in [beats/min] that are measured on the horizontal (“horizontal”) treadmill and vertical treadmill under a load of 1g of body weight(“vert_1g”), 0.6g of body weight (“vert_0.6g”) and 0.3g of body weight (“vert_0.3g”). *, **, ***: significant main effect for condition with P<0.05, P<0.01 and P<0.001, respectively a, aa, aaa: significantly different from Vert.1g condition with P<0.05, P<0.01 and P<0.001, respectively No significant condition*group interaction terms were found (all P ≥ 0.20).

Treadmill horizontal vert_1g vert_0.6g vert_0.3g

Maximum Speed*** 13.2 11.5 15.9aaa 18.5aaa [km/hr] (2.4) (2.6) (3.1) (1.1)

VO2 peak*** 41.7aaa 30.5 32.9 30.9 [ml/(min*kg)] (7.2) (6.6) (7.0) (5.2)

Maximum Heart Rate** 170.8aa 152.2 154.9 151.5 [beats/min] (14.4) (23.5) (20.2) (18.0)

The maximum speed for 0.3g and 0.6g on the plained by inability to run faster. Rather, gravity-re- vertical treadmill was higher than on the horizon- lated impediment of gas exchange-, or impedi- tal treadmill (P <0.001). By contrast, peak oxygen ment of perfusion in horizontal position can be uptake was greater for the horizontal treadmill suspected. If this should be the case, this would than for all conditions on the vertical treadmill (P constitute a substantial limitation to exercise in <0.001), and so was maximal heart rate (P <0.05). space. The reduction in peak oxygen uptake on the vertical treadmill was strikingly similar across the three simulated gravity conditions and cannot be ex- Corresponding author: [email protected]

Fig 2: Maximum reached oxygen uptake in [ml /(kg*min)] in relation Fig 3: left: Maximum reached heartrate in [beats/min] in relation to the four to runningspeed in [kilometer/h] on the horizontal (“hor”) treadmill different running conditions. right: Maximum reached oxygen uptake in [ml (colour = red) and vertical treadmill under a load of 1g of body /(kg*min)] in relation to the four different running conditions.“horizontal”= weight (“1.0g”) (colour = blue), 0.6g of body weight (“0.6 → g”) Horizontal treadmill , “v 1g”= vertical treadmill under a load of 1g of body (colour = orange) and 0.3g of body weight (“0.3g”)(colour=green). weight, “v03g”= vertical treadmill under a load of 0.3g of body weight 0.6g of body weight, “v 0.6g”= vertical treadmill under a load of 0.6g of body weight (“0.6g”). Red filled points= women between 20-30 years, red empty points= women between 50-60 years, blue filled points= men between 20-30 years, blue empty points= men between 50-60 years.

21 Acceptance of 3D accelerometery for real world gait speed in paediatrics

I. Wiedmann 1,2,3, M. Grassi 4,5, I. Duran 1, R. Lavrador 1, E. Arlberg 1, M. Daumer 4,5,6, E. Schönau 7, J. Rittweger 2,7 1 Centre of Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; 2 Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany; 3 European University of Applied Science, Department of Applied Health Science, Brühl, Germany; 4 Sylvia Lawry Centre for Multiple Sclerosis - The Human Motion Institute, Munich, Germany; 5 Trium Analysis Online, Munich, Germany; 6 Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; 7 Children's Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

Fig. 1: Acceptance measured via wearing time and questionnaire concerning the restriction of activity of daily living and wearing comfort.

Background In paediatric rehabilitation the most important aim is to enable the patient to manage the daily living by himself. For the clinical setting a large number of assessments is available [1], which do represent e.g. the ability to walk but not predom- inantly assess the challenges the patient has to face at home. Wearables are widespread and have been proven very useful as an assessment for physical activity to close the gap [2] between laboratory conditions and real life. These devices are well established in various fields for adult population [3]. Therefore, the question arises if they can also be used in children.

22 Muscle and Bone Metabolism

Fig. 2: Validity of gait speed measured by the accelerometric device compared with the gold standard.

Objectives Results Assessment of the children’s acceptance to wear a Generally, acceptance was good in terms of wear- 3D-accelerometer which is attached to the waist ing time and reported comfort (Fig. 1). There was under real-world conditions, and also to compare a difference of approximately one hour in the daily gait speed during supervised testing with the wearing time between groups (p=0.3), but no non-supervised gait speed in every-day life. significant group differences in reported restriction of activity of daily living and comfort of wear-

Methods ing (prestriction=0.9; pcomfort= 0.7). In several recruitment waves two groups of chil- In general, it has been more difficult to attract sub- dren, 30 subjects with cerebral palsy (personal re- jects for study participation than to make them cruitment), classified with the Gross Motor Func- wearing the accelerometric device. Bland-Altman tion Classification System Level I&II and 30 healthy analysis showed moderate, systematic variation be- children as control (personal recruitment or e-mail tween gold standard and 3D-accelerometry (Fig. 2). recruitment), aged 3-12, had been asked to wear an accelerometric device for 7 days at home. Ini- Conclusion tially they had to perform a 1-minute-walking test 3D-accelerometry is well accepted in paediatric under laboratory conditions. rehabilitation patients. Acceptance has been measured via wearing time and questionnaire. Subjects could rate restriction of daily living and wearing comfort with a score Corresponding author: [email protected] between 1 and 5. Under laboratory conditions a References mobile perambulator has been used as “gold [1] Schimpl et al., PLoS One 8, 2011 standard“ to evaluate the validity of the accelero- [2] Daumer et al., Biomed. Tech. 6, 2007 metric device for children. [3] Jämsä et al., Clin. Biomech. 1, 2006

23 Assessment of vibration-induced stretch-shortening cycles by B-mode ultrasound

J. Wunder, W. Sies, J. Rittweger Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany

Fig. 1: MARES ankle setting with the ultrasonic probe holder.

It has been demonstrated in the past that and thus better interpret results from our ISS ex- stretch-shortening is occurring during vibration periment ‘Sarcolab3’. exercise [1]. However, because of technical limita- Of the available MARES routines, we are here us- tions the investigated vibration frequency was ing the ‘angle-torque relationship’ (ATR) and the substantially lower than frequencies used in clini- ‘sinusoidal Perturbation’ (SP) profiles. During the cal applications. Now we not only assess elonga- ATR the subjects perform their maximum volun- tions of the contractile elements, we also infer tary contraction (MVC) in plantar flexion in differ- upon force modulation by vibration-induced ent ankle angles. The SP protocol includes 100 stretch-shortening. This enables us to estimate to periods of each vibration, applied via a foot plate which extent vibration exercise increases muscu- against which the subject performs plantar flexion lar tissue stresses above stresses during conven- contractions at 25%, 50%, 0% and 75% of the tional resistive exercise. MVC. Vibrations are applied at 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 10, The study is performed on the muscle atrophy re- 12, 14, and 16 Hz. search and exercise system (MARES). This facility We are examining the pennation angle and the was used on the International Space Station to in- fascicle length of the medial gastrocnemius mus- vestigate the multifold aspects of muscle function, cle, using B-mode ultrasound. The ultrasound vid- with astronauts’ self-testing via crew-guided pro- eos are evaluated using a semi-automatic tracking cedures. The aim of the present study is to assess algorithm, which calculates the fascicular length the modulation of vibration-induced stretch-short- and the pennation angle. For this purpose, it is ening cycles on alterations in pennation angle and assumed that a fascicle is the straight-line connec- fascicle length, and to compare fascicle dynamics tion between the upper and the lower aponeuro- during vibration and during voluntary contractions sis, in the arrangement of the intramuscular con- with varying force contractions. It is anticipated nective tissue. The algorithm implements an affine that through addition of high-speed B-mode ultra- extension of the optical flow model based on the sound (which was not available on ISS), we can Lucas-Kanade method. With the data recorded deepen our understanding of muscle mechanics before the vibration, the calibration curves of the

24 Muscle and Bone Metabolism

Fig. 2: Amplitude spectrum of the end of 7 Hz vibration bout during 25% MVC. Marked in red the three bins which are considered for further analysis.

Fig. 3: Diagram for one subject at 7 Hz induced vibration. The calibration curve of pre vibration is shown in red. The red points are the force levels which the subject has to apply. The blue dotted line is calculated from the difference between the amplitude spectra at the end and beginning of the vibration. According to the polynomial fitted calibration curve we can estimate how much additional force occurs associated with oscillation.

respective subjects are generated. The calibration in the amplitude spectrum applied to the calibra- curve applies the fascicle length or pennation an- tion curve reveal how far the force changes due to gle to the force level. Using fast Fourier transfor- the induced vibration. mation, the amplitude spectra are calculated for each condition, in order to isolate the changes in the musculature associated with the vibration.

The difference of the sum in the end and in the Corresponding author: [email protected] beginning yield in the change in the muscle associated with the oscillation frequency. The changes [1] Cochrane et al., Muscle & Nerve 40, 2009

25 26 Sleep and Human Factors

Bartels, S. et al.: Effects of nocturnal aircraft noise on sleep and annoyance of primary school children �� 28

Weidenfeld, S. et al.: Noise-induced annoyance due to nocturnal road traffic: results of a field study �� 30

Elmenhorst, E. et al.: Trait vulnerability of cognitive performance and glucose tolerance under sleep restriction � 32

Rooney, D. et al.: Transient pressure changes in high speed trains do not interfere with speech intelligibility �� 34

27 Effects of nocturnal aircraft noise on sleep and annoyance of primary school children

S. Bartels, J. Quehl, D. Aeschbach Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany

Fig. 1: Acoustic and polysomnographic measurement devices.

Children are thought to be more at risk to nega- annoyance response in a field study conducted tive consequences of transportation noise, since, around Cologne/Bonn Airport. Sleep of 51 chil- amongst other factors, undisturbed sleep is vital dren aged 8 to 10 years was measured polysom- for their physiological and cognitive development nographically (via EEG, EMG, EOG, ECG, and [1]. However, little is known about childhood pulse oximetry) during four consecutive nights at sleep exposed to aircraft noise and associated home. During each night, aircraft noise exposure short-term annoyance response. An investigation was recorded inside the children`s bedrooms and seemed particularly necessary given the differ- noise metrics were calculated. ences of sleep architecture between children and Children evaluated their aircraft noise-induced adults. short-term annoyance on a five-point scale ("1 = We investigated the acute effects of nocturnal not" to "5 = very” disturbed or annoyed) in the aircraft noise on sleep and resulting short-term morning. Further information on potential mod-

28 Sleep and Human Factors

erating factors of annoyance response (e.g., noise sensitivity, attitudes towards air traffic) was obtained in personal interviews. For the prediction of objective sleep quality from aircraft noise exposure, we applied mixed models with random intercept and the number of aircraft noise events as dichotomous factor (median split at 37.5 events). The following variables were analyzed: a) proportion of slow wave sleep (S3 and S4) per total sleep time (in %), b) proportion of waking during sleep period time (in %), c) sleep efficiency (proportion of total sleep time during time in bed, in %), d) proportion of REM sleep per total sleep time (in %), e) number of noise-as- Fig. 2: Effect of aircraft noise exposure on duration of sociated awakenings, f) self-rated sleep quality slow wave sleep per total sleep time. ("1 = very good" to "5 = very bad"). Subjective sleep quality did not differ between the two exposure groups (p = .694). Likewise, aircraft noise-induced annoyance was not significantly increased in higher exposed nights (p = .369). Additional mixed logistic regression analyses revealed that annoyance ratings were not influenced by established noise metrics such as number of aircraft noise events or equivalent sound pressure levels. Instead, the self-reported noise sensitivity, the attitude that aircraft are dangerous, and the use of coping strategies in the presence of aircraft noise at home had a significant impact. From the results, it is concluded that nighttime Fig. 3: Effect of aircraft noise exposure on noise-associ- aircraft noise exposure can objectively impair ated awakening reactions. childhood sleep, but these deteriorations are not reflected in higher short-term annoyance and lower subjective sleep quality. These findings un- derline the importance of objective measures for identifying noise-induced changes in children`s sleep. The magnitude of slow wave sleep reduction due to higher exposure was similar to the findings in a study comparing sleep parameters in healthy children vs. children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome [2]. The potential health impact of the small but recurrent loss of slow wave sleep due to aircraft noise is currently unknown, and should be the focus of future research.

Corresponding authors: [email protected] Fig. 4: Effect of aircraft noise exposure on short-term- annoyance rating in the morning. [1] van Kamp et al., Noise Health 15, 2013 [2] Durdik et al., J. Clin. Sleep Med. 14, 2018

29 Noise-induced annoyance due to nocturnal road traffic: results of a field study

S. Weidenfeld, E.-M. Elmenhorst, S. Sanok, U. Müller, D. Aeschbach Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany

Traffic noise is a growing and serious environ- effect of different noise sources on annoyance by mental problem due to its association with health comparing data from a new study on road traffic risk, sleep disturbances and annoyance of which with those from previous studies on air and rail- the latter is particularly pervasive. Since many way traffic. traffic noise studies are based on laboratory sur- Forty healthy participants (mean age = 29.1; SD = veys or exhibit shortcomings in noise measure- 11.7; 26 females) were studied at their homes in ment, there is a lack of valid exposure-response areas with moderate nighttime road traffic in the relationships between traffic noise and annoy- vicinity of Cologne and Bonn. On four consecu- ance. To fill this gap for road traffic, precise meas- tive mornings the participants completed a ques- urements of noise parameters (e.g., A-weighted tionnaire that asked for their annoyance due to energy equivalent sound pressure level [LAeq]) are road traffic noise in the previous night (1 = “not needed. Furthermore we intended to explore the at all” to 5 = “extremely annoyed”) as well as for

30 Sleep and Human Factors

non-acoustical mediators of annoyance (e.g., subjective sleep quality, perceived noise load, perceived degree of having adapted to road traffic noise). Measurements of acoustic parameters were undertaken inside the participants’ bed- room. We applied logistic regression using Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) models to derive the probability to be annoyed (categories ≥ 2) by road traffic noise as a function of the LAeq and non-acoustical mediators (Fig. 1). In a further analysis the road traffic data were combined with Fig. 1: Exposure-response curve for the probability to be annoyed by nocturnal road those from two earlier field studies in which the traffic noise events as a function of LAeq. 95 % confidence interval corresponds to the effect of nocturnal railway noise (1) and aircraft grey area. noise (2) on residents’ annoyance in the vicinity of Cologne and Bonn were investigated. The pooled data sets were used to derive comparative exposure-response curves for noise-induced annoyance by road, railway and air traffic (Fig. 2). The analysis of the road traffic data revealed a statistically significant rise in the annoyance with increasing LAeq (p = .023, OR = 1.159). The extent of the perceived noise load had a reinforcing effect (p < .001, OR = 44.606), whereas a high subjective sleep quality had a reducing effect (p = .007, OR = .924) on annoyance. In the pooled data set annoyance increased again with increasing LAeq (p =.001, OR = 1.043). In contrast, the perceived degree of an individual’s adaptation to traffic noise reduced annoyance (p < .001, OR = .528). The probability to be annoyed turned out to be higher for road traffic noise than for Fig. 2: Annoyance probability by nocturnal road, railway traffic and aircraft noise as a function of the LAeq. aircraft noise (p = .001, OR = 3.026), whereas railway noise did not differ from aircraft noise (reference) in its impact on annoyance (p = .079, OR = 1.812). The current field-study on road traffic noise em- phasizes the importance of subjective sleep qual- tends to vary depending on the respective noise ity for annoyance responses and delivers a predic- source. The significant differences in annoyance tion model for road traffic noise-induced noctur- reactions between aircraft and road traffic might nal short-term annoyance in areas with moderate be explained by the different temporal patterns traffic. The analysis of the pooled data set re- of noise distribution throughout the night. vealed the LAeq to be a significant acoustical pre- dictor for annoyance even when taking noise from different traffic sources into consideration. Corresponding author: [email protected] Additionally, we found an important influence of the perceived degree of an individual’s adapta- [1] Pennig et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 132, 2012 tion and showed that the extent of annoyance [2] Quehl and Basner, J. Environ. Psychol. 26, 2006

31 Trait vulnerability of cognitive performance and glucose tolerance under sleep restriction

E.-M. Elmenhorst 1, D. Elmenhorst 2, E. Hennecke 2, D. Lange 1, J. Fronczek-Poncelet 2, A. Bauer 2, D. Aeschbach 1 1 Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Centre (DLR), Cologne, Germany, 2 Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany

Epidemiological studies consistently indicate that nights with 8 h time in bed (TIB) each, 5 nights chronic sleep restriction is associated with in- with 5 h TIB (sleep restriction group: N=21, 9 fe- creased all-cause mortality [1] and prevalence of male, mean age 26 ± 4 years SD, mean BMI 23.1 ± cardiovascular diseases [2, 3], type 2 diabetes [4] 1.9 kg/cm2 SD) or 5 nights with 8 h TIB (control and trait-like impairments in cognitive functions group: N=15, 5 female, mean age 28 ± 6 years SD, [5-7]. We examined whether this trait vulnerability mean BMI 23.6 ± 2.9 kg/cm2 SD ), followed by one of cognitive performance to sleep loss extends al- night with 8 h TIB, one 38-h period of acute sleep so to glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. deprivation, and a final night with 10 h TIB. Oral Thirty-six healthy volunteers underwent a 12-day glucose tolerance was tested in the morning im- sleep lab study. In a sequential design, they com- mediately after lights on (>10 h fasting) on the pleted one adaptation night and two baseline second baseline day, after 5 nights with 5 h or 8 h

Fig. 1: Area under the curve (AUC) of serum glucose concentrations during an oral glucose tolerance test for the sleep restriction group (on the left) and for the control group (on the right) in the morning after 8 h baseline (B, blue columns) time in bed (TIB), after 5 experimental nights (E5, red columns) with either 5 h TIB in the sleep restriction group or with 8 h TIB in the control group, after one night with 8 h TIB (R, green columns), and after 24 h of sustained wakefulness (SD, purple columns). * indicate significant differences.

32 Sleep and Human Factors

Fig. 2: Correlation between impairments in the 10th percentile (10P) of psychomotor vigilance performance (PVT) speed and glucose levels 90 min after glucose ingestion indicating a trait resilience / vulnerability to sleep restriction (5 nights with 5 h TIB).

TIB, after the recovery night, and after 24 h of Impairments after 5 nights of sleep restriction sustained wakefulness. Fasting serum glucose and showed significant correlations between mean insulin levels, as well as those 30, 60, 90, and 120 speed / 10th percentile of speed and glucose at 90 min after glucose intake were analyzed in blood min (r=-0.51/r=-0.52), insulin at 30 min (r=-0.55/ samples. Additionally, areas under the curve (AUC) r=-0.59), 90 min (r=-0.61/-0.61), and at 120 min for glucose, insulin, and HOMA were calculated. (r=-0.51/trend r=-0.49) after exposure. Averaged daytime results of a 3-hourly performed Sleep restriction, but not acute sleep deprivation, psychomotor vigilance task (10-min PVT) were impaired glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. considered. Effects on the dependent variables Impairments due to sleep restriction outlasted a were analyzed with mixed ANOVAs in SAS with single night of recovery sleep, but did not show ‘sleep condition’ (4x) and ‘sex’ (2x) as factors cumulative effects with acute sleep deprivation. (post-hoc Bonferroni-Holm adjustment) for each Chronic sleep restriction and acute sleep depriva- of the two groups. Pearson correlations between tion appear to activate different regulatory re- impairments (differences to baseline) in glucose sponses in glucose metabolism. Individuals under metabolism and performance were calculated. sleep restriction appeared to be likewise either In comparison to baseline AUC of glucose (Δ 32.5 vulnerable or resilient regarding both glucose me- ± 7.0 mg*h/dl), insulin (Δ 44.9 ± 9.2 mU*h/dl), and tabolism and cognitive performance. the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA; Δ

20.7 ± 3.9) were increased after sleep restriction Corresponding author: [email protected] (all p=0.0003), stayed elevated after one night of recovery sleep (glucose Δ 17.3 ± 6.8 mg*h/dl; insu- [1] Cappuccio et al., Sleep 33, 2010 lin Δ 24.7 ± 9.2 mU*h/dl; HOMA Δ 11.3 ± 3.8; all [2] Cappuccio et al., Eur Heart J. 32, 2011 [3] Grandner et al., Sleep Med. 15, 2014 p<0.02), but returned to baseline levels after 24 h [4] Buxton & Marcelli, Soc. Sci. Med. 71, 2010 of sleep deprivation (all p>0.6). The control group [5] Van Dongen et al., Sleep. 26, 2003 did not show significant changes in glucose toler- [6] Van Dongen et al., Sleep.27, 2004 ance and insulin sensitivity. [7] Elmenhorst et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 115, 2018

33 Transient pressure changes in high speed trains do not interfere with speech intelligibility

D. Rooney, M. Wittkowski, S. Bartels, D. Aeschbach Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Centre (DLR), Cologne, Germany

Figure 1: Experimental assembly in the pressure chamber. A real time controller synchro- nised chamber pressure, announcement of WAKO test words and response collection via tablet computers. A homo- geneous acoustic environment was created using independent signal processors for each of the four loudspeakers (LS) for noise and the two LS for test word playback.

High speed trains are becoming a backbone of well. Data for a reliable power calculation was the transportation infrastructure in many coun- nonexistent and we conducted a pilot study tries. To facilitate safe operation in increasingly with 20 participants (10 female, mean age 27 complex railway networks a multitude of driver years ± 6 SD) to estimate variability. The upper assistance systems are under development. The 80% confidence limit guided sample size of the auditory channel can be used to provide informa- main campaign with 72 participants (35 female, tion without disrupting visual attention, but it 25 years ± 5 SD), enabling us to identify a 10% must be interruption-free. Disequilibrium of tym- difference in speech intelligibility while limiting panic air pressure promotes conductive hearing the chance of alpha and beta error to 5% and loss and it is not known whether the transient 10% respectively. pressure changes experienced in high speed Speech intelligibility was measured using the trains when passing through tunnels may inter- monosyllable word test by Wallenberg and Koll- fere with speech intelligibility. meier [1]. Subsequent to each audibly presented Our primary objective was to assess whether test word participants were asked to identify the transient pressure changes of 25 hPa in two sec- word from five written alternatives, each differ- onds affect speech intelligibility in persons with ing in one of three phonemes. normal hearing ability and our secondary ques- We used a cross-over design in which each par- tion was whether the direction of the pressure ticipant was studied in a single one hour session. change makes a difference. Participants were presented with two test blocks Since statistical tests only control for false posi- of 50 words each. In one block each test word tives it was crucial to study a sufficiently sized was played immediately after a pressure change, sample to restrict false negative outcomes as while the other block was performed at steady

34 Sleep and Human Factors

Fig. 2: Estimators and 95%-confidence intervals of intra-individual differences based on t-distribution (df=71). Visibly, no difference, i.e. zero, is within the interval borders.

ambient pressure of 950 hPa. To account for po- tested since the primary hypothesis lacked statis- tential order effects, we permutated the pressure tical significance. condition. A speech simulating background noise High speed train drivers are not only operating of 67 dB(A) was constantly played throughout their vehicles in ever more complex railway infra- the experiment, masking the operating sounds of structures, but they are also subject to a multi- the chamber. The signal to noise ratio of the pre- tude of factors, such as monotonous operating sented test words was adjusted to yield 50% cycles and shift work, known to increase the speech intelligibility without pressure changes. likelihood of fatigue and human error, conse- To maintain an overall family-wise error rate of quences of which may be catastrophic. Advanced 5% we devised hierarchical testing using com- assistance systems are a necessity to ensure safe plete alpha spending from the primary to the rail operation in this ever more demanding envi- secondary hypothesis. ronment. Such systems can safely make use of On average participants understood 0.7 more speech to communicate relevant information to words when listening in steady ambient pressure, train drivers. The pressure changes occurring dur- compared to experiencing a pressure change being the passage of tunnels, a peculiarity of the fore announcement of the test word. This would train environment, do not interfere with speech equate to an effect size of 0.1, however, a intelligibility and are consequently not a risk fac- two-sided Wilcoxon signed rank test (Z=-1.29; tor when using the verbal auditory channel. p=0.20) did not detect this to be distinguishable from chance. When comparing increasing and Corresponding author: [email protected] decreasing pressure the average understanding differed by 0.2 words, which was not formally [1] Wallenberg & Kollmeier, Audiologische Akustik 28, 1989

35 36 Clinical Aerospace Medicine

Stern, C.; Trammer, M.: Another “Direct Return” of an European astronaut �� 38

Stern, C. et al.: Optic disc edema in test subjects during 30 days of 6° head down tilt bed rest �� 40

37 Another “Direct Return” of an European astronaut

C. Stern, M. Trammer Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany

Fig. 1: Nocturnal arrival of Alexander Gerst at the :envihab after his landing in Kazakhstan.

Until 2014 European astronauts used to stay in In December 2018 Alexander Gerst returned after Star City or were brought to the NASA Johnson a 197 day stay on board of the International Space Space Center after their Soyuz landing in Ka- Station to the Institute of Aerospace Medicine´s zakhstan. research facility :envihab. He was the second Euro- Alexander Gerst was the first European astronaut pean astronaut who served as a commander of to profit from the so called “Direct Return”. Euro- the ISS. In addition to this, he is the European as- pean astronauts are flown directly after their land- tronaut who spent the most time in space. He re- ing back to the European Astronaut Center and turned already for the second time to the :envihab DLR in Cologne where the needs of postflight sci- after his time in space and is now the fourth Euro- ence examinations, clinical data collection and re- pean astronaut who was brought to our Institute habilitation are covered. directly after his landing in Kazakhstan.

38 Clinical Aerospace

Following the agreed postflight examination protocol of the participating space agencies we performed immediately after his arrival in the :envihab a blood draw and an electrocardiogram. During the first three postflight weeks the following -ex aminations among others were performed: -Several blood draws -Exercise Stress Tests (cycle and treadmill) -Eye examinations (including visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, slit lamp examination, intraocular pressure, OCT, visual field and ultrasound) -Audiogram -Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) -Brain MRI -Dermatological assessment -Fitness assessment The astronaut received also two hours of recondi- tioning every day at the European Astronaut Center. A main focus lays on the examinations of the eye as more than 60% of long-term mission astronauts show changes in the anatomical structure of the eye. These changes may include globe flatten- Fig. 2: Slit lamp examination of Alexander Gerst. ing with hyperopic shift, optic disc edema, cotton wool spots and choroideal folds. We perform the medical examinations in the scope of medical monitoring to get more knowledge about the influence on the health status of true sense of the word. This support will not be astronauts by their stay on the International Space available on Moon and Mars and therefore the Station. But we also conduct medical examina- crew must stay in proper body condition during tions for scientific studies which address special their long missions, reducing muscle and bone fields of interest to research the long-term effect loss, as well as other microgravity side effects as of microgravity on the human body for more much as possible. knowledge and experience to prepare the astro- With these examinations we contribute to the fast nauts better for Moon and Mars missions. When recovery of the astronauts as well as for science. astronauts land in Kazakhstan, there is an armada of specialists helping the astronauts out of the Soyuz capsule and to recover their legs – in the Corresponding author: [email protected]

39 Optic disc edema in test subjects during 30 days of 6° head down tilt bed rest

C. Stern, M. Trammer, D. Mittelstädt, S. Stupp Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany

Fig. 1: Ocular Coherence Tomography is performed in the laying position in all test subjects.

In 2008 the first cases of eye changes in astro- (VIIP) and now are summarized under the acronym nauts were published [1]. When NASA detected SANS (Space Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome). these changes in astronauts, it started a survey of The pathologies can be transient or can stay for all astronauts concerning observed vision changes years. Fluid shift, a different pressure gradient be- during and after their missions. 29% of short-term tween intracranial pressure and intraocular pres- mission and 60% of long-term mission astronauts sure, increased CO² and high sodium intake are reported a degradation in distant and near visual discussed as possible causes [2]. acuity. About 60% of long-term space mission Because the causes of SANS are still unknown re- astronauts showed ophthalmological changes like search needs to be executed for safe future mis- posterior globe flattening and a resulting hyperop- sions especially in the scope of Moon and Mars. ic shift, an increased optic sheath diameter, optic In 2018 NASA performed a 30 days head down tilt disc edema, choroidal folds and cotton wool bed rest study together with and at the Institute of spots. These changes were in the beginning called Aerospace Medicine with the main focus on possi- “Visual impairment and intracranial syndrome” ble eye changes. The VaPER study (VIIP and Psy-

40 Clinical Aerospace

Fig. 2: Optic disc edema in one of the test subjects.

chological :envihab Research) took place under the different degrees [3]. As two variables were conditions of the International Space Station with changed at the same time (CO² and strict head a strict bed rest in head down tilt and additional down tilt) it is not clear which one was the crucial increased CO . For the first time the test subjects one to create for the very first time optic disc ede- ² were not allowed to use a pillow and were ob- ma in bed rest studies. Therefore the following served 24/7 to make sure that the very strict head NASA study takes place without the increased CO² down tilt position was complied with. The eyes of condition. the 11 test subjects were examined in a similar way as the astronauts are examined before, during and after the mission. The Ocular Coherence Tomogra- Corresponding author: [email protected] phy enables us to measure the retina and optic disc correct to 5 µm and changes can be demon- [1] Mader et al., Ophthalmology 118, 2011 strated in a quantitative matter. Out of the 11 test [2] Wostyn et al., Aerospace Med. Hum. Performance 89, 2018 subjects, 5 persons showed optic disc edema in [3] Laurie et al., Ophthalmology 126, 2019

41 42 Study Team

Noppe, A. et al.: CoolSpin-Study: External cooling as stabilizing cardiovascular countermeasure in hypergravity �� 44 von der Wiesche, M. et al.: Direct Return: Medical and technological innovation for ESA-astronauts´ first days back on Earth 46

43 CoolSpin-Study: External cooling as stabilizing cardiovascular countermeasure in hypergravity

A. Noppe 1, T. Frett 1, O. Opatz 2, H. Habazettl 2, N. Kagelmann 2, F. Paulke 1, M. von der Wiesche 1 1 Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany, 2 Charité, Institute of Physiology, Center for Space Medicine, Berlin, Germany

Orthostatic dysfunction is observed in astronauts the lower leg muscles and a progressive hemo- after a prolonged stay in weightlessness or in concentration [1]. Previous experiments showed subjects after mid- or long-term bed rest studies. that the control of peripheral body temperature Development of countermeasures to avoid ortho- due to thermoregulation processes plays an im- static dysfunction after space flight is mandatory. portant role in cardiovascular regulation [1,2]. Artificial Gravity generated by centrifugation is a Venous pooling is a factor here, but also the mi- promising multi-system countermeasure which crovascular component [1]. Based on these find- could help to maintain physical fitness of crew- ings we conducted a randomized trial in cross- members even on long term missions. over design to test the hypothesis that external In a previous study using the Short Arm Human peripheral cooling can improve orthostatic toler- Centrifuge (SAHC) at DLR Cologne, it was ance in hypergravity. Study aims were as follows: demonstrated via measurements of skin perfu- 1. Differentiation of the contribution of the sys- sion that the resistance vessels on the lower leg temic sympathetic response and the local are capable of active constriction despite drasti- myo-genic response of resistance vessels to the cally increased local arterial pressure. This could vasoconstriction of the dermal vessels under dif- also be maintained in hypergravity conditions of ferent gravitational loads. +2Gz. On the other hand, skin perfusion in- 2. Determination of the max. acceleration (and creased significantly in an area with paralyzed thus of the local arterial pressure) up to which the vessels. In addition, near-infrared spectroscopy tone of the resistance vessels can withstand these (NIRS) revealed microvascular blood pooling in pressures. 3. Determination of the compliance of the various compartments of blood-fluid displacement in the lower leg, namely the large veins, the muscular resistance vessels and the transvascular fluid fil- tration. 4. The influence of thermoregulation on orthostatic responses and g-Force induced Loss of Con- sciousness (GLOC). Different methods of microcirculation were combined: laser Doppler flux for measuring skin perfusion, iontophoresis for topical application of Na-nitroprusside (complete vascular paralysis) and Phentolamin (non-selective α-receptor block- er) into the skin and NIRS for measurement of hemoglobin concentration in muscle. In addition, the usability and efficiency of the peripheral cooling before and during G+ load was tested. A statement on the efficiency and benefits in terms of protection against orthostatic events and the probability of occurrence of a presyncope on the one hand, and also with re- Fig. 1: Test subject with cooling pad (blue pads) and gard to post-expositional physical and cognitive wiring for iontophoresis. performance on the other hand can be made.

44 Study Team

Table 1: COOLSPIN Study protocol

Activity Description Duration [min] g-force (Gz) Arrival/Anamnesis - Brief medical examination ~20min - - Venipuncture Preparation Supine on SAHC - BIA pre ~60 min - - ECG - SpO2 - Blood pressure cuff and Finometer - NIRS - Double sensor - Electrodes for microcirculation - Cooling pads (thighs) - Blood draw pre - Response test pre Centrifugation - Rotation 10 min 1g Supine on SAHC - Break and cooling/no cooling 10 min - Centrifugation - Rotation 3 min 1g (after 30’’, 1’30’’, 2’15’’ of each g-lev- 3 min 2g el: questions about subjective well-being and coldness) 3 min 3g 3 min 4g Supine on SAHC - Blood draw post 15 min - - BIA post - Response test post

Out of Centrifuge - VO2max (Cycling) post 40 min - End of protocol - Medical release 5 min -

18 healthy male participants were involved in the study which was conducted in the :envihab facility on the SAHC of our Institute. Pre and post centrifugation several tests were performed (table 1). Subjects were divided randomly into 2 groups. Group A was cooled on the 1st day and performed their centrifuge run on their 2nd study day without cooling. Group B was handled vice versa. There was a wash out phase of at least 3 days between both study days. Cooling was achieved by using an ArcticSun5000 Fig. 2: g-profile of the centrifuge protocol. medical cooling system, and adhere the cooling pads to the thighs of the subjects (Fig. 1). An experienced physician monitored the centrifu- This study was performed in cooperation with gation and terminated the protocol when the the Charité, Berlin, as a project in the frame of subject showed presyncopal signs (dizziness, the 2nd National Centrifuge Program (NZP2), an- blurry vision, nausea, sweating, heart palpita- nounced by the DLR Space Administration. tions, sudden drop in blood pressure) according the general termination criteria for SAHC runs. Corresponding author: [email protected] 18 participants performed two study days each with all tests incl. final VO2max-Test. Analysis of [1] Habazettl et al., Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 116, 2016 all data is still work in progress. [2] Opatz et al., Brit. J. Anaes. 111, 2013

45 Direct Return: Medical and technological innovation for ESA-astronauts´ first days back on Earth

M. von der Wiesche, A. Nitsche, W. Doering, M. Trammer, C. Stern Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany

Fig. 1: Entrance hall of :envihab.

The DLR Institute of Aerospace Medicine has equipment for life science research. Together longtime experience in supporting human space- with the advantages of the Cologne campus flights. Ever since contributing to the Spacelab which means only a few meter distance to the Program, the Institute has supported the psycho- EAC as well as to the Flight Medicine Clinic the logical and medical astronaut selection, training Institute now supports a large number of the and mission operations. The program is flanked postflight activities of ESA astronauts. by state-of-the-art ground based biological, Astronauts, crew surgeon and operational staff medical and psychological research. can be easily accommodated in :envihab. All of Initiated by ESA, we started in 2014 hosting most them find a comfortable, noise-reduced and qui- of the ESA-Astronauts after their ISS missions in et place with a small kitchen and a large living :envihab for their first 21 days back on Earth - the area. The crew quarters are access-controlled so-called “Direct Return”. avoiding infection and providing astronaut priva- The :envihab, derived from the words environ- cy. A large control room located directly next to ment and habitat, is fully operational since 2013. the crew quarter allows ESA and DLR perfect su- Only with this unique medical research facility of pervision of all scheduled activities during the our Institute the Direct Return at DLR could be first busy weeks after returning to Earth. realized. Within its eight modules, :envihab hous- All medical post-flight examinations required ac- es multi-purpose laboratories and specialized cording to the Medical Standards for crew mem-

46 Study Team

Fig. 2: Crew quarter – view insight.

bers can be performed at the adjacent DLR Flight Medicine Clinic. As a great advantage pre- and post-flight examinations and measurements can be performed at the same site with the same equipment and the same staff, thus limiting variability. Similarly, post-flight experiments are conducted by DLR scientists within :envihab. In No- vember 2014, Alexander Gerst was the first astronaut to directly return to Cologne, followed by Andreas Mogensen (Sept. 2015), Timothy Peake (June 2016) and Thomas Pesquet (June 2017). ISS commander Alexander Gerst was hosted a second time in December 2018. As the next astronaut we expect Luca Parmitano in :envihab in February 2020.

Fig. 3: Alexander Gerst entering Module 5 of :envihab Corresponding author: [email protected] functioning as crew quarter.

47 48 Aviation and Space Psychology

Melcher, W. et al.: Ability requirements of unmanned aerial systems operators �� 50

Hermes, M. et al.: The impact of training on ability testing �� 52

Pecena, Y. et al.: Human performance assessments in remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAS) implementations �� 54

Oubaid, V.; Zinn, F.: GAP – A new approach in measuring behavior in groups for Aviation and Space personnel �� 56

49 Ability requirements of unmanned aerial systems operators

W. Melcher 1, M. F. Neumann 1, H. Eißfeldt 1, A. Schwab 2 1 Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Hamburg, Germany, 2 Center of Aerospace Medicine, German Air Force, Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany

Fig. 1: Ground control station of KZO system (© Bundeswehr, Neumann).

In military contexts, unmanned aerial systems were observed on-the-job, allowing to determine (UAS) offer two major advantages over manned the different operating positions of each UAS aviation: They can be deployed during dangerous system and the associated tasks. Subsequently, missions too risky for crewed aircraft or person- more than 300 experienced UAS operators and nel on the ground, and they have been argued to pilots of manned aircraft completed an extended be more cost effective in procuration and opera- German version of the Fleishman Job Analysis tion than manned aviation [1]. Since the introduc- Survey (F-JAS) [2]. The F-JAS consists of 73 scales tion of UAS in the German Bundeswehr, their for assessing individuals’ abilities and skills from usage as well as the demand for qualified operat- cognitive, psychomotor, physical, sensory, and ing personnel have increased. The aim of the interactive/social domains. Two additional scales study, conducted in cooperation with the Ger- on operational monitoring and vigilance from man Air Force Center of Aerospace Medicine is to previous DLR research projects on future require- develop specific requirement profiles for UAS ments in aviation jobs were used [3, 4]. operating personnel, and to identify potential The domain means for each system and operat- differences in the requirements between un- ing position are shown in Fig. 2. Requirements for manned and manned military aviation personnel. UAS operators were high, particularly in the cog- During an initial job analysis phase, operators nitive and the interactive/social domains, where-

50 Aviation and Space Psychology

Fig. 2: F-JAS mean score per ability domain, error bars indicate standard deviation. Average ratings ≥ 4 on the behaviorally-anchored rating scale indicate highly relevant requirements for performing a job successfully [2].

as physical abilities were generally low for both found in the interpersonal/social skill domain only UAS operators and sensor operators. Individual (KZO operators reported higher demands than scales reveal overall high requirements for all UAS Heron operators). Differences between manned operators irrespective of operating position or and unmanned aviation were expected in psych- system in selective attention, vigilance, dependa- omotor and physical abilities due to the high level bility, and perseverance. Moreover, some require- of automation in UAS and will be addressed in ments were rather specific for a particular posi- future analyses. tion: For UAS operators (irrespective of the oper- Additional future steps will include collecting ated system), problem sensitivity, time sharing, and including additional data from incident re- operational monitoring, and self-control were ports and expert workshops. Together with the critical abilities. For sensor or payload operators, present data, the results will also assist deter- demands were highest for the abilities flexibility mining the possible impact of HMI concepts and of closure, spatial orientation, visualization, per- different levels of automation on operator de- ceptual speed, near vision, achievement striving, mands. The outcomes will contribute valuable and self-sufficiency. information about which human factors are rel- We also found differences in requirements be- evant to be considered in personnel selection, tween the systems. Operating the Aladin system training, and stress management of future mili- posed lower demands on their operators when tary UAS operators. compared to other UAS. For the remaining three systems (Luna, KZO, and Heron), largely similar Corresponding author: [email protected] abilities were required: No differences were [1] Gertler, Congressional Research Service, 2012 found for sensor/payload operators between the [2] Kleinmann et al., Hogrefe, 2010 three systems. For the operating position (exclud- [3] Eißfeldt, Proc. 32th EAAP, 2016 ing the Aladin system), small differences were [4] Eißfeldt et al., DLR Forschungsbericht, 2009

51 The impact of training on ability testing

M. Hermes 1, F. Albers 1, J.R. Böhnke 2, G. Huelmann 1, J. Maier 1, D. Stelling 1 1 Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Hamburg, Germany, 2 Dundee Centre for Health and Related Research, School of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK

Fig. 1: DLR Testing Room.

Ability tests are core elements in performance cial training programs can result in score gains in research as well as in applied contexts and are ability tests, thereby creating an advantage for increasingly carried out using computer-based those who can afford it and challenging the fair- versions. The Department of Aviation and Space ness of ability assessment. As a consequence, Psychology at DLR, Hamburg, has employed several authors recommended freely offering computer-based ability tests for several years to training software to all participants to increase select cockpit personnel and air traffic controllers measurement fairness. However, it is still an un- for several major European airlines, air traffic con- answered question whether the unsupervised trol organizations and the European Space Agen- use of training software could have a negative cy (Fig. 1). impact on the measurement properties of ability In the last few decades a private commercial tests. The goal of the present study was to an- training and coaching industry has developed to swer this question by examining the subjects' prepare individuals for these computer-based as- ability test scores for measurement and structural sessments. Evidence suggests that such commer- invariance across different amounts of comput-

52 Aviation and Space Psychology

Fig. 2: Relation between the mean number of computer-based training runs and mean test performance. Due to small sample sizes with more than 40 training runs and increasingly larger confidence intervals, applicants with on average more than 40 training runs have been aggregated (only for display purposes; n = 262, M = 53 training runs). N = 15,752; the data point with the smallest sample size is at 39 training runs with n = 28.

er-based training. Structural equation modeling growing (online) availability of information about was employed in a sample of 15,752 applicants tests, to be reliable and fair, psychological diag- who participated in high-stakes assessments with nostics have to react. Our results suggest that computer-based ability tests. free computer-based training is an appropriate A descriptive analysis showed that there were way to react to today's challenges without affect- training effects consistent with previously pub- ing the measurement quality in diagnostic deci- lished research (Fig. 2). sion making, and tests for measurement invari- But most importantly, the invariance analysis ance are an efficient way to screen for such po- demonstrated that the structure of the tests was tential biases. not altered by offering free training to all applicants: across different training amounts, our Corresponding author: [email protected] analyses supported measurement and structural invariance of ability scores. This report has already been published: Hermes et al., Comput. Particularly in times of internet testing and the Human Behav. 93, 2019

53 Human performance assessments in remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAS) implementations

Y. Pecena, M. Mendes, S. Eschen, N. Schimpf, H. Eißfeldt Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Hamburg

Introduction scales covering cognitive, psychomotor, sensory, Remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS) receive social and interpersonal abilities was used to as- more and more attention in the aviation sector. sess RPAS job requirements. Eighty-two RPAS-op- The role of humans in RPAS differs from crewed erators (data from ongoing data collection; [3]) aviation due to technological advancements and rated job tasks on a 1 to 7 scale in relation to the increased automation. Therefore, it is important ability required, irrespective of the time spent on that the human factor (HF) is considered suffi- the task, its difficulty, or the importance of the ciently in concept designs. Here, we assessed if ability. Secondly, two aviation psychologists from and how human performance (HP) issues have DLR Hamburg organized a workshop with nine been considered in RPAS concept designs devel- end-users (air traffic controllers and safety person- oped in the DLR-project “Unmanned Freight Op- nel from various backgrounds: tower, approach erations” (UFO). and center) from the German Air Navigation Ser- vice Provider (ANSP) DFS in 2016. The first aim was Method to evaluate ANSP-based RPAS cargo operations A multi-method approach (Fig. 1) was used to as- from an end-users perspective. The second aim sess how HP has been considered in the concept was to determine ANSP-personnel’s prognosis for designs [1]. Firstly, the Fleishman Job Analysis Sur- the earliest possible implementation of such a vey (F-JAS [2]), consisting of 73 behavior-anchored concept. Finally, the Human Performance Assess- ment Process (HPAP), a standardized methodology to assess HP considerations in concept designs (developed in a SESAR project [4]) was used to systematically identify HP aspects in the UFO concept designs. An adapted version of the HPAP was used: Issues related to the HP arguments were specified and recommendations expressed accord- ingly (Table 1).

Results Firstly, the F-JAS revealed that cognitive, and social and interpersonal abilities were considered most important (Table 2). Secondly, the workshop with end-users showed that the general concept of ANSP-based RPAS was seen as feasible and realistic to implement within the next 10 years. The end-users expressed skepticism towards the possible increase in responsibilities and the new tasks were not necessarily perceived as job enrichment. Therefore, a clear definition of roles and responsibilities was considered important. Finally, the core implications derived from Fig. 1: Schematic diagram of the applied multi-method approach. the HPAP include the following aspects: Task

54 Aviation and Space Psychology

distributions need to be clear and well defined. A Table 1: Selected example of the revised HPAP argument structure. high level of automation is needed, but operators must be kept in the control loop in order to maintain situational awareness. To minimize workload and confusion, the different types of RPAS controlled by a remote pilot need to be limited. Risks of automation have to be further examined, and equipment must be reliable for operators to be able to develop trust in the automated system. Questions related to team structures cannot be answered as yet, but currently established roles are going to change. Fast and stable communication between all relevant actors must be established. Proposed changes in roles and responsibilities must be acceptable to the affected human actors, and the impacts on job satisfaction have to be considered.

Conclusion & Outlook Both cognitive and interactive abilities proved to Table 2: Rank order of top ten RPAS operator require- be equally important. End-users considered the ments. Mean ratings (1 = low to minimum level, 7 = ANSP-based RPAS concept feasible, but also ex- highest level of the ability required for the job) are pressed scepticism towards the potential in- given. crease in responsibilities. Further investigations on HF, based on the resulting activity list from the HPAP analysis, need to be conducted (e.g., via simulations, workshops or interviews). By applying the HPAP, DLR researchers gained valuable expertise that will be useful for future concept developments.

Corresponding author: [email protected]

[1] Pecena et al., Proc. 33rd EAAP, 2018 [2] Fleishman, Fleishman job analysis survey (F-JAS), Rating Scale Booklet. Consulting Psychologists Press Inc. 1992 [3] Keye-Ehing et al., Proc. 5th DGPL e.V., 2017 [4] Chalon-Morgan et al., Proc. 30th EAAP, 2012

55 GAP – A new approach in measuring behavior in groups for Aviation and Space personnel

V. Oubaid, F. Zinn Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Hamburg, Germany

Civil aviation and spaceflight are teamwork envi- project GAP (Group Assessment of Performance ronments, and teamwork and leadership skills are and Behavior) [6] started to improve the quality of of the utmost significance, as recent job require- group tasks by developing a fully digital system on ment analyses for pilots reveal [1] (Fig. 1). Over the candidates´ and on the observers´ side [4]. All 70% of flight accidents involve pilot factors as tasks are presented on individual touchscreens most studies report [2], and the most common provoking a face-to-face discussion. These com- factors relate to insufficient team skills (including puter based group tasks allow a more realistic poor communication, decision making, and ad- simulation of individual and team workload, and herence to procedures). The rare accidents in hu- therefore add relevant information to draw selec- man spaceflight show similar contributing factors tive decisions in selection procedures. An addition- (e.g. Columbia space shuttle accident [3]); proba- al individual is integrated in order to increase bly a higher degree of team skills is needed due to mental load, again to reduce socially desired be- long confinement conditions. havior.

Computer based behavior observation In traditional AC’s the group of observers write down what they see. A real-time registration of mental performance is not very likely. Additional- ly, a distraction from observing process while writing as well as an interference of observation & judgement (“good/bad behavior”) is highly probable. In GAP, all observation is organized by using a set of behavioral anchors (buttons on the touch screen), as a job-significance-analysis and Fig. 1: Mean score Pilot requirements with N=230 an Act-Frequency-Analysis [7]. The objectivity of pilots from various fleets (F33 Airbus A380). behavioral observation increases. On the ob-

Computer based group tasks Evaluating team skills in the pilot selection process is ambitious due to methodological constraints and designing useful group tasks is a demanding assignment [4]. Socially desired behavior for example has to be focused and it decreases with the cognitive challenge in a given situation. Common assessment center group tasks suffer from their required simplicity (in order to be observable) and therefore show only medium validities [5]. The DLR Fig. 2: GAP setup at DLR Hamburg.

56 Aviation and Space Psychology

server´s touch screen task-relevant information (e.g., state of candidate´s moves, objective errors) is displayed to assist the observer with the inten- tion to allow a higher degree of complexity of group tasks (Fig. 2).

Results The analysis of Intraclass correlations (ICC) as a measure of Interrater Reliability was conducted by comparing the ratings of 4 observers (two aviation psychologists and two training pilots) indebted in pilot selection at DLR Hamburg, rating a group of four flight school applicants. Fig- Fig. 3: GAP Interrater Reliabilities (ICC; Intra class correlations; average ure 3 shows the ICC scores for the GAP areas of measures) for N=1600 candidates. competence (Fig. 3). As can be seen in Figure 4 the correlations between the (independent) individual performance in a sample of N=131 flight school applicants vary with the complexity of the group task (Fig. 4). But GAP serves not only as a method for personnel selection on high risk occupations, e.g., pilots or astronauts. GAP is used as a research environment for small groups, e.g., in confinement studies. GAP offers a platform to conduct systematic research on safety issues in small groups under hazardous conditions.

Corresponding author: [email protected]

[1] Oubaid & Graefe zu Baringdorf, Proc. 31rd Conf. Europ. Assoc. Aviat. Psychol, 2014 [2] Anon., Regional Airlines Safety Study: Preliminary Informa- tion Paper, Bureau of Air Safety Investigation BASI, 1996 [3] Gehman et al., Columbia accident investigation board report, US Natl. Adv. Com. Health Manpower, 2003 [4] Zinn et al., in Bor et al. (eds), Pilot Selection: Psychological Fig. 4: Correlations between the GAP individual and group task; N=131. Principles and Practice. Taylor & Francis, Milton Park, in press [5] Schmidt & Hunter, Psy. Bulletin 124, 1998 [6] Oubaid et al., in Voogt & D’Oliveira (eds), Mechanisms in the Chain of Safety: Research and Operational Experiences in Avia- tion Psychology. Ashgate 2012 [7] Buss & Craiksonality, Psychol. Rev. 90, 1983

57 58 Radiation Biology

Schennetten, K. et al.: Measurement of UV radiation in commercial aircraft �� 60

Matthiä, D.; Berger, T.: Energetic particles in space: Impact of the September 2017 event on human radiation exposure � 62

Beblo-Vranesevic, K. et al.: Refutation of a long-existing hypothesis: No correlation between desiccation and radiation tolerance �� 64

Diegeler, S. et al.: Intercellular communication in response to ionizing radiation �� 66

Cortesão, M. et al.: Effect of space radiation and microgravity on the fungus Aspergillus niger �� 68

Siems, K. et al.: BIOFILMS: Influence of antimicrobial copper- surfaces on biofilm formation of Staphylococcus capitis �� 70

59 Measurement of UV radiation in commercial aircraft

K. Schennetten 1, M. M. Meier 1, M. Scheibinger 2 1 Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany, 2 Lufthansa German Airlines, Lufthansa Basis, Frankfurt/Main, Germany

Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is significantly unweighted UV-A exposure. Measurements at the higher at aviation altitudes with respect to sea pilot’s position were performed with direct sun- level due to weaker attenuation by the atmos- light under blinding conditions with low solar ele- phere [1]. At higher flight levels clear sky condi- vation angles. In this case the recommended un- tions cause permanent direct sunlight during day- weighted UV-A exposure limit would be exceeded, time hours. Cockpit windshields protect pilots if no sunglasses or visors were used. The use of the from UV-B radiation but studies have shown that visor for filtering direct sunlight reduced the UV-A this is not necessarily the case for UV-A radiation irradiance by a factor of about 30. The recom- [2]. mended weighted UVR exposure limit was not The Radiation Protection in Aviation Group of the exceeded, neither with the use of the visor at the DLR Radiation Biology Department performed pilot’s position nor without it. spectral measurements of UV irradiance with an In the case of high solar elevation angles the pilot array spectroradiometer on several short-haul and is not exposed to direct sunlight. Therefore, meas- long-haul commercial flights in cooperation with urements at the surface of the windshields with a Lufthansa German Airlines. The measurements at large field of view and permanent direct sunlight the surface of cockpit windshields revealed speci- during high solar elevation angles do not repre- mens with good and poor attenuation of UV-A sent the exposure conditions at the pilot’s posi- which highly depends on the manufacturer of the tion. These measurements at the surface of the windshield. All of the measurements discussed in windshield exceed the recommended unweighted this report refer to windshields with poor UV-A UV-A exposure limit and in some scenarios also attenuation. During an approach for landing the the recommended weighted UVR exposure limit. altitude dependence of UV-A irradiance was An efficient and comparatively economic solution measured behind a windshield with high spatial for reducing the UV-A transmittance could be the resolution (Fig. 1). A nearly linear trend for higher use of transparency films which block UV-A at the flight levels was observed which corresponds to a surface of the windshields. We recommend the relative rate of change of 6.5% per km. use of sunglasses that block UV-A. Measurements of the maximal UVR irradiance were compared to recommended exposure limits Corresponding author: [email protected] by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing

Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). ICNIRP recommends [1] Blumthaler et al., J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 39, 1997 limits for the weighted UVR exposure and for the [2] Chorley et al., Aerosp. Med. Hum. Perform. 87, 2016

60 Radiation Biology

Fig. 1: Altitude dependence of UV-A (315nm-400nm) irradiance during the approach to Frankfurt Airport.

61 Energetic particles in space: Impact of the September 2017 event on human radiation exposure

D. Matthiä, T. Berger Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany

Astronauts in space are constantly exposed to an (Fig. 1, left) impressively illustrate its intensity. This elevated level of cosmic radiation compared to the flare occurred on 10 September and was followed general public on ground. The intensity of the om- by a sharp increase in proton intensity in space and nipresent galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) follows count rates increase of NMs on Earth (Fig. 1, right). the solar activity cycle and sporadic solar particle The event was also recorded by several instru- events (SPEs) can further increase this exposure. ments on-board the International Space Station SPEs which are caused by energetic particles accel- (ISS), among which was the DOSTEL instrument of erated at or close to the sun are more likely to oc- the Radiation Biology department led DOSIS-3D cur during times of enhanced solar activity and can project [1,2], and by the MSL-RAD instrument on sometimes be recorded at the Earth’s surface by the surface of Mars [3,4,5] for which our Radiation ground-based Neutron Monitors (NMs); these Biology Department is co-investigator. Additional- events are then called ground level enhancements ly, numerical simulations of the event were per- (GLE). The most recent GLE occurred in September formed at the Department with GEANT4, a Mon- 2017 during a period of enhanced solar activity te-Carlo toolkit calculating the transport of parti- comprising two of the largest solar X-ray flares of cles through matter and complementing the the past decades. Images of NASA’s Solar Dynam- measurements of the radiation exposure [6]. Such ic Observatory (SDO) of the second of these flares calculations facilitate the further investigation of

Fig. 1: Extreme ultraviolet images of the 10 Sept 2017 flare taken by NASA's Solar Dynamic Observatory (left) and Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) proton (a), GOES X-ray (b) and Neutron Monitor measurements (c); adapted from [6].

62 Radiation Biology

Fig. 2: Dose rate in silicon measured by the DOSIS 3D-DOSTEL and ISS-RAD on-board the ISS (a) and calculated (b).

The cut-off rigidity RC (c) quantifies the magnetic shielding along the ISS trajectory; adapted from [1].

potential impacts of the event on the radiation While the measured and calculated dose on the exposure of humans in space in hypothetical fu- ISS during the event [1,2] corresponded to the ture scenarios, for instance exploration missions to equivalent of about half a day of typical exposure Moon and Mars. on the space station, the calculations showed The comparison of the data measured in geosta- that the exposure in a lightly shielded environ- tionary orbit, on-board the ISS and on the Martian ment in interplanetary space could have been surface showed that the impact of the event on considerable, reaching values which could have the dose rates and the particle intensity varied led to immediate radiation effects [6]. The inves- significantly depending on the measurement loca- tigation of the event which was observed with an tion. While the proton intensity measured in geo- unprecedented set of detectors at different loca- stationary orbit increased shortly after the X-ray tions in space and the comparison of measure- flare, corresponding increases in the dose rates ments and calculations significantly improved the were recorded about 7 hours later on the surface understanding of how such an event can impact of Mars and more than 12 hours later on-board human radiation exposures in different scenarios the ISS. The underlying reason for the different in space. responses to the event are the magnetic shielding in low Earth orbit (LEO) which varies over the ISS trajectory and the large distance between Earth Corresponding author: [email protected] and Mars in the ecliptic plane at the time of the event. Fig. 2 illustrates how the magnetic shielding [1] Berger et al., Space Weather 16, 2018 [2] Jiggens et al., Space Weather, 17, 2019 effect modulates the dose rates along the ISS tra- [3] Ehresmann et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 45, 2018 jectory. The energetic particles affect the dose [4] Zeitlin et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 45, 2018 rates only when the lowest magnetic shielding is [5] Hassler et al., Space Weather 16, 2018 [6] Matthiä et al., Space Weather 16, 2018 reached (lowest cut-off rigidity RC).

63 Refutation of a long-existing hypothesis: No correlation between desiccation and radiation tolerance

K. Beblo-Vranesevic 1, M. Bohmeier 1, A.K. Perras 2,3, P. Schwendner 4, E. Rabbow 1, C. Moissl-Eichinger 2,5, C.S. Cockell 4, P. Vannier 6, V.T. Marteinsson 6,7, E.P. Monaghan 8, P. Ehrenfreund 8,9, L. Garcia-Descalzo 10, F. Gómez 10, M. Malki 11, R. Amils 11, F. Gaboyer 12, F. Westall 12, P. Cabezas 13, N. Walter 13, P. Rettberg 1 1 Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany, 2 Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria, 3 Department of Microbiology and Archaea, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany, 4 UK Center for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, 5 BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria, 6 MATIS - Prokaria, Rey- kjavík, Iceland, 7 Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland, 8 Leiden Observatory, Universiteit Leiden, Leiden, Netherland, 9 Space Policy Institute, George Washington University, Washington DC, USA, 10 Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial - Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CAB), Madrid, Spain, 11 Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain, 12 Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Orléans, France, 13 European Science Foundation (ESF), Strasbourg, France

Anaerobic microorganisms are widely distributed Four facultative anaerobic and two obligate anaer- in Earth's extreme environments, yet we still know obic bacteria were isolated from extreme Mars ana- little about their physiology and their capacity to logue environments (deep subsurface, halite mine, adapt to extreme conditions. In particular, there is sulfidic anoxic spring, mineral-rich river) in the a paucity of studies whereby different anaerobic frame of the EU-funded MASE project (Mars Ana- microorganisms from extreme environments are logues for Space Exploration, grant agreement n° investigated to understand their diverse physiolog- 607297) [3]. The isolates were investigated under ical and metabolic capabilities. In this study, the anoxic conditions for their survivability after desic- two stressors of interest were the tolerance to pe- cation for up to 6 months and their tolerance to riods of water loss and the exposure to ionizing ionizing radiation up to 3000 Gy. The results indi- radiation. These stressors also occur in other ex- cated that tolerances to both stresses are highly treme environments, but their combination is rare. strain-specific features. Yersinia intermedia MASE- Microorganisms frequently experience periodic LG-1 showed a high desiccation tolerance but its desiccation in subaerial environments or during radiation tolerance was very low. The most radia- dispersal. Although most natural environments do tion-tolerant strains were Buttiauxella sp. MASE- not experience ionizing radiation beyond the level IM-9 and Halanaerobium sp. MASE-BB-1. In both of naturally occurring background radiation [1], cases, cultivable cells were detectable after an ex- this stress can be explored as a proxy for an organ- posure to 3 kGy of ionizing radiation, but cells only ism’s ability to repair general cell damage. Further- survived desiccation for 90 and 30 days, respective- more, there has often been claimed a correlation ly. The other investigated strains exhibited a desic- between desiccation and ionizing radiation resist- cation and radiation tolerance between that of ance, which is of interest to explore further. It is Buttiauxella sp. MASE-IM-9 and Yersinia intermedia suggested that the physiological basis and repair MASE-LG-1 (Fig. 1). These results indicated that mechanisms to counteract the stress-induced facultative and obligate anaerobic organisms living damage by radiation or desiccation might be in extreme environments possess varied spe- linked or might even be the same [2]. cies-specific tolerances to extremes [4, 5].

64 Radiation Biology

Fig. 1: Survival of the MASE isolates after anoxic desiccation (A-F) and after exposure to ionizing radiation under anoxic conditions (G-L). For desiccation experiments, the cells were applied to glass slides, dried and stored under anoxic conditions for up to 6 months. For anoxic irradiation experiments, the cells were exposed to ionizing radiation up to 3 kGy in liquid culture medium under anoxic conditions. Acidiphil- ium sp. PM (A, G), Buttiauxella sp. MASE- IM-9 (B, H), Clostridium sp. MASE-IM-4 (C, I), Halanaerobium sp. MASE-BB-1 (D, J), Tri- chococcus sp. MASE-IM-5 (E, K), Yersinia intermedia MASE-LG-1 (F, L). Solid lines are the survival curves fitted by hand based on

the survival data; N0 : viable cells without desiccation or without irradiation; N: viable cells after desiccation or without irradiation (n=3 with standard deviation); *: no viable cells detected.

These species-specific adaptation strategies could all correlation between tolerance to desiccation be a general adaptation to a (dry) habitat and the and ionizing radiation, suggesting that the physio- formation of cell aggregates and biofilms. Addi- logical basis of both forms of tolerances is not tionally, there are some intracellular factors which necessarily linked [8]. play a role inside the cells like specific (reactive oxygen species scavenging) enzymes and compat- Corresponding author: [email protected] ible solutes. Although a correlation between desiccation and ionizing radiation resistance has been [1] Thorne, J., Radiol. Prot. 23, 2003 hypothesized for some aerobic microorganisms [2] Mattimore & Battista, J., Bacteriol. 178, 1996 (like Deinococcus radiodurans [2], Chroococcidiop- [3] Cockell et al., Int. J. Astrobiol. 17, 2017 [4] Beblo-Vranesevic et al., FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 365, 2018 sis [6] and some haloarchaea [7]) our data from the [5] Beblo-Vranesevic et al., PloS One 12, 2017 MASE project, as well from earlier studies with [6] Billi et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66, 2000 other extremophilic (hyper-) thermophilic bacterial [7] Stan-Lotter & Fendrihan, Life 5, 2015 and archaeal strains showed that there is no over- [8] Beblo et al., Arch. Microbiol. 193, 2011

65 Intercellular communication in response to ionizing radiation

S. Diegeler, C. Baumstark-Khan, C.E. Hellweg Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany

Fig. 1: The surviving fraction of MEFs was assessed after direct exposure with increasing X-ray doses (purple) and after treatment with conditioned medium (blue).

One of the major limiting factors in human spaceflight is cosmic radiation. Exposure to space-relevant radiation qualities (such as accelerated heavy ion nuclei) can have detrimental effects on human health. Irradiated cells communicate with neighboring cells via secretion of signaling factors which can initiate radiation responses in non-irradiated cells [1]. Molecular understanding of these intercellular communi- cations helps to assess radiation risks and offers new opportunities for pharmacological mitiga- tion of harmful radiation effects.

66 Radiation Biology

Fig. 2: Relative senescence induction in MEFs exposed to X-rays (purple), treated with conditioned medium (blue) or treated with the DNA-damaging agent etoposide (green).

In order to analyze the intercellular communica- nescence, as shown in Figure 2 by treatment of tion, mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) were MEF cells with medium conditioned by cells ex- directly X-irradiated or treated with conditioned posed to moderate (4 Gy) and high (8 Gy) X-ray medium which contains signaling factors secret- doses (Fig. 2). ed by irradiated MEFs. The treatment modalities In conclusion, secreted factors from high-dose were compared for cellular survival and induc- irradiated cells can have detrimental effects on tion of permanent cell cycle arrest (senescence). neighboring, non-irradiated cells. The relevance As seen in Figure 1, while directly irradiated cells for space mission-relevant doses will be analyz- show a steep decrease in survival with decrease ed in future studies. in survival with increasing dose, cells treated with conditioned medium suffer a threshold-dependent drop to a lower survival level at condi- Corresponding author: [email protected] tioning doses higher than 2 Gy. [1] Diegeler & Hellweg, Front. Immunol. 8, 2017 Cells can respond to genotoxic stresses with a permanent proliferation stop – the stress-induced senescence – in order to protect the organism from neoplastic transformation. MEFs become senescent after treatment with the anti-cancer drug etoposide and after exposure to high X-ray doses (8 Gy). Intercellular communication with irradiated cells can also induce se-

67 Effect of space radiation and microgravity on the fungus Aspergillus niger

M. Cortesão 1, A. de Haas 1, R. Unterbusch 1, M. Laue 2, T. Schütze 3, V. Meyer 3, A. Fujimori 4, R. Moeller 1 1 Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany, 2 Robert Koch Institute (RKI), Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy, Berlin, Germany, 3 Department of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany, 4 National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (NIRS/QST), Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, Chiba, Japan

Fungi are able to colonize indoor-closed habitats stand the growth of fungi aboard spacecraft is such as space stations, growing in a variety of crucial for a successful future of space exploration. solid and liquid substrates – e.g., walls, windows, It will be important not only in the fungal mainte- life-support systems, etc.. Their growth is usually nance of similar indoor environments here on associated with material degradation and spore Earth, such as hospitals, but also in the fun- formation, which can pose a threat to both astro- gal-based production of pharmaceuticals, food nauts’ health and spacecraft safety, in particular and other compounds of interest, and assessing when in long-duration missions [1-4]. The outer future opportunities for biotechnology in space space environment is known to be challenging to [7]. Aspergillus niger is one of the predominant life mainly due to microgravity and space radiation fungi detected aboard the Russian Space Station [5-6]. As human space missions grow longer in (Mir) as well as the International Space Station duration and complexity, being able to under- (ISS) [4]. Despite its spaceflight relevance, A. niger

Fig. 1: LD90 – radiation dose at which there is only 10% survival, of Aspergillus niger spores of different strains after exposure to A) heavy ions (Fe and He ions) and X-rays (200 keV); and B) UV-C radiation at 254 nm. Energy and LET of the ions: He ions 150 MeV/n (2.2 keV/µm), Fe ions 500 MeV/n (200 keV/µm).

68 Radiation Biology

Fig. 2: Scanning electron microscopy images of the basal mycelium of different A. niger strains after growth in simulated microgravity (SMG), compared with growth under terrestrial gravity (Ground). Scale bars: 10 µm.

spore resistance to space radiation as well as its gravity environment (Fig. 2). It is important to note growth under spaceflight microgravity environ- that the doses used in this study are multiple times ment is not well characterized. Therefore, to un- higher than doses expected from traveling in derstand how space radiation affects A. niger space. For instance, a 180 day trip to Mars is cal- spores, spores of different strains having different culated to yield a dose of 0.66 ± 0.12 Gy. There- levels of pigmentation and DNA repair capabilities fore, it is not expected for A. niger spores to be were subjected to UV (254 nm) as well as to easily inactivated due to space radiation [9], sug- sparsely (X-rays) and densely (accelerated heavy gesting that current planetary protection guide- ion) ionizing radiation. With regard to space radi- lines may need revising to include the high resist- ation resistance, spores of A. niger were able to ance of fungal spores. Further studies should ad- withstand high doses of ionizing radiation: X-rays dress fungal spore resistance to combined

(lethal dose for 90% of the initial population LD90 environmental factors of the space environment

~ 350 Gy), helium and iron ion irradiation (LD90 ~ such as vacuum, air pressure, temperature fluctu- 500 Gy and ~ 100 Gy, respectively). Interestingly, ations and mixed types of radiation. In particular drying the spores before irradiation resulted in an testing to what extent vacuum dried A. niger increased sensitivity towards ionizing radiation spores are vulnerable to space radiation, since this (Fig. 1). Survivability after exposure to UV-C radia- condition was previously shown to increase radiation indicated high resistance of A. niger spores tion resistance of A. niger spores [10]. 2 (LD90 ~ 1000 J/m ) (Fig. 1) which is significantly higher than the LD90 of other microorganisms such as Deinococcus radiodurans. Moreover, ex- Corresponding author: [email protected] posure to high fluences of UV decreasedA. niger [1] Checinska et al., Microbiome 3, 2015 biofilm formation. To study how microgravity af- [2] Alekhova et al., Appl. Biochem. Microbiol. 41, 2005 fects the growth of A. niger, scanning electron [3] Novikova et al., Res. Microbiol. 157, 2006 microscopy (SEM) methodology [8] was used to [4] Klintworth et al., Acta Astronautica 44, 1999 study morphological and structural changes in- [5] Horneck et al., Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 74, 2010 duced by simulated microgravity (SMG) using cli- [6] Chancellor et al., Life 4, 2014 norotation, and under terrestrial gravity (1xg). The [7] Meyer et al., in Krull & Bley (eds) Filaments in Bioprocesses. Springer International 2015 data obtained suggest that simulated microgravity [8] Fuchs et al., J. Microbiol. Meth. 152, 2018 induces changes in colony thickness, and imply [9] Zeitlin et al., Science 340, 2013 that melanin plays a role in adapting to the low [10] Silverman et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 15, 1967

69 BIOFILMS: Influence of antimicrobial copper-surfaces on biofilm formation of Staphylococcus capitis

K. Siems 1, D. Müller 2, F. Mücklich 2, E. Grohmann 3, M. Laue 4, C. E. Hellweg 1, R. Moeller 1 1 Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany, 2 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany, 3 Beuth Hochschule für Technik, Fachbereich Life Sciences and Technologie, Berlin, Germany, 4 Robert Koch Institute (RKI), Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy, Berlin, Germany

Biofilms are accumulations of microorganisms that For the project, human-relevant bacterial strains adhere to surfaces and produce dense matrices of were selected. One of the selected strains is extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), which Staphylococcus capitis subsp. capitis K1-2-2-23, mainly include polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic which was isolated on the ISS from steel and is acids and lipids [1]. Long-term human missions to forming strong biofilms. To evaluate the antimi- space require methods for sustaining the health crobial efficacy of the surfaces against biofilm and safety of the crew. Therefore, microbiological formation, the adhesion of cells to the surfaces monitoring and reduction of contamination are was tested. For this, S. capitis subsp. capitis K1-2- important. Microbial biofilms are of special inter- 2-23 was incubated in direct contact with the est here because they can jeopardize astronauts’ surfaces for 24 h at 37 °C in liquid growth medi- health, can cause damage to spaceflight equip- um. A smooth steel plate and a smooth copper ment and are difficult to eliminate due to their in- plate were analyzed via scanning electron micros- creased resistance to antibiotics and disinfectants copy (SEM) after incubation (Fig. 1). [2]. However, the introduction of antimicrobial On steel surface a dense, flat layer of bacteria surfaces for medical, pharmaceutical and industri- was attached. These bacteria were cocci shaped al purposes has shown a unique potential for re- and embedded into a netlike biofilm matrix. In ducing and preventing biofilm formation. the matrix, intact cells with smooth cell walls ESA supports the International Space Station (ISS) were apparent and some of the embedded cells experiment BIOFILMS “Biofilm inhibition on flight were lysed, which is common in aged biofilms. equipment and on board the ISS using microbio- Occasionally, bacteria were arranged in piles and logically lethal metal surfaces". The main goal of some cells showed cleavage furrows in different the project is to evaluate the effect of microgravity stages, which indicates that bacteria were active- on biofilm formation on non-inhibitory surfaces ly reproducing within the biofilm. such as steel and on antimicrobial metal surfaces. Compared to steel, fewer cells adhered to the These surfaces are going to be composed of differ- copper surface. The cells were not producing EPS ent metals with and without nanostructures, since no biofilm matrix is apparent in the SEM which are generated by direct laser interference images. The cell wall was often coated with small patterning (DLIP). particles, which are most likely corrosion particles

70 Radiation Biology

Fig. 1: SEM images of Staphylococcus capitis subsp. capitis (strain K1-2-2-23: isolated aboard the ISS on steel) adhering to steel (left) and copper (right) after 24 h of incubation at 37 °C. Imaging: T2 detector, 2 kV, 100 – 25 pA, working distance: 2 mm, 20000-fold magnification (Michael Laue, RKI Berlin).

from the copper surface. Some cells were covered completely with these particles. The reduction of adherent cells to copper and the reduced EPS prodution might be caused by the release of copper ions from the surface into the medium, which damages and ultimately kills the cell [3]. Also, the direct contact of bacteria with the copper surface makes the cells more susceptible to damage by copper ions [4]. In further experiments (data not shown) it was observed that all copper containing surfaces reduced biofilm formation. Especially pure copper surfaces, which were structured with DLIP, were very efficient in reducing growth and biofilm formation ofS. capitis subsp. capitis K1-2-2-23. The obtained results lay the foundation for the BIOFILMS spaceflight project that will be conducted aboard the ISS and may provide suitable antimicrobial surfaces for spaceflight purposes.

Corresponding author: [email protected]

[1] Flemming and Wingender, Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 8, 2010 [2] Stewart and Costerton, Lancet 358, 2001 [3] Grass et al., Environ. Microbiol. 13, 2011 [4] Hans et al., Biointerphases 11, 2015

71 72 Gravitational Biology

Hauslage, J.; Berger, T.: Eu:CROPIS: Waste-management under lunar/Mars gravitation and long duration radiation measurements ��74

Frett, T. et al.: Effects of exercises in artificial gravity as a countermeasure for long-term human space flight �� 76

Liemersdorf, C. et al.: NeuroSpace: Changes in neuronal development indicated by live-cell imaging in hypergravity � 78

Hauslage, J., Hemmersbach, R.: Validation of ground-based facilities by means of a mechanosensitive biosensor �� 80

73 Eu:CROPIS: Waste-management under lunar/Martian gravitation and long duration radiation measurements

J. Hauslage, T. Berger Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany

Plant growth 1xg control in the ground model of The RAMIS (RAdiation Measurement In Space) detector Eu:CROPIS. mounted at the top surface of the satellite.

Life support systems are mandatory for long du- celeration force of 0.16 x g on the reference radi- ration space missions and closed habitats like us, which equals the acceleration on the surface space stations or planetary outposts, because it is of the Moon. After 6 months of lunar gravity, the impossible to carry along sufficient supplies of experiment will be terminated. The satellite will water, food and oxygen. All kinds of life support ramp up its rotation rate to achieve 31.6 rpm, systems have to withstand altered gravity and an generating 0.38 x g on the reference radius, enhanced radiation environment during human which is the acceleration on Mars and the second space exploration. set of experiments will start. A challenge in hu- The DLR compact satellite mission Eu:CROPIS man space flight is the processing of urine. Pres- (Euglena gracilis: Combined Regenerative Organ- ently, water is the only component recovered ic-food Production In Space) serves for the first from it, while all dissolved substances such as time as a test bed for investigating the behavior urea and salts are extracted and then discarded. of biological life support systems under lunar and In our approach, we follow the concept to use Martian gravity, which is achieved by rotation of these valuable commodities and include them in the satellite [1]. In parallel, the radiation environ- a closed system to grow fresh fruits and vegeta- ment is measured for one year at 600km altitude bles after proper conversion. Waste management and thus under the conditions humans will expe- means biodegradation of waste into food pro- rience during interplanetary missions. The NASA duction, closing of element cycles, as well as op- experiment PowerCells deals with synthetic biol- timization of plant growing in space, which bears ogy and in situ resource utilization (ISRU). also new technologies for agriculture on Earth in The satellite is a cylindrical container (1m diame- extreme environments [2,3]. ter x 1m height), with four solar panels (1m x 1m). Core element of the life support system is the DLR In orbit, the top side will face the sun, and it will C.R.O.P.® (Combined Regenerative Organic-food rotate to achieve altered gravity levels within the Production) system, a microbiological trickle filter payload: after a spin-up phase of several weeks, made from lava rock, providing a large number of it will reach about 20.5 rpm and generate an ac- different bacteria (Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter, etc.)

74 Gravitational Biology

Fig. 1: Successful launch of Eu:CROPIS on December 3, 2018.

with suitable habitats on and inside the porous models and in addition for further model develop- surface of the substrate [2,3]. Urea is decomposed ments. As a second aim the experiment will deter- to ammonia and CO2 and converted via nitrite to mine the variation of the galactic cosmic ray con- nitrate. The oxygen necessary for this reaction is tribution to the radiation field by measuring the initially provided by Euglena gracilis, a photosyn- relevant parameters in dependence of the orbit of thetic flagellate [4] and later on by tomato plants. the satellite. In a next step, analyzing the data All components of the biological experiment were gathered for the radiation field parameters, the designed and manufactured by DLR and the Uni- experiment will also provide the relevant quanti- versity of Erlangen. ties for radiation dosimetry as the absorbed dose, The RAMIS (RAdiation Measurement In Space) the energy deposition spectra and the relevant detector developed at our Institute measures the dose equivalent. radiation environment during the mission by After the successful launch on 3rd of December means of two RAMIS detectors. The first one is 2018, the satellite has reached its orbit and mounted at the top surface of the satellite under achieved the desired rotation speed (Fig. 1). very low shielding (which is only provided by the DLR Institutes involved: Institute for Space Sys- aluminum casing of the detector itself). The sec- tems, Institute for Aerospace Medicine, Institute ond one is positioned as a sensor for the primary for Composite Structures and Adaptive Systems, Eu:CROPIS payload and will provide radiation Space Observations and Astronaut Training. quantities and dosimetry for the biological samples. RAMIS uses an arrangement of two silicon detectors in telescope geometry, and enables to investigate the following scientific objectives: the Corresponding author: [email protected] first aim is the exact determination of the fluxes of [[1] Hauslage et al., Microgravity Sci. Technol. 30, 2018 protons and electrons in the Earth´s radiation [2] Bornemann et al., Life Sci. Space Res. 7, 2015 belts. These data will serve as input for the valida- [3] Bornemann et al., Life Sci. Space Res. 18, 2018 tion and benchmarking of current radiation field [4] Strauch et al., Int. J. Astrobiol. 44, 2017

75 Spin Your Thesis: Exercise in artificial gravity as a countermeasure for long-term human spaceflight

T. Frett 1, A. Noppe 1, G. Petrat 1, M. Arz 1, D. A. Green 2,3,4 1 Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany, 2 Space Medicine Team (HRE-OM), European Astronaut Centre, European Space Agency, Cologne, Germany, 3 KBRwyle GmbH, Cologne, Germany, 4 King’s College London, London, UK

Real and simulated weightlessness cause multiple gravity has also been associated with changes in the physiological changes in the human organism. For acid-base balance (mostly for dietary reasons), instance the absence of gravity results in a loss of which may contribute to progressive reduction of mechanical loading upon the muscles and bones bone, cartilage and muscle mass, particularly in the and in a redistribution of fluids in the body. Micro- lower extremities. Deconditioning is also observed in the cardiovascular system contributing to postflight orthostatic intolerance. Cognitive performance is critical for space missions and has been suggested to be negatively affected by the space environment and thus strategies to optimize psychological wellbeing are required [1]. Combination of artificial gravity (AG) provided by a human centrifuge (Short Arm Human Centrifuge, SAHC) and exercise has been proposed as a way to mitigate the physiological deconditioning associated with microgravity and thereby support human health during long-term space missions. However, research is needed to define which AG dose and mode of exercise should be part of a new training protocol during centrifugation [2]. Hence, the Spin your Thesis! – Human Edition programme from ESA in cooperation with the Ger- man Aerospace Center (DLR) provides the opportunity to university students to perform experimental research on the SAHC as part of this process. For the first campaign, the objectives of the three selected experiments were to • compare the effects of AG on skeletal muscle pump-mediated blood pressure modulation during a stand test before and after centrifugation, Fig. 1: Before and after centrifugation: Several physio- • investigate the effect of the g-force with exercise logical measurements (e.g. beat-to-beat blood pres- upon the height of the lumbar and cervical in- sure, ecg) during leg press exercises were recorded. tervertebral discs (IVD), and • determine psychological and physiological effects of music on stress reactions caused by changed gravity conditions. The study has been conducted using the SAHC in the :envihab building at DLR, Institute of Aero- space Medicine, at Cologne. Ten healthy male participants had been recruited.

76 Gravitational Biology

Table 1: General procedure of the centrifuge protocol

Measurement Duration [min] Comment Baseline 5 Passive baseline on the SAHC without rotation Ramp up 30-40 seconds Ramping up to +1Gz Baseline at +1Gz 5 Passive baseline on the SAHC with +1Gz rotation Exercise phase#1 5 5 min exercise at +1Gz CoM (6 squats/min) Ramp down 30-40 seconds Ramping down to full stop Break 10-15 In-between measurements Ramp up 30-40 seconds Ramping up to +1.5Gz Baseline at 1.5 Gz 5 Passive baseline on the SAHC with +1.5 Gz rotation Exercise phase#2 5 5 min exercise at +1.5 Gz CoM (6 squats/min) Ramp down few seconds Ramping down to full stop

Fig. 2: Ultrasound examinations of the intervertebral discs were one Fig. 3: All participants were familiarized with the experiment protocol. part of the experiments to investigate the effects of centrifugation on Safety checks and a continuous monitoring of vital parameters by a the disc height. physician are mandatory for each centrifuge experiment.

Each participant was selected by a medical screen- system was used to support the performance of ing done at DLR’s Aeromedical Center (AMC). The leg presses. medical examination consisted of a clinical-chemi- All participants completed the protocol. No drop- cal analysis (glucose, creatinine, urea, uric acid, outs occurred due to cardiovascular or sensori- SGOT, SGPT, γGT, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL), motor problems. The data were shared with ESA hematology (blood count), urine analysis (glucose, and the participating teams after completion of protein, urobilinogen), resting ECG, exercise test to the SAHC runs. The students’ groups analysed verify endurance capacity and a medical history. the complete data, publications of the results are All volunteers underwent a comprehensive clinical currently in the review process at different jour- assessment and gave a written informed consent nals. prior to the study. Each of them had been centrifuged at +1g and Corresponding author: [email protected] +1.5g at center of mass (CoM) in the supine position on the SAHC and performed four periods of [1] Clement et al., Artificial Gravity. Springer, 2007 leg press exercises during rotation. A linear sledge [2] Clement et al., NPJ Microgravity 3, 2017

77 NeuroSpace: Changes in neuronal development indicated by live-cell imaging in hypergravity

C. Liemersdorf, Y. Lichterfeld, T. Frett, R. Hemmersbach Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany

Fig. 1: Live-Cell Imaging Microscope on the Short-Arm Human Centrifuge at :envihab, DLR Cologne The "HyperScope" live cell imaging microscope, was installed on the short-am human centrifuge within the DLR :envihab. A swing-out platform enabled minimization of shear forces on the hardware. During extensive test scenarios, several modifications have been implemented optimizing the environment for the cells as well as the micro- scopic imaging routines.

The perception and neural integration of gravita- pocampal neurons as a cellular in vitro model for tional input is an appropriate example to investi- neuronal cells of the human brain as well as gate multisensory integration. Recent studies co-cultured astrocytes, the major type of glial have shown that altered gravity significantly af- cells, which are important for neuronal injury re- fects excitability of neuronal cells [1]. Altered pair, but also to provide nutrients and growth gravity can lead to an incorrect multisensory inte- factors to the neurons [2, 3, 4]. Live-cell imaging gration and in turn to a significant reduction in under hypergravity conditions was carried out by human performance. Conclusively, neuronal cells installing a live-cell imaging system (Zeiss Ax- and their signaling are sensitive to changes in io-Observer Z1) on the short-arm human centri- gravity conditions. Neuronal cells and especially fuge of the DLR :envihab facility (Fig. 1) [5]. their synaptic activity are therefore valuable tar- Astrocytic migratory characteristics are important gets in research applications. for future ex vivo or even in vivo studies, in which In order to investigate the role of altered gravity on astrocytes will be migrating towards a nervous cellular behavior, we used primary murine hip- tissue injury site in order to form a glial scar to

78 Gravitational Biology

Fig. 2: Live Measurement of Astrocyte Migration under 2g Hypergravity Primary murine cortical astrocytes were exposed to 2xg hypergravity conditions for 9h or kept at 1xg normal gravity as a control. (A) A confluent monolayer of primary astrocytes was subjected to the wound-healing assay. Time-lapse images were selected from a defined region for time points 0h to 9h. (B) The individual samples derived from n=3 independent cultures were analyzed with regard to their migration rate in µm each for 1µm of total scratch length for every time point during the 9h exposure time. The inter-individual variation is within expected margins for each 1xg and 2xg sample. (C) Comparing the mean migration rate of astrocytes exposed to 1xg (circles) or 2xg hypergravity (squares) indicates a significant (p=0.0014) decrease in migration velocity of approx. 20% due to the impact of hypergravity.

counteract neuronal regeneration processes. Thus, Further, the stimulation of the cells with pharmaco- primary astrocytes were exposed to 2xg hyper- logical substances will identify underlying mecha- gravity and their migratory behavior was analyzed. nisms of cytoskeletal rearrangements, which are The cells were inhibited to start migrating com- thought to be responsible for the occurring chang- pared to normal gravity conditions (Fig. 2). The es, such as the migratory deficit of astrocytes under mean migration rate revealed an approx. 20% enhanced gravity conditions. decrease of migration velocity of astrocytes at 2xg hypergravity than control cells derived from the Corresponding author: [email protected] same culture at 1xg.

For future studies, a longer exposure and imaging [1] Ritzmann et al., Microgravity Sci. Technol. 29, 2017 time of approx. 24h instead of 9h will yield insight [2] Dotti et al., J. Neurosci. 8, 1988 into the adaptation rate of the cells to altered grav- [3] Bradke & Dotti, Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 10, 2000 ity conditions. Importantly, neuronal activity meas- [4] Kaech & Banker, Nat. Protocols 1, 2006 ured by calcium-dependent imaging is a next aim. [5] Frett et al., Microgravity Sci. Technol. 28, 2016

79 Validation of ground-based facilities by means of a mechanosensitive biosensor

J. Hauslage, R. Hemmersbach Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany

Limited access to space flight opportunities moti- ameter of the sample cuvettes is kept small (in vated developments to achieve microgravity con- the range of below 4mm) and placed in the ditions - to at least some extent - in the Earth center of rotation. Our 2D clinostats are con- laboratory in order to prepare space experiments stantly rotating in one direction, thereby inducing and obtain indications upon gravity-related sign- a static change of the gravity vector in relation to aling pathways. Though gravity has been the only the sample. In turn, sedimentation is prevented, constant environmental factor during evolution, which is the basic mechanism of gravisensing. experimenters try to create a condition in which a Heavy masses with a higher density than the sur- biological system abandons its orientation with rounding medium have to sediment, thereby acti- respect to gravity, and, under optimal conditions, vating a physiological signal transduction chain even does no longer perceive gravity and experi- which results in a graviresponse. Random Posi- ences conditions similar to weightlessness. tioning Machines (RPMs), another type of The principle of a two-dimensional (2D) clinostat, ground-based experimental platforms, are char- which we apply in our experiments, works as acterized by two rotation axes, gimbal-mounted follows: samples in cuvettes are rotated around and rotated with randomly changing the speed one axis which is oriented perpendicular to the as well as the direction of rotation. It is assumed direction of the Earthly gravity vector. In order to that over time the gravity level approaches zero keep accelerations as minimal as possible, the di- (for review see [1]).

Fig. 1: Ground-based facilities for the simulation of microgravity for small biological systems. Fast-rotating clinostats (DLR) are characterized by one rotation axis and have been designed for on-line microscopy (a), cultivation of cells in suspension (b) or adherent cell cultures (c). Random Positioning Machine (Airbus Defense and Space Netherlands) (d).

80 Gravitational Biology

In order to demonstrate potential impacts of these two kinds of simulation approaches – clinorotation versus random positioning - we applied a fast reacting biosensor, the dinoflagellate Pyrocystis noctiluca [2]. Deformation of the cell membrane of P. noctiluca due to shear stress results in a detectable bioluminescence emission, which can be measured by photomultipliers. We exposed P. noctiluca to different microgravity simulation methods. Cells in an RPM operated with random velocities and directions showed significantly greater mechanical stress as indicated by the bioluminescence signal compared to clinostat experiments and thus constant rotation around one axis. We conclude that, in contrast to an RPM, one axis clinorotation induces a substantially less non-gravitational stimulation through shear forces. Therefore, we apply clinostats as our preferred means to simulate microgravity in ongoing cell biological experiments. In some cases, a direct comparison with results obtained in real microgravity was already possible and validated 2D clinorotation as an appropriate method to simulate microgravity for some questions in gravitational biology [1]. In order to guarantee a high quality of simulation, a small sample volume and consequently a restricted experimental time have to be taken into account. Fig. 2: Bioluminescence of P. noctiluca, seen in nature as Ground-based facilities provide the opportunity ocean lighting and used as biosensor for mechanical to prepare space experiments and learn about stress (top). Bottom: After a relaxation time of 3600s the sensitivity and behavior of the biological sys- and thus achievement of a stable level of emitted pho- tem of interest. However, operation modes tons, the platform was started first in the clinostat mode should be carefully considered in order to avoid a and thereafter in the RPM mode. The differences in photons produced by the dinoflagellates clearly demon- misinterpretation of results impacted by external strate the mechanical stimulation, which is negligible in forces resulting in stress responses. the clinostat, but significant in the RPM mode [2].

Corresponding author: [email protected]

[1] Brungs et al., Microgravity Sci. Technol. 28, 2016 [2] Hauslage et al., npj Microgravity 3, 2017

81 82 Publications �� 84

Events, Presentations, Talks �� 94 Institute Lectures �� 94 Workshops, Events, Seminars at the Institute �� 95 Teaching Activities �� 97

Graduations �� 98

Awards �� 99

Patents �� 99

Imprint �� xx

83 Publications

Journal articles (peer-reviewed) Bartels, S., Rooney, D., Müller, U. (2018) Assessing aircraft noise-induced annoyance around a major German airport Acharya, A., Brungs, S., Henry, M., Rotshteyn, T., Yaduvanshi, and its predictors via telephone survey – The COSMA N.S., Wegener, L., Jentzsch, S., Hescheler, J., Hemmersbach, study. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environ- R., Boeuf, H., Sachinidis, A. (2018) Modulation of differentia- ment, 59, 246-258. Elsevier. ISSN 1361-9209 tion processes in murine embryonic stem cells exposed to parabolic flight-induced acute hypergravity and micro- Basner, M., Nasrini, J., Hermosillo, E., McGuire, S., Dinges, D., gravity. Stem Cells and Development, 27 (12), 838-847. Mary Moore, T., Gur, R., Rittweger, J., Mulder, E., Wittkowski, M., Ann Liebert. Donoviel, D., Stevens, B., Bershad, E. (2018) Effects of -12° DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0294 ISSN 1547-3287. head-down tilt with and without elevated levels of CO2 on cognitive performance: the SPACECOT study. Journal of Ap- André, N., Grande, M., Achilleos, N., Barthélémy, M., Bouchemit, plied Physiology, 124 (3), 750-760. American Physiological Soci- M., Benson, K., Blelly, P.-L., Budnik, E., Caussarieu, S., Cecconi, ety. ISBN 29357516. ISSN 8750-7587. B., Cook, T., Génot, V., Guio, P., Goutenoir, A., Grison, B., Hueso, R., Indurain, M., Jones, G.H., Lilensten, J., Marchaudon, A., Mat- Beblo-Vranesevic, K., Bohmeier, M., Perras, A.K., Schwend- thiä, D., Opitz, A., Rouillard, A., Stanislawska, I., Soucek, J., Tao, ner, P., Rabbow, E., Moissl-Eichinger, C., Cockell, C.S., Vannier, C., Tomasik, L., Vaubaillon, J. (2018) Virtual planetary space P., Marteinsson, V.T., Monaghan, E.P., Ehrenfreund, P., Gar- weather services offered by the Europlanet H2020 Re- cia-Descalzo, L., Gómez, F., Malki, M., Amils, R., Gaboyer, F., search Infrastructure. Planetary and Space Science, 150, 50- Westall, F., Cabezas, P., Walter, N., Rettberg, P. (2018) Lack of 59. Elsevier. correlation of desiccation and radiation tolerance in micro- DOI: 10.1016/j.pss.2017.04.020. ISSN 0032-0633. organisms from diverse extreme environments tested under anoxic conditions. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 365 (6). Appel, J. K., Köhler, J., Guo, J., Ehresmann, B., Zeitlin, C., Mat- Oxford University Press. thiä, D., Lohf, H., Wimmer-Schweingruber, R.F., Hassler, D., DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny044. ISSN 0378-1097. Brinza, D.E., Böhm, E., Böttcher, S., Martin, C., Burmeister, S., Reitz, G., Rafkin, S., Posner, A., Peterson, J., Weigle, G. (2018) Beck, P., Tank, J., Gauger, P., Beck, L., Zirngibl, H., Jordan, J., Detecting upward directed charged particle fluxes in the Limper, U. (2018) Modeling human orthostatic responses Mars Science Laboratory Radiation Assessment Detector. on the Moon and on Mars. Clinical Autonomic Research, 3, Earth and Space Science, 5 (1), 2-18. American Geophysical Un- 325-332. ion (AGU). DOI: 10.1007/s10286-018-0527-x. ISSN 0959-9851. DOI: 10.1002/2016ea000240. ISSN 2333-5084. Berger, T., Matthiä, D., Burmeister, S., Rios, R., Lee, K., Semo- Bak, E.N., Larsen, M.G., Jensen, S.K., Nørnberg, P., Moeller, R., nes, E., Hassler, D.M., Stoffle, N., Zeitlin, C. (2018) The Solar Finster, K. (2018) Wind-driven saltation: an overlooked chal- particle event on 10 September 2017 as observed on-board lenge for life on Mars. Astrobiology, 19 (4), 497-505. Mary the International Space Station (ISS). Space Weather, 16, Ann Liebert Inc. 1173.1189. Wiley. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1856. ISSN 1531-1074. DOI: 10.1029/2018SW001920. ISSN 1542-7390.

Baque, M., Hanke, F., Böttger, U., Leya, T., Moeller, R., de Vera, Birkenfeld, A.L., Jordan, J., Dworak, M., Merkel, T., Burnstock, J.-P. (2018) Protection of cyanobacterial carotenoids' Ra- G. (2018) Myocardial metabolism in heart failure: Puriner- man signatures by Martian mineral analogues after high- gic signalling and other metabolic concepts. Pharmacology dose gamma irradiation. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 49 and Therapeutics, 194, 132-144. (10), 1617-1627. Wiley. DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.08.015. ISSN 0163-7258. DOI: 10.1002/jrs.5449. ISSN 0377-0486.

84 Publications

Bornemann, G., Waßer, K., Hauslage, J. (2018) The influ- Djonlagic, I., Aeschbach, D., Harrison, S.L., Dean, D., Yaffe, K., ence of nitrogen concentration and precipitation on ferti- Ancoli-Israel, S., Stone, K., Redline, S. (2018) Associations be- lizer production from urine using a trickling filter. Life tween quantitative sleep EEG and subsequent cognitive Sciences in Space Research, 18, 12-20. Elsevier. decline in older women. Journal of Sleep Research, e12666. DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2018.04.003. ISSN 2214-5524. Wiley. DOI: 10.1111/ jsr.12666. ISSN 0962-1105. Bruder, C., Schulze Kissing, D. (2018) DLR COCO-Symposi- um about collaborative operations in control rooms (meet- Djouiai, B., Thwaite, J.E., Laws, T.R., Commichau, F.M., Setlow, ing report). Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors, 8, B., Setlow, P., Moeller, R. (2018) Role of DNA repair and pro- 58-61. Hogrefe. ISSN 2192-0931. tective components in Bacillus subtilis spore resistance to inactivation by 400 nm blue light. Applied and Environmental Caiani, E.G., Landreani, F., Costantini, L., Mulder, E., Gerlach, Microbiology, 84, 19, AEM.01604-18. American Society for Mi- D.A., Vaida, P., Migeotte, P.-F. (2018) Mitral and aortic flow crobiology. adaptation to 58-days head-down bed-rest assessed by PC- DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01604-18. ISSN 0099-2240. MRI, and effectiveness of high-intensity jump training countermeasure. European Heart Journal, Suppl. 1, P874. Ehresmann, B., Hassler, D.M., Zeitlin, C., Guo, J., Wimmer-Schwe- DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy564.P874. ISSN 0195-668X. ingruber, R.F., Matthiä, D., Lohf, H., Burmeister, S., Rafkin, S.C.R., Berger, T., Reitz, G. (2018) Energetic particle radia- Chishti, A.A., Baumstark-Khan, C., Koch, K., Kolanus, W., Fe- tion environment observed by RAD on the surface of Mars les, S., Konda, B., Azhar, A., Spitta, L.F., Henschenmacher, during the September 2017 event. Geophysical Research B., Diegeler, S., Schmitz, C., Hellweg, C.E. (2018) Linear Letters, 45, 5305-5311. Wiley. energy transfer modulates radiation-induced NF-kappa B DOI: 10.1029/2018GL077801. ISSN 0094-8276. activation and expression of its downstream target genes. Radiation Research, 189, 354-370. Radiation Research Society. Elmenhorst, E.-M., Elmenhorst, D., Benderoth, S., Kroll, T., DOI: 10.1667/RR14905.1. ISSN 0033-7587. Bauer, A., Aeschbach, D. (2018) Cognitive impairments by alcohol and sleep deprivation indicate trait characteristics Chobanyan-Jürgens, C., Heusser, K., Duncker, D., Veltmann, C., and a potential role for adenosine A1 receptors. Proceed- May, M., Mehling, H., Luft, F.C., Schröder, C., Jordan, J., Tank, ings of the National Academy of Science, 115, 8009-8014. Na- J. (2018) Cardiac pacemaker channel (HCN4) inhibition and tional Academy of Sciences. atrial arrhythmogenesis after releasing cardiac sympathet- DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1803770115. ISSN 0027-8424. ic activation. Scientific Reports, 8. Nature Publishing Group. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26099-9. ISSN 2045-2322. Elmenhorst, E.-M., Elmenhorst, D. (2018) Risiko Schlafman- gel. Spektrum der Wissenschaft (6), 42-50. Spektrum der Wis- Copeland, K., Matthiä, D., Meier, M.M. (2018) Solar cosmic senschaft. ISSN 0170-2971. ray dose rate assessments during GLE 72 using MIRA and PANDOCA. Space Weather, 16, 969-976. Wiley. Engeli, S., Stinkens, R., Heise, T., May, M., Goossens, G.H., Blaak, DOI: 10.1029/2018SW001917. ISSN 1542-7390. E.E., Jax, T., Albrecht, D., Pal, P., Tegtbur, U., Haufe, S., Langen- ickel, T.H., Jordan, J. (2018) Effect of Sacubitril/Valsartan on Debevec, T., Ganse, B., Mittag, U., Eiken, O., Mekjavic, I.B., Rit- exercise-induced lipid metabolism in patients with obesity tweger, J. (2018) Hypoxia aggravates inactivity-related and hypertension. Hypertension, 71, 70-77. American Heart muscle wasting. Frontiers in Physiology, 9, 1-10. Frontiers Me- Association, Inc.. dia S.A. DOI: 10.1161/ HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.10224. ISSN 0194 -911X. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00494. ISSN 1664-042X.

85 Fanciulli, A., Jordan, J., Biaggioni, I., Calandra-Buonaura, G., Fujimori, A., Beblo-Vranesevic, K., Leuko, S., Moeller, R. Cheshire, W.P., Cortelli, P., Eschlboeck, S., Grassi, G., Hilz, M.J., (2018) Studying the effects of galactic cosmic radiation on Kaufmann, H., Lahrmann, H., Manica, G., Mayer, G., Nor- astro- and microbiological model systems. Seitai no kagaku cliffe-Kaufmann, L., Pavy-Le Traon, A., Raj, S.R., Robertson, D., (Science of human body), 69, 1-8. Tōkyō : Igaku Shoin, 1967. Rocha, I., Struhal, W., Thijs, R., Tsioufis, K.P., van Dijk, J.G., Wen- ISSN 0370-9531. ning, G.K. (2018) Consensus statement on the definition of neurogenic supine hypertension in cardiovascular auto- Gassner, S., Oubaid, V., Hampe, W., Zöllner, C (2018) Frage- nomic failure by the American Autonomic Society (AAS) bogenbasierte Anforderungsanalyse für das Berufsbild and the European Federation of Autonomic Societies des Anästhesiologen [questionnaire-based specification (EFAS). Clinical Autonomic Research, 28, 355-362. analysis for the occupational profile of anaesthesiologists]. DOI: 10.1007/s10286-018-0529-8. ISSN 0959-9851. Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, 59), 114-120. DIOmed Ver- lags GmbH. ISSN 0170-5334. Fiebrandt, M., Hillebrand, B., Lackmann, J.-W., Raguse, M., Mo- eller, R., Awakowicz, P., Stapelmann, K. (2018) Inactivation of Guo, J., Zeitlin, C., Wimmer-Schweingruber, R.F., McDole, T., B. subtilis spores by low pressure plasma—influence of Kühl, P., Appel, J.C., Matthiä, D., Krauss, J., Köhler, J. (2018) A optical filters and photon/particle fluxes on the inactiva- generalized approach to model the spectra and radiation tion efficiency. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 51, dose rate of solar particle events on the surface of Mars. 045401. Institute of Physics (IOP) Publishing. The Astronomical Journal, 155, 49. IOP Publishing. DOI: 10.1088/1361-6463/aa9f0a. ISSN 0022-3727. DOI: 10.3847/1538-3881/aaa085. ISSN 0004-6256.

Floreani, M., Rejc, E., Taboga, P., Ganzini, A., Pisot, R., Simunic, Hahn, C., Hans, M., Hein, C., Dennstedt, A., Mücklich, F., Rett- B., Biolo, G., Reggiani, C., Passaro, A., Narici, M., Rittweger, J., berg, P., Hellweg, C.E., Leichert, L.I., Rensing, C., Moeller, R. di Prampero, P., Lazzer, S. (2018) Effects of 14 days of bed rest (2018) Antimicrobial properties of ternary eutectic alumi- and following physical training on metabolic cost, me- num alloys. BioMetals, 31, 759-770. Springer. chanical work, and efficiency during walking in older and DOI: 10.1007/s10534-018-0119-1. ISSN 0966-0844. young healthy males. PLoS One, 13, 1-18. Public Library of Science (PLoS). Haslbeck, A., Hörmann, H.-J., Gontar, P. (2018) Stirring the DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194291. ISBN PMID 29529070. ISSN pot: comparing stick input patterns and flight-path control 1932-6203. strategies in airline pilots. The International Journal of Aero- space Psychology, 28, 1-16. Taylor & Francis. Floreani, M., Taboga, P., Botter, A., Toniolo, L., Cancellara, L., DOI: 10.1080/24721840.2018.1481343 ISSN 2472-1840. Narici, M.V., Simunic, B., Pisot, R., Biolo, G., Passaro, A., Rittwe- ger, J., Reggiani, C., Lazzer, S. (2018) Loss of maximal explo- Hassler, D.M., Zeitlin, C., Ehresmann, B., Wimmer-Schweingru- sive power of lower limbs after two weeks of disuse and ber, R.F., Guo, J., Matthiä, D., Rafkin, S., Berger, T., Reitz, G. incomplete recovery after retraining in older adults. The (2018) Space weather on the surface of Mars: impact of the Journal of Physiology, 596, 647-665. Wiley. September 2017 events. Space Weather 16, 1702-1708. Wiley. DOI: 10.1113/JP274772. ISBN 29266264. ISSN 0022-3751. DOI: 10.1029/2018SW001959. ISSN 1542-7390.

Fuchs, F.M., Holland, G., Moeller, R., Laue, M. (2018) Directed Hauslage, J., Strauch, S.M., Eßmann, O., Haag, F.W.M., Richter, freeze-fracturing of Bacillus subtilis biofilms for conven- P., Krüger, J., Stoltze, J., Becker, I., Nasir, A., Bornemann, G., tional scanning electron microscopy. Journal of Microbiologi- Müller, H., Delovski, T., Berger, T., Rutczynska, A., Maršálek, cal Methods, 152, 165-172. Elsevier. K., Lebert, M. (2018) Eu:CROPIS - Euglena gracilis: Combined DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2018.08.005. ISSN 0167-7012. Regenerative Organic-food Production in Space - a space experiment testing biological life support systems under Lunar and Martian gravity. Microgravity Science and Technol- ogy, 30, 933-942. Springer. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-018-9654-1. ISSN 0938-0108

86 Publications

He, L., Wang, S., Cortesao, M., Wu, M., Moeller, R., Setlow, P., Holz, O., Heusser, K., Müller, M., Windt, H., Schwarz, K., Schin- Li, Y. (2018) Single-cell analysis reveals individual spore re- dler, C., Tank, J., Hohlfeld, J.M., Jordan, J. (2018) Airway and sponses to simulated space vacuum. npj Microgravity, 4. Na- systemic inflammatory responses to ultrafine carbon black ture Publishing Group. particles and ozone in older healthy subjects. Journal of DOI: 10.1038/s41526-018-0059-7. ISSN 2373-8065. Toxicology and Environmental Health - Part A: Current Issues, 81, 576-588. Taylor & Francis. Hellweg, C.E., Berger, T., Baumstark-Khan, C. (2018) Strahl- DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2018.1463331. ISSN 1528-7394. enrisiko auf Langzeitraumflügen. Flugmedizin Tropenmedizin Reisemedizin, 25, 205-212. Georg Thieme Verlag. Ivanova, K., Eiermann, P., Tsiockas, W., Hemmersbach, R., DOI: 10.1055/a-0748-7956. ISSN 1864-4538. Gerzer, R. (2018) Differential regulation of cGMP signaling in human melanoma cells at altered gravity: simulated mi- Hellweg, C.E., Chishti, A.A., Diegeler, S., Spitta, L.F., Hen- crogravity down-regulates cancer-related gene expression schenmacher, B., Baumstark-Khan, C. (2018) Molecular and motility. Microgravity Science and Technology, 30, 457- signaling in response to charged particle exposures and its 467. Springer. importance in particle therapy. International Journal of Parti- DOI: 10.1007/s12217-018-9611-z ISSN 0938-0108. cle Therapy, 5, 60-73. Particle Therapy Cooperative Group. DOI: 10.14338/IJPT-18-00016.1. ISSN 2331-5180. Jiggens, P., Clavie, C., Evans, H., O'Brien, T.P., Witasse, O., Mi- shev, A. L., Nieminen, P., Daly, E., Kalegaev, V., Vlasova, N., Bor- Hellweg, C.E., Spitta, L., Koch, K., Chishti, A.A., Henschen- isov, S., Benck, S., Poivey, C., Cyamukungu, M., Mazur, J., Heyn- macher, B., Diegeler, S., Konda, B., Feles, S., Schmitz, C., derickx, D., Sandberg, I., Berger, T., Usoskin, I. G., Paassilta, M., Berger, T., Baumstark-Khan, C. (2018) The role of the nucle- Vainio, R., Straube, U., Müller, D., Sánchez-Cano, B., Hassler, D., ar factor κB pathway in the cellular response to low and Praks, J., Niemelä, P., Leppinen, H., Punkkinen, A., Aminalra- high linear energy transfer radiation. International Journal of gia-Giamini, S., Nagatsuma, T. (2018) In-situ data and effect Molecular Sciences, 19 (8), 2220. Multidisciplinary Digital Pub- correlation during September 2017 solar particle event. lishing Institute (MDPI). Space Weather, 17, 99-117. Wiley. DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082220. ISSN 1661-6596. DOI: 10.1029/2018SW001936. ISSN 1542-7390.

Hennecke, E., Elmenhorst, D., Mendolia, F., Putzke, M., Bau- Jordan, J., Biaggioni, I. (2018) Letter by Jordan and Biaggioni er, A., Aeschbach, D., Elmenhorst, E.-M. (2018) Reestablish- regarding article, "Particulate Matter Exposure and Stress ment of individual sleep structure during a single 14-h re- Hormone Levels: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover covery sleep episode after 58 h of wakefulness. Journal of Trial of Air Purification". Circulation, 137, 1205-1206. Sleep Research, 28, e12641. Wiley. DOI: 10.1007/s10286-018-0505-3 ISSN 0009-7322. DOI: 10.1111/ jsr.12641. ISSN 0962-1105. Jordan, J., Birkenfeld, A.L., Melander, O., Moro, C. (2018) Natriu- Heusser, K., Thöne, A., Lipp, A., Menne, J., Beige, J., Reuter, H., retic peptides in cardiovascular and metabolic crosstalk. Hy- Hoffmann, F., Halbach, M., Eckert, S., Wallbach, M., Koziolek, pertension, 72, 270-276. American Heart Association, Inc. M., Haarmann, H., Joyner, M., Paton, J.F.R., Diedrich, A., Haller, DOI: 10.1161/ HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.11081. ISSN 0194 -911X. H., Jordan, J., Tank, J. (2018) The efficacy of electrical baroreflex activation therapy is independent of peripheral Jordan, J., Grassi, G. (2018) The norepinephrine transporter chemoreceptor modulation. FASEB Journal, 32, 1_Suppl., deserves more attention. Journal of Hypertension, 36, 1472- 884-886. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Bi- 1474. Wolters Kluver Health. ology. ISSN 0892-6638. DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000001757. ISSN 0263-6352.

Jordan, J., Kurschat, C., Reuter, H. (2018) Arterial hypertension. Deutsches Ärzteblatt, 115, 557-568. Deutscher Ärzte-Ver- lag GmbH. DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2018.0557. ISSN 0012-1207.

87 Kaufmann, H., Jordan, J. (2018) The Clinical Autonomic Re- Kotsis, V., Tsioufis, K., Antza, C., Seravalle, G., Coca, A., Sierra, search journal 2018 and onward. Clinical Autonomic Re- C., Lurbe, E., Stabouli, S., Jelakovic, B., Redon, J., Nilsson, P.M., search, 28, 1-2. Jordan, J., Micic, D., Finer, N., Leitner, D.R., Toplak, H., Tokgozo- DOI: 10.1007/s10286-018-0505-3. ISSN 0959-9851. glu, L., Athyros, V., Elisaf, M., Filippatos, T.D., Grassi, G. (2018) Obesity and cardiovascular risk: a call for action from the Keijsers, J.M.T., Leguy, C.A.D., Narracott, A.J., Rittweger, J., European Society of Hypertension Working Group of Obe- van de Vosse, F.N., Huberts, W. (2018) Modeling regulation of sity, Diabetes and the High-risk Patient and European As- vascular tone following muscle contraction: Model devel- sociation for the Study of Obesity: part B obesity-induced opment, validation and global sensitivity analysis. Journal cardiovascular disease, early prevention strategies and fu- of Computational Science, 24, 143-159. Elsevier. ture research directions. Journal of Hypertension, 36 7, 1441- DOI: 10.1016/j.jocs.2017.04.007. ISSN 1877-7503. 1455. Wolters Kluver Health. DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000001731. ISSN 0263-6352. Klug, L., Mahler, A., Rakova, N., Mai, K., Schulz-Menger, J., Rahn, G., Busjahn, A., Jordan, J., Boschmann, M., Luft, F.C. Krause, L., Braun, M., Hauslage, J., Hemmersbach, R. (2018) (2018) Normobaric hypoxic conditioning in men with meta- Analysis of statoliths displacement in Chara rhizoids for bolic syndrome. Physiological Reports, 6, e13949. Wiley. validating the microgravity-simulation quality of clinorota- DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13949. ISSN 2051-817X. tion modes. Microgravity Science and Technology, 30, 229- 236. Springer. Koltai, E., Bori, Z., Osvath, P., Ihasz, F., Peter, S., Toth, G., Degens, DOI: 10.1007/s12217-017-9580-7. ISSN 0938-0108. H., Rittweger, J., Boldogh, I., Radak, Z. (2018) Master athletes have higher miR-7, SIRT3 and SOD2 expression in skeletal Locher, B., Piquerez, A., Habermacher, M., Ragettli, M., Röösli, M., muscle than age-matched sedentary controls. Redox Biolo- Brink, M., Cajochen, C., Vienneau, D., Foraster, M., Müller, U., gy, 19, 46-51. Elsevier. Wunderli, J.M. (2018) Differences between outdoor and in- DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.07.022. ISSN 2213-2317. door sound levels for open, tilted, and closed windows. In- ternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Kotsis, V., Jordan, J., Micic, D., Finer, N., Leitner, D.R., Toplak, H., 15, 1-16. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). Tokgozoglu, L., Athyros, V., Elisaf, M., Filippatos, T.D., Redon, J., DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15010149. ISSN 1661-7827. Redon, P., Antza, C., Tsioufis, K., Grassi, G., Seravalle, G., Coca, A., Sierra, C., Lurbe, E., Stabouli, S., Jelakovic, B., Nilsson, P.M. Lützenberg, R., Solano, K., Buken, C., Sahana, J., Riwaldt, S., (2018) Obesity and cardiovascular risk: a call for action Kopp, S., Krüger, M., Schulz, H., Saar, K., Huebner, N., Hem- from the European Society of Hypertension Working mersbach, R., Bauer, J., Infanger, M., Grimm, D., Wehland, M. Group of Obesity, Diabetes and the High-risk Patient and (2018) Pathway analysis hints towards benefcial effects of European Association for the Study of Obesity: part A: long-term vibration on human chondrocytes. Cellular Physi- mechanisms of obesity induced hypertension, diabetes ology and Biochemistry, 47, 1729-1741. S. Karger AG. and dyslipidemia and practice guidelines for treatment. DOI: 10.1159/00049100. ISSN 1015-8987. Journal of Hypertension, 36, 1427-1440. Wolters Kluver Health. DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000001730. ISSN 0263-6352. Maier, J., Marggraf-Micheel, C., Zinn, F., Dehne, T., Bosbach, J. (2018) Ceiling-based cabin displacement ventilation in an aircraft passenger cabin: analysis of thermal comfort. Build- ing and Environment, 146, 29-36. Elsevier. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.09.031. ISSN 0360-1323.

Manuel, J., Nazarenko, N., Heusser, K., Tank, J., Jordan, J., Beissner, F. (2018) Deciphering the neural signature of human blood pressure control. FASEB Journal, 31, 1_Suppl, 114.12. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biolo- gy. ISSN 0892-6638.

88 Publications

Mariani, S., Tarokh, L., Djonlagic, I., Cade, B.E., Morrical, M.G., Mittelstaedt, J., Wacker, J., Stelling, D. (2018) Emotional and Yaffe, K., Stone, K.L., Loparo, K.A., Purcell, S., Redline, S., cognitive modulation of cybersickness: the role of pain Aeschbach, D. (2018) Evaluation of an automated pipeline catastrophizing and body awareness. Human Factors. SAGE for large-scale EEG spectral analysis: the National Sleep Publications. Research Resource. Sleep Medicine, 47, 126-136. Elsevier. DOI: 10.1177/0018720818804382. ISSN 0018-7208 (im Druck) DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2017.11.1128. ISSN 1389-9457. Mittelstaedt, J., Wacker, J., Stelling, D. (2018) VR aftereffect Marshall-Goebel, K., Stevens, B., Rao, C.V., Suarez, J.I., Calvillo, and the relation of cybersickness and cognitive perfor- E., Arbeille, P., Sangi-Haghpeykar, H., Donoviel, D., Mulder, E., mance. Virtual Reality, 23, 143-154. Springer. Bershad, E.M. (2018) Internal jugular vein volume during DOI: 10.1007/s10055-018-0370-3. ISSN 1359-4338 head-down tilt and carbon dioxide exposure in the SPACE- COT study. Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance, 89, Müller, M., Shimizu, T., Binder, S., Rettberg, P., Zimmermann, J.L., 351-356. Aerospace Medical Association. Morfill, G.E., Thomas, H. (2018) Plasma afterglow circulation DOI: 10.3357/AMHP.4934.2018. ISBN 29562964. ISSN 2375-6314. apparatus for decontamination of spacecraft equipment. AIP Advances, 8,, 105013. American Institute of Physics (AIP). Matthiä, D., Meier, M.M., Berger, T. (2018) The solar parti- DOI: 10.1063/1.5040303. ISSN 2158-3226. cle event on 10-13 September 2017: spectral reconstruction and calculation of the radiation exposure in aviation and Narici, L., Reitz, G., Lobascio, C. (2018) Integrated simulations space. Space Weather, 16, 977-986. Wiley. of Mars flights on the ISS. Advances in Space Research, 62 (5), DOI: 10.1029/2018SW001921. ISSN 1542-7390. 990-996. Elsevier. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2018.06.020. ISSN 0273-1177. Meier, M., Matthiä, D. (2018) Classification and communication of aviation related space weather radiation events. SF Neumann, M.F., Viska, C.G., van Huis, S., Palermo, R. (2018) Journal of Aviation and Aeronautical Science, 1. ScienceForecast. Similar distraction, but differential suppression, for faces and non-face objects: evidence from behaviour and Meier, M.M., Copeland, K., Matthiä, D., Mertens, C.J., Schen- event-related potentials. Biological Psychology, 139, 39-46. netten, K. (2018) First steps toward the verification of mod- Elsevier. els for the assessment of the radiation exposure at aviation DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.09.011. ISSN 0301-0511. altitudes during quiet space weather conditions. Space Weather, 16, 1269-1276. Wiley. O'Callaghan, E.L., Hart, E.C., Sims-Williams, H., Javed, S., DOI: 10.1029/2018SW001984. ISSN 1542-7390. Burchell, A.E., Papouchado, M., Tank, J., Heusser, K., Jordan, J., Menne, J., Haller, H., Nightingale, A.K., Paton, J.F.R., Patel, Mittag, U., Kriechbaumer, A., Rittweger, J. (2018) Torsion – N.K. (2018) Chronic deep brain stimulation decreases blood an underestimated form shaping entity in bone adapta- pressure and sympathetic nerve activity in a drug- and tion? Journal of Musculoskeletal and Neuronal Interactions, 18, device- resistant hypertensive patient. Hypertension, 69, 407-418. International Society of Musculoskeletal and Neuronal 522-528. Interactions. ISSN 1108-7161. DOI: 10.1161/ HYPERTENSIONNAHA.116.08972. ISSN 0194 -911X.

Mittelstaedt, J., Wacker, J., Stelling, D. (2018) Effects of dis- Onofri, S., Selbmann, L., Pacelli, C., Zucconi, L., Rabbow, E., de play type and motion control on cybersickness in a virtual Vera, J.-P. (2018) Survival, DNA, and Ultrastructural Integrity bike simulator. Displays, 51, 43-50. Elsevier. of a Cryptoendolithic Antarctic Fungus in Mars and Lunar DOI: 10.1016/j.displa.2018.01.002. ISSN 0141-9382. Rock Analogues Exposed Outside the International Space Station. Astrobiology. Mary Ann Liebert Inc.. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2017.1728. ISSN 1531-1074.

89 Onofri, S., Selbmann, L., Pacelli, C., de Vera, J.P., Horneck, G., Salvadego, D., Keramidas, M.E., Kölegard, R., Brocca, L., Lazzer, Hallsworth, J.E., Zucconi, L. (2018) Integrity of the DNA and S., Mavelli, I., Rittweger, J., Eiken, O., Mekjavic, I., Grassi, B. cellular ultrastructure of cryptoendolithic fungi in space or (2018) Planhab*: hypoxia does not worsen the impairment Mars conditions: A 1.5-year study at the International of skeletal muscle oxidative function induced by bed rest Space Station. Life, 8, 23. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing alone. Journal of Physiology, 596, 3341-3355. Wiley. Institute (MDPI). DOI: 10.1113/JP275605. ISSN 0022-3751. DOI: 10.3390/life8020023. ISSN 2075-1729. Schoenrock, B., Zander, V., Dern, S., Limper, U., Mulder, E., Ver- Oparil, S., Acelajado, M.C., Bakris, G.L., Berlowitz, D.R., Cifkova, aksits, A., Viir, R., Kramer, A., Stokes, M.J., Salanova, M., Peipsi, A., R., Dominiczak, A.F., Grassi, G., Jordan, J., Poulter, N.R., Rodg- Blottner, D. (2018) Bed rest, exercise countermeasure and re- ers, A., Whelton, P.K. (2018) Hypertension. Nature Reviews conditioning effects on the human resting muscle tone sys- Disease Primers, 36, 1472-1474. Springer. tem. Frontiers in Physiology, 9, 1-20. Frontiers Media S.A. DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2018.14. ISSN 2056-676X. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00810 . ISSN 1664-042X.

Pacelli, C., Selbmann, L., Zucconi, L., Coleine, C., de Vera, J.-P., Schwendner, P., Bohmeier, M., Rettberg, P., Beblo-Vranese- Rabbow, E., Böttger, U., Dadachova, E., Onofri, S. (2018) Re- vic, K., Gaboyer, F., Moissl-Eichinger, C., Perras, A.K., Vannier, P., sponses of the black fungus Cryomyces antarcticus to sim- Marteinsson, V.T., Garcia-Descalzo, L., Gómez, F., Malki, M., ulated Mars and space conditions on rock analogues. Astro- Amils, R., Westall, F., Riedo, A., Monaghan, E.P., Ehrenfreund, P., biology, 19, 209-220. Mary Ann Liebert Inc.. Cabezas, P., Walter, N., Cockell, C. (2018) Beyond chloride DOI: 10.1089/ast.2016.1631. ISSN 1531-1074. brines: variable metabolomic responses in the anaerobic organism Yersinia intermedia MASE-LG-1 to NaCl and Mg- Piotrowski, T., Rittweger, J., Zange, J. (2018) A comparison of SO4 at identical water activity. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9, squatting exercise on a centrifuge and with Earth gravity. 335. Frontiers Media S.A.. Frontiers in Physiology, 9, 1-10. Frontiers Media S.A. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00335. ISSN 1664-302X. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01759. ISSN 1664-042X. Simunic, B., Pisot, R., Rittweger, J., Degens, H. (2018) Age-re- Putze, F., Mühl, C., Lotte, F., Fairclough, S., Herff, C. (2018) De- lated slowing of contractile properties differs between tection and estimation of working memory states and cog- power-, endurance- and non-athletes; a tensiomyographic nitive functions based on neurophysiological measures. assessment. Journals of Gerontology - Series A, 73, 1602-1608. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 12, 440. Frontiers Media S.A.. Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00440. ISSN 1662-5161. DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gly069. ISSN 1079-5006.

Rittweger, J., Albracht, K., Flück, M., Ruoss, S., Brocca, L., Lon- Spitta, L.F., Diegeler, S., Baumstark-Khan, C., Hellweg, ga, E., Moriggi, M., Seynnes, O., Di Giulio, I., Tenori, L., Vignoli, C.E. (2018) An in-vitro approach for water quality determi- A., Capri, M., Gelfi, C., Luchinat, C., Franceschi, C., Bottinelli, R., nation: activation of NF-κB as marker for cancer-related Cerretelli, P., Narici, M. (2018) Sarcolab pilot study into skele- stress responses induced by anthropogenic pollutants of tal muscle’s adaptation to long-term spaceflight. npj Micro- drinking water. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, gravity, 4, 1-9. Nature Publishing Group. 25, 3985-3995. Springer. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-018-0052-1. ISSN 2373-8065. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7901-9. ISSN 0944-1344.

Rittweger, J., Ireland, A., Lüscher, S., Nocciolino, L.M., Pilot, N., Pisani, L., Cointri, G.R., Ferretti, J.L., Capozza, R. F. (2018) Fibula: the forgotten bone – may it provide some insight on a wider scope for bone mechanostat control? Current Osteo- porosis Reports, 16, 775-778. Springer. DOI: 10.1007/s11914-018-0497-x. ISSN 1544-1873.

90 Publications

Stinkens, R., van der Kolk, B.W., Jordan, J., Jax, T., Engeli, S., Willmes, D.M., Kurzbach, A., Henke, C., Schumann, T., Zahn, G., Heise, T., Jocken, J. W., May, M., Schindler, C., Havekes, B., Heifetz, A., Jordan, J., Helfand, S.L., Birkenfeld, A.L. (2018) The Schaper, N., Albrecht, D., Kaiser, S., Hartmann, N., Letzkus, M., longevity gene INDY (I'm Not Dead Yet) in metabolic con- Langenickel, T.H., Goossens, G.H., Blaak, E.E. (2018) The ef- trol: potential as pharmacological target. Pharmacology and fects of angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibition by sacu- Therapeutics, 185, 1-11. bitril/valsartan on adipose tissue transcriptome and pro- DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.10.003. ISSN 0163-7258. tein expression in obese hypertensive patients. Scientific Reports, 8, 1-7. Nature Publishing Group. Yang, P., Nie, X.-T., Zhao, D.-D., Wang, Z., Li, R., Xu, H.-Y., Rit- DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22194-z. ISSN 2045-2322. tweger, J., Shang, P. (2018) Deformation regimes of colla- gen fibrils in cortical bone revealed by in situ morphology Strauch, S.M., Becker, I., Pölloth, L., Richter, P.R., Haag, F.W.M., and elastic modulus observations under mechanical load- Hauslage, J., Lebert, M. (2018) Restart capability of resting. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, ing-states of Euglena gracilis after 9 months of dormancy: 79, 115-121. preparation for autonomous space flight experiments. In- DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.12.015 ISBN 29291465 ISSN 1751-6161. ternational Journal of Astrobiology, 17, 101-111. Cambridge University Press. Zammuto, V., Fuchs, F.M., Fiebrandt, M., Stapelmann, K., Ulrich, DOI: 10.1017/S1473550417000131. ISSN 1473-5504. N.J., Maugeri, T.L., Pukall, R., Gugliandolo, C., Moeller, R. (2018) Comparing spore resistance of Bacillus strains isolated from Strewe, C., Zeller, R., Feuerecker, M., Hoerl, M., Matzel, S., Kum- hydrothermal vents and spacecraft assembly facilities to prej, I., Crispin, A., Johannes, B.W., Debevec, T., Mekjavic, I., environmental stressors and decontamination treatments. Eiken, O., Thiel, M., Schelling, G., Choukèr, A. (2018) PlanHab Astrobiology, 18, 1425-1434. Mary Ann Liebert Inc. study: consequences of combined normobaric hypoxia and DOI: 10.1089/ast.2017.1715. ISSN 1531-1074. bed rest on adenosine kinetics. Scientific Reports, 8, 1-9. Na- ture Publishing Group. Zea, L., Nisar, Z., Rubin, P., Cortesao, M., Luo, J., McBride, S.A., DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20045-5. ISSN 2045-2322. Moeller, R., Klaus, D., Müller, D., Varanasi, K.K., Muecklich, F., Stodieck, L. (2018) Design of a spaceflight biofilm experi- Szijártó, I.A., Markó, L., Filipovic, M.R., Miljkovic, J.L., Tabeling, ment. Acta Astronautica, 148, 294-300. Elsevier. C., Tsvetkov, D., Wang, N., Rabelo, L.A., Witzenrath, M., Die- DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2018.04.039. ISSN 0094-5765. drich, A., Tank, J., Akahoshi, N., Kamata, S., Ishii, I., Gollasch, M. (2018) Cystathionine γ-lyase-produced hydrogen sulfide Zeitlin, C., Hassler, D.M., Guo, J., Ehresmann, B., Wimmer-Schwe- controls endothelial NO bioavailability and blood pressure. ingruber, R.F., Rafkin, S.C.R., Freiherr von Forstner, J.L., Lohf, H., Hypertension, 71, 1210-1217. American Heart Association, Inc.. Berger, T., Matthiä, D., Reitz, G. (2018) Analysis of the radi- DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA. ISSN 0194-911X. ation hazard observed by RAD on the surface of Mars during the September 2017 solar particle event. Geophysi- Ulrich, N., Nagler, K., Laue, M., Cockell, C.S., Setlow, P., Moeller, R. cal Research Letters, 45, 5845-5851. Wiley. (2018) Experimental studies addressing the longevity of Bacil- DOI: 10.1029/2018GL077760. ISSN 0094-8276. lus subtilis spores – the first data from a 500-year experiment. PLoS One, 13, e0208425. Public Library of Science (PLoS). Zhang, Y., Moeller, R., Tran, S., Dubovcova, B., Akepsimaidis, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208425. ISSN 1932-6203. G., Meneses, N., Drissner, D., Mathys, A. (2018) Geobacillus and Bacillus spore inactivation by low energy electron Van Kleef, M.E.A.M., Heusser, K., Oey, P.J., Tank, J., Diedrich, beam technology: Resistance and influencing factors. Fron- A., Jordan, J., Blankestijn, P.J., Williams, B., Spiering, W. (2018) tiers in Microbiology, 9, 2720. Frontiers Media S.A. The effect of endovascular baroreflex amplification on DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02720. ISSN 1664-302X. sympathetic nerve activity in patients with resistant hypertension: a proof-of-mechanism study. European Heart Jour- nal, 39, suppl_1, pp.ehy566-P5370. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy566.P5370. ISSN 0195-668X.

91 Zitting, K.-M., Münch, M.Y., Cain, S.W., Wang, W., Wong, A., Häder, D.-P., Hemmersbach, R. (2018) Gravitaxis in Flagel- Ronda, J.M., Aeschbach, D., Czeisler, C.A., Duffy, J.F. (2018) lates and Ciliates. In: Gravitational Biology I. Gravity Sensing Young adults are more vulnerable to chronic sleep def- and Graviorientation in Microorganisms and Plants. Springer- ciency and recurrent circadian disruption than older Briefs in Space Life Sciences. Springer Nature. 27-45. ISBN 978- adults. Scientific Reports, 8, 11052. Nature Publishing Group. 3-319-93893-6. ISSN 2196-5560. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29358-x. ISSN 2045-2322. Knie, M., Wolfschoon Riberro, B., Fischer, J., Schmitz, B., Van Damme, K., Hemmersbach, R., Häder, D.-P., Laforsch, C. (2018) Publications in scientific books Approaches to Assess the Suitability of Zooplankton for Bi- oregenerative Life Support Systems. In: Into Space. A Journey Erzinger, G.S., Schmoeller, F., Pinto, L.H., Américo, L., Hemmers- of How Humans Adapt and Live in Microgravity. IntechOpen. 171- bach, R., Hauslage, J., Häder, D.-P. (2018) Bioluminescence 207. ISBN 978-1-78923-221-9, Print ISBN: 978-1-78923-220-2. Systems in Environmental Biosensors. In: Bioassays. Ad- vanced Methods and Applications. Elsevier. 241-262. ISBN 978- Pecena, Y., Mittelstaedt, J., Seemüller, A., Maschke, P., 0128118610, 012811861X. (2018) Psychological Selection of Female Space Flight Par- ticipant (SFP) Candidates. In: Flugsicherheit in Forschung und Funke, O., Horneck, G. (2018) The Search for Signatures of Praxis. 57-64. 5. Fachtagung DGLP 25.-26.10.2017 Life and Habitability on Planets and Moons of Our Solar System. In: Biological, Physical and Technical Basics of Cell Engi- Reitz, G., Hellweg, C.E. (2018) Space Radiation and its Bio- neering. Springer Nature. 457-481. ISBN Print:978-981-10-7903-0; logical Effects. In: Applications of Laser-Driven Particle Acceler- Online:978-981-10-7904-7. ation. Boca Raton: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.

Goerke, P., Kusch, R.I. (2018) Personalauswahl. In: Karrierep- Tobiska, W.K., Meier, M.M., Matthiä, D., Copeland, K. (2018) erspektiven in der Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie. Meet Chararterizing the Variation in Atmospheric Radation at the Experts: Wissen aus erster Hand. Springer. 7-30. ISBN 978-3- Aviation Altitudes. In: Extreme Events in Geospace: Origins, 662-54239-2. Predictability, and Consequences Elsevier. 453-467. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-812700-1.00018-2. ISBN 978-0-12- Hemmersbach, R., Häder, D.-P., Braun, M. (2018) Methods for 812700-1. Gravitational Biology Research. In: Gravitational Biology I. Sensing and Graviorientation in Microorganism and Plants. de Vera J.P. and The Life Detection Group of BIOMEX/BIO- SpringerBriefs in Space Life Sciences. Springer Nature. 13-26. IS- SIGN* (2018/2019) A Systematic Way to Life Detection: BN 978-3-319-93893-6. ISSN 2196-5560. Combining Field, Lab and Space Research in Low Earth Orbit. In: Biosignatures for Astrobiology. Advances in Astrobiol- Häder, D.-P., Braun, M., Hemmersbach, R. (2018) Gravity ogy and Biogeophysics. Springer, Cham. Sensing, Graviorientation and Microgravity. In: Gravitational DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-96175-0_5. Biology I. Gravity Sensing and Graviorientation in Microorgan- isms and Plants. SpringerBriefs in Space Life Sciences. Springer *Life Detection Group of BIOMEX/BIOSIGN: Mickaël Baqué, Nature. 1-11. ISBN 978-3-319-93893-6. ISSN 2196-5560. Daniela Billi, Ute Böttger, Charles S. Cockell, Rosa de la Torre, Bernard H Foing, Franziska Hanke, Stefan Leuko, Jesús Martin- Häder, D.-P., Braun, M., Hemmersbach, R. (2018) Bioregener- ezFrías, Ralf Moeller, Karen Olsson-Francis, Silvano Onofri, Pet- ative Life Support Systems in Space Research. In: Gravita- ra Rettberg, Susanne Schröder, Dirk Schulze-Makuch, Laura tional Biology I. Gravity Sensing and Graviorientation in Microor- Selbmann, Dirk Wagner, Laura Zucconi ganisms and Plants. SpringerBriefs in Space Life Sciences. Spring- er Nature. 113-122. ISBN 978-3-319-93893-6. ISSN 2196-5560.

92 Publications

Reports (without peer-review)

Bartels, S., Müller, U. (2018) Fluglärmstudie COSMA am Flughafen Köln/Bonn: Wie belästigt sind die Anwohner und welche Einstellungen haben sie zum naheliegenden Flughafen und Flugverkehr? Lärmbekämpfung, 13 (2), 55-62. Springer.

International MSR Objectives and Samples Team, iMOST: Beaty, D. W., Grady, M. M., McSween, H. Y., Sefton-Nash, E., Carrier, B. L., Altieri, F., Amelin, Y., Ammannito, E., Anand, M., Benning, L. G., Bishop, J. L., Borg, L. E., Boucher, D., Brucato, J. R., Buse- mann, H., Campbell, K. A., Czaja, A. D., Debaille, V., Des Marais, D. J., Dixon, M., Ehlmann, B. L., Farmer, J. D., Fernandez-Remolar, D. C., Filiberto, J., Fogarty, J., Glavin, D. P., Goreva, Y. S., Hallis, L. J., Harrington, A. D., Hausrath, E. M., Herd, C. D. K., Horgan, B., Humayun, M., Kleine, T., Kleinhenz, J., Mackelprang, R., Man- gold, N., Mayhew, L. E., McCoy, J. T., McCubbin, F. M., McLen- nan, S. M., Moser, D. E., Moynier, F., Mustard, J. F., Niles, P. B., Ori, G. G., Raulin, F., Rettberg, P., Rucker, M. A., Schmitz, N., Schwenzer, S. P., Sephton, M. A., Shaheen, R., Sharp, Z. D., Shus- ter, D. L., Siljeström, S., Smith, C. L., Spry, J. A., Steele, A., Swin- dle, T. D., ten Kate, I. L., Tosca, N. J., Usui, T., Van Kranendonk, M. J., Wadhwa, M., Weiss, B. P., Werner, S. C., Westall, F., Wheeler, R. M., Zipfel, J., Zorzano, M. P. (2018) The Potential Science and Engineering Value of Samples Delivered to Earth by Mars Sample Return - Final Report (white paper). NASA, MEPAG.

Möhler, U., Schreckenberg, D., Müller, U., Liepert, M., Skow- ronek, V., Belke, C., Benz, S. (2018) Maximalpegelkriterien für die Beurteilung von Schienenverkehrslärm in der Nacht. Lärmbekämpfung, 13 (1), 15-22. Springer.

93 Events, Presentations and Talks

Institute Lectures

16.01.2018 15.05.2018 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Martin Reuber, Rheinische Fachhochschule Prof. Dr. Anders Eklund, Professor in Biomedical Engineering Köln, Institut für Werkzeug- und Fertigungstechnik, “Ver- at Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden: “The astronaut syn- fahren, Anwendungen und Potenziale additiver Ferti- drome Visual Impairment/Intracranial Pressure – Aspects gungstechnologien“ on assessment and modeling of CSF and venous system?”

06.02.2018 29.05.2018 Dr. Christian von Dewitz, Schwielowsee, Germany: “Ethische Prof. Dr. med. Friedrich C. Luft, MD, Experimental and Clin- Maßstäbe und rechtliche Grundlagen klinischer Studien ical Research Center and Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular am Menschen, die nicht dem Arzneimittel-, Medizinpro- Medicine, Berlin, Germany, “Genes that “really” cause hy- dukte- oder Strahlenschutzrecht unterfallen” pertension”

20.02.2018 13.06.2018 Prof. Ulrich Kintscher, M.D., Charité - Universitätsmedizin Ber- Nikea J. Ulrich, German Aerospace Center (DLR e.V.), Institute lin, Director, Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology, Space Microbiology Research, CCR, Berlin, Germany: “Adipose Tissue Lipolysis and Research Group, Cologne, Germany: “Enduring the Antarctic Chronic Heart Failure” Extremes: from humans inside Concordia Station to the microbes outside” 13.03.2018 Prof. Dr. Jörn Rittweger, German Aerospace Center (DLR), 26.06.2018 Cologne, Germany/Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Prof. Carsten Lundby, Clinical Professor, University of Copen- Medicine, University of Cologne, Germany: “SARCOLAB3: Pi- hagen, Department of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen, Den- lot-study and preliminary results from 4 crew members” mark: “Determination, regulation and importance of blood volume adaptations to exercise training” 15.03.2018 Dr. Mirko Moroni, Laboratory Head, Disease Genomics, Bayer 28.06.2018 AG, Drug Discovery, Pharmaceuticals - MDC – Max Dellbrück Dr. Ganesan Sathiyanarayanan, CEA Enhanced Eurotalent, Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany: “Role of PIE- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology of the Rhizosphere and Extreme ZO channels in mechanotransduction” Environments (LEMIRE), Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), CEA Cadarache, St-Paul-lez-Durance, 10.04.2018 France: “Arctic extremophiles from thawing permafrost Prof. Dr. Justin Lawley, Institut für Sportmedizin, Universität and their biotechnological and ecological implications” Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Österreich: “Protecting the human brain in space: The choice of impedance, occlusion or vacuum” 10.07.2018 Prof. Alexandros Georgakilas, DNA Damage Laboratory, 17.04.2018 Physics Department, National Technical University of Athens Prof. Dr. A.H. Jan Danser, Division of Pharmacology and Vas- (NTUA), Greece: “Complex DNA damage as the triggering cular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, mechanism for radiation systemic effects” Rotterdam, The Netherlands: “Endothelin-1: a central factor in both preeclampsia and VEGF inhibition-induced hyper- 30.08.2018 tension” Philip D. Chilibeck, Ph.D., Professor, College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada: “Novel exer- 24.04.2018 cise and nutritional interventions for preserving vascular Prof. Dr. Michael Schloter, Research Unit for Comparative Mi- health during space flight” crobiome Analysis, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Oberschleiss- heim, Germany: “The role of exercise as a driver for the structure and function of the human gut microbiome”

94 Events, Presentations and Talks

04.09.2018 13.11.2018 Univ.-Prof. Dr. Dr. med. Wolfram Döhner, Interdisziplinäre PD Dr. Gregor Grass, Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Schlaganfallforschung, BCRT - Berlin-Brandenburg Centrum für Munich, Germany: “Anthrax – detection, diagnosis and bio- regenerative Therapien, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, forensics” Germany: “Obesity and mortality in health and disease - Paradox or paradigm? About old guidelines and new data” 15.11.2018 Prof. Betty Nusgens, Laboratory of Connective Tissues Biolo- 25.09.2018 gy, University of Liege, Belgium: “The Biolab Experiment Cy- Univ.-Prof. Dr. Stefan Gründer, Direktor, Institut für Physiolo- toskeleton - why and how” gie, Medizinische Fakultät der RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany: “A small peptide from cone snail venom enhances muscle 27.11.2018 pain by slowing desensitization of Acid-Sensing Ion Chan- Cédric Moro, Ph.D., Research Director, Obesity Research Labo- nel 3 (ASIC3)” ratory, Inserm UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovas- cular Diseases, Toulouse, France: “Natriuretic peptides: a po- 09.10.2018 tential target for metabolic diseases?” Dr. Harald Huber, Institute for Microbiology and Archaeal Center, University of Regensburg, Germany: “Photodynamic in- 18.12.2018 activation of Microorganisms by Reactive Oxygen Species” Kemal S. Türker, BDS, PhD, Professor of Physiology, Koc Univer- sity School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey: “A new method to 30.10.2018 study functional neuronal networks in human neuromus- Francesco P. Cappuccio, MD, DSc, FRCP, FFPH, FBIHS, FESC, cular system” FAHA, Cephalon Chair of Cardiovascular Medicine & Epidemiol- ogy, University of Warwick, Warwick Medical School, Division of Health Sciences, Coventry, UK: “Sleep deprivation and cardio-metabolic disease”

Workshops, Events, Seminars at the Institute

17.1.2018 25.1.2018 Visit: Scientific Committee EASA Visit: Director JAXA Paris Office

17.1.2018 31.1.2018-1.2.2018 Visit: Research Track, Cologne University Workshops: Space Health Week/EAC

17.1.2018 20.2.2018 Visit: Students TU Braunschweig Visit: DLR Graduate Program

23.1.2018 22.-23.2.2018 Visit: Students RWTH Aachen Scientific Advisory Board Institute of Aerospace Medicine

24.01.18 1.-2.3.2018 Visit: Federal Association Unternehmer mittelständische Workshops: Spin your Thesis/EAC Wirtschaft

95 8.3.2018 18.7.2018 Visit: Member of the Bundestag Reinhard Houben Visit: Prof. Dr. Nina Kloster, TH Cologne

12.3.2018 14.8.2018 Visit: Student initiative Euroavia, Stuttgart University Visit: Delegation Bonn University

14.3.2018 30.8.2018 Visit: Bayer AG Visit: ADAC

3.-6.4.2018 5.9.2018 Workshops: Students Cologne University: Space Medicine Visit: gewi-Institut für Gesundheitswirtschaft e.V.

11.4.2018 10.9.2018 Visit: FDP Parliamentary Group Cologne Visit: Representatives Ministry of Economic Affairs, Innovation, Digitalization and Energy Northrine Westphalia 19.04.2018 Visit: Freundeskreis German Air Force 15.9.2018 Workshop: Science meets Clinic 26.4.2018 Girls Day 17.9.2018 Visit: Foundation der Deutschen Wirtschaft 2.5.2018 Visit: Minister of Economic Affairs, Innovation, Digitalization and 18.9.2018 Energy Northrine Westphalia Prof. Dr. Andreas Pinkwart Visit: DLR Graduate Program

07.05.2018 20.09.18 Visit: Research Track, Cologne University Visit: NASA delegation project E-MIST

9.5.2018 25.9.2018 Visit: Delegation European NKS Health/Life Science Visit: Prime Minister Armin Laschet

16.5.2018 4.10.2018 Visit: Wissenschaftsrat Visit: ISRI Delegation from India

14.6.2018 5.10.2018 Visit: Institute for Cell Biology Bonn University Visit: Jim Bridenstine, NASA

21.6.2018 16.10.2018 Visit: Region Köln/Bonn e.V. Visit and Workshop: International SANS Working Group

25.6.2018 30.10.2018 Workshop: Antimicrobial surfaces Visit: Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft

5.7.2018 15.11.2018 Visit: Prorector for Science Univ.-Prof.'in Dr. Bettina Rockenbach Visit: United Nations / Germany High Level Forum Cologne University 16.1.2018 6.7.2018 Visit: Students Munich University Visit: Students RWTH Aachen 28.11.2018 12.7.2018 Visit: GIZ/DLR Workshop Workshop: ChemCologne

96 Events, Presentations and Talks

05.12.18 13.12.2018 Visit: Workshop Participants Medical Association of North Visit: Research Track, Cologne University Rhine-Westphalia 18.12.2018 6.12.2018 Visit: Institute of Human Genetics, Cologne University Visit: DAF 20.12.2018 8.12.2018 Visit: Member of the Bundestag Thomas Jarzombek Workshop: Human Physiology Workshop

11.12.2018 Visit: Students Bonn University

Teaching Activities

Name University Subject Aeschbach, Daniel Havard Medical School Sleep Medicine Anken, Ralf Universität Hohenheim Zoologie Berger, Thomas/Hellweg, Christine ISU Strasbourg Master of Space Studie (MSS) Berger, Thomas/Hellweg, Christine Universität Bonn Strahlenschutzkurs Elmenhorst, Eva Maria RWTH Aachen Flug/Reisemedizin Elmenhorst, Eva Maria RWTH Aachen Raumfahrtmedizin Elmenhorst, Eva Maria Universität Köln Medizin (Wahlpflichtblock Weltraumphysiologie) Frings-Meuthen, Petra Universität Köln Medizin (Wahlpflichtblock Weltraumphysiologie) Hellweg, Christine FU Berlin Pathologie Hellweg, Christine FU Berlin Immunologie Hellweg, Christine Universität Bonn Radiopharmaziekurs Hellweg, Christine Universität Köln Medizin (Wahlpflichtblock Weltraumphysiologie) Hemmersbach, Ruth Universität Bonn Biologie Jordan, Jens Universität Köln Medizin (Wahlpflichtblock Weltraumphysiologie) Liemersdorf, Christian Universität Bonn Biologie Lindlar, Markus Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg Med. Businessystem Lindlar, Markus Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg Biomed. Informatik Mittelstädt, Justin Universität Hamburg Psychologische Diagnostik: Psychologische Gutacht- en Mittelstädt, Justin Universität Hamburg Psychologische Diagnostik: Praktische Übungen zu diagnostischen Verfahren Mulder, Edwin Universität Köln Medizin (Wahlpflichtblock Weltraumphysiologie) Pecena, Yvonne ISU Strasbourg MSSP&SSP Lecture, Space Psychology Rittweger, Jörn Universität Köln Medizin (Wahlpflichtblock Weltraumphysiologie) Rittweger, Jörn Universität Köln Medizin (Spezielle Pädiatrie) Stern, Claudia Universität Köln Medizin (Wahlpflichtblock Weltraumphysiologie) Tank, Jens Medizinische Hochschule Hannover Propädeutik Zange, Jochen Universität Köln Medizin (Wahlpflichtblock Weltraumphysiologie) Zange, Jochen Universität Köln Medizin (Research Track)

97 Graduations

Supervised Doctoral Students Doctorates

University Space Aviation University Space Manchester Metropolitian University 1 Universität Erlangen 1 Medizinische Hochschule Hannover 2 King’s College London, Great Britain 1 RWTH Aachen 2 Universität Hamburg 1 Sporthochschule Köln 2 Universität Bonn 1 Universität Düsseldorf 1 Universität Essen 2 Bachelor Degrees Universität Göttingen 2 Universität Heidelberg 4 University Space Universität Köln 2 Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg 3 Universität Leiden 1 Universität Bonn 2 Universität Saarland 1 Universität Perugia 1 Universität Zürich 1

Supervised Doctoral Students

University Space Traffic Aviation FH Aachen 1 1 TU Darmstadt 1 RWTH Aachen 1 Uni Leiden 1 Uni Regensburg 1

98 Graduations, Awards, Patents

Awards

Marta Cortesão Darius Gerlach Grant – PhD, grant for the Biofilms 8 Conference in Aarhus, Den- Travel grant, 29th International Symposium On The Autonomic mark, from May 27-29, 2018 Nervous System, Arbeitsgemeinschaft Autonomes Nervensystem

Marta Cortesão Darius Gerlach Travel Grant, DAAD, für Feldforschung am Jet Propulsion Labo- FMS/Penaz Wesseling travel Fellowship Award for “Functional ratory, Pasadena,USA, July 02-31, 2018 brainstem imaging reveals brainstem nuclei governing human baroreﬂex function” at the 29th International Symposium On Marta Cortesão The Autonomic Nervous System 2nd prize – Student contest “Space Factor”, EANA 2018, Berlin, Germany, September 24-28, 2018 Darius Gerlach Deutsche Hochdruckliga e.V. DHL®: Reisestipendium und Einla- Marta Cortesão dung zu den „Best of …“ Sessions Women in Aerospace-Europe grant – WIA-E 2018 Hendrik Kronsbein Marta Cortesão 1. Preis „Trainee Poster Competition” der American Autonomic DGE Messreiseförderung, Messreise: Robert Koch-Institut, Ber- Society, 29th International Symposium On The Autonomic Nerv- lin, Topic: „How does simulated microgravity affect the micro- ous System morphology and colony structure of the fungus Aspergillus niger?“, April 1st – Mai 24, 2019 Markus Rohde Förderpreis Elektrotechnik H-BRS 2018, Bachelorarbeit: „Ab- Timo Frett schätzung der Gefährdung durch terrestrische Gammastrahlen- 1. Posterpreis "Verträglichkeit von reaktiven Sprüngen auf einer blitze auf kommerziellen Flugreisen“ Kurzarmhumanzentrifuge", 56. Wissenschaftliche Jahrestagung der DGLRM Katharina Siems Early career award (young microbiologist), EANA 2018, Berlin, Felix Fuchs Germany, September 24-28, 2018 FEMS YSMG grant – registration fees for the 8th European Spores Conference in Royal Holloway, University of London

Felix Fuchs Grant – PhD, grant for the Biofilms 8 Conference in Aarhus, Den- mark, from May 27-29, 2018

99 Patents

Department Gravitational Biology Department Cardiovascular Aerospace Medicine Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt, 15.03.2018: Anlage zur Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt, 02.10.2018: Keilförmiges Düngemittelherstellung aus organischen Abfällen sowie Lagerkissen (Gebrauchsmuster No. 202017003430.1) Verfahren zur Düngemittelherstellung aus organischen Abfällen (Patent No. DE 10 2014 216 922 B4 2018.03.15)

Department Radiation Biology Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt, 26.04.2018: Verwendung eines Messsystems sowie Verfahren zur Erfassung abrupt auftretender kurzzeitiger hochdosisgenerierender Strahl- ungsereignisse (Patent No. DE 10 2015 206 807 B4 2018.04.26)

100

DLR at a glance

The German Aerospace Center (DLR) is the national aeronautics and space research centre of the Federal Republic of Germany. Its extensive research and development work in aeronautics, space, energy, transport, security and digitalisation is integrated into national and international cooperative ventures. In addition to its own research, as Germany’s space agency, DLR has been given responsibility by the federal government for the planning and implementation of the German space programme. DLR is also the umbrella organisation for the nation’s largest project management agency.

DLR has approximately 8000 employees at 20 locations in Germany: Cologne (headquarters), Augsburg, Berlin, Bonn, Braunschweig, Bremen, Bremerhaven, Dresden, Goettingen, Ham- burg, Jena, Juelich, Lampoldshausen, Neustrelitz, Oberpfaffenhofen, Oldenburg, Stade, Stutt- gart, Trauen, and Weilheim. DLR also has offices in Brussels, Paris, Tokyo and Washington D.C.

Imprint

Publisher: German Aerospace Center (DLR) Institute of Aerospace Medicine

Address: Linder Höhe, 51147 Cologne, Germany Phone +49 2203 601-0 E-mail [email protected]

DLR.de