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Expiation–Propitiation–Reconciliation
Expiation–Propitiation–Reconciliation by Chrys C. Caragounis (Professor Emeritus in New Testament Exegesis at Lund University) 1. Introductory1 As is well-known, the New Testament does not present a systematic theology of the Christian Faith. Nevertheless, it supplies all the necessary ingredients toward a systematic theology. Of all the writings of the New Testament, the most systematic is the epistle to the Romans. The epistle to the Hebrews offers a more or less systematic presentation of the sacrificial system in Israel as this is fulfilled in the high priesthood of Christ, who is not only the high priest but becomes also the sacrificial victim. But the scope of this epistle is quite narrow as compared with the wide vistas that open up in the epistle to the Romans.2 This absence of a formally systematic theology in the New Testament is to be explained by what constituted the pressing needs of the young, growing Church. The epistles of Paul, for example, were written to solve practical problems that had arisen in the various congregations. And even Romans, the most systematic of all Paul’s epistles, was written as an occasional letter with practical aims in view.3 1 This study has been written in as simple and non-technical manner as was possible. However, in order to discuss the subject somewhat adequately, it was impossible to avoid some technical terminology as well as a few references to ancient and modern literature. In order not to burden the main text, such technicalities have been relegated for the most part to the footnotes. -
How Can a Just God Pardon Evil? – Romans 3:21-31
How Can a Just God Pardon Evil? – Romans 3:21-31 John Piper in his book Desiring God says that verses 25-26 may be the most important verses in the Bible. In His Solid Joys devotional he calls this the ‘Best Passage Ever’. God is both Just and ‘The Justifier’ – how can this be possible? Because of Jesus Christ, because he was put forward as a ‘propitiation by his blood’, so that He may be seen as righteous and that we too might be declared righteous. This truth, is the greatest truth! 1) What is Propitiation? “Propitiation is a sacrifice that bears God’s wrath so that God becomes ‘propitious’ or favorably disposed toward us.” - Wayne Grudem. “All have sinned and fall short of the glory of God” (Verse 23). Jesus said “No one is good except God alone” (Mark 10:18). People don’t like this statement as we want to consider ourselves good. For a person to be good or bad we need a. A standard for Good and Bad b. An assessment of someone’s goodness compared to the standard c. A judge, someone to decide whether or not they pass. Where do we get that standard from, who assesses and who gets to decide? Surely, it’s only the person who has lived a perfect life. Who has never wronged anybody, who is utterly selfless, kind and without prejudice. And that person said ‘no one is good, except God alone’. There is still hope as Paul has just stated that this justification, this being acceptable, being judged as ‘good’ comes to all who believe. -
Limbo's Not a Thing, Right?
Limbo’s Not a Thing, Right? Is Limbo just another name for purgatory? Nope! So what is Limbo, and what does the Church say about it? Let’s find out! Purgatory and Limbo can sound like the same Church teaching—but they’re not. Purgatory is a state of purification for those who have died imperfect but in a state of grace. Once they are purified, they enter the joy of heaven. This is a doctrine of the Church—which means that all Catholics are required to believe it. So what’s Limbo? Limbo is a speculation that some theologians began to suggest as early as the Medieval Ages, as a “place” where the souls of unbaptized infants might go after death. This theory honored two fundamental Catholic teachings: 1) that God desires salvation for all and 2) that to enter heaven, one must be free from original sin. Because Limbo was speculation, not doctrine, the Church never defined it as official teaching nor does she officially use the term “Limbo” in any of her documents. In his book What Catholics Really Believe: 52 Answers to Common Misconceptions About the Catholic Faith, Karl Keating says that most theologians today (Pope Benedict XVI, for example) “see no need for limbo, suggesting that God provides some way for unbaptized infants to make a decision for or against him immediately after death.” What we do know for certain is that our God is a God of mercy and love who wants every one of His children to join Him in Heaven. We can trust everything and everyone to Him. -
PAUL's THEOLOGY Lesson 28 Salvation – Part 4 Metaphor – Propitiation
PAUL’S THEOLOGY Lesson 28 Salvation – Part 4 Metaphor – Propitiation One of the many people who help our class “go” is Mike Hudgins. For seven years, Mike has led the effort to make sure the sound is working each Sunday morning. Mike has worked through multiple soundboards, with different incarnations of microphones (no Mike/mic bad puns here!), and in multiple venues week in and week out to make sure these lessons are heard in class and beyond. Like so many others, Mike consistently makes personal sacrifices for our benefit. Thank you, Mike! Now when I write of Mike’s sacrifices, I need to pause for a moment. Because if you know Mike well, then you know he is a huge baseball fan. In fact, in addition to Mike’s regular job, Mike also umpires baseball games. These games are serious games, not simply the Saturday afternoon Little League fair. Mike is one of our area’s top umpires. “Sacrifice” has a special meaning to Mike. It is when a batter hits into an out to advance a runner. Today, we are studying “sacrifice.” We are not studying the kind of sacrifice that so many make in order for this class to be as effective as it is. Nor are we studying the kind of sacrifice we might see in a baseball game. We are studying a special type of sacrifice that makes our salvation before God Almighty. We are studying the blood sacrifice of Jesus Christ. As we study the sacrifice of Christ, we look specifically at a metaphor Paul uses to describe the working of our salvation: propitiation. -
Catholic Doctrine of Purgatory
Catholic Doctrine Of Purgatory Intro: Prior to making a study of this doctrine, I did not realize just how repulsive and evil the doctrine of purgatory is. After studying it, I am now convinced that there is no doctrine as immoral and ungodly as the doctrine of purgatory. It strikes at the very heart of Christianity and the sacrifice of God’s only begotten Son. I am not sure that I possess the capability of expressing the disgust which should permeate our very souls because of this ungodly doctrine and the wicked practices which arise from it. I. WHAT IS PURGATORY. A. Let them speak for themselves. 1. Catholic catechism (Catechism Of The Catholic Church (New York, NY: Doubleday, 1994), p. 291.): “1030 All who die in Gods grace and friendship, but still imperfectly purified, are indeed assured of their eternal salvation; but after death they undergo purification, so as to achieve the holiness necessary to enter the joy of heaven. 1031 The church gives the name Purgatory to this final purification of the elect, which is entirely different from the punishment of the damned. The Church formulated her doctrine of faith on Purgatory especially at the Councils of Florence and Trent. The tradition of the church, by reference to certain text of Scripture, speaks of the cleansing fire: ‘As for certain lesser faults, we must believe that, before the Final Judgment, there is a purifying fire. He who is truth says that who ever utters blasphemy against the Holy Spirit will be pardoned neither in this age or in the age to come. -
Defending Your Catholic Faith
Eastern Catholic Re-Evangelization Center The Book of Armaments ܞ Defending Your Catholic Faith by Gary Michuta CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE - SALVATION WHAT IS SALVATION AND JUSTIFICATION?.........................................................................................2 A Word of Warning...............................................................................................................2 Defining Terms: ....................................................................................................................2 Grace .....................................................................................................................................3 Faith.......................................................................................................................................3 Works ....................................................................................................................................5 -In Brief-....................................................................................................................................6 UNDERSTANDING JUSTIFICATION ........................................................................................................7 The Preparatory Stage ...........................................................................................................7 Justification Proper................................................................................................................8 After Initial Justification .......................................................................................................9 -
Propitiation & Atonement
Study Notes Propitiation & Atonement November 2, 2014 28 It shall be for Aaron and his sons as a perpetual due from the people of Israel, for it is a contribution. It shall be a contribution from the people of Israel from their peace offerings, their contribution to the LORD. 29 "The holy garments of Aaron shall be for his sons after him; they shall be anointed in them and ordained in them. 30 The son who succeeds him as priest, who comes into the tent of meeting to minister in the Holy Place, shall wear them seven days. 31 "You shall take the ram of ordination and boil its flesh in a holy place. 32 And Aaron and his sons shall eat the flesh of the ram and the bread that is in the basket in the entrance of the tent of meeting. 33 They shall eat those things with which atonement was made at their ordination and consecration, but an outsider shall not eat of them, because they are holy. 34 And if any of the flesh for the ordination or of the bread remain until the morning, then you shall burn the remainder with fire. It shall not be eaten, because it is holy. 35 "Thus you shall do to Aaron and to his sons, according to all that I have commanded you. Through seven days shall you ordain them, 36 and every day you shall offer a bull as a sin offering for atonement. Also you shall purify the altar, when you make atonement for it, and shall anoint it to consecrate it. -
Eastern Orthodox Theology
EASTERN ORTHODOX THEOLOGY I. INTRODUCTION AMONG all the secondary disciplines and auxiliary sciences of Sacred Theology, probably none is so widely neglected as that branch of Comparative Theology which treats of the differences of faith and practice between Catholics and Eastern Orthodox. There are multiple reasons for such neglect, and the neglect has not been very conscious or intentional. Some reasons why this branch has been neglected in the past are: seminary schedules are already very crowded; the the- ology professors are often burdened with other assignments of teach- ing, preaching or parochial activities, leaving a minimum of leisure for research in matters not immediately pertinent to their classes; and up to now there has been no treatise in this field written in Eng- lish —in fact, any depth of research in Oriental Theology will involve the reading of source material in the more recondite tongues such as Modern Greek, Russian and Roumanian. While it is true that fundamentally the Orthodox are very close to the Catholics and that only a few points of disagreement between them are of importance, yet there is a fairly wide area of discrepancy in view-point, in emphasis, in accidentals that provides material for controversy between the theologians of both churches. A course in all these matters is given by the present writer in Fordham's Russian In- stitute. It is a thirty-hour course, that is, two hours a week for one semester. It is obvious therefore that in a paper of this kind it will not be possible to do more than give a survey of the points of contro- versy and go more thoroughly into a few of the most important questions. -
Propitiation in Old Testament Prophecy
QUARTERLY Wume 49, Number 1 JANUARY 1985 Propitiation in Old Testament Prophecy . .Douglas Judisch 1 Luther and Moltmann: The Theology of the Cross . .Bum11 F, Ecknrdt, Jr. 19 Theological Observer . .29 Homiletical Studies . .31 Book Reviews . .65 Indices to Volurrle 48 (1984) Author Index . , . .71 Title Index . .75 Subject Index ......................................77 Scripture Index to Homiletical Studies . .79 Propitiation in Old Testament Prophecy Douglas McC. L. Judisch A study in a previous issue of this journal emphasized the centrali- ty to Old Testament theology of divine wrath and its propitiation.' Having established "propitiate" as the usus loquendi of k p r, we found the whole complicated system of animal sacrifice a monumental mech- anism designed to placate the wrath of God against the sinners of the Old Testament era. We concluded, in&&, that the sanguinary sacrifices of Israel pointed forward to Messiah's propitiation of God on behalf of all men, and those who trusted in this propitiation which was to come still enjoy eternal lit with God? It was not only by means of types, however, that God sought to excite in the hearts of the an- cients faith in His propitiation by the Coming One. He also used the explicit words of His prophets-although often still using imagery bor- rowed from the sacrificial system to discuss the future things which it symoblized. I. Basic Considerations God made the point, first of all, that no mere man could assuage His wrath against even one of his fellaws, much less God's anger with all humanity (Ps. 49:8-9 MT; 7-8 EV): No man can by any means redeem his brother, Or give to God a ransom for him - For the redemption of his soul is costly . -
New Translation of Bible a Disappointment
NEW TRANSLATION OF BIBLE A DISAPPOINTMENT "IF any man shall take away from the words of the book of this prophecy, God shall take away his part out of the book of life" (Revelation 22:19). While rejoicing over the recent nation-wide publicity given the Bible, one could not help wondering what improvement the new version could be over the King James Version which has been a source of greatest comfort, the highest means of inspiration, and the builder of the noblest character of men and nations since its issuance in 1611. Upon examination of this new version, it was saddening to learn that some very vital changes had been made which obscure if not substantially deny fundamental truths of the Bible. "Such fundamental changes have been made that it would be nothing short of a calamity of infinite proportions if the Book should be accepted by the English-speaking world, and replace the King James Version." The author of that statement is the President of the International Council of Christian Churches, a group of churches which have sought to adhere to the historic Christian faith and have not formed an alliance with the National Council of Churches of Christ. The Modernist Viewpoint The reason for some of the objectionable changes may best be understood if one knows something of the theological viewpoint of those who did the revising. No doubt the entire committee of translators concurred in the statement that "the Biblical translator is not an expositor; however pronounced his views about Biblical doctrines, he has no right whatever to intrude his opinions into the translation, or to permit his dogmatic convictions to qualify or shape its wording." However, one is strongly inclined to believe that their theological convictions did lead the translators to "intrude" their opinions into the translation. -
Propitiation
Propitiation Propitiation is the work of the Lord Je- finally, “put away” the sins “done previously in the sus Christ by which He appeases the forbearance of God”. Rom. 3:25; Heb. 9:15, 26. wrath of God and conciliates Him who The word “atonement” does not occur in the New would otherwise be offended by our sin Testament; the word in Rom. 5:11 is “reconcilia- and would demand that we pay the tion”. penalty for it. The beginning of the subject of propitiation is found far back in the Bible, back to the designing Propitiation is translated from the Greek word of the tabernacle in the wilderness, the tent which (hilasterion), meaning “that which expiates or God had the people of Israel set up which would propitiates” or “the gift which procures propitia- be the center of His presence on earth. tion”. The word is also used in the New Testa- ment for the place of propitiation, the “mercy seat.” The tabernacle occupies a large portion of Scrip- (Heb. 9:5). There is frequent similar use of hilas- ture, sixteen chapters in the book of Exodus and terion in the Septuagint. Ex. 25:18 ff. The mercy the whole book of Leviticus. Every feature of the seat was sprinkled with atoning blood on the Day tabernacle, of the worship carried out there, of the of Atonement (Lev. 16:14), representing that the priestly life and duties, of the vestments of the righteous sentence of the Law had been executed, priests, the sacrifices, the feast days–every feature changing a judgment seat into a mercy seat (Heb. -
Purgatory and Theosis
Comparing and Contrasting Purgatory of the Latin/Roman Tradition with the Eastern Tradition of Final Theosis • INTRODUCTION: • AN EXAMINATION OF THE ISSUE OF PURGATORY IN THE LATIN CHURCH AND FINAL THEOSIS IN THE EASTERN CHURCHES, HIGHLIGHTS THE THEOLOGICAL ROLLAR- COASTER BETWEEN EAST AND WEST. • IN THE FIRST MILLENNIUM THERE IS A SHARED SEARCH FOR UNDERSTANDING BY THE FATHERS OF THE CHURCH. • IN THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF SCHOLASTICISM IN THE WEST A DIVERGENCE OF DEFINITION OCCURS. REVEALING THE PATRISTIC AND MONASTIC INFLUENCED APPROACH OF THE EAST AND THE ARISTOTELIAN AND ACADEMIC (SCHOOLMEN) APPROACH OF THE WEST. • IN THE MODERN PERIOD A LESS MEDIEVAL APPROACH IN THE LATIN CHURCH THAT RE-AFFIRMS A MORE PATRISTIC UNDERSTANDING, WHILE MAINTAINING THE MEDIEVAL TERM “PURGATORY”. BIBLICAL REFERENCES: PURGATORY "And making a gathering, he [Judas] sent twelve thousand drachms of silver to Jerusalem for sacrifice to be offered for the sins of the dead, thinking well and religiously concerning the resurrection, (For if he had not hoped that they that were slain should rise again, it would have seemed superfluous and vain to pray for the dead,) And because he considered that they who had fallen asleep with godliness, had great grace laid up for them. It is therefore a holy and wholesome thought to pray for the dead, that they may be loosed from sins.” Second Maccabees 12:43-46 The previous quote from the Second Book of Maccabees is usually cited as the foundational Scriptural reference for the doctrine of Purgatory. Judas Maccabee the great liberator of the Jewish people from foreign dominance, sends a stipend to the Jewish priests for his deceased soldiers whom he loved, and who died fighting for the law of God, so that their sins may be forgiven and they might receive resurrection from the abode of Sheol (the shadowy place of the dead).